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Mutation is a process by which a genome changes its structure by replacing an aminoacid sequence. There are reports that the average codon usage bias is higher in RNA polymerase gene group than in envelop gene group, and it is higher in polymerase gene group than in structural glycoprotein gene group. Analysis of synonymous codon usage in SARS Coronavirus and other viruses in the NidoviralesCodon is The genetic code is the set of rules used by living cells to translate information encoded within genetic material into proteins. Four base aminoacids combine only with a specic aminoacid. Sequence only can change. Single stranded RNA is more susceptible for mutation. Even if site affinity becomes weak, vaccination become ineffective on mutated viruses. Please read my answer regarding the chance of mutation.Hareendran A (हरीन्द्रन् , ए) Menon (ഹരീന്ദ്രമേനോൻ അരവള്ളിൽ)'s answer to What if the coronavirus mutates?

When you want to understand the reality of international relationship and power games you need to do some things that may take you from hours of reading to years of analysis and understanding.It is not easy, so many will avoid this and keep with their preconceptions shaped by what they are allowed to see, read, and watch in the mainstream media.So:You need to understand 3 key words and what they mean:*Geopolitics*Geostrategy*RealpolitikThen you need to read history. A LOT. You don’t need to read every book written, but you need to have a general understanding of events.IF you want to understand a situation in the international arena you need to do this:*Identify the actors involved*What they have done in the last 200 years in their international relatioships*What did they gain and lose doing so. This is key to understanding the real motives of any country.*What were they capable of doing for it?*How are they today and what relationship do they have with the other involved actors.*What gains do they obtain and at what cost.*What do they say they are doing?*Are they consequent with that?*What implications have for them if they fail.*How do it affect their relationship with the other actors in other scenarios.People mostly can’t understand the complexity of geopolitical games.Many people think in binary terms, such as with me or against me.Many people are completely ignorant of the realities of the world.Most people hear something on TV and it is automatically the god given truth.Lots of people can’t get past their ignorance and stereotypes. For them it is impossible to think about anything that does not fit with what they believe and/or were indoctrinated with.So many people still believe the USA meddling in the affairs of another country and invading its sovereignty are because they are the good guys and everyone else is bad.Lots of people are so blind to the point of believing the US government actually cares about human rights and the protection of dissidents in other countries.It is enough to google Saudi Arabia to learn the hard fact that they don’t. Otherwise that country would be under the carpet bombing of freedomness.So lets do a little analysis of Syria.What is Syria?Syria is a middle eastern country sitting in a strategical land that since pre-history has been the scenario of geopolitical conflicts.Syria is in a position in which it acts as the exchange door between Asia, Europe, and Africa.On its lands mythic city states and great empires have fought, risen, and fallen for thousands of years. It’s always been the battlefield of civilizations competing for the dominance of its strategic position.Assyrians, Phoenicians, Egyptians, ancient Israelis, Hittites, Greeks, Persians, Babylonians, Romans, Byzantines, Muslims, Ottomans, British, French, all fighting endlessly to control this lands.Read about Anatolia and the Levant.After the fall of the Ottoman Empire it was then dominated by France. Post WWII they gained independence and joined the arab world in a mission to unify the middle east under a pan arabic country free of foreign intervention and with new ideals of nationalism.Such a project didn’t lasted long. In the palestine lands the UK had to leave and the arabs rushed to take it. But, a new State formed on these lands: Israel.The native Jewish people were already in a civil war with the local arabs and declared a new country which was supported by the newly formed United Nations.Religious conflict reached its peak there and Israel was an obstacle to the creation of this panarabic country. It never came to life while the arab countries kept distancing from each other for their own benefit of their ruling elites and oil companies.It was not in the interest of the world to have a united arabic country controlling 80% of the oil reserves. Much less under that nationalistic project that called for the nationalization of the oil reserves and an independent policy.So the USA, now in the Cold War with the USSR, used its new position as a global hegemon to shape the region on its interests replacing the former French and English dominance.The Soviet Union played against the US interests by supporting the nationalistic panarabic party called Ba’ath. This was an anti-colonial, nationalist and secular party and they provided military equipment, engineers, political advice, teachers, everything they could to modernize the panarabic countries and stand against the western interests.The USA supported any government that kept the western companies in control of their oil, regardless if it was a dictatorship, a fundamentalist theocracy, or an absolutist monarchy. The key was to keep them away from the USSR and keep their oil in western control.There you have the absolutist monarchies in the gulf countries, the Sha that took power through a coup in Iran, and the Sunni extremist zealots imposing wahabism.There you have to read about the geopolitical games of the USA and the USSR in the region.Israel soon sided with the USA and became the local representative of its interests. The Sha was overthrow in Iran and the USSR replaced the USA in the political influence there. Then the USA supported the enemies of the Shias of Iran being the Sunni Iraqi and Saudis.In the 80’s, Saddam Hussein was a great ally of the United States and received financial, intelligence and military aid.Meanwhile a Saudi jihadist was picked by the CIA and turned into a freedom fighter against the soviets monster in Afghanistan, ending placing fundamentalist wahabist extremist in power, and ending the secular and moderniziation of Afghanistan.On the other side of the muslim world, Israel kept resisting the arab invasions and taking some of their lands. The Syrians refused to recognize Israel as a country and its right to existence, while the Egyptians realized it was better to do that and signed peace.This shifted the influence in the most powerful arab country from the USSR to the USA. But Syria was kept under the soviet orbit which had military bases in the region.Stop here. Military bases in Syria. What for? The Syrian port of Tartus allowed the USSR to have power projection in the mediterranean sea, and it was of primordial importance to defend their access to international sea trade and access to the mediterranen sea for their military in case of WWIII.Then the USSR fell. Iraq turned into enemy of the USA, Saudi Arabia became extremely rich and invested in influence in the US politics by donating money and investing in their companies, folding to the US geopolitics.Russia, meanwhile, suffered a decade of humiliation, their hopes to be received and helped by the west soon turned into a horror of extreme poverty, hyperinflation, corruption, a festival of looting the country, ravaging their resources and industries, streets and the economy controlled by the mafia.And the west? They congratulated each other while their companies participated in it and were happy to see their geopolitical rival became a failed state.The hopes were that Russia would kept falling and break up in smaller weaker states that would be easy to dominate and have control over their resources.Then the NATO moved forward the Russian frontiers at the same time that they rejected Russia to enter it. A cold water shower for the Russians that woke them up. Then they saw how Serbia was dissolved into smaller states and how happy the US was seeing the Chechens revolting to break away from Russia.At this point, sure of the Russian defeat, the USA turned it sights on the rising power of Asia specically China.One of the Chinese weaknesses is their dependence on energy imports. And the US dominates them in middle east, the main supplier. BUT, the Chinese are getting richer and smarter, their oil company has turned into the largest in the world and the Chinese now have unlimited money. For the first time the US has a rival that can also play the money game.Next step. China’s rising is unstoppable, so lets make it harder and contain it. They need energy so the next US plan was the 7 countries in 5 years, starting with Iraq.The objective of the US geopolitics in middle east for the 21st century is to leave the region dominated by its main allies Israel and Saudi Arabia and the destruction of the other countries.The Middle east must be turned into a barren land of chaos and tribal war, unstable and unable to grow, unable to provide a steady, secure, and cheap source of energy to China.Also, the invasion of those countries protected the Petro Dollar, the main US economic strength. The confidence in the US dollar is the only thing that backs it, it has no other value behind it. The attempts of Iraq and Libya to sell oil in Euros and Yuans challenges that and creates a massive threat to the US economy and power.But then the US realizes that Russia woke up and that the breaking of the country was controlled and reversed. A damn former KGB member took power in Russia and gave those ruskies hopes, increased their economy, bettered their lives, returned their pride and dared to oppose the US interests in the region and middle east.Russia started to sell weapons again and challenged the US'S first place position on arms dealing. The russian economy grew, their military forces rebuilt, and Russia started to say NO to the US global dictates in order to protect their own interests.Russia opposed the invasion on Iraq and what a shock! Germany and France joined Russia! The US foreign policy realized that Russia was in a honeymoon with France and Germany. Russian resources flowed cheap to the German dominated Europe, the geopolitical stances of them aligned, for this reason Russian industries received large investment, modernization and access to the european market while the French, Italians, Germans, Israelis were cooperating in military industrial projects.The US panicked. By the Heartland Theory, NO power must NEVER EVER control a united Europe. Nor the Germans, nor the French, not the Russians, and certainly not them together.The Geographical Pivot of History - WikipediaThe geostrategic security of the United States is based on keeping Russia and western europe away from each other. A united europe would become the largest economic, industrial, scientific, military, and financing power of the planet.Russian resources, manpower, industrial capacity and technology, joining with the European market, technology, industrial capacity would create the most powerful region on the planet. They don’t even need to be united under a single country, the European Union demonstrated that it can rival the US industrial, financial and economic power. Good relationships with Russia and unchecked trade flow are a no no.There was a point when France and Germany called Russia a friend and talked about dissolving NATO because Russia wasn’t a threat anymore.Then we have the US containment of Russia objectives.NATO kept moving to the east. US weapon systems were placed on their borders generating a situation where the Russian forces are threatened and their dissuasive power diminished.The US meddled in the Ukrainian election and successfully placed a western leaning president. The last large country in the Russian sphere was taken away.Ukraine is totally strategic for Russia, it is a buffer zone separating them from the Nato forces and has lots of former soviet industries that provide supplies for the Russian forces.But that new president screwed it up and lost elections against a pro-russian president.At that time the US was playing in Georgia shifting it away from Russia. Lots of money was injected into Georgia, weapons and training was given to them and they suggested that they could join NATO. But you have a problem, you can’t enter NATO if you have a conflict.So Georgia attacked South Ossetia, a georgian region inhabited by russian ethnics that revolted after the USSR break up because Georgia deleted their autonomy.1300 civilians died along 90 russian peacekeepers. This started the 4 days War against Georgia in 2008.BBC: Georgia 'started unjustified war'This was a test. The USA used Georgia to test the Russian reaction times and resolution, and they did not like it at all.The Russian forces were badly trained conscripts of the far south, a unimportant forgotten region, awfully equipped with old soviet equipment. However, the Russian modernization and volunteers are concentrated in Western Russia.They defeated without a problem the US trained and equipped Georgian forces in less than a week. A time later the Georgian president fleed the country and now is a fugitive of that country's justice system for billions of dollars in corruption cases and criminal charges for the war.Next step, put an end to the German-Russian cooperation. Ukraine, here we go again.This time, screw elections, who hates the russians in Ukraine so who do we finance, arm and put in power?.Svoboda? nice neo nazis, lets help them take power by inconstitutional means:Ukraine nationalists march in KievA coup d’etat is staged after violent protests where the pro-russian government is accused of killing protesters. Sounds familiar isn’t it? A book intelligence operation.Today we know that former Georgian US trained snipers were the ones that fired at protesters and policemen, and the former Georgian president got a nice post in the new government of the Ukraine.NEO: Kiev Snipers Mystery SolvedSo here we shifted Ukraine away from Russia. The new government banned the russian language, closed TV, and radio stations and newspapers in Russian, Cancelled pensions for Ukrainian-Russian citizens and autonomies for those regions.The US was cheering victory, until a few days later. Little green men took Crimea without a single shot. Crimean civilians cheerfully receive them and their parliament ask Russia to join, in 2014 Crimea returns to Russia after 23 years of being in the wrong side of the frontier by a minor bureaucratic decree in 1954.The US was shocked, all their plan to make Russia lose its main naval base and their only war water port dissipated.But they still did a lot of damage. Russian modernization program was delayed 10 years in many fields thanks to Ukraine industries banned to provide Russia, their only client. So now Russia replaced all parts with russian ones and the Ukraine companies are bankrupted selling what they can to anyone with money, even rocket motors to NKorea. Funny, the US Ukraine sold ICBM engine engineering to another US enemy.The Crimea annexation and the russian speaking east Ukraine at war with Kiev at least accomplished one of their objectives. Make the EU stop cooperation with Russia.Industrial and Military programs were cancelled, embargoes, and trade limits. Excellent.Now for the next decade there is no danger of a growing Europe and Russia understanding each other. The main losers here are the europeans, now NATO keeps them there, they lose russian resources and cooperation while Russia replaces their products and exports in the Asian and Latinamerican markets.Still those damn Germans won’t stop buying the Russian gas and oil. Dammit, we must do something. Ohhhhhh! right, we have Saudi Arabia with lots of oil.How do we make Russia lose the European market and screw over their economy? Russia has a large portion of its export income from oil. So lets replace it.There is a problem, we need the door between Middle East and Europe. And there is a pesky nationalistic doctor educated in London, in power there and he refuses to do it.Syria is Shiite and ally of Iran, which is enemy of Israel and Saudi Arabia.Here we go Syria.The US already destroyed Libya and secured its oil supply for Europe, in dollars.Syria was in the plans anyway. As a secondary objective, if Assad is gone, the Russians lose their naval base there, their access to the mediterranean and a very strategical defense capability.So there we had Syria. The arab country with the most westernized culture. Very mediterranean, progressive, totally secular, with several religious minorities coexisting. Protests were fueled since this young new ruler is having a more modern and lax grip of power than his father.Then history. The US trains, arms and finances terrorists, labels them Freedom Fighters as the Taliban and Osama Bin Laden mujaideens.There is no such thing as moderated opposition, except the Kurds. Most of the “freedom” fighthers in the “rebels” are foreign mercenaries and terrorists. One of the many organization that the US backed is Al Qaeda, but they changed their name for PR purposes (Al Nusra and then Fateh al-Sham among others).“Civil” war erupts, millions displaced, the thriving Syrian economy falls, minorities are massacred by Saudi backed sunni terrorist groups and Syria turns into a battlefield between the US and Russian geostrategical games while Saudi Arabia, Iran and Turkey put their backed forces there to compete for the dominance of the Region.Where would the refugees go? This is a side effect with a US interest bonus.Europe. Flooding europe with muslim refugees will strain their economies and society.The lack of integration will build up and eventually social conflicts will erupt in Europe. Their economy will again fall while the US profits off of it as in both World Wars.Either europe breaks up diluting the EU with the rise of nationalist parties blaming the EU policies, or several countries enter in some kind of civil war or ethnic conflicts.Either way this will be in the interest of the USA, a less united europe with a less strong economy and geopolitical influence. With this they prove the need for the US forces to keep being in Europe and later the europeans will join the USA and Israel in future wars against the muslims.Back to Syria, Russia received their Syrian ally request for help and helped them. The US isn’t happy and the Saudi backed terrorists ISIS lost. ISIS here is another actor of a very complex web of interests, but suffice to say that they were functional to the US interests there too and were used as a tool to call extremist terrorists from all the war to concentrate there, destroy Syria and then be killed by Israel and the USA. But they failed destroying it thanks to Russia and now they are almost non existent.Meanwhile in Iraq, Iran replaced the US as the influential power and the Iranian militias and shias fought alongside the Iraqi forces exterminating ISIS.And at this moment Iraq turned to Russia again to buy weaponry.That is the complete EASY, resumed and simple analysis.So the US interest there are:Part of their geopolitical plays against Russia and ChinaTo deprive Russia of access to the mediterraneanTo eliminate one of the Russian counter NATO capabilites from thereTo eliminate Russian international influenceTo take down a non compliant government of SyriaTo benefit the interests of Israel that is still at war with SyriaTo support the power competence of Saudi Arabia against IranSo Saudi Arabia can have the pipeline to sell oil to EuropeSo that makes Russia lose its income for selling energy to EuropeSo Germany has no reason to work with Russia thenSo middle east provides oil to Europe and not ChinaTo make the region unstable for Chinese developmentTo lure islamist terrorist to a physical place where to eliminate them later.To make Europe dependent of the USTo make Europe receive millions of refugees that will not integrate and generate conflict in the future.To sabotage European unity and prosperity with any side effect possible.See? Things are not simple, they are interlinked to many other things. Welcome to the real world, everything is interests, there is no such thing as morality in international relationships and the casualties are irrelevant for the profits desired.Here comes the “you anti-murican” rain!.

The exam is all nonfiction. There are 45-50 MC Over 5 passages. The FRQ are rhetorical analysis and argument, with question 3 a synthesis question.Ask the teacher about the specic course and texts.All this is readily available at the Collegeboard.