Texas State University Letter Evaluation Form And Letter Writer: Fill & Download for Free

Nope, because people can convince themselves of what they want to believe.I have seen a number of writers on Quora that believed that they were psychopathic, and diagnosed themselves as such, but as their tenure on the site continued, they found themselves diagnosed by professionals with something altogether different than what they had assumed.Depression, traumatic brain injuries, dissociative identity disorder, among others. However, when they were convinced that they were psychopathic, they said that they lacked certain emotions, when in reality, they admitted to themselves and to their readers that they were in fact ignoring them or suppressing them without realizing it.People can convince themselves of anything that they truly want to believe if it keeps them from a painful reality.Now let’s get into the process that a person might use to diagnose themselves and why that doesn’t work at all.Online testing. I have written about these;You have completed the Levenson Self-Report Psychopathy Scale.The LSRP measures two scales.Scores range from 1 (low) to 5 (high).Your score from primary psychopathy has been calculated as 5. Primary psychopathy is the affective aspects of psychopathy; a lack of empathy for other people and tolerance for antisocial orientations.Your score from secondary psychopathy has been calculated as 2.3. Secondary psychopathy is the antisocial aspects of psychopathy; rule breaking and a lack of effort towards socially rewarded behavior.With two scores, results of the LSRP are very suitable for being plotted. Below is the distribution of how other people who have taken this test have scored.You score for primary psychopathy was higher than 99% of people who have taken this test.You score for secondary psychopathy was higher than 39.13% of people who have taken this test.I took a couple others just to entertain you Brooke. Here are the results.There are strong indications that you might have a psychopathic / antisocial personality disorder.You reached 93.75% of Factor 1 which captures the core personality traits of psychopathy that define the interpersonal and affective deficits of this personality disorder (e.g. shallow affect, superficial charm, manipulativeness, lack of empathy) and that are correlated with narcissistic personality disorder, low anxiety, low empathy, low stress reaction and low suicide risk. But Factor 1 is also associated with extroversion and positive affect - affected persons usually score high on scales of achievement and well-being, so some aspects of the personality disorder may even be beneficial for the psychopath (in terms of nondeviant social functioning or if it comes to profit from manipulation or lies).You reached 100.00% in other relevant traits that can indicate this personality disorder.You reached, however, 38.89% of Factor 2 which captures the traits of antisocial behavior (e.g. criminal versatility, impulsiveness, irresponsibility, poor behaviour controls, juvenile delinquency) and is associated with reactive anger, social deviance, sensation seeking, anxiety, increased risk of suicide, low socio-economic status, criminality, and impulsive violence.You might have certain traits of antisocial or psychopathic personalities but certainly not in a form that would justify a personality disorder diagnosis according to the standards.There is no indication that you might have a narcissistic personality disorder.You might have certain traits of narcissistic personalities but certainly not in a form that would justify a personality disorder diagnosis according to the standards.Score: 4 of 9There is no indication that you might have a histrionic personality disorder.[D:3/I:3]You meet 100% of the range of general personality disorder criteria.This further indicates that you might have to deal with a severe personality disorder.Thus, is strongly recommended you seek a professional diagnosis to be sure what exactly you are dealing with.It might turn out useful to print the previous page including your selections and take it to a psychotherapist, psychiatrist or psychologist.[G:5]Next testThe test is complete.You scored 20. Scores above 30 indicate psychopathy, of course only a professional, which this test is not, can make a true assessment. This test was made just for fun.Below is a graph of how other people who have taken this test have scored:To be VERY clear, these are not tests that people should take seriously. They are nothing more than arbitrary and self testing is not how to discover psychopathy.Also, most “psychopathy tests” are not. They mix traits and often have a great deal of relation to the PLC-R criteria. This means that they are based in ASPD, not psychopathy. They will ask many questions about antisocial traits that have nothing to do with psychopathy. The only one that I think has any clear cut indicator of psychopathic traits is Dutton’s.The Psychopath ChallengeBy Admin,December 29, 2015ResultsVery HighWhen most people think of psychopaths, Hannibal Lecter typically springs to mind! But actually, being psychopathic doesn’t necessarily mean that you’re a serial killer – or even that you’ll break the law. In fact, within the framework of clinical psychology, a psychopath is someone with a distinct cluster of personality traits including charm, charisma, fearlessness, ruthlessness, narcissism, persuasiveness, and lack of conscience. Sure, these traits may well come in handy if you aspire to be an axe-murderer. But they can also come in handy in the courtroom, on the trading floor, or in operating theatre. It just depends on what else you’ve got going on in your personality, and the start you get in life.Another misconception about psychopaths concerns diagnosis. A lot of people think that you’re either a psychopath or you’re not, that it’s all very black and white.But this is not the case.In fact, psychopathy – like height, weight and IQ (to take just a few examples) – lies on a spectrum. Yes, at the sharp end you may well find your serial killers and axe murderers. But at the same time, all of us have our place at some point along the continuum.Some of us may score higher on some psychopathic traits than on others. But unless you score high on all of them, you don’t really have anything to worry about!Psychopathy30 out of 33People might look at that and say, well, you were diagnosed with ASPD, right? So the tests are on point. No, they aren't. They confirm what professional testing already demonstrated, but these tests are not controlled at all. They aren’t something that you have a doctor administering and comparing your previous answers to the new ones.There is no interview process, there isn’t someone with training evaluating the responses. What there is instead is an algorithm that is looking for specific responses on the test. You can easily lie, and the algorithm has no idea. It just confirms what you already believe because you told it what you wanted it to know. You informed it that you don’t feel remorse, you told it that you lack empathy. It isn’t difficult to know that is what it is looking for what you observe the testing questions.How would a psychopath respond to;Success is based on survival of the fittest; I am not concerned about the losers.or;I feel bad if my words or actions cause someone else to feel emotional pain.Honestly, it’s not hard to guess, and someone that wants that label is going to lie about their true feelings, and someone repressing their thoughts or feelings might give an answer contrary to their internal function.When you get assessed professional, there are safeguards that are in place for just this sort of thinking. Another way that people self assess is with the questions from the PCL-R. This is foolish for a number of reasons, the least of which is that the PCL-R is not used outside of prisons and forensic hospitals. I spoke about this, and how actual testing is done previously as well;Professionals who administer the diagnostic examination should have advanced degrees (M.D., Ph.D., or D.Ed.) in a medical, behavioral or social science field; and registered with a reputable organization that oversees psychiatric or psychological testing and diagnostic procedures. Other recommendations include experience working with convicted or accused criminals or several years of some other related on-the-job training. Because the results are used so often in legal cases, those who administer it should be qualified to serve as expert witnesses in the courtroom. It is also a good idea, if possible, for two experts to test a subject independently with the PCL-R. The final rating would then be determined by averaging their scores.The administration of the checklist is done in two parts;The Hare PCL-R contains two parts, a semi-structured interview and a review of the subject's file records and history.After semi-structured interview is completed, and the results are checked against records, and history, the score is arrived at. The score is on a scale of zero through forty. Above a thirty is considered a “psychopath”, though there are significant issues with the checklist itself in regards to its accuracy, and over reliance on criminal traits.The score is what determines whether or not the criminal or forensic patient is psychopathic, and how psychopathic they are according to Hare’s image of psychopathy.As for actual testing and diagnosis of ASPD;Psychopaths, a smaller subsection of ASPD, and what I shake out as at the end, know that they are different from a very early age. The technical diagnosis is ASPD with primarily factor one traits. Meaning that I am in control of my faculties, am rather cold and calculating, and highly manipulative. It was not news to me that my way in the world was different than everyone else’s. However, that was their problem, not mine. As far as I was concerned, the rest of the world was mired in irrationality, and pointless meaningless rules.In my case, I had my youthful indiscretions and got myself into a position where I was required to be evaluated for personality issues. I was under twenty-five however, so there was not a determination of psychopathy, or ASPD at that time. I was still very much a teenager. I have no idea what those tests showed either. I didn’t want to be there, I thought the entire thing was a waste of my time, and didn’t care at the end of it. It had nothing to do with me.When I got older, it was more and more clear to me that I thought so very differently and after my last indiscretion, no charges filed, I finally got curious enough to ask the question of what that was about.I contacted back the same doctor that had previously evaluated me. Apparently I made an impression, as he remembered me even though it was several years later. I told him I wanted to know what the tests had said, and he was a crafty bastard. He said, ‘It wouldn’t matter. I would need to reevaluate you. A lot has changed, so the prior tests are not enough information.’ Would I be willing to be evaluated again? He warned me that it would be extensive. I mulled it over and agreed.So, we began with interview type sessions. We talked about me, my life, what I had done, my thoughts. He would stop me while I was explaining something, or telling a story and ask how that event made me feel. It annoyed me because it seemed so very cliché. I didn’t know he was a fairly devious guy.He asked if I would do some testing. It started with him, I did personality testing. I did some with him, and then he referred me. It would mean seeing a few other doctors, and I agreed. In for a penny, right? I went in. This was a more involved process than I really cared to do. I took the same test several times for several doctors in the end. I still hate that test, the MMPI-2. It takes forever, which is part of the design of the test.He also referred me for neuropsychiatric testing. If you ever have the option, opt out. It takes three days and costs something like three thousand dollars. It was very expensive. While doing all of the evaluations and meetings with doctors, they ask you the same questions again and again, changing the wording around. At first you don’t really notice, but after you have been asked the same questions by a few doctors, you do. The point is to suss out how honest you’re being. No matter, it’s still annoying. They also all read your records. Your medical records, you psychiatric records, and ask you about this or that. They really study you.Then they all compared notes, I wasn’t there for that and I had another appointment. This was the big reveal I guess. The doctor had a lot of paperwork in his hand and looked out of place. He had me sit down and then talked to me about what the diagnosis was. I was ASPD with primarily factor one traits. He said that this was what he considered to be primary psychopathy. He went over what it meant, where in my life I could expect to see it affecting, asked if I had questions of course, which I really didn’t. I had the answer. Great! We’re done, right?Would I be interested in having brain scans done, he wanted to know. Why? Of course I asked. He explained that there was a theory about psychopathy being a formation difference in the brain, would I like to see if I had it? I was fine with it. I would have to pay for the scans, he cautioned. Another big ticket item. More than one scan, $3500.00 if I remember correctly.What the hell, I thought. So I had the scans. You go to the imaging place. You lay in the machine for a very long time and they show you images. Words, pictures, it depends on what they are looking for I suppose. They measure your brains response to neutral, negative, and positive images or words. In psychopathy there is no response when the word is negative, but a neurotypical’s brain lights up like the fourth of July. So, the scans take a good while, they look them over, and the doctor calls you with the result.Diminished activity in the frontal lobe, small amygdala, and I stopped listening because I didn’t know much about the brain to begin with, so he was just saying words to me. He concluded by telling me that I had the brain that they have seen in psychopaths. Weirdly, he seemed a little excited by it.So, that’s it. There’s no followup therapy. It doesn’t change or improve psychopathy. You are just wasting everyone’s time going that route, and dumping money down the drain. Afterwards, you just move on.You’re a psychopath, so what’s for dinner?As you can see, testing is involved, and if it isn’t, the doctor should be replaced. This is not a diagnosis that is a novelty to have, and in fact can cause some serious problems in your life in general. It is certainly not considered a positive, especially to those that do not understand it, only have the information presented by Hollywood, or the media to draw from. It can bring about a number of problems. If you are convicted of a crime, those four letters can condemn you to death. Seems a little bit overreaching, doesn’t it? Unfortunately, it’s the truth;“There’s a lot of stuff that looks like it’s junk and should be filtered out by the courts, but it’s not being filtered out,” said Arizona State University psychology professor Tess Neal, the lead author of the study.One controversial psychological test, the Hare Psychopathy Checklist—Revised (PCL–R), came under fire in the American Psychological Association’s journal, Psychology, Public Policy, and Law. In a joint statement first published on-line on January 30, 2020, thirteen expert psychiatrists and psychologists wrote that while the test may have general usefulness in measuring psychopathy “as a construct,” it is “inappropriate [to use] the PCL–R to draw conclusions about an individual’s risk for committing serious violence in high-security custodial facilities.” Such conclusions are often critical in capital sentencing determinations in states such as Texas in which finding that a defendant poses a continuing threat to society is a prerequisite to imposing a death sentence.The experts criticize the PCL–R as plagued by adversarial allegiance — mental health witnesses called by the prosecution will rate a defendant’s level of psychopathy higher than defense experts will during “evaluations of the same person, made around the same time, and even when made on the same information base.” They also say that “the association between PCL–R scores and serious institutional violence is negligible,” making the test unreliable as an indicator of whether a defendant will actually commit violence in prison. The PCL–R “cannot make predictions that an individual will engage in serious institutional violence with any reasonable degree of precision or accuracy,” they say, “and should not be used for this purpose in capital sentencing evaluations.”and;After 26 years in prison, he was due for a parole hearing. In California, before a "lifer" like Dixon appears before the parole board, a state psychologist must first evaluate whether he poses a risk of further violence if released. To do that, the psychologist administers a test — the PCL-R, or Psychopathy Checklist-Revised — designed to measure whether that inmate is a psychopath.This test has incredible power in the American criminal justice system. It's used to make decisions such as what kind of sentence a criminal gets and whether an inmate is released on parole. It has even been used to help decide whether someone should be put to death.Long story short? No, you can’t self assess, and getting assessed has a lot of potential problems. Still not convinced? Have a look at someone that was held in a psychiatric hospital because they suspected that he might be psychopathic, because he lied about his motivation for a crime to avoid prison;Athena Walker's answer to What sort of negative impact would a clinically diagnosed psychopath face if their diagnosis was found by an employer or other background check?Not the outcome he was looking for I imagine. Leave diagnostics to the professionals, and if you suspect you might have ASPD, know that if you do get that label, it is more trouble than it’s worth.Levenson Self-Report Psychopathy ScaleSelf Test on Psychopathy ('Am I a psychopath?'The Psychopath Challenge - Dr Kevin Dutton, Ph.D.Athena Walker's answer to Wouldn’t psychopaths just lie on the Hare psychopathy checklist test? If so, how can it ever be considered accurate?Athena Walker's answer to What is the process for getting diagnosed with antisocial personality disorder?Can A Test Really Tell Who's A Psychopath?

Affordable Housing and Community DesignBOOKSAaron, Henry J. Shelter and subsidies: Who Benefits from Federal Housing Policies?. The BrookingsInstitution. 1997.Ackoff, Russell L. and Sheldon Rovin. Redesigning Society. Stanford University Press. 2003.First sentence: "The thinking we use to redesign society stems from three essential concepts:doing the right thing, focusing on what we want, and thinking systematically"Alexander, Christopher. The Production of Houses. Oxford University Press. 1985.As an innovative thinker about building and planning, Christopher Alexander has attracted a devotedfollowing. His seminal books--The Timeless Way of Building, A Pattern Language, the Oregon Experiment,and The Linz Cafe--defined a radical and fundamentally new process of environmental design. Alexandernow gives us the latest book in his series--a book that puts his theories to the test and shows what sort ofproduction system can create the kind of environment he has envisioned.The Production of Houses centers around a group of buildings which Alexander and his associates built in1976 in northern Mexico. Each house is different and the book explains how each family helped to lay outand construct its own home according to the family's own needs and in the framework of the patternlanguage. Numerous diagrams and tables as well as a variety of anecdotes make the day-today processclear. The Mexican project, however, is only the starting point for a comprehensive theory of housingproduction. The Production of Houses describes seven principles which apply to any system of production inany part of the world for housing of any cost in any climate or culture or at any density. In the last part of thebook, "The Shift of Paradigm," Alexander describes, in detail, the devastating nature of the revolution inworld view which is contained in his proposal for housing construction, and its overall implications for deepseatedculturalchange.　Atlas, John and Ellen Shoshkes. Saving Affordable Housing: What Community Groups Can Do & WhatGovernment Should Do. A National Housing Institute Study Funded by the Ford Foundation. 1997.Bauman, John F. and Roger Biles and Fristin Szylvian. From Tenements to Taylor Homes; In Search of anUrban Housing Policy in Twentieth Century America. Pennsylvania State University Press:University Park, PA. 2000.Bell, Bryan. Good Deeds, Good Design: Community Service Through Architecture. Princeton ArchitecturalPress: New York. 2004.Ben- Joseph, Eran. Regulating Place: Standards and the Shaping of Urban America. Routledge: New York.2005.Blau, Eve. The Architecture of Red Vienna. MIT Press: Massachusetts. 1999.Bosma, Koos and Dorine van Hoogstraten and Martijn Vos. Housing for the Millions: John Habraken and theSAR. Nai Publishers. 2000.Brown, David J. The Home House Project: The Future of Affordable Housing. MIT Press: Massachusetts.2004.Davis, Sam. Designing for The Homeless: Architecture That Works. University of California Press: Berkeley.1995.Ehrenkrantz, Ezra. Design in Affordable Housing: A Guidebook. Funded by the Naional Endowment of theArts.Emery, Frederic E. and Eric L. Trist. Towards a Social Ecology. Springer: 1Edition. 1995.stComplex social systems like the human body rely a great deal on the sharing of parts. Just as the mouth isshared by the sub-systems for breathing, eating, speaking, etc., so individuals and organizations act as partsfor a multiplicity of social systems. Just as there are physiological switching mechanisms to prevent uschoking too often over our food, so there are social mechanisms to prevent us having too many CharlieChaplins dashing out of factories to tighten up buttons on women’s dresses (in Modern Times). I think that itis this sharing of parts that enables social processes to grow for quite long periods without detection. If theycould grow only by subordinating parts entirely to themselves then they would be readily detectable. If,however, their parts continue to play traditional roles in the existing familiar systems, then detection becomesdifficult indeed. The examples that most readily come to mind are the pathological ones of cancer andincipient psychoses. Perhaps this is because we strive so hard to detect them. In any case, healthychanges in physical maturation, personality growth or social growth typically follows the same course. Oncewe are confronted with a new fully-fledged system, we find that we can usually trace its roots well back into apast where it was unrecognized for what it was.Source location for this excerpt: Page on members.shaw.caFeldman, Roberta. The Dignity of Resistance: Women Residents’ Activism in Chicago Public Housing.Cambridge. 2004.This comprehensive case study chronicles the four decade history of Chicago's Wentworth Gardens publichousing residents' grassroots activism. It explores why and how the African-American women residentscreatively and effectively engaged in organizing efforts to resist increasing government disinvestment inpublic housing and the threat of demolition. Through the inspirational voices of the activists, RobertaFeldman and Susan Stall challenge portrayals of public housing residents as passive and alienated victims ofdespair. Review source: The Dignity of ResistanceForrester Sprague, Joan. More Than Housing: Lifeboats for Women and Children. Butterworth Architecture.1991.Franck, Karen A. and Sherry Ahrentzen. New Households and New Housing. Van Nostrand Reinhold. 1991.Greer, Nora R. The Creation of Shelter. American Institute of Architects Press. 1988.Greer, Nora R. The Search for Shelter. American Institute of Architects Press. 1986.Hatch, Richard C. Scope of Social Architecture. Van Nostrand Reinhold Company, 1984.Hayden, Delores, Redesigning the American Dream. W. W. Norton & Company, 1edition, 2002.stAmericans still build millions of dream houses in neighborhoods that sustain Victorian stereotypes of thehome as 'woman's place' and the city as 'man's world.' Urban historian and architect Dolores Hayden talliesthe personal and social costs of an American 'architecture of gender' for the two-earner family, the singleparentfamily,andsinglepeople.Manysocietieshavestruggledwiththearchitecturalandurbanconsequences of women's paid employment: Hayden traces three models of home in historical perspective—the haven strategy in the United States, the industrial strategy in the former USSR, and the neighborhoodstrategy in European social democracies—to document alternative ways to reconstruct neighborhoods.Source location: Page on wwnorton.comJackson, Kenneth T. Crabgrass Frontier: The Suburbanization of the United States. Oxford UniversityPress. 1987.Book Description: This first full-scale history of the development of the American suburb examines how "thegood life" in America came to be equated with the a home of one's own surrounded by a grassy yard andlocated far from the urban workplace. Integrating social history with economic and architecturalanalysis, and taking into account such factors as the availability of cheap land, inexpensive building methods,and rapid transportation, Kenneth Jackson chronicles the phenomenal growth of the American suburb fromthe middle of the 19th century to the present day. He treats communities in every section of the U.S. andcompares American residential patterns with those of Japan and Europe. In conclusion, Jackson offers acontroversial prediction: that the future of residential deconcentration will be very different from its past inboth the U.S. and Europe.Source location:Amazon.com: Crabgrass Frontier: The Suburbanization of the United States (9780195049831): Kenneth T. Jackson: BooksJones, Tom and William Pettus and Michael Pyatok. Good Neighbors: Affordable Family Housing. McGrawHill.1995.Leeuwen, Jos van and HJP Timmermans. Recent Advances in Design and Decision Support.Kluwer:Dordrecht, Boston. 2004.　McCamant, Kathryn and Charles Durret and Ellen Hertzman. Cohousing: A Contemporary Approach toHousing Ourselves. Ten Speed Press. 1993.From The Woman Source Catalog & Review: Tools for Connecting the Community for Women; review byIlene RosoffDoes the idea of not having to cook meals for yourself or family every night, deal with traffic on your block, orworry when your children are out playing in the neighborhood appeal to you? If the answer is yes, you maywant to consider exploring cohousing, a concept that originated in Denmark in the early 1970s and hasspread throughout Europe. In Cohousing, a number of European cohousing communities are profiled.Although each community is a unique reflection of its members' tastes and desires, there are some commoncomponents, such as parking lots on the perimeters of the community for pedestrian safety, a commonhouse where meals can be shared, and recreational facilities housing various community activities andservices. With all the responsibilities entailed in managing a home and/or a family, cohousing is a solution forfinding sufficient time to relax and spend with the people who are important to us. (The authors have recentlystarted The Cohousing Company, a design and development company formed specifically to assist groupsinterested in planning and implementing cohousing in this country.)Newman, Oscar. Creating Defensible Space. US Dept . of Housing and Urban Development, Office ofPolicy Development and Research: Washington, DC. 1996.Obelensky, Kira. Good House Cheap House: Adventures in Creating an extraordinary Home at an OrdinaryPrice. Taunton. 2005.The 27 homes in Good House Cheap House prove that good design doesn't have to cost a fortune. Whatgoes into making a good, cheap house? As writer Kira Obolensky discovers, there are three mainingredients: adventuresome homeowners who are actively involved; cutting-edge architects and designerswho can solve tough design challenges; and an array of innovative uses of materials. Industrial bridgewashers make for gorgeous mantelpiece rosettes, old concrete subflooring is given new life with rich-huedstain, and glass sliding doors make for windows that are oversized and affordable.From a Texas farmhouse to a loft in St. Paul, to a prefab cabin on the Wisconsin prairie, these houses, inwhich anyone would feel at home, display a wonderful mix of design smarts and budget savvy. "Good HouseCheap House is chock full of great ideas and creative solutions for those of us on a budget-but even the lessfinancially-challenged can learn a thing or two about stylish and innovative design."--Charles Burbridge, designer, HGTV's Design on a Dime "The cookie-cutter house trend has been aroundlong enough. With its outside-the-box ideas and great resources, Good House Cheap House proves you canbuild a unique space without emptying your bank account."--Amber Jones, Editor, do! MagazineSanoff, Henry. Community Participation Methods in Design and Planning. Wiley-Academy. 1999.Book Description (Source: Community Participation Methods in Design and Planning: Henry Sanoff: 9780471355458: Amazon.com: Books)Theonlyhow-toguidetocommunitydesignwrittenfromthedesignprofessional'sperspective.Inthisgroundbreakingguidetotheincreasinglyimportantdisciplineofcommunitydesign,aleadinginternationalexpertdrawsuponhisownexperiencesandthoseofcolleaguesaroundtheworldtoprovideproventoolsandtechniquesforbringingcommunitymembersintothedesignprocesssuccessfullyandproductively.Thefirstandonlyhow-toguideoncommunitydesigndevelopedfordesignprofessionals,Community Participation Methods in Design and Planning features:* Fifteen case studies chronicling community design projects around the world* Coverage of educational facilities, housing, and urban and rural environments* Design Games-a proven, culture-neutral approach to educating participants in their design options and theconsequences of their choices* Proven techniques for fostering community participation in the design process* Checklists, worksheets, questionnaires, and other valuable toolsCommunity Participation Methods in Design and Planning is an indispensable working resource for urbandesigners and planners, architects, and landscape architects. It is also an excellent resource for students ofthose disciplines.Schmitz, Adrienne, Beta Site. Multifamily Housing Handbook. Urban Land Institute: Washington D.C. 2000.Steiber, Nancy. Housing Design and Society in Amsterdam: Reconfiguring Urban Order and Identity 19001920. The University of Chicago Press: Chicago. 1998.Timmermans, Harry. Design and Decision Support Systems in Architecture. Dordrecht: Boston: KluwerAcademic. 1993.Torres, Martha. Affordable Home Design: Innovations and Renovations. Loft Publications by Harper CollinsDesign. 2005.Affordable Home Design showcases a wide array of solutions to this same architectural challenge of gooddesign and structure on a budget. The projects featured include extensions of houses and apartmentsalready in existence, ecological housing design, sustainable and structurally cost-effective homes, and newbuildings in strictly coded conservation zones. Through more than 250 full-color photographs, this essentialbook reveals how today's architects are able to adapt to the necessities of a more affordable budget whenapproaching the always exciting necessity of designing a home.Towers, Graham. At Home in the City: An Introduction to Urban Housing Design. Architectural Press/Elsevier: Oxford. 2005.Trulove, James G. Great Houses on a Budget. Collins Design, 2005.For the typical American homeowner, Great Houses on a Budget presents case studies from across thecountry that achieve high style at an affordable cost. Most homeowners can only fantasize about owning andliving in beautiful dream homes designed by top architects -- houses that are well beyond the reach ofaverage consumers. This splendidly illustrated volume promises to provide a reality check by presentingbeautifully designed houses by the same architects, but with one exception. The houses in this book weredesigned and built for clients with high standards, as well as modest budgets. Fifteen in-depth case studiesdisplay the work of some of today's finest architects in locations ranging from California and Connecticut, toVirginia and Oregon. Each project includes lavish photography accompanied by detailed discussion of theeconomical construction techniques implemented in each house. With an in-depth look at square footagecosts, design techniques, and low-cost building materials, Great Houses on a Budget will provide readerswith everything they need to plan a great home on even the smallest budget.Tucker, William. The Excluded Americans: Homelessness and Housing Policies (Ragnery) and Zoning,Rent Control, and Affordable Housing. Cato Institute.Vale, Lawrence. Reclaiming Public Housing: A Half Century of Struggle in Three Public Neighborhoods.Harvard University Press: Cambridge, Mass. 2002.Vale, Lawrence. From the Puritans to the Projects: Public Housing and Public Neighbors. HarvardUniversity Press. 2000.1. Sam Bass Warner, Jr., author of Streetcar Suburbs (Harvard) : In tracing the story of public housing fromPuritan times to the present, Professor Vale pays special attention to the spatial dimensions of povertymanagement. His is not a mechanical tale of segregation, but a careful presentation of the placement of thepoor in response to the policies of aid and discipline. This book, at once both an excellent history and anunusually thorough Boston case study, illustrates the continuing cultural and political ambivalence that playsitself out in ever-changing environments for the poor.2. Sir Peter Hall, author of Cities in Civilization: Culture, Innovation, and Urban Order : Lawrence Vale'smajor study throws new and important light on the contradictions and dilemmas of American public housingpolicy over the past half-century, as they worked themselves out in one of the nation's great cities. It has vitalmessages both for scholars of public policy, planning, and urban studies, and for urban policy-makers, bothin the United States and the wider world. This is a major contribution to the urban literature. Source location:From the Puritans to the Projects: Public Housing and Public Neighbors: Prof. Lawrence J. Vale: 9780674002869: Amazon.com: BooksVenkatesh, Sudhir, Alladi. American Project: The Rise and fall of a Modern Ghetto. Harvard UniversityPress: Cambridge, Mass. 2000.Vliet, Williem van. The Encyclopedia of Housing. Sage Publications. 1998.This multidisciplinary work, which aims to summarize and synthesize current information on housing, drawson sociology, economics, urban studies, political science, architecture, and law to provide broad coverage ofthe pertinent concepts, organizations, issues, and policies. The 600 or so entries vary in length, with longerentries containing extensive discussion as well as relevant research, critical analysis, policy information, andhistorical background as appropriate. Though the book focuses primarily on the United States, it includessome international material, and various points of view are represented. Cross references, indexes ofsubjects and cited authors, and brief bibliographies on most entries add to the encyclopedia's usefulness.About 240 academics and professionals in housing or closely related fields contributed to this volume underthe leadership of van Vliet, who has written and edited several works on housing. He notes that the languageused is comprehensible across subject specialties and internationally. A welcome addition to the housingliterature, which has lacked a general encyclopedia, this is sure to be the standard reference forprofessionals in housing and related fields as well as policymakers, students, and the educated public. Anexcellent purchase for all academic and public libraries.AMary Jane Brustman, SUNY at Albany Libs.Copyright 1998 Reed Business Information, Inc.Waldheim, Charles. Chicago Architecture: Histories, Revsions. University of Chicago Press: Chicago. 2005.Woudhuysen, James and Ian Abley, Stephen Muthesius, and Miles Glendinning. Why is Construction soBackward?. Wiley-Academy. 2004.Synopsis Location: Amazon.co.uk: James Woudhuysen, Ian Abley: 9780470852897: BooksWhyarehomessoexpensivetobuyandtomaintain?Constructionhasemergedasamainstreampoliticalissue.Yetthebuildingtradeisoneoftheworld'sweakest:itisfragmented,barelyglobalizedandbehindothersectorsinintroducingdisruptiveinnovationstoitsbasicprocesses.Themodestworldwidescaleofprefabricatedbuildingconfirmshowconstructionremainsa19th-centuryaffair,nota21st-centuryone.Drawingonthelatesttechnologiesthathaveemergedbothinsideandoutsidethesector,Whyisconstructionsobackward?formsadetailed,practicalalternativetotheconventionalwisdominbuildingdesignandurbanplanning.Itisapowerfulcallforreform,andasharpattackagainstarchitectureassocialengineeringandenvironmentalistdogma.'Verycompelling...asignificantpieceofresearchandthoughtleadership.Essential.'ColinBartle-Tubbs,UKOperationsDirector,Deloitte'Welcomeandtimely...takesonanindustrythathasreveledincomplacencyfortoolong.'BernhardBlauel,Principal,BlauelArchitects'Theauthorsarepreparedtobedaring,reframethequestionandpositnewparadigms.Reflectingeffortlesslyacrosstheliteratureofproperty,business,marketresearchandconstruction,thebook'skaleidoscopeofideas, examples and images gives it a refreshing depth of insight and breadth of vision. ' John Worthington,Founder, DEGW 'A tour de force of polemical provocation. This timely work forces one to think aboutconstruction in the broadest terms.ARTICLESAdler, Lynn. "Study warns of affordable US apartment shortage." Wired News. Mar 8. 2006.Allen, Isabel. "Exciting innovation in housing design" (book review). Architect’s Journal. v208, n19. p 68.Nov 1996.A review of "Housing: new alternatives, new systems!", by Manuel Gausa, 1998, described by this revieweras "perhaps the most comprehensive collection of architect-speak in existence..." with, however "an in-depthcompilation of contemporary housing which is breathtaking in its diversity."Anger, David. "Bleak House." Architecture Minnesota. v20, n3. p 44-45, 71-73. May/Jun 1994.Arieff, Allison. "Technology is the New Craft." Dwell. p 100-107. Nov/Dec. 2003.Atlas, John. "The Battle in Brooklyn." Shelterforce: The Journal of Affordable Housing and CommunityBuilding. p 12-15. Nov/Dec. 2005.Barlow, James and Ritsuko Ozaki. "Through innovation in the production system: lessons from Japan."Environment and Planning. v37, n1. p 9-20. Jan 2005.Borden, Lain. "Innovation in social housing in France, 1970-1990." AA Files. n23. p 94-96. Summer 1992.Symposium at the AA, 21 Nov. 1991.Bornstein, Julie. "Designed to Fit." UNITS magazine. Jun. 2005.Published by the National Apartments Association (Article Location:Page on nmhc.org)Bullard, Robert D. "Housing Barriers: Trends in the Nation’s fourth-Largest City." Journal of Black Studies.v21, n1. p 4-14. Sep 1990.Bullard, Robert D. "The Black Family: Housing Alternatives in the 80s." Journal of Black Studies. v14,n3. p 341-351. Mar 1984.Bullivant, Lucy. "Home Front: New Developments in Housing." Architectural Design. v73, n4. p 5-10. Jul/Aug2003.Cardoso, Medina. "Geometria en la vivienda." Obras. v10, n112. p 52, 55-56, 59-60. Apr 1982."Viviendas decorosas," affordable housing prototypes designed by Alfonso Cardoso MedinaColin, Berry. "Artists in residence: Reoccupying Affordable Quarters." Preservation: The Magazine for theNational Trust for Historic Preservation. v55, n4. p 12-13. Jul/Aug 2003.Collins, Timothy L. "Rent Controls on the Edge." City Limits. v23, n4. p 32. Apr 1998.Davis, Braxton C. "Regional planning in the US coastal zone: a comparative analysis of 15 special areaplans." Ocean & Coastal Management. v47. p 79-94. 2004.This article compares the regional planning of 15 very different coastal zones in the United States in attemptto understand their operation and the effectiveness of their planning. The zones evaluated did not use typicalplanning tools, and therefore it is informative to investigate their "goals, environmental and socioeconomicsettings, management approaches, land use planning tools, and keys to success for special area planningunder state and territory coastal programs."34 out of 35 coastal states have adopted the national coastal management program administered by theNational Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration/Office of Ocean and Coastal Resource Management(NOAA/OCRM).Areas were evaluated based on the areas of concern to participate in the program. The Special AreaManagement Practices were then investigated to determine if comprehensive regional planning was takingplace and to what extent, or if "subject-oriented" plans were taking precedent (wetlands, ports, etc.). (DM)Davis, Howard "Learning from Vellore: low income housing project in India." Arcadia. v23, n2 p 8-10.Mar/Apr 1993.Low income housing project for bicycle rickshaw drivers in Vellore is being developed by an internationalcollaboration of three organizations: Centre for Development Madras; Pacific Architecture; and the Center forHousing Innovation of the Univ. of Oregon.Djebarni, R. and P. Hibberd. "The impact of TQM on innovation in the construction industry: a researchagenda." International Journal for Housing Science and its Applications. v21, n2. p 85-95. 1997.Total Quality Management (TQM) as an innovation in the British construction industry is studied to evaluateits effectiveness.Fairbanks, Robert B. "Reform and the Community Development Strategy in Cincinatti, 1890-1960." TheJournal of American History. v77, n2. p 689-690. Sep 1990.Ferrera, Peter J. "Federal Housing and Poverty (in letters)." Science. v248, n4955. p 538-539. May, 1990.Fletcher, Jane. "Affordable." Builder. v12, n9. p 83-92. Sep 1989.Friedman, Avi. "Ten Years Old and Growing (Grow Home, Montreal)." Canadian Architect. v46, n5, p 18-19,May 2001.The Grow Home, a demonstrative project started on the McGill campus in 1990, tapped a market withinaffordable housing. The project initially sold for $76,000, and units spread like wildfire. The attractive rowhousebuildingshaveflexiblelayouts,lowconstructioncost,lowoperatingcosts,andtheirownyards.ThearticlecomparesfinancingandconstructioncostsoftheGrowHomewithstandardconstruction.Italsotalksaboutthehistoryofitssuccess,andthebenefitsofcreating"theHondaCivic"ofhousing.　Thearticleincludesimagesofthreeplanlayouts,andphotosofgrowhomesinfillingneighborhoodsintwodifferentcitiesinCanada.(DM)　Friedman, Avi. "The Home of the 90’s-2: An Urban Starter." Canadian Architect. v35, n4. p 32-33. Apr 1990.Considers household income, level of education, and receptivity to innovation in a study of consumerpreferences.Friedrichs, Jurgen. "Affordable Housing and the Homeless." Contemporary Sociology. v19, n1. p 86-87. Jan1990.The twin issues of affordable housing and homelessness are discussed in this collection from a comparativeinternational persepctive. The central theme in the essays is that advanced industyrial societies, includingsocialist countries, are undergoing significant changes in their ability and willingness to provide affordablehousing to their citizens. Friedrichs points out that affordable housing and homelessness are interrelatedproblems in that the "new" homelessness is primarily the result of structural economic changes and ashortage of affordable housing. - By Howard A. SavageGann, David. "Housing innovation: how we live and what we might live in." Scroope: CambridgeArchitectural Journal. n11. p 55-62. 1999-2000.Ideas about the direction and pace of the changes in the way housing is designed and built in the UnitedKingdom.Gates, Gary J. "Gay America: to understand the real housing choices of the gay community, developersmust move beyond stereotypes." Urban Land. v64, n2. p 78-82. Feb 2005.Today, the gay and lesbian community signals the presence of a diverse and creative population that notonly is important to high-tech innovation but also has taken the initiative of moving to distressed urbanneighborhoods and in doing so has helped bring economic vitality to these neighborhoods.Gilderbloom, John I. and Richard P. Appelbaum. "Rethinking Rental Housing." Contemporary Sociology.v17, n5. p 644-645. Sep 1988.Affordable housing becomes a receding goal when the percentage of U.S. households paying over a quarterof their income for rent is increasing. John Gilderbloom and Richard Appelbaum show that sociologists couldmake a major contribution to debate about a housing policy designed to reverse such trends - if such adebate existed. Combining a critical review of a diverse literature with original analyses, the authors developtwo lines of argument. First, institutions and organizations affect characteristics of rental housing thateconomists attribute to market forces. Second, affordable, habitable housing is a "universal nationalentitlement," and it requires a federal housing program that creates a non-market sector. By Judith J.FriedmanGirling, Cynthia, and Ronald Kellett. "Comparing stormwater impacts and costs on three neighborhood plantypes." Landscape Journal. v21, n1. p 100-109. 2002."This paper summarizes a comparison of three alternative plans for a demonstration development site forenvironmental impacts, particularly stormwater quantity and quality, and costs of development. Two of thethree alternatives are representative of neighborhood plan types in many areas of the United States - aconventional low density pattern typical of many subdivision developments, and a more dense, mixed usenew urbanist-influenced pattern. A third less common but lower environmental impact plan represents similardensity and land use mixes to the mixed use plan with greater open space, urban forest and stormwaterfeatures." Paper presented at the joint ASLA-CELA conference in Boston, Sept. 1999.Goodno, James B. and Elisabeth Hamin. "Good Luck, Arnold." Planning. v70, n1. p 4-9. Jan.2004.Hall, Carlyle. "Carlyle Hall Joins CRA." L.A. Architect. p 7. Mar 1990.His thoughts on the goals and policies of the Community Redevelopment Agency, which focuses onaffordable housingHerszenhorn, David M. "New York Offers Housing Subsidy as Teacher Lure." New York Times. Apr 19.2006.Hoch, Charles J. and William Peterman and William C. Baer. "Homelessness and Housing." Journal of theAmerican Planning Association. v66, n3. p 328-331. Summer 2000.Illia, Tony. "Quigley SROs show affordable housing is possible in Las Vegas." Architectural Record.v189, n4. p 40. Apr 2001.Two SRO apartment developments, Kirby Lofts and L'Octaine, combine apartments with retail and restaurantspace. Architect: Rob Wellington QuigleyLadd, Helen F. and Jens Ludwig. "Educational Opportunities: Evidence from Baltimore." The AmericanEconomic Review. v87, n2. p 272-277. May 1997.Lakshmanan, T.R. and Lata Chatterjee and P. Roy. "Housing Requirements and National Resources."Science. v192, n4243. p 943-949. Jun 1976.Lang, Michael H. "Homelessness amid Affluence: Structure and Paradox in the American PoliticalEconomy." Contemporary Sociology. v20, n1. p 76-77. Jan 1991.LeFevre, Camille. "Joseph Selvaggio: Taking Pride in Housing the Poor." Architecture Minnesota. v18, n3.p 17, 74-75. May/Jun 1992.Linn, Charles. "Auburn Court, Cambridge, Massachusetts." Architectural Record. v185, n 7. p 112-113. Jul1997.Massimo, Alvisi and Kirimoto Junko. "Riken Yamamoto: dalle origini alla luce dell’innovazione: from theorigins to the light of innovation." Architectura. v 42, n17(494). p 674-680. 1995.Matheou, Demetrios. "Council opts for innovation in housing commission." Architects’ Journal. v200, n3.p 17-19. Jul 1994.Potter's Fields housing site, Southwark, London. Architects: Alsop & Sto!rmer.Miles, Henry. "Norse Code: Flats, Nesodden, Norway." Architectural Review. v214, n1281. p 95. Nov 2003.Affordable Housing built of Larch. Architects: Code ArkitekturNoero, Jo. "Red Location Innovation: PELIP Project/ Port Elizabeth." South African Architect. p 28-32.Nov/Dec 1999.Pheng, Low Sui, and Chua Hok Beng. "Promoting innovation in prefabrication for public housing: case studyof Singapore." International Journal for Housing Science and its Applications. v26, n3. p 217-226.2002.Russell, James S. "New Housing at Almere." Architectural Record." v190, n10. p 234-237. Oct 2002.It may not be as "wild" as advertised, but new Housing at Almere, by UN Studios, makes a strong case forresidential innovation.Salversen, David. "HUD announces awards for building innovation." Urban Land. v55, n7. p 22-23. Jul 1996."The U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development has announced a nationwide competition - theBuilding Innovation for Homeownership program - to accelerate the adoption of innovative building anddevelopment techniques that will make houses more affordable."Sapolin, Donna. "Now, the Possible Dream." Metropolitan Home. v21, n10. p 111-112, 114. Oct 1989.Schill, Michael H. "Housing and Community Development in New York City." Political Science Quarterly.v114, n4. p 708-709. Winter 1999-2000.Scott, Ralph. "Advocates for Healthy Housing." Shelterforce: The Journal of Affordable Housing andCommunity Building. p 20-23. Mar/Apr 2005.Taylor, David. "Lessons to learn from Dutch housing innovation." Architects’ Journal. v208, n1. p 24. Jul1998.Almere as a model for British housing construction.Taylor, David. "Affordable housing in Harlem." Architecture California. v8, n6. p 9-10. Nov/Dec 1986.Taylor, David. "A New Affordable House." Inform: Architecture, Design, the Arts. v11, n4. p 8-9, 11. 2000.Williams, Austin. "Movement for innovation: rethinking construction." Architects’ Journal v211, n18. p 34-43.May 2000.On the M4I, the Movement for Innovation, established to bring about a radical improvement in the way inwhich the construction industry and its clients work together.Wortman, Arthur. "Convertibility in building practice: DKV on innovation." Archis. n3. p 86-88. 2002.　　　　　　PAPERSBarrios-Paoli, Lilliam and Peter Madonia and William C. Rudin. Uniting for Solutions Beyond Shelter. TheCity of New York. Jun 2004."Uniting for Solutions Beyond Shelter is a 10-year action plan that brings together the business, nonprofit,and public sector communities to address the challenging issue of homelessness at its core, rather thanmanage it at the margins. It reflects my strong belief that every individual and family deserves safe,affordable housing –a goal we can achieve through proactive, coordinated action and investments in costeffectiveinitiativesthatsolvehomelessness."-MayorMichaelR.Bloomberg　Feldman, Ron. The Affordable Housing Shortage: Considering the Problem, Causes and Solutions. FederalReserve Bank of Minneapolis. Aug 2002.Abstract: Many observers claim that we are in the midst of an "affordable housing shortage" or, even worse,an "affordable housing crisis." The primary concern is that too many households live in "unaffordable" rentalunits. We hope to clarify the current debate by first measuring the size of the problem, then diagnosing itsunderlying causes and, finally, discussing treatments that policymakers should consider. While our review ishardly exhaustive, we conclude that a shortage of income is largely behind the housing affordability problemdespite the current focus on housing. Policymakers should recognize that government financing of newhousing units is unlikely to be a cost-effective response to low household income.Hu, Yucum and Qiping Shen. Systems Thinking in the Study of Housing Development in Hong Kong NewTowns. The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Department of Building and Real Estate. 2000."In this paper, we have applied system dynamics to analyze housing development in Hong Kong new towns.Because housing development is concerned with many factors such as population growth, employment,personal income, gross domestic product and government policies, it is a complex social-economic systemthat demands system thinking for its solution. We have constructed a system dynamics model that attemptsto describe housing development in new towns. In this model, the interactions of various factors in urbanhousing development are taken into consideration. The model has been implemented in a computersimulation package named "I think". The simulation provides a trend of future housing development in HongKong new towns. These results can assist decision makers produce more appropriate plans for futurehousing development. We found that the application of system dynamics into housing development is a newand fruitful attempt."Katz, Bruce and Margery Turner, Karen Brown, Mary Cunningham and Noah Sawyer. Rethinking localaffordable housing strategies: lessons from 70 years of policy and practice. The BrookingsInstitution Center in Urban and Metropolitan Policy and The Urban Institute. Dec 2003.Efforts to provide affordable housing are occurring at a time of great change. The responsibilities forimplementing affordable housing are increasingly shifting to state and local actors. The market anddemographic changes in the country are complicating the picture, as sprawling jobs-housing patterns anddowntown revivals in some places are creating demand for affordable housing for working families andimmigrants in both cities and suburbs. To help state and local leaders design fresh solutions to today’saffordable housing challenges, The Brookings Institution Center on Urban and Metropolitan Policy and theUrban Institute joined forces to examine the lessons of seven decades of major policy approaches and whatthese lessons mean for local reforms. This executive summary of the full report, funded by the John S. andJames L. Knight Foundation, finds that past and current efforts to expand rental housing assistance, promotehomeownership, and increase affordable housing through land use regulations have been uneven in theireffectiveness in promoting stable families and healthy communities. The findings suggest guiding principlesfor local action, with important cautions to avoid pitfalls.Pascale, Connie. The Critical Shortage of Affordable Housing in New Jersey: A Brief Overview. The LegalServices of New Jersey Poverty Research Institute. Jun 2003.For at least three decades, study after study has documented New Jersey’s severe affordable housingshortage. This report from Legal Services of New Jersey’s Poverty Research Institute compiles such studiesand data to present a current portrait of just how bad the housing shortfall has become. It is intended as aresource for policy makers and the public, to help energize and guide the urgent question of what should beNew Jersey’s governmental response to this crisis.The report was prepared primarily by Connie Pascale, Vice President and Assistant General Counsel atLegal Services of New Jersey, with assistance from colleagues Kristin Mateo and Anjali Srivastava. Ourhope is that armed with information, at long last New Jersey’s leaders will guide the state toward acomprehensive and effective government-wide housing policy.Pickard, Deena, et. Al. A Systematic Approach to Service Improvement: Evaluating Systems Thinking inHousing." The Office of the Deputy Prime Minister: London. Sep 2005."This report provides a review of work undertaken to explore the use of systems thinking in a social housingsetting. In particular, the research considered the effects on the delivery of housing management servicesand assessed efficiency gains arising."Pickard, Deena, et. Al. Defining a National Housing Research Agenda Construction Management andProduction. The Office of the Deputy Prime Minister: London. Sep 2004.Soffin, Jeremy. Housing Crises Threatens Regional Economy. The Regional Plan Association and CitizensHousing and Planning Council. May 2004.High housing costs, poor housing quality and long commutes are putting the NY-NJ-CT metropolitan regionat a competitive disadvantage in attracting and retaining a talented workforce, according to a regionalhousing study released today. The report, "Out of Balance: The Housing Crisis from a Regional Perspective,"is a collaborative effort of Regional Plan Association (RPA) and Citizens Housing and Planning Council(CHPC) to survey regional housing trends and identify housing problems that pose obstacles to regionaldevelopment or diminish the quality of life.Tucker, William. How Rent Control Drives Out Affordable Housing. Cato Institute. May 1997.Cato Policy Analysis No. 274 Location: How Rent Control Drives Out Affordable HousingWhite, Lawrence J. Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac, and Housing Finance: Why True Privatization is Good PublicPolicy. Cato Foundation. Aug 2004.WEBSITES/ ADDITIONAL RESOURCESAmhearst H. Wilder Foundation Redirecting to new location...Archvoices ArchVoicesAssociation of Community Design Resources Page on communitydesign.orgThe Brookings Institute HomeThe Cato Foundation Cato InstituteCommunity Development Society Community Development SocietyCommunity Resources Directory of Nonprofit Organizations and Other Community ResourcesDevelopment Training Institute The Center for Leadership InnovationDesign Advisor Design AdvisorDesign Matters: Best Practices in Affordable Housing Landing Page | cada.uic.edu |Doors of Perception Doors of PerceptionThe Enterprise Foundation Enterprise Community PartnersHabitat for Humanity Habitat for Humanity Int'lHousing Again Page on housingagain.web.caHousing First brooklyn apartments rent‎ Resources and Information.Housing Prototypes Housing Prototypes.Inhabitat Design For a Better World!Planning a Housing development Enterprise Community PartnersProject proformas Enterprise Community PartnersThe Housing and Community Development KnowledgePlex The affordable housing and community development resource for professionalsNational Community Building Network Nuovi Bonus Casino Nazionali - bonus senza depositoNational Multi Housing Council National Multifamily Housing CouncilNational Community Housing Forum Page on nchf.org.auNew Village Building Sustainable CulturesNovogradac & Company LLP Affordable Housing Resource CenterPlanners Network Planners NetworkRose Fellowship Page on rose-network.comRudy Bruner Award for Urban Excellence Page on buffalo.eduRural Studio Welcome - Rural StudioShimberg Center for Affordable Housing The Shimberg Center at the University of FloridaSocketsite Page on socketsite.comStardust Organization Redirecting your pageStrategy Survival Guide Page on strategy.gov.uk　　　　　　Affordable Housing and Community Design: SustainabilityARTICLESArchitype. "Green Credentials: Housing in Brighton." RIBA Journal.Bone, Eugena. "The House That Max Built." Metropolis. v16, n5, p 37-42, Dec 1996.The Center for Maximum Potential Building Systems (Max’s Pot) built the Advanced Green Builderdemonstration house on the outskirts of Austin with only local materials. It is the place where founderPliny Fisk III and his wife "concoct environmentally sound and sustainable building technologies." BothCalcrete and Solar-Tube were conceived there. The house uses Green Forms, an "open-ended" post andbeam system as structure. The central concept is that the Green Forms provide the frame for site-specific(and therefore more sustainable) elements and finishes. This approach also leaves plenty of potential forpersonalization. Local climates are studied as well as attainable materials for cladding, insulation, andother surfaces from the area. Options may include rammed earth, adobe, straw wall, industrial by-products,and Styrofoam. The project also helps to sustain local businesses, distributors, and craftsmen byutilizing their services within their communities.The article also mentions innovative composite materials that can be used in cladding, including mixingleftover wood fiber with plastic from recycled bottles to make hardy wood-like panels. Water sustainability isaddressed with composting toilets and wetland integration.For further energy consumption reduction photovoltaic panels can be added to roofs, radiant heat can bedistributed from floor slabs, and a gas-fired water heater can double as the heat source for the floor slabs.While the house (at time of article publishing) costs about $250,000, the goal is to build for $10 to $12 persquare foot. The article includes photos of the house in Austin and images of examples of various sitespecificcladdingmaterials.(DM)　Cameron, Kristi."Rebirth: BOASE, Denmark’s Model for Sustainable Mass-Produced Housing, On Stilts."Metropolis. v23, n5. p 66-69. Jan 2004.BOASE is an innovative national competition winning concept proposed by a team of students inDenmark. The primary themes of the project are affordable housing, mass production of units, and soilremediation that occurs through phytoremediation while the housing units sit above the petrochemicallypolluted site in a network of "tree dwellings."The units stand on stilts, and therefore allow rainwater and sunlight to filter down and nourish the soilcleaningplantecology.Theprovocativenotionofdevelopingpollutedsitesisrootedinthecheapnessoflandthatnoonewantstouse-pollutedland.Theplantsareexpectedtocleanthetopsixfeetofcontaminatedsoilinaperiodoftenyears,which,bysome,maybeworthwhile"ratherthanspendingmillionshaulingthecontaminateddirttoalandfilloftreatmentfacility."Iftheclean-upprocessdoesnotoccurasexpectedthroughphytoremediation,notallislost;"evenifthetreesdon’tmanagetocleanupthesoil,theyaresuckingupwaterandevaporatingitthroughtheirleaves…(it)won’tleachintogroundwatersupplies,takingpollutantswithit."Unitsaremanufacturedfromlightweightfiberglass-reinforcedplastic,givingthemtheadvantagesoflastingstructuralstrengthwithminimalweight.Inthisproject,the"home"becomesindustrialized,aunitofmassproduction.Thethreetechnologiesusedinthisprojectare:GratzelSolarCells,FiberlinePlasticComposites,andPhytoremediation.(DM)　Couling, Nancy and Klaus Overmeyer (of cet-0). "New From Suburbia: Agro City." Architectural Design, v74,n4, p 66-71. Jul/Aug 2004.Couling and Overmeyer have produced a model for areas outlying urban centers to becomeneighborhoods surrounding farming-land green spaces, rather than arbitrary parks and green spaces,commonly ordained by local zoning codes. The theory proposes that the residents maintain and work the"farm-land" and it gives back to them, monetarily, as well as enriching a closer-knit community than atypical suburb. The article includes a model for investment and return based in its proposed operations in anarea outlying Hamburg- the location of cet-0’s Fischbek-Mississippi project. The underlying concept is a"symbiosis of land for farming and land for building…Green areas are a combination of agricultural fields anddomesticated plots, leased to an ecofarmer, or to the Mississippi Club, of which the new residents wouldideally be members"(Couling p. 69). (DM)Diamond, Richard C. "Affordable Housing Through Energy Efficiency." GSD News/ Harvard University..p 14. Winter/Spring. 1993.Ehrenzweig, Dina. "Consumer acceptance of straw-bale housing." International Journal for Housing Scienceand its Applications. v23, n1. p 69-77. 1993.Evans, Barrie. "Making housing sustainable." Architect’s Journal. v205, n2. p 48. Jan 1998.On the potential provision of housing for the 4.4 million new English households predicted for the period from1991 to 2016. Taken from presentations at the BRE 75th anniversary international conference, "SustainableConstruction: an Agenda for Innovation".Gifford, H. "Third Street: Can architects and builders work together to produce highly energy-efficient andaffordable multifamily housing without any grant support? Two New Yorkers prove that it can bedone." Home Energy. v22, n5, p 24-29 Energy federation Incorporated. 2005.Third Street considers the assemblies and methods utilized to create more energy-efficient apartmentbuildings in New York City. The buildings are located at 299 E. 3rdSt. (38-family building) and 228 E. 3St.(22-family building) in Manhattan. The project was developed by Mary Spink and the architect is ChrisBenedict.The article denotes specific building assemblies that improve thermal and acoustical insulation. Specificwall sections are shown, as well as efficiency comparisons based on energy consumption and cost.The article also implies concerns about the negative effect of funding sustainable projects through grants,relating this approach to the concept that one can only do good if funded. Another interesting issueexemplified by these projects is that buildings that may be extremely energy efficient and "green" to a greatextent will never satisfy current LEED criteria because of certain detailing that, in a sense, make them evenmore sustainable. (DM)Gregory, Rob. "Wake Up Call." The Architectural Review. p 44, Nov 2003.BedZED is a prototype for sustainable high affordable housing complexes by Bill Dunster Architects. It is anexample of high density suburban-urbanization in Sutton, England. Highlights of the project include liveworkunits,acommunityhall,southfacingspacesandterraces.Theonebedroomloftapartmentshavetheirownentrancesandopenontoaskygarden.Thearticleincludesphotographs,asiteplan,anelevation,sections,andasunstudy.(DM)Koebel, Theodore "Sustaining sustainability: innovation in housing and the built environment." Journal ofUrban Technology. v6, n3. p 75-94. Dec 1999.Sustaining Sustainability discusses a wide spectrum of issues related to spreading the desire for, andacceptance of, sustainable housing. The article theorizes the necessity for technological developments topush the viability of sustainability into mainstream construction. Koebel also articulates various circuits withinthe development and construction industries through which sustainable practices must spread if they areto effectively diffuse within our culture. Included issues are mass production, adaptability, change agents,codes, and policies (and their makers). The general message is that everyone needs the tools and the knowhow,ascollectivelyacceptedacrosstheindustry,toprogressinsupportingandencouragingsustainablehousing.　rdAn interesting theory on the method of diffusion and its characteristics is delineated and discussed.Koebel’s research designates certain "characteristics of innovations that influence adoption," (Koebel p.79)including relative advantage, compatibility, complexity, trialability and observability.Koebel goes further into the issue of diffusion by discussing various initiatives in sustainable housing andtheir overall performance. (DM)Makovsky, Paul. "Green Space: In the country's first green residential tower, a temporary showcase interioroffers lasting ideas." Metropolis. vol. 23, no. 3, pp. 118-120, Nov 2003Makovsky outlines various sustainable furniture and finishes used at the Solaire in Battery Park City, NewYork. The Solaire is significant in that it is the country’s first high-rise sustainable apartment building. Theinterior design of the apartments was created by Stedila Design.The article describes the innovative finishes and furniture and interesting descriptions of their origins andhow they are designated as sustainable for this project. Perhaps most helpful are the actual names,manufacturers, and distributors of many pieces.Sustainable finishes and furniture mentioned include:Uba Tuba granite from BrazilUrea-free formaldehyde fiberboard cabinetsNon-Urea formaldehyde parquet floorsReclaimed-recycled lines of carpet and furnitureAbaca fiber instead of plasticsA "less than 500 miles" philosophy, aiding in cutting embodied energy expenditure (DM)Martin, Glen and Frank Escher and Andrew Wagner. "Shades of Green: Dwell Home II."Dwell. v5, n6, p 114, 116. June 2005.Dwell Home II was constructed in Topanga Canyon, California as a test home for green design. It’sconstruction in such an isolated area prompted many questions about the true sustainability of remotenessin this modern world, since a car must be used for traveling into town for commodities. Andrew Wagnerfacilitated a discussion/ interview with the homeowner Glen Martin and architect Frank Escher, prompted byquestions written to Dwell magazine regarding the project.In the project’s defense, the convenience and viability of bus lines and telecommuting are available for usein the remote setting. Aside from those conveniences, Escher maintained that the building, when seen assiteless, is extremely efficient, performing well, and addresses "environmental questions that need to beaddressed on any site."Dwell Home II cools itself, generates its own electrical power, uses a quarter of the water ofconventional houses, and treats its own wastewater.The article brings up the interesting notion that "in the 70’s, central Europe was going through what we aregoing through in California now. There were some people who were really interested in more intelligent useof resources and sustainable design…" (Escher p.116). (DM)Shore, William B. "Land-use, transportation and sustainability." Technology in Society. v28. p.27-42. 2006.This article proposes three strategies for recentralizing the dispersed population epidemic in the UnitedStates on the grounds that regional planning is a substantial element in reaching a more sustainablelifestyle, and culture. The strategies are: "pricing goods and services to reflect sustainable needs,improving the magnetism of cities, and legislating enforceable regional plans."The article articulates the history of population dispersal away from cities and the ramifications of this trend. Itthen discusses the sustainability of a "spread city" in comparison to "traditional centers andcommunity." (DM)Solomon, Nancy B. "The Pick of the Sustainable Crop." Architectural Record. v193, n7, p 153-156, 158,160, Jul 2005.The Pick of the Sustainable Crop reviews three of the top 10 Green Projects awarded by the AIACommittee on the Environment. The article gives background on the COTE selection process and categoriesthat qualify their concept of sustainable design.With narrative, photos, diagrams and sections, the innovative design aspects of the three built projectsare elaborated.The Pittsburgh Glass Center, in Pittsburgh Pennsylvania, has an innovative and effective heat recoverysystem and effective insulation and ventilation systems. It is an industrial building that houses hotshops,offices and exhibition space, designed by DGGP and Bruce Lindsey AIA.Rinker Hall in Gainesville, Florida is the home of the M.E. Rinker School of Building Construction in thedepartment of the University of Florida’s College of Design and Construction. Designed by CroxtonCollaborative Architects + Gould Evans Associates, the building utilizes enthalpy wheel technology, passivesolar design, and high-performance glazing.A connection is made between daylighting and occupants’ circadian rhythms "connecting… to nature’s owncircadian rhythm- allows occupants to experience what Croxton describes as `the most primitive, deepseatedaspectsofcomfort’."TheAustinResourceCenterfortheHomeless(ARCH)isa26,800sfbuildingthathouseshomelesstemporarilyandforthelongterm,whileprovidingsupportprogramsinAustinTexas.ThebuildingwasdevelopedconcurrentlywithAustin’sadoptionofanewpolicythatthedesignofanynewmunicipalbuildingmust follow the guidelines put forth by the U.S. Green Building Council for its LEED rating system. Theproject utilized the method of stack-cast tilt-frame construction, cutting down on the cost of formwork forconcrete. Fly-ash was substituted for 45% of the portland cement in the concrete mix. A rain-watercollection system was also developed to mediate Austin’s serious flooding problems (due to poor topsoilconditions). (DM)Zhang, Zhihui and Xing Wu, Xiaomin Yang, and Yimin Zhu. "BEPAS- a life cycle building environmentalperformance assessment model." Building and Environment. v41. p 669-675. 2006.In this journal article, BEPAS (building environmental performance analysis system) is explained and testedin a case study. It has been proposed that the system’s methodologies can be utilized on both new andexisting buildings, evaluating their facilities (operation phase consumption and pollution), location,and materials. This article seems to have been inspired by the "rapid process of industrialization andurbanization" currently underway in China. It is also in response to the relative subjectiveness ofsustainability evaluation checklist-type methods such as LEED. The BEPAS researchers responded tothese issues by creating a more objective analytical approach to evaluating building performance,building upon the in-depth model of LCA (life cycle analysis). Results of the article’s case study show the testbuilding’s environmental impact was 96.6% from the facility operation, and only 5.6% from the buildingmaterials.BEPAS attempts to include more variables than other existing analysis models of a similar genre.(DM)Affordable Housing and Community Design: Gulf Coast RegionARTICLESAllais, Lucia. "Building Dwelling, Not Thinking" Thresholds. v20. p 50-55. 2000.Allais theorizes that housing typologies can have underlying social implications that must be recognized,especially when addressing affordable housing for poor predominantly African American populations incertain areas of the country. She specifically addresses the symbolism embodied in the shotgun-stylehousing that is commonly constructed as affordable infill housing.The discussion of the possible sociological ramifications of typology arose through a competition for DelrayBeach Florida’s Redevelopment Agency to design "affordable infill housing" in the predominantly blackMount Olive community.Allais sites the works of Marylis Nepomechie and Heidegger as current and historical thinkers on the samesubject; the architects’ argument about the pride of ownership.The theories, as presented in this article, are very subjective, and tend to make difficult assumptions thatsometimes waiver on the verge of being credible. However, the concepts put forth are extremely provoking,and are frequently neglected in design of affordable housing. The relationship between form and meaningcan have great impact, and the architect needs to be held responsible for intervening in the best interest ofmediating this phenomenon, downplaying the tones of social segregation in affordable housing. (DM)Burby, R. J."Reconstruction/Disaster Planning: United States." International Encyclopedia of the Social &Behavioral Sciences. p 12841-12844. 2004.This encyclopedic entry is a good introduction to the basic elements of procedures and plans typically setup for post-disaster reconstruction in the United States.The organization of the short article is in five sections: the problem, evolution of planning for resilience, postdisasterandrecoveryplans,hazardmitigationplans,andconclusion.　Onecanimaginethattheseproceduresareeffectedbythemagnitudeofkeydisastersinthecountry’shistory,andthusdonotincludethedevastationofHurricanesKatrinaandRita,northeresultantpoliciesthatmayhavebeendeveloped.　Thearticleelaboratestheprimaryelementsofplansthataddressnaturalhazards,fallingintwocategories:post-disasterreconstructionandhazardmitigation.(DM)Kroloff, Reed and Kevin Pratt. "A Newer Orleans: Six Proposals." Artforum. v44, n7, p 266-283, Mar 2006.An overview of the current search for inspiration for hope and design for a "newer Orleans" sets theprecedent for the summary of 6 design proposals, or "six visions" to invoke a "spirit of possibility." Theintroduction mentions that the Congress for the New Urbanism (led by Andres Duany) had an extensivedesign charette to provide design guidance for Mississippi’s devastated regions, and it has now "seduced"Louisiana’s government as well. Artforum suggests that a fresh, inventive dialogue needs to commence.These proposals do not situate themselves in the realistic realm of feasibility any time in the near future, butthey are refreshing and drastically different takes on how a new city might reshape itself after a disaster ofsuch enormous destruction.The six teams were proposed by Artforum for proposals to be published, two each (one Dutch and oneAmerican team) for three segments: community (MVRDV, Huff + Gooden), urban icon (UN Studio,Morphosis), and landscape (West 8, Hargreaves Associates). The proposals did not address affordablehousing within their broad assigned categories.Recurring themes within the variety of proposals were: public space, connections (both communicationand physical), pride and dignity, high density revitalized areas, reinvigoration and symbolism. (DM)Shepard, Richard . "Refilling a Neighborhood: West Coconut Grove, Miami." Places. v14, n3, p 44-45,Spring 2002.Shepard (as director of the Center for Urban and Community Design at the University of Miami School ofArchitecture) describes a studio project that integrated students and university with a strugglingneighborhood whose population, property, and quality of life has drastically declined. The project was forstudents to design an affordable house after surveying the conditions, lifestyles and policies of itsneighborhood and jurisdiction. The project set a precedent of trust between the University and theneighborhood that could potentially lead to similar future collaborations benefiting both parties, the academyand the struggling neighborhood.The underlying concept driving the development of the project is Shepard’s assertion that "If vacant lots andabandoned buildings could be developed for low-and moderate- income families, the proportion ofstakeholders could increase and the community pride of ownership could return" (Shepard p. 44).The studio culminated in the actual approval and eventual building of a two-story shotgun housedesigned by students who saw it take shape before graduating from architecture school. A local developerhad become an enthusiast of the studio and funded the projectShepard’s concept and its follow-through becomes an exemplar for students, teachers and developerswondering how they can do more in their "own back yard." (DM)Sorkin, Michael."Will new plans for the Gulf drown it again, this time in nostaligia?" Architectural Record.New York, v194, n2, p.47. Feb 2006.This article critically expresses concerns related to the Congress for the New Urbanism’s (CNU) recentcharette and resultant design recommendations for post-hurricane redevelopment of 11 towns examinedalong the Mississippi Gulf coast. While the report calls for ample transportation (along with a virtual "concretekimono"), it is also overtly concerned with regulating every facet of architecture in a someone’s aestheticutopian ideal, it pays little attention to disaster mitigation and future damage precautions, nor sustainablestrategies and environmental conscientiousness. (DM)Voss Matthews, Sherrie. "Orlando Planners Build Energy-Efficient House." Planning. Chicago. v69, n5. p 40.May 2005.The house at 2516 East Church St. in Orlando, Florida is not, by most means "affordable at an appraisalvalue of $300,000. However, it is an example of the availability of systems, materials and labor available inFlorida to conduct sustainable construction. The house includes 9-foot tall ceilings and a floorplan thatsupports good ventilation through airflow. Since termites are often a problem in Florida, no wood was usedin construction. The house is clad, instead with wood fiber cement plank siding over steel frame. Flooringfinishes include bamboo (impregnated with borates) and ceramic tile. Energy Star criteria were met forappliances throughout the house, reducing greenhouse emissions. In terms of water conservation, low flowfixtures and toilets were installed. Water is heated with solar heat, and the house has an integratedinsulation system. The house, at 2,000 square feet, is "affordable to operate, and runs on $60 per month,for everything." (DM)PAPERSFEMA/ US Department of Homeland Security. Home Builder’s Guide to Coastal ConstructionTechnical Sheet Series. FEMA 499, Aug 2005.In August of 2005, FEMA produced guidelines for coastal construction in a technical fact sheet series. Theseries of 31 fact sheets gives guidance and recommendations for coastal residential buildings. This guidewas produced to improve building performance in high winds and flood conditions. The document includesinformation that incorporates national Flood Insurance Program regulatory requirements. Topics emphasizedand illustrated are siting, structural connections, the building envelope, utilities and additional resources onvarious subjects. (DM)

You want ba-nan-a ? Apes are animals created without conscience and with only instinct. Human are created in the “Image” of God. Human kind can reason, create, love, think, make decisions…. etc…. animals are not made in the image of God but made for us….The reason for DNA similarities with other created things is because we have the same creator._______________________________________________________________________________Do Human and Chimpanzee DNA Indicate an Evolutionary Relationship?byBert Thompson, Ph.D.Brad Harrub, Ph.D.The collision occurred without warning. Prior to the impact, thoughts had revolved around dinner plans. Images of fried chicken and mashed potatoes, however, now have been replaced by an ear-piercing siren and flashing strobe lights, that dance off of street signs and store windows. Following the injured person’s six-minute ambulance ride, emergency room doctors assess the situation. There is extensive internal damage, and several organs are beginning to shut down. The prognosis is dim—unless a healthy kidney and liver are transplanted within the next 12 hours. A call is made to the National Organ Donor Registry, and the gravity of the situation is relayed to several donor officials. Within a matter of hours, a chartered air ambulance delivers the organs in a bright red Igloo™ cooler. As the anesthesiologist begins the necessary preparations for surgery, the patient notices the surgeon walk over and inspect the donated organs. The last words the patient hears as he drifts off to sleep is the surgeon saying, “Well, I guess chimp organs will have to do; after all, we share over 98% of the same genetic material.”While many evolutionists proclaim that humanDNAis 98% identical to chimpanzeeDNA, few would lie by idly and allow themselves to receive a transplant using chimpanzee organs. As a matter of fact, American doctors tried using chimp organs in the 1960s, but in all cases the organs were totally unsuitable. The claim of 98% similarity between chimpanzees and humans is not only deceptive and misleading, but also scientifically incorrect. Today, scientists are finding more and more differences inDNAfrom humans and chimps. For instance, a 2002 research study proved that humanDNAwas at least 5% different from chimpanzees—and that number probably will continue to grow as we learn all of the details about humanDNA(Britten, 2002).In 1962, James Dewey Watson and Francis Harry Compton Crick received the Nobel Prize in physiology or medicine for their discovery concerning the molecular structure ofDNA. Just nine years earlier, in 1953, these two scientists had proposed the double helical structure ofDNA—the genetic material responsible for life. By demonstrating the molecular arrangement of four nucleotide base acids (adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymidine—usually designated as A, G, C, and T) and how they combine, Watson and Crick opened the door for determining the genetic makeup of humans and animals. The field of molecular biology became invigorated with scientists who wanted to compare the proteins and nucleic acids of one species with those of another. Just thirteen short years after Watson and Crick received their famed Nobel Prize, the declaration was made “that the average human polypeptide is more than 99 percent identical to its chimpanzee counterpart” (King and Wilson, 1975, pp. 114-115). This genetic similarity in the proteins and nucleic acids, however, left a great paradox—why do we not look or act like chimpanzees if our genetic material is so similar? King and Wilson recognized the legitimacy of this quandary when they remarked: “The molecular similarity between chimpanzees and humans is extraordinary because they differ far more than many other sibling species in anatomy and life” (p. 113). Nevertheless, the results were exactly what evolutionists were looking for, and as such, the claim has reverberated through the halls of science for decades as evidence that humans evolved from an ape-like ancestor.One year following Watson and Crick’s Nobel ceremony, chemist Emile Zuckerkandl observed that the protein sequence of hemoglobin in humans and the gorilla differed by only 1 out of 287 amino acids. Zuckerkandl noted: “From the point of view of hemoglobin structure, it appears that the gorilla is just an abnormal human, or man an abnormal gorilla, and the two species form actually one continuous population” (1963, p. 247). The molecular and genetic evidence only strengthened the evolutionary foundation for those who testified of our alleged primate ancestors. Professor of physiology Jared Diamond even titled one of his books The Third Chimpanzee, thereby viewing the human species as just another big mammal. From all appearances, it seemed that evolutionists had won a battle—humans were more than 98% identical to chimpanzees. However, after spending a lifetime looking for evidence of evolution within molecular structures, biochemist Christian Schwabe was forced to admit:Molecular evolution is about to be accepted as a method superior to paleontology for the discovery of evolutionary relationships. As a molecular evolutionist, I should be elated. Instead it seems disconcerting that many exceptions exist to the orderly progression of species as determined by molecular homologies; so many in fact that I think the exception, the quirks, may carry the more important message (1986, p. 280, emp. added).In 2003, the completed human genome study is scheduled to be published. Before this massive project was created, scientists estimated that humans possessed 90,000 to 100,000 genes (a gene is a section ofDNAthat is a basic unit of heredity, while the genome constitutes the total genetic composition of an organism). With preliminary data from the genome project now in hand, scientists believe that the actual number of genes is around 70,000 (Shouse, 2002, 295:1447). It appears that only about 1.5% of the human genome consists of genes, which code for proteins. These genes are clustered in small regions that contain sizable amounts of “non-coding”DNA(frequently referred to as “junk DNA”) between the clusters. The function of these non-coding regions is only now being determined. These findings indicate that even if all of the human genes were different from those of a chimpanzee, the DNA still could be 98.5 percent similar if the “junk” DNA of humans and chimpanzees were identical.Jonathan Marks, (department of anthropology, University of California, Berkeley) has pointed out the often-overlooked problem with this “similarity” line of thinking.BecauseDNAis a linear array of those four bases—A,G,C, and T—only four possibilities exist at any specific point in aDNA sequence. The laws of chance tell us that two random sequences from species that have no ancestry in common will match at about one in every four sites. Thus even two unrelatedDNA sequences will be 25 percent identical, not 0 percent identical (2000, p. B-7).Therefore a human and any earthlyDNA-based life form must be at least 25% identical. Would it be correct, then, to state that daffodils are “one-quarter human”? The idea that a flower is one-quarter human is neither profound nor enlightening; it is outlandishly ridiculous! There is hardly any biological comparison that could be conducted that would make daffodils human—except perhapsDNA.Marks went on to concede:Moreover, the genetic comparison is misleading because it ignores qualitative differences among genomes.... Thus, even among such close relatives as human and chimpanzee, we find that the chimp’s genome is estimated to be about 10 percent larger than the human’s; that one human chromosome contains a fusion of two small chimpanzee chromosomes; and that the tips of each chimpanzee chromosome contain aDNA sequence that is not present in humans (B-7, emp. added).The truth is, if we consider the absolute amount of genetic material when comparing primates and humans, the 1-2% difference in DNA represents approximately 80 million different nucleotides (compared to the 3-4 billion nucleotides that make up the entire human genome). To help make this number understandable, consider the fact that if evolutionists had to pay you one penny for every nucleotide in that 1-2% difference between the human and the chimp, you would walk away with $800,000. Given those proportions, 1-2% does not appear so small, does it?CHROMOSOMAL COUNTSIt would make sense that, if humans and chimpanzees were genetically identical, then the manner in which they store DNA also would be similar. Yet it is not.DNA, the fundamental blueprint of life, is tightly compacted into chromosomes. All cells that possess a nucleus contain a specific number of chromosomes. Common sense would seem to necessitate that organisms that share a common ancestry would possess the same number of chromosomes. However, chromosome numbers in living organisms vary from 308 in the black mulberry (Morus nigra) to six in animals such as the mosquito (Culex pipiens) or nematode worm (Caenorhabditis elegans) [see Sinnot, et al., 1958]. Additionally, complexity does not appear to affect the chromosomal number. The radiolaria (a simple protozoon) has over 800, while humans possess 46. Chimpanzees, on the other hand, have 48 chromosomes. A strict comparison of chromosome numbers would indicate that we are more closely related to the Chinese muntjac (a small deer found in Taiwan’s mountainous regions), which also has 46 chromosomes.This hurdle of differing numbers of chromosomes may appear trivial, but we must remember that chromosomes contain genes, which themselves are composed of DNA spirals. If the blueprint of DNA locked inside the chromosomes codes for only 46 chromosomes, then how can evolution account for the loss of two entire chromosomes? The task of DNA is to continually reproduce itself. If we infer that this change in chromosome number occurred through evolution, then we are asserting that the DNA locked in the original number of chromosomes did not do its job correctly or efficiently. Considering that each chromosome carries a number of genes, losing chromosomes does not make sense physiologically, and probably would prove deadly for new species. No respectable biologist would suggest that by removing one (or more) chromosomes, a new species likely would be produced. To remove even one chromosome would potentially remove the DNA codes for millions of vital body factors. Eldon Gardner summed it up as follows: “Chromosome number is probably more constant, however, than any other single morphological characteristic that is available for species identification” (1968, p. 211). To put it another way, humans always have had 46 chromosomes, whereas chimps always have had 48.REAL GENOMIC DIFFERENCESOne of the downfalls of previous molecular genetic studies has been the limit at which chimpanzees and humans could be compared accurately. Scientists often would use only 30 or 40 known proteins or nucleic acid sequences, and then from those extrapolate their results for the entire genome. Today, however, we have the majority of the human genome sequences, practically all of which have been released and made public. This allows scientists to compare every single nucleotide base pair between humans and primates—something that was not possible prior to the human genome project. In January 2002, a study was published in which scientists had constructed and analyzed a first-generation human chimpanzee comparative genomic map. This study compared the alignments of 77,461 chimpanzee bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) end sequences to human genomic sequences. Fujiyama and colleagues “detected candidate positions, including two clusters on human chromosome 21, that suggest large, nonrandom regions of differences between the two genomes” (2002, 295:131). In other words, the comparison revealed some “large” differences between the genomes of chimps and humans.Amazingly, the authors found that only 48.6% of the whole human genome matched chimpanzee nucleotide sequences. [Only 4.8% of the human Y chromosome could be matched to chimpanzee sequences.] This study compared the alignments of 77,461 chimpanzee sequences to human genomic sequences obtained from public databases. Of these, 36,940 end sequences were unable to be mapped to the human genome (295:131). Almost 15,000 of those sequences that did not match human sequences were speculated to “correspond to unsequenced human regions or are from chimpanzee regions that have diverged substantially from humans or did not match for other unknown reasons” (295:132). While the authors noted that the quality and usefulness of the map should “increasingly improve as the finishing of the human genome sequence proceeds” (295:134), the data already support what creationists have said for years—the 98-99% figure representing DNAsimilarity is grossly misleading, as revealed in a study carried out by Roy Britten of the California Institute of Technology (see Britten, 2002).Exactly how misleading came to light in an article—“Jumbled DNA Separates Chimps and Humans”—published in the October 25, 2002 issue of Science. The first three sentences of the article, written by Elizabeth Pennisi (a staff writer for Science), represented a “that was then, this is now” type of admission of defeat. She wrote:For almost 30 years, researchers have asserted that the DNAof humans and chimps is at least 98.5% identical. Now research reported here last week at the American Society for Human Genetics meeting suggests that the two primate genomes might not be quite as similar after all. A closer look has uncovered nips and tucks of homologous sections of DNA that weren’t noticed in previous studies (298:719, emp. added).Genomicists Kelly Frazer and David Cox of Perlegen Sciences in Mountain View, California, along with geneticists Evan Eichler and Devin Locke of Case Western University in Cleveland, Ohio, compared human and chimp DNA, and discovered a wide range of insertions and deletions (anywhere from between 200 bases to 10,000 bases). Cox commented: “The implications could be profound, because such genetic hiccups could disable entire genes, possibly explaining why our closest cousin seems so distant” (as quoted in Pennisi, 298:721).Britten analyzed chimp and human genomes with a customized computer program. To quote Pennisi’s article:He compared 779,000 bases of chimp DNA with the sequences of the human genome, both found in the public repository GenBank. Single-base changes accounted for 1.4% of the differences between the human and chimp genomes, and insertions and deletions accounted for an additional 3.4%, he reported in the 15 October [2002] Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. Locke’s and Frazer’s groups didn’t commit to any new estimates of the similarity between the species, but both agree that the previously accepted 98.5% mark is too high (298:721, emp. added).While Locke’s and Frazer’s team was unwilling to commit to any new estimate of the similarity between chimps and humans, Britten was not. In fact, he titled his article in the October 15, 2002 Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, “Divergence between Samples of Chimpanzee and Human DNA sequences is 5%” (Britten, 99:13633-13635). In the abstract accompanying the article, he wrote: “The conclusion is that the old saw that we share 98.5% of our DNA sequence with chimpanzee is probably in error. For this sample, a better estimate would be that 95% of the base pairs are exactly shared between chimpanzee and human DNA” (99:13633, emp. added). The news service at New Scientist | Science news and science articles from New Scientist reported the event as follows:It has long been held that we share 98.5 per cent of our genetic material with our closest relatives. That now appears to be wrong. In fact, we share less than 95 per cent of our genetic material, a three-fold increase in the variation between us and chimps.The new value came to light when Roy Britten of the California Institute of Technology became suspicious about the 98.5 per cent figure. Ironically, that number was originally derived from a technique that Britten himself developed decades ago at Caltech with colleague Dave Kohne. By measuring the temperature at which matching DNA of two species comes apart, you can work out how different they are. But the technique only picks up a particular type of variation, called a single base substitution. These occur whenever a single “letter” differs in corresponding strands of DNA from the two species.But there are two other major types of variation that the previous analyses ignored. “Insertions” occur whenever a whole section of DNA appears in one species but not in the corresponding strand of the other. Likewise, “deletions” mean that a piece of DNA is missing from one species.Together, they are termed “indels,” and Britten seized his chance to evaluate the true variation between the two species when stretches of chimp DNA were recently published on the internet by teams from the Baylor College of Medicine in Houston, Texas, and from the University of Oklahoma.When Britten compared five stretches of chimp DNAwith the corresponding pieces of human DNA, he found that single base substitutions accounted for a difference of 1.4 per cent, very close to the expected figure.But he also found that the DNA of both species was littered with indels. His comparisons revealed that they add around another 4.0 per cent to the genetic differences (see Coghlan, 2002, emp. added).It seems that, as time passes and scientific studies increase, humans appear to be less like chimps after all. In a separate study, Barbulescu and colleagues also uncovered another major difference in the genomes of primates and humans. In their article “A HERV-K Provirus in Chimpanzees, Bonobos, and Gorillas, but not Humans,” the authors wrote: “These observations provide very strong evidence that, for some fraction of the genome, chimpanzees, bonobos, and gorillas are more closely related to each other than they are to humans” (2001, 11:779, emp. added). The data from these results go squarely against what evolutionists have contended for decades—that chimpanzees are closer genetically to humans than they are to gorillas. Another study using interspecies representational difference analysis (RDA) between humans and gorillas revealed gorilla-specific DNA sequences (Toder, et al., 2001)—that is, gorillas possess sequences of DNA that are not found in humans. The authors of this study suggested that sequences found in gorillas but not humans “could represent either ancient sequences that got lost in other species, such as human and orang-utan, or, more likely, recent sequences which evolved or originated specifically in the gorilla genome” (9:431).The differences between chimpanzees and humans are not limited to genomic variances. In 1998, a structural difference between the cell surfaces of humans and apes was detected. After studying tissues and blood samples from the great apes, and sixty humans from various ethnic groups, Muchmore and colleagues discovered that human cells are missing a particular form of sialic acid (a type of sugar) found in all other mammals (1998, 107[2]:187). This sialic acid molecule is found on the surface of every cell in the body, and is thought to carry out multiple cellular tasks. This seemingly “miniscule” difference can have far-reaching effects, and might explain why surgeons were unable to transplant chimp organs into humans in the 1960s. With this in mind, we never should declare, with a simple wave of the hand, “chimps are almost identical to us” simply because of a large genetic overlap.CONCLUSIONHomology (or similarity) does not prove common ancestry. The entire genome of the tiny nematode (Caenorhabditis elegans) also has been sequenced as a tangential study to the human genome project. Of the 5,000 best-known human genes, 75% have matches in the worm (see “A Tiny Worm Challenges Evolution”). Does this mean that we are 75% identical to a nematode worm? Just because living creatures share some genes with humans does not mean there is a linear ancestry. Biologist John Randall admitted this when he wrote:The older textbooks on evolution make much of the idea of homology, pointing out the obvious resemblances between the skeletons of the limbs of different animals. Thus the “pentadactyl” [five bone—BH/BT] limb pattern is found in the arm of a man, the wing of a bird, and flipper of a whale—and this is held to indicate their common origin. Now if these various structures were transmitted by the same gene couples, varied from time to time by mutations and acted upon by environmental selection, the theory would make good sense. Unfortunately this is not the case. Homologous organs are now known to be produced by totally different gene complexes in the different species. The concept of homology in terms of similar genes handed on from a common ancestor has broken down... (as quoted in Fix, 1984, p.189).Yet textbooks and teachers still continue to proclaim that humans and chimps are 98% genetically identical. The evidence clearly demonstrates vast molecular differences—differences that can be attributed to the fact that humans, unlike animals, were created in the image and likeness of God (Genesis 1:26-27; see Lyons and Thompson, 2002a, 2002b). Elaine Morgan commented on this difference.Considering the very close genetic relationship that has been established by comparison of biochemical properties of blood proteins, protein structure and DNA and immunological responses, the differences between a man and a chimpanzee are more astonishing than the resemblances. They include structural differences in the skeleton, the muscles, the skin, and the brain; differences in posture associated with a unique method of locomotion; differences in social organization; and finally the acquisition of speech and tool-using, together with the dramatic increase in intellectual ability which has led scientists to name their own species Homo sapiens sapiens—wise wise man. During the period when these remarkable evolutionary changes were taking place, other closely related ape-like species changed only very slowly, and with far less remarkable results. It is hard to resist the conclusion that something must have happened to the ancestors of Homo sapiens which did not happen to the ancestors of gorillas and chimpanzees (1989, pp. 17-18, emp. added).That “something” actually is “Someone”—the Creator.REFERENCESBarbulescu, Madalina, Geoffrey Turner, Mei Su, Rachel Kim, Michael I. Jensen-Seaman, Amos S. Deinard, Kenneth K. Kidd, and Jack Lentz (2001), “A HERV-K Provirus in Chimpanzees, Bonobos, and Gorillas, but not Humans,” Current Biology, 11:779-783.Britten, Roy J. (2002), “Divergence between Samples of Chimpanzee and Human DNA sequences is 5%, Counting Intels,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 99:13633-13635, October 15.Coghlan, Andy (2002), “Human-chimp DNA Difference Trebled,ׇ [On-line],URL: News, September 23.Fix, William R. (1984), The Bone Peddlers: Selling Evolution (New York: Macmillan).Fujiyama, Asao, Hidemi Watanabe, et al., (2002), “Construction and Analysis of a Human-Chimpanzee Comparative Clone Map,” Science, 295:131-134, January 4.Gardner, Eldon J. (1968), Principles of Genetics (New York: John Wiley and Sons).King, Mary-Claire and A.C. Wilson (1975), “Evolution at Two Levels in Humans and Chimpanzees,” Science, 188:107-116, April 11.Lyons, Eric and Bert Thompson (2002a), “In the ‘Image and Likeness of God’ [Part I],” Reason & Revelation, 22:17-23, March.Lyons, Eric and Bert Thompson (2002b), “In the ‘Image and Likeness of God’ [Part II],” Reason & Revelation, 22:25-31, April.Marks, Jonathan (2000), “98% Alike? (What Similarity to Apes Tells Us About Our Understanding of Genetics),” The Chronicle of Higher Education, May 12.Morgan, Elaine (1989), The Aquatic Ape: A Theory of Human Evolution (London: Souvenir Press).Muchmore, Elaine A., Sandra Diaz, and Ajit Varki (1998), “A Structural Difference Between the Cell Surfaces of Humans and the Great Apes,” American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 107[2]:187-198, October.Pennisi, Elizabeth (2002), “Jumbled DNASeparates Chimps and Humans,” Science, 298:719-721, October 25.Shouse, Ben (2002), “Revisiting the Numbers: Human Genes and Whales,” Science, 295:1457, February 22.Sinnot, E.W., L.C. Dunn, and T. Dobzhansky (1958), Principles of Genetics (Columbus, OH: McGraw Hill) fifth edition.Schwabe, Christian (1986), “On the Validity of Molecular Evolution,” Trends in Biochemical Sciences, 11:280-283, July.“A Tiny Worm Challenges Evolution” (no date), [On-line], URL: http://www.cs.unc.edu/plaisted/ce/worm.html.Toder, R. F. Grutzner, T. Haaf, and E. Bausch (2001), “Species-Specific Evolution of Repeated DNA sequences in Great Apes,” Chromosome Research, 9:431-435.Zuckerkandl, Emile (1963), “Perspectives in Molecular Anthropology,” Classification and Human Evolution, ed. S.L. Washburn (Chicago, IL: Aldine).