Regional Work Group Letter - August 14 2013 Regional Work Group Letter: Fill & Download for Free

Raghuram Rajan​Schooling :Delhi Public School ,RK PuramGraduation :IIT Delhi (B Tech),May 1985Post Graduation :IIM Ahmedabad (MBA), March 1987PhD :MIT Sloan School of Management,May 1991.Employment :-Assistant Professor of Finance,Graduate school of business,University of Chicago,July 1991-95.Professor of Finance,Graduate school of business,University of Chicag,1995-96.Bertil Danielsson Visiting Professor of Banking,Stockholm School of Economics,1996-97.Visiting Professor of Finance,Kellog School,Northwestern University,1996-97.Joseph L . Gidwits Professor of Finance, Graduate School of Business,University of Chicago,1997-2003.Fischer Black Visiting Professor,MIT Sloan School of Management,2000-01Economic Counselor and Director of Research,International Monetary Fund, 2003-2006.Chairman of the High Level Committee on Financial Sector Reforms,India,2007-2008.Economic Advisor to the Prime Minister of India (Honorary),2008-2012Chief Economic Advisor,Finance Ministry,Government of India,2012-2013.Eric J. Gleacher Distinguished service Professor of Finance,Graduate School of Business,University of Chicago,2006-2013.Governor,Reserve Bank of India,September 2013-till today.Awards and Accolades:Fischer Black Prize by the American Finance Association in 2003Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences,2009Brenhard Harms Prize,Kiel Institute for International Economics,2010Financial Times Business Book of the Year award for “How Hidden Cracks Still Threaten the World Economy” in 2010.Globan Indian of the year Award, NASSCOM,2011Infosys Prize for the Economic Science,2012Deutsche Bank Prize in Economics,Centre for Finance Studies,2013Books:Fault Lines: How Hidden Fractures Still Threaten the World Economy, published in 2010,has won the Financial Times and Goldman Sachs Business Book of the Year Award for 2010.Saving Capitalism from the Capitalists, was co-authored with fellow Chicago Booth professor Luigi Zingales and published in 2004.Publications:-The American Economic Review, Journal of Economic Perspectives, Journal of Political Economy, Journal of Financial Economics, Journal of Finance and Oxford Review of Economic Policy.The True Lessons of the Recession; The West Can’t Borrow and Spend Its Way to Recovery by Rajan in May/June 2012 Foreign AffairsSelected Extra-Curricular:BDT Capital Partners LLC, Senior Advisor (until 2012)Booz & Co., Senior Advisor (until 2012)Bank Itaú-Unibanco, International Advisory Board Member (until 2012)Comptroller General of the United States, Advisory Council Member (former)FDIC Systemic Resolution Advisory Committee, Member (former)Chicago Council on Global Affairs, Director (no renumeration)American Finance Association, President (2011)American Academy of Arts and Sciences, Member (no renumeration)Selected Research:“The Future of the IMF and the World Bank”, American Economic Review 98(2) (May 2008), 110-115.“Has Finance Made the World Riskier?”, European Financial Management 12(4) (September 2006), 499-533.“India’s Pattern of Development: What Happened, What Follows?” (with Kalpana Kochhar, Utsav Kumar, Arvind Subramanian, and Ioannis Tokatlidis), Journal of Monetary Economics 53 (February 2006), 981-1019.“Essays on Banking” PhD thesis, MIT (1991)Edit 1:-Shrikant Jichkar​20 post-graduate University Degrees to his credit.He Began as a Medical Doctor (MBBS and MD )He did his Law (LL.B.) with Post-graduation in International Law (LL.M.)He did his Masters in Business Administration (DBM and MBA) and in Journalism (B.Journ).He did his Masters in ten subjects.M.A. (Public Administration ;M.A. (Sociology) ;M.A. (Economics);M.A. (Sanskrit);M.A. (History);M.A.(English Literature);M.A. (Philosophy);M.A. (Political Science) ;M.A. (Ancient Indian History, Culture and Archaeology);M.A (Psychology).He got his D. Litt (Doctor of Letters) in Sanskrit , the highest of any Degree in a University.Most of his Degrees are with First Merit and he obtained 28 Gold Medals. Between 1972 and 1990 he has written 42 University Examinations each every summer and every winter.Dr. Shrikant Jichkar was a man of staggering academic, professional and spiritual achievement. Looking at his achievement one may be pardoned for thinking it to be incredulous."Limca Book of Records lists him as the most qualified person in India."Extra CurricularHe had one of the biggest personal libraries in India with 52,000 books.Jichkar was also an academician, painter, professional photographer, and stage actor.AdministrationIn 1978 he wrote the IPS (Indian Police Service) examination and got into it, resigned.He then wrote the prestigious IAS (Indian Administrative Services) examination in 1980 and got into it, resigned in four months to contest his first general election.Politics :-In 1980 he was elected to Maharashtra Legislative Assemble becoming the youngest MLA in the country at 25.He became a very powerful government Minister holding 14 portfolios at a time.He has been member of Maharashtra Legislative Assembly (1982–85),Maharashtra Legislative Council (1986–92)Minister of State, Government of Maharashtra.He was also a member of Rajya Sabha (1992–98)."On June 2, 2004,evening, he succumbed to death after his car, a Mitsubishi Lancer slammed into an oncoming bus at Dhamana Shivar on National Highway 6, about 40 kilometres west of Nagpur"Edit 2 :-Benjamin Bradley Bolger​Bolger is a visiting assistant professor in sociology at the College of William and Mary in Williamsburg, Virginia.Degrees :1992 — Muskegon Community College (Associate of Arts)1994 — University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (Bachelor of Arts in sociology)1997 — University of Oxford (Master of Science in sociology)1998 — University of Cambridge(Master of Philosophy in sociology and politics of modern society)2000 — Stanford University (Master of Arts in education)2001 — Columbia University (Master of Arts in politics of education)2002 — Columbia University (Master of Science in real estate development)2002 — Harvard University (Master of Design in urban planning and real estate)2004 — Brown University (Master of Arts in developmental studies)2004 — Dartmouth College (Master of Arts in liberal arts2007 — Brandeis University (Master of Arts in coexistence and conflict)2007 — Skidmore College (Master of Arts in liberal studies)2008 — Harvard University (Doctor of Design in urban planning and real estate)2014 — Ashland University (Master of Fine Arts in creative writing)He has also completed some coursework at Yale University (JD in law, 1994) and Boston College (MA in higher education, 2004).Extra CurricularBolger runs a "boutique academic consulting" business named "Bolger Strategic" in which he charges between $500 and $7,500 to assist prospective graduate students apply to graduate school.Edit 3:This should've been the first CV to be mentioned in my answer but didn't mention as it was the first answer to this question but got collapsed due to poor formatting so copying the content here to make everyone aware about Manmohan Singh.DR MANMOHAN SINGH(FORMER PRIME MINISTER OF INDIA )Academic Records :1962 D. Phil., Nuffield College, University of Oxford. Topic: India’s Export Trends and Prospects for Self-Sustained Growth. [Published by Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1964]1957 Economic Tripos [First Class honors], University of Cambridge.1954 M.A. Economics, Punjab University – First Class with first position in the University.1952 B.A. Economics (Hons.), Punjab University – Second Class with first position in the University.1950 Intermediate, Punjab University – First Class with first position in the University1948 Matriculation, Punjab University – First classPrizes and Awards2000 Conferred Annasaheb Chirmule Award by the W.LG. alias Annasaheb Chirmule Trust set up by United Western Bank Limited, Satara, Maharashtra1999 Received H.H. Kanchi Sri Paramacharya Award for Excellence from Shri R. Venkataraman, former President of India and Patron, The Centenarian Trust1999 Received H.H. Kanchi Sri Paramacharya Award for Excellence from Shri R. Venkataraman, former President of India and Patron, The Centenarian Trust1999 Fellow of the National Academy of Agricultural Sciences, New Delhi.1997 Conferred Lokmanya Tilak Award by the Tilak Smarak Trust, Pune1997 Received Justice K.S. Hegde Foundation Award for the year 19961997 Awarded Nikkei Asia prize for Regional Growth by the Nihon Keizai Shimbun Inc. (NIKKEI), publisher of Japan’s leading business daily1996 Honorary Professor, Delhi School of Economics, University of Delhi, Delhi1995 Jawaharlal Nehru Birth Centenary Award of the Indian Science Congress Association for 1994-951994 Asia-money Award, Finance Minister of the Year1994 Elected Distinguished Fellow, London School of Economics, Center for Asia Economy, Politics and Society1994 Elected Honorary Fellow, Nuffield College, University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K.1994 Honorary Fellow, All India Management Association1993 Euromoney Award, Finance Minister of the year1993 Asiamoney Award, Finance Minister of the Year1987 Padma Vibhushan Award by the President of India1986 National Fellow, National Institute of Education, N.C.E.R.T.1985 Elected President, Indian Economic Association1982 Elected as Honorary Fellow, St. John’s College, Cambridge.1982 Elected as Honorary Fellow, Indian Institute of Bankers1976 Honorary Professor, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi1957 Elected as Wrenbury Scholar, University of Cambridge, U.K.1955 Distinguished Performance at St. John’s College, CambridgeU.K. Awarded with Wright’s Prize1956 Awarded with Adam Smith Prize, University of Cambridge, U.K.1954 Uttar Chand Kapur Medal, Punjab University, for standing first in M.A. (Economics), Punjab University, Chandigarh1952 University Medal for standing First in B.A. Hon. (Economics), Panjab University, Chandigarh.Recipient of Honorary Degrees of D. Litt. from :Punjab University, ChandigarhGuru Nanak University, AmritsarDelhi University, DelhiSri Venkateswara University, TirupathiUniversity of Bologna, ItalyUniversity of Mysore, MysoreKurukshetra UniversityThapar Institute of Engineering & Technology, Patiala (D.Sc)Nagarjuna University, gunturOsmania University, HyderabadUniversity of Roorkee, Roorkee (Doctor of Social Sciences)Doctor of Laws, University of Alberta, Edmonton, CanadaDr. Bhimrao Ambedkar University (formerly Agra University) - Doctor Letters degreeIndian School of Mines, Dhanbad (Deemed University) D.Sc. (Honoris Causa)Pt. Ravishankar Shukla University, RaipurWork Experience and Other positions heldMay 22, 2004 – 2014 Prime minister of IndiaMarch 21, 1998 – May 22,2004: Leader of Opposition, Rajya Sabha (Council of States) Parliament of IndiaJune, 2001: Re-elected as member of Rajya Sabha for a term of six yearsAugust 1, 1996 - Dec 4, 1997: Chairman, Parliamentary Standing Committee in Commerce, Rajya SabhaJune 21, 1991- May 15, 1996: Finance Minister of IndiaJune, 1995: Re-elected Member of Rajya Sabha for six yearsSeptember, 1991: Elected Member of Rajya SabhaMarch 1991-June 1991: Chairman, University Grants CommissionDec 1990 – March 1991: Adviser to Prime Minister of India on Economic AffairsAugust 1987 – Nov 1990: Commissioner, South Commission Secretary GeneralJan 1985- July 1987: Dy. Chairman, Planning Commission of IndiaSept 1982 – Jan 1985: Governor, Reserve Bank of IndiaApril 1980 – Sept 1982: Member-Secretary, Planning Commission, IndiaNov.1976 – April 1980: Secretary, Ministry of Finance Dept. of Economic Affairs, Government of India Member [Finance], Atomic Energy Commission, Govt. of India Member [Finance], Space Commission, Govt. of India1972 – 1976: Chief Economic Adviser, Ministry of Finance, India1971 – 1972: Economic Adviser, Ministry of Foreign Trade, India1969 – 1971: Professor of International Trade, Delhi School of Economics, Delhi University, India1966 – 1969: UNCTAD, United Nations Secretariat, New York Chief, Financing for Trade Section 1966 : Economic Affairs Officer1957 – 1965 : Punjab University, Chandigarh1963-65 : Professor of Economics1959-63 : Reader in Economics1957-59:Senior Lecturer in EconomicsOther AssignmentsLeader of the Indian delegation to the Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting, Cyprus (1993)Leader of the Indian delegation to the Human Rights World Conference, Vienna (1993)Governor of India on the Board of Governors of the IMF and the International Bank of Reconstruction & Development (1991-95)Appointed by Prime Minister of India as Member, Economic Advisory Council to the Prime Minister (1983- 84)Chairman, India Committee of the Indo-Japan ;Joint Study Committee (1980-83)Leader: Indian delegation to :Indo-Soviet Monitoring Group Meeting (1982)Indo-Soviet Joint Planning Group Meeting (1980-82)Aid India Consortium Meetings (1977-79)Member: Indian delegation to :South-South Consultation, New Delhi (1982)Cancun Summit on North-South Issues (1981)Aid-India Consortium Meetings, Paris (1973-79)Annual Meetings of IMF, IBRD & Commonwealth Finance Ministers (1972-79)Third Session of UNCTAD, Santiago (April-May 1972)Meetings of UNCTAD Trade & Development Board, Geneva (May 1971 – July 1972)Ministerial Meeting of Group of 77, Lima (Oct.1971)Deputy for India on IMF Committee of Twenty on International Monetary Reform (1972 – 74)Associate, Meetings of IMF Interim Committee and Joint Fund-Bank Development Committee (1976-80,1982-85)Alternate Governor for India, Board of Governors of IBRD (1976-80)Alternate Governor for India, Board of Governors of the IMF (1982-85)Alternate Governor for India, Board of Governors, Asian Development Bank, Manila (1976-80)Director, Reserve Bank of India (1976-80)Director, Industrial Development Bank of India (1976-80)Participated in Commonwealth Prime Ministers Meeting, Kingston (1975)Represented Secretary General UNCTAD at several inter-governmental meetings including:Second Session of UNCTAD, 1968Committee on Invisibles & Financing Related to Trade, Consultant to UNCTAD, ESCAPCommonwealth SecretariatMember, International OrganizationsAppointed as Member by the Secretary-General, United Nations of a Group of Eminent Persons to advise him on Financing for Development (December, 2000)PublicationsAuthor of book “India’s Export Trends and Prospects Self-Sustained for Growth” [Clarendon Press, Oxford University, 1964]Large number of articles in economic journalsSources :-http://www.braingainmag.com/a-profile-of-india-s-newest-rbi-governor.htmhttp://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raghuram_Rajanhttp://faculty.chicagobooth.edu/raghuram.rajan/vitae/CV.pdfhttps://www.ifk-cfs.de/fileadmin/downloads/dbprize/2013/Rajan_CV_for_media_Sep2013.pdfhttp://www.vedicforum.com/articles-and-research/dr-shrikant-jichkar-and-his-degrees/http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shrikant_Jichkarhttp://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Bolgerhttp://praneshguru.blogspot.in/2011/02/biography-of-manmohan-singh-manmohan.htmlhttp://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manmohan_Singh

Why would you want to harm the environment by reducing the amount of vital carbon dioxide in the atmosphere for photosynthesis AND greening the planet? Carbon dioxide emissions are mostly natural and the human component is very small. The fact CO2 emissions continued to rise notwithstanding the Covid lockdown shows how little industry matters.It will be seen that there is no correlation whatsoever between carbon dioxide concentration and the temperature at the earth’s surface.DR. VINCENT GRAYCO2 and Global Warming: I’m still not convinced.Jiggerj Uncategorized February 15, 2021 2 MinutesEvery time I get curious about how CO2 is impacting the Earth’s climate, it seems I always find articles that agree upon one thing: The amount of carbon dioxide in the air is 0.04%. Now, you have to understand just what that number means. If we were to add 0.96 percent to the 0.04 it would total just one percent of a hundred percent. The graph below represents the atmosphere. There are one-hundred squares, so each square represents 1% of the whole. That little black line in the bottom right square is the amount of CO2 in the air. And, that teeny-tiny amount of carbon dioxide is keeping the Earth’s excess heat from seeping out into space? Hey, I’m no climatologist, but this surely offends my common sense.Image for postIf we were to turn this graph into a grate that covers a heating duct, and then have experts claim that the little black line is causing your house to heat up more than usual (into dangerous levels), you’d call him crazy (wouldn’t you?).This article CO2 Makes Up Just 0.04% of Earth's Atmosphere. Here's Why Its Impact Is So Massive states that “Scientists widely agree that Earth’s average surface temperature has already increased by about 2 F (1 C) since the 1880s,…” Two degrees? In 140 years of the most industrial time of smoke stacks and cars with zero emissions controls? Again, I’m no expert, but I find a 2 degree increase over that time period to be rather remarkable. It proves that our planet knows how to take care of itself quite well.What I find most odd is the fact that it is well known that plant life NEEDS carbon dioxide in the air — it’s the stuff that forests grow on. So, the question that we and our scientists should be asking is, What would happen to all of Earth’s vegetation if we accidentally decreased the CO2 levels to zero, or close to zero? Would plant life diminish? Completely die off? Now, THAT’S a scary thought.What’s missing in this whole climate change debate is the answer to how massive amounts of ice has been melting for the last 2.6 million years without any human interference, and how that particular process is separate from what we’re seeing now? How does a few hundred years of human industrialization get blamed for a process that started even before homo erectus evolved into homo sapiens?Image for postI know I’m wrong, but after hearing the numbers involved, what I would expect the scientific community to be shouting is:All this government hot air and expensive trips around the world signifying nothing.DRAMATIC EVIDENCE FROM THE COVID LOCKDOWN THAT HUMAN CO2 EMISSIONS ARE LARGELY IRRELEVANTRELATED POST: AN EXCLUSIVE RELIANCE ON FOSSIL FUEL EMISSIONS OVERLOOKS NATURAL CARBON DIOXIDE FLOWS.What follows is a detailed analysis about CO2 in this book written with the skeptical eyes of the late Dr. Vincent Gray major critic of the UN IPCC reports. His book vividly shows why the UN models about CO2 are wrong.Chapter 8 : CARBON DIOXIDEChapter 8 : CARBON DIOXIDEThere are two gases in the Earth's atmosphere without which  living organisms could not  exist.   Oxygen  is  the  most  abundant,  ...http://globalwarmingscamandccsuperscam.blogspot.com/2015/05/chapter-8-carbon-dioxide_30.htmlThere are two gases in the Earth's atmosphere without which living organisms could not exist.Oxygen is the most abundant, 21% by volume, but without carbon dioxide, which is currently only about 0.04 percent (400 ppm) by volume, both the oxygen itself, and most living organisms on earth could not exist at all.This happened when the more complex of the two living cells (called “eukaryote”) evolved a process called a “chloroplast” some 3 billion years ago, which utilized a chemical called chlorophyll to capture energy from the sun and convert carbon dioxide into a range of chemical compounds and structural polymers by photosynthesis. These substances provide all the food required by the organisms not endowed with a chloroplast organelle in their cells.This happened when the more complex of the two living cells (called “eukaryote”) evolved a process called a “chloroplast” some 3 billion years ago, which utilized a chemical called chlorophyll to capture energy from the sun and convert carbon dioxide into a range of chemical compounds and structural polymers by photosynthesis. These substances provide all the food required by the organisms not endowed with a chloroplast organelle in their cells.This process also produced all of the oxygen in the atmosphere.The relative proportions of carbon dioxide and oxygen have varied very widely over thegeological ages as shown in Figure 8.11.Figure 8.1 Changes in oxygen and carbon dioxide concentration in the atmosphere over the geological agesThe relationship between concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere and surfacetemperature over the geological record is shown below2.Figure 8.2 Atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide and surface temperatureover geological agesTemperature is after C.R. Scotese3 and CO2 after R.A. Berner and Z Kothavala4It will be seen that there is no correlation whatsoever between carbon dioxide concentration and the temperature at the earth’s surface.During the Cambrian a temperature only 10ºC above today endured a maximum of 18 times the current CO2 concentration. During most of the Paleozoic this reduced to 10 times over today with no temperature change. During the latter part of the Carboniferous and the Permian 250-320 million years ago, carbon dioxide concentration and temperature were similar to today but CO2 went up to nearly 8 times what it is today with the temperature was only 10ºC higher in the Jurassic. A fall in CO2 during the Cretaceous and Tertiary made little difference to the temperature and it is only quite recently that both have reached their present level. Oxygen in the atmosphere fluctuated from 15 to 35% during the whole period.The theory that carbon dioxide concentration is related to the temperature of the earth’s surface is therefore wrong.The growth of plants in the Carboniferous caused a reduction in atmospheric oxygen and carbon dioxide, forming the basis for large deposits of dead plants and other organisms. Plant debris became the basis for peat and coal, smaller organisms provided oil and gas, both after millions of years of applied heat and pressure from geological change; mountain building, erosion, deposition of sediments, volcanic eruptions, rises and fall of sea level and movement of continents. Marine organisms used carbon dioxide to build shells and coral polyps and these became the basis of limestone rocks.Increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide caused by return to the atmosphere of some of the gas that was once there promotes the growth of forests, the yield of agricultural crops and the fish, molluscs and coral polyps in the ocean.An increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide can be shown to be beneficial 5Figure 8.3. Enhancement of photosynthesis by increases of carbon dioxide5It is worth quoting the abstract of the paper by Randall et al 20135Satellite observations reveal a greening of the globe over recent decades. The role in this greening of the “CO2 fertilization” effect—the enhancement of photosynthesis due to rising CO2levels—is yet to be established. The direct CO2 effect on vegetation should be most clearly expressed in warm, arid environments where water is the dominant limit to vegetation growth. Using gas exchange theory, we predict that the 14% increase in atmospheric CO2 (1982–2010) led to a 5 to 10% increase in green foliage cover in warm, arid environments. Satellite observations, analyzed to remove the effect of variations in precipitation, show that cover across these environments has increased by 11%. Our results confirm that the anticipated CO2fertilization effect is occurring alongside ongoing anthropogenic perturbations to the carbon cycle and that the fertilization effect is now a significant land surface process.MEASUREMENT OF ATMOSPHERIC CARBON DIOXIDE CONCENTRATIONThe above estimates of atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration were made from a range of proxy estimates. The current claim that carbon dioxide in the atmosphere has a controlling influence on the earth’s climate means that the claim depends on the accuracy with which this concentration can be measured, both in the past and in the present.Early chemical measurements of the concentration of carbon dioxide in the earth’s atmosphere have been suppressed by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.Chapter 1 of the IPCC Fourth Report6, entitled “Historical overview of Climate Change Science” makes no mention of any early measurements. Weart7 in his History of the Carbon Dioxide Greenhouse Effect also makes no mention of them.Yet Beck8 has provided an annotated list with links to internet access of almost 200 references to peer reviewed academic scientific journal articles containing some 40,000 measurements of atmospheric carbon dioxide by chemical methods between 1800 and 1960. Comprehensive data sets in more than 390 papers were ignored despite contributions from prominent scientists like Robert Bunsen, Konrad Roentgen, and J S Haldane or the Nobel Prize winners August Krogh and Otto Warburg.Beck lists publications of measurements of atmospheric carbon dioxide in 18169 and in 183010 by Theodore de Saussure. He was the son of Horace-Benedict de Saussure, who invented the Hot Box (which resembled a greenhouse) which was the basis of the theory of the climate developed by Jean Baptiste Joseph Fourier in 1822 and 1824 which is claimed to have originated the greenhouse effect. (See my Chapter 5) Yet the measurements of atmospheric carbon dioxide by de Saussure’s son are completely ignored. Other early references by Letts and Blake11 from The Royal Dublin Society give an additional list of early measurements.Beck12-14 has published several summaries and commentaries on the early measurements and includes an argument with Ralph Keeling15Engelbeen16 has provided a useful summary of Beck’s results where he disagrees with some of his conclusions. Maijer has also been critical17Most of the early measurements were from Northern Europe. Beck considered that the earliest measurements were subject to various errors but the widespread use of more reliable equipment, particularly the Pettenkofer titrimetric method in 1812 led to high accuracy, with a maximum 3% error reducing to 1% for the data of Henrik Lundegardh18,19.The measurements selected by Beck were from rural areas or the periphery of towns, under comparable conditions of a height of approx. 2m above ground at a site distant from potential industrial contamination. They showed a variation with time of day, of season, and of wind speed and direction, making it difficult to derive a local average. There were frequent measurements of concentrations higher than those reported as background concentrations by NOAA at present.These measurements were made by real people with proper instruments in a large number of localities. They give a much better appreciation of variability and change in atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration over the period than the deductions from gas trapped in ice cores which are from unrepresentative locations and subject to much uncertainty20.In 1958 Charles Keeling, introduced a new technique for the accurate measurement of atmospheric CO2 using cryogenic condensation of air samples followed by NDIR spectroscopic analysis against a reference gas, using manometric calibration.Subsequently, this technique was adopted as an analytical standard for CO2 determination throughout the world, including by the World Meteorological Association.The climate models sponsored by the Intergovernmental panel on Climate Change are based on the belief that the global climate has a balanced energy which is only changed by increasing concentrations of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases. These gases are assumed to be well-mixed so that their concentration, all over the world, is a constant at any one particular time, only increasing with human emissions.In order to support this theory Keeling at the Scripps Institution of Oceanography, discovered that there was an almost consistent background concentration of carbon dioxide which could be considered to apply globally and identified from suitable sites which could be shown to increase with carbon dioxide emissions.The procedure required to indentify this background is described in some detail by Tans and Thoning21 for the observatory at Mauna Loa.Measurements whose standard deviation fell below a specified minimum were rejected. On average, over the entire record, there are 13.6 retained hours per day with background CO2. The rest were rejected as noise.Beck22 has discussed the Mauna Loa measurements. Comparison between old wet chemical and new physical methods in 1958 and 1967 on sea and land give a difference of about +10 ppm for the new procedureA similar procedure has been described for New Zealand 23At Baring Head maritime well mixed air masses come from the Southerly direction, and a baseline event is normally defined as one in which the local wind direction is from the South and the standard deviation of minute-by-minute CO2 concentrations is <<0.1 ppmv for 6 or more hoursThis background concentration is supposed to be well- mixed and to be unaffected by sources and sinks.Yet the oceans are themselves contaminated with sources and sinks24Figure 8 4 CO2flux for the oceans24The region around Mauna Loa includes areas with CO2 emissions, and much of the rest is a sink. It is understandable how difficult it is to get a sufficiently constant sample.In order to claim that there is such a thing as a background CO2 it has been necessary to ensure that all measurements everywhere in the world are made from samples from over the oceans. Measurements over land surfaces have been comprehensively discouraged.Yet the greenhouse effect is about emissions, namely contamination. It is crazy, to take all this trouble to make measurements which do not involve the emitted gases themselves, but only a small fraction that is considered to be well-mixed, then to claim that it is these background figures apply to the entire atmosphere.Figure 8.5 Distribution of carbon dioxide emissions25This map shows that actual local concentrations of carbon dioxide are greatest over the three large industrial areas. Since the supposed greenhouse effect is dependent on the logarithm of the carbon dioxide concentration, increases above these areas is negligible or zero and the main supposed effects are on the areas with low current concentrations.This map does not tell the whole story. Satellite measurements of carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere have recently improved with the Atmospheric Infra Red Sounder (AIRS) on NASA;s Aqua level 3 satellite, which is able to provide monthly figures for mid troposphere concentration26figures for mid troposphere concentration26Figure 8.6 Average carbon dioxide concentration in the mid troposphere July 200926This map shows that for the mid troposphere regions the high emissions from the industrial countries are circulated, by the atmosphere, so that they are no longer above the regions of emission. Since this is a time as well as a column average the actual carbon dioxide concentration at any small region in the atmosphere is changing all the time and an overall figure above a particular place on the earth is continuously varying and currently unpredictable.It also means that background measurements are no longer relevant, as are any measurements made only on the surface. If extra emissions have an effect on the climate those places where the CO2 concentration is high will have little or no change because of the logarithmic relationship. Rural and lower CO2 places would have the greatest changes from an increase and has been shown in Figure 8.3, this is likely to be beneficial. So carbon dioxide is not well-mixed in the atmosphere and the overall global models need to be modified to allow for regional CO2 change as they have already been modified to allow for regional temperature and precipitation27.NASA has even provided an animated video30 based on a model of what they think happens. It shows that actual carbon dioxide concentrations vary with time and level everywhere in the atmosphere. The new OC-2 satellite promises to make individual time- and level-based measurements.28A comparison between Figures 8.5 and 8.6 shows that there is a strong correspondence between regions with high CO2 emissions in Figure 8.5 and regions with higher CO2 concentration in Figure 8.6s. It is therefore true that the additional CO2 in the atmosphere is largely caused by CO2 emissions.There are two stable nonradioactive isotopes of carbon C12 about 98.9% and C13 about 1.1%. Since there is a slight difference in the ratio between them for C3 and C4 plants whose difference in physiology attempts are made to prove that decreases in the proportion of C13 is due to fossil fuel combustion. This is now unnecessary as the AIRS map (Figure 8.6) proves it is true.MEASUREMENT OF DOWNWARD INTENSITYThere are now measurements of downward radiation from regions absorbing radiation from the earth in associated with carbon dioxide. An example is shown in Figure 8.7Figure 8.7 Downward radiation intensity from atmospheric carbon dioxideCONCLUSIONSAtmospheric carbon dioxide is essential for all life on earth. The IPCC has deliberately concealed its irregular distribution in the atmosphere and the oceans and suppressed the evidence in the published literature. They have even ignored current satellite-derived evidence. Climate models based on an assumption that carbon dioxide concentration is approximately constant in the atmosphere or the oceans are therefore wrong.REFERENCES1Dudley R 1998 J exp Biology 201 1943-1050 http://jeb.biologists.org/content/201/8/1043.full.pdf2 Plant Fossils of West Virginia Climate during the Carboniferous Period3 Scotese C R Climate History4 Berner R A and Kothavala Z 2001 GEOCARB III: A Revised Model of Atmospheric CO2 over Phanerozoic Time American Journal of Science, Vol. 301, February, 2001,P.182±204]5 Randall J. Donohue, Michael L. Roderick, Tim R. McVicar, Graham D. Farquhar. Impact of CO2 fertilization on maximum foliage cover across the globe's warm, arid environments. Geophysical Research Letters, 2013; DOI: 10.1002/grl.505636 Le Treut, H., R. Somerville, U. Cubasch, Y. Ding, C. Mauritzen, A. Mokssit, T. Peterson and M. Prather, 2007: Historical Overview of Climate Change. In: Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Solomon, S., D. Qin, M. Manning, Z. Chen, M. Marquis, K.B. Averyt, M. Tignor and H.L. Miller (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA.7 Weart S 2011, The Carbon Dioxide Greenhouse Effect. The Carbon Dioxide Greenhouse Effect. The Carbon Dioxide Greenhouse Effect8. Beck, E-G, CO2 1800-1960 Historical References, Chemical Method http://www.biomind.de/realCO2/literature/CO2literature1800-1960.pdf9 Theodore de Saussure, Notes sur les variations du gaz acide carbonique dans l´atmosphere , en hiver et en ete. ; Annales de Chimie et Physique 1816, p 199 Annales de chimie et de physique ue+1816&source=bl&ots=cpEMtYnXP- &sig=9PumOQ1w0XwKTLuMN83DvbRpsOI&hl=de&ei=XePJSvirCNmM4gaWrbXHAQ&sa=X&oi=book_res ult&ct=result&resnum=1#v=onepage&q=Annales%20de%20Chimie%20et%20Physique%201816&f=false10 Theodore de Saussure 1830; Sur les variation de l´acide de carbonique atmosphérique Annales de Chimie et Physique, 44[1830], 55 http://pageshttp://www.archive.org/stream/annalesdechimie51unkngoog#page/n10http://www.archive.org/stream/annalesdechimie51unkngoog#page/n10/mode/1up11 E. Letts and R. Blake, (1899) The carbonic anhydride of the atmosphere; Roy. Dublin Soc. Sc.Proc., N. S., Vol.9, 1899-1902; Scientific Proceedings of the Royal Dublin Society, p 167/12 Beck, E-G, 2007.180 Years of Atmospheric Gas Analysis by Chemical Methods, Energy and Environment 18 259-281.13 Beck E-G Evidence of variability of atmospheric CO2 concentration during the 20thcentury http://www.biomind.de/realCO2/literature/evidence-var-corrRSCb.pdf14 Beck E-G Comment + reply from author to R F Keelng and H Mrijer on "180 Years of atmospheric CO2 gas analysis by chemical methods by"by Ernst-Georg Beck,Energy and Environment, Vol. 18(2), 259-282, 2007 http://www.biomind.de/treibhaus/180CO2/author_reply9-2.pdf15 Beck E-G Reply to Comments on 180 Years of Atmospheric CO2 GasAnalysis by Chemical Methods.” Energy & Environment, Vol. 18(2), 2007 216 Engelbeen F 2010 H istirical CO2 Measurements Ernst eck Beck's historical CO2 measurements17 H Meijer http://www.biomind.de/.../180CO2/Comment_E&E-on_Beck_Meijer_update.d..http://www.biomind.de/treibhaus/180CO2/Comment_E&E-on_Beck_Meijer_update.doc..18 H. Lundegardh, Der Kreislauf der Kohlensäure in der Natur. Fischer, Jena (680) (1924)http://www.biokurs.de/treibhaus/literatur/Lundegardh/lundegardh2.doc19 H. Lundegardh , Klima und Boden und ihre Wirkung auf das Pflanzenleben, Jena 1949Zeitschrift für Botanik : Free Download, Borrow, and Streaming : Internet ArchiveSuspended between Sept. 1944 and 1952http://www.archive.org/stream/zeitschriftfrb16jena#page/n271/mode/2up20 Jaworowski, Z. 2007. CO2: The Greatest Scientific Swindle of Our Time. EIR Science (March), 38-55.21 Pieter Tans and Kirk Thoning. How we measure background CO2 at Mauna Loa http://www.esrl.noaa.gov/gmd/ccgg/about/co2_measurements.pd.22 Beck E-G 50 Years of Continuous Measurement of CO2 on Mauna Loa. Energy and Environment 19 No. 7 2008.23 Manning M R, A.J. Gomez, and K.P. Pohl Trends http://cdiac.ornl.gov/trends/co2/baring.html.24 Takahashi T et al.,1999 Deep-Sea Research II 49 (2002) 1601–1622 Global sea–air CO2 flux based on climatological surface ocean pCO2, and seasonal biological and temperature effects http://www.ldeo.columbia.edu/~csweeney/papers/taka2002.pdfhttp://www.seafriends.org.nz/issues/global/acid2.htm25 EDGAR Emission Database for Global Atmospheric Research http://edgar.jrc.ec.europa.eu/part_CO2.php.26 Climate Change Indicators Climate Change Indicators27 IPCC, 2013: Annex I: Atlas of Global and Regional Climate Projections [van Oldenborgh, G.J., M. Collins, J. Arblaster, J.H.Christensen, J. Marotzke, S.B. Power, M. Rummukainen and T. Zhou (eds.)]. In: Climate Change 2013: The Physical ScienceBasis.Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Stocker,T.F.,D.Qin,G.]28 NASA | A Year in the Life of Earth's CO2 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x1SgmFa0r0429 Orbiting Carbon Observatory OCO-2 http://oco.jpl.nasa.gov/30 CO2 Forcing Almost 30 years after Hansen's 1988 "alarm" on global warming, a claim of confirmation on CO2 forcingPosted 30th May 2015 by GeoffChapter 8 : CARBON DIOXIDE

3 June 1947:Mountbatten proposed the partition plan to divide British India into independent dominions of India and Pakistan.19 June 1947:Lord Mountbatten visited Kashmir for 5 days to persuade the Maharaja to accede to India or Pakistan.😔 The Maharaja showed reluctance.11 July 1947:Md Ali Jinnah declared that if Kashmir opted for independence, Pakistan would have friendly relations with it.Liaquat Ali Khan endorsed this position.19 July 1947:Jinnah's personal secretary K. H. Khurshid assured the Maharaja that Pakistan would not "take away an iota of his power".23 July 1947:State's PM Ram Chandra Kak visited Delhi for 5 days, meeting Mountbatten and the political leaders of Congress and the Muslim League.He explained that the State had decided not to accede to either Dominion.😥(Ram Chandra kak)14 August 1947 – 15 August 1947:Independence and Partition of British India into 🇮🇳 and 🇵🇰.Kashmir signed the Standstill Agreement with Pakistan.India requested further discussions for a standstill agreement.20 August 1947:Pakistan Army formulated Operation Gulmarg to organize a tribal invasion of Kashmir.The main invasion of raiders into J and K that was planned and launched by the Army HQs of Pakistan was called 'Operation Gulmarg'.👇1–2 September 1947:(Mian Iftikharuddin)Pakistan Prime Minister Liaquat Ali Khan charged Mian Iftikharuddin with organizing a revolt in Kashmir.✅Iftikharuddin introduced the Muslim Conference leader Sardar Ibrahim to Colonel Akbar Khan.✅Sardar Ibrahim requested and received arms for the rebels.Invasion of Tribe started. 👇4 September 1947:Henry Lawrence Scott informed the Maharaja that 400 armed Muslims infiltrated 😡from Kahuta into the state to terrorize the Hindu and Sikh minorities.Kashmir reported the information to Pakistan and urged it to control the infiltration.12 September 1947:Liaquat Ali Khan approved ✅ the plan for "Armed Revolt inside Kashmir" prepared by Colonel Akbar Khan and another plan prepared by Sardar Shaukat Hayat Khan.Khurshid Anwar of the Muslim League National Guard was dispatched to the Frontier to mobilize the “Pashtun tribes”👇 for an armed attack.19 September 1947:The Muslim Conference acting president Choudhri Hamidullah and general secretary Ishaque Qureshi were summoned by Pakistani prime minister Liaquat Ali Khan and briefed about Pakistan's invasion plans.19 September 1947:Mahajan met Jawaharlal Nehru and Vallabhbhai Patel in Delhi and apprised them of the situation in the state.He indicated the Maharaja's willingness to accede to India but asked for political reforms to be delayed.🤓🤓Nehru demanded the release of Sheikh Abdullah.20 September 1947:According to Sardar Ibrahim, a people's militia of 50,000 ex-servicemen 😡had been raised to form an 'Azad Army'.22 September 1947:Muslim Conference convention at Srinagar took a decision favoring accession to Pakistan.27 September 1947:Nehru wrote to Vallabhbhai Patel predicting a Pakistani incursion into Kashmir.😔29 September 1947:✅ Sheikh Abdullah was released from prison.30 September 1947:🤨 Nehru proposed using plebiscite as a means of settling disputes regarding princely states.It was discussed in the Indian Cabinet and then communicated to Pakistani Prime Minister Liaquat Ali Khan in Delhi.Khan's eyes were said to have "sparkled" at the proposal, though he made no response.😏Tribal started Occupying J&K.5 October 1947:Nehru is informed by Dwarakanath Kachru that the Maharaja had lost control of the western districts of the state.😥6 October 1947:An armed rebellion began in Poonch🇮🇳(185101).Sardar Ibrahim organized the Poonch rebellion, with the help of Pakistan Army and the Muslim League, the invasion of Jammu and Kashmir.The Maharaja replaced Chief of State Forces Banbury and Police Chief Powell with Hindu officers.8 October 1947 – 9 October 1947:The Owen Pattan (POK) post on Jhelum river was captured by rebels.😡(Also known as “Azad Pattan”)Sehnsa, a large town in POK, and Throchi were abandoned by State Forces after the attack.😡Pakistani raids on the borders of Jammu and Kathua districts began.😡12 October 1947:Khurshid Hasan 👇K. H. Khurshid, Jinnah's private secretary, was sent to Kashmir to mobilize support for Pakistan,😑 He advocated Pakistan to use force, and "supply arms and foodstuff to the tribes within and without the state."14 October 1947:The activists of the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh 🚩 and the Akalis 🙏mounted on villages of the Jammu district to help Hindu and Sikh victims of Tribal attack.but 1947 Jammu violence began.15 October 1947:Mehr Chand Mahajan took charge as Prime Minister of the state. The concentration of tribesmen reported at Abbottabad-Mansehra.(“Abbottabad” in 🇵🇰)17 October 1947:Brigadier N.S. Rawat given the charge of the Jammu Brigade of the State Forces.and Brigadier Khuda Baksh made Chief of Staff, second in command.17-18 October 1947:A battalion of Patiala State Forces arrives in Jammu and a mountain battery (artillery regiment) is stationed in Srinagar.20 October 1947:Lorries carrying 900 “Mahsud” tribesmen😡 departed the Frontier tribal region heading to Kashmir.😌 Governor George Cunningham sent a letter to Indian Army Chief Gen. Rob Lockhart & warned him about the invasion;the letter was received on 23 or 24 October.21 October 1947:Dak Bungalow at Bhimber was attacked by rebels.There were accusations that this was an effort to kill or abduct the Maharaja, who had been scheduled to visit that day.Now, first Indo🇮🇳-Pakistani🇵🇰 War Started.21 October 1947 – 22 October 1947:Pakistan launched a tribal Lashkar (levy) from Waziristan to overthrow the Maharaja's government.😠Thousands of Pashtuns from Pakistan's North-West Frontier Province recruited covertly by the Pakistani Army, invaded Kashmir along with the Poonch rebels,😑In Poonch and Jammu, The tribesmen engaged in looting and killing 😔along the way.👉 Pro-Pakistan members of the Maharaja's army rebelled at Domel (Muzaffarabad) and took control of the Jhelum river bridge.😔22 October 1947:👏All the Muslim members of the State Police in Jammu City (after their rebellion) were disarmed and ordered to go to Pakistan.24 October 1947:😍 R.L. Batra, the Deputy Prime Minister of Jammu and Kashmir, carried a message from the Maharaja to Nehru which requested military assistance and proposed accession to India.24 October 1947: Bhimber fell to rebels after an attack by armoured vehicles of the Pakistan Army.😥(“Bhimber” in POK)25 October 1947:A Defence Committee meeting in Delhi, headed by Lord Mountbatten, considered the Maharaja's request.Ministers were unanimous in sending military assistance.but disagreed on whether to accept Kashmir's accession.✅ The secretary of the States Department, V. P. Menon, was sent to Kashmir to assess the situation.26 October 1947:V. P. Menon brought news that:the situation in Kashmir was critical.the Maharaja was ready to agree to "any terms".😀✅26 October 1947 – 27 October 1947:The Maharaja signed the Instrument of Accession (IOA), acceding the state to the Indian Union.😍India accepted the accession, regarding it provisional until such time as the will of the people could be ascertained.🙏 IOA confirms that J&K belongs to India🇮🇳.27 October 1947:The Indian army entered the state to repel the invaders.27 October 1947:Mohammad Ali Jinnah ordered General Douglas Gracey to send Pakistani troops into Kashmir.Gracey declined, pointing out the fact of Kashmir's accession to India.Gracey had a 'stand-down order' from Supreme Commander Claude Auchinleck to the effect that, in the event of an inter-Dominion war, all the British officers in both the armies must stand down.27 October 1947:The Kashmir Liberation Committee was formed to manage Pakistan's conduct of the war.It was headed byPrime Minister Liaquat Ali Khan,with Colonel Akbar Khan as the military member,Ghulam Muhammad, the finance minister, andSardar Ibrahim, the president of the POK government.28 October 1947:Field Marshal Auchinleck flew to Lahore to explain the stand-down order to Jinnah.Upon his suggestion, Jinnah invited the Indian leaders for a conference in Lahore.but the Indian Cabinet declined the invitation.29 October 1947:Jinnah and Liaquat Ali Khan entered the war officially by deciding to maintain a force of at least 5,000 tribesmen in Kashmir.😒Tribesmen again poured into Kashmir.31 October 1947:Sheikh Abdullah was appointed as the head of the Emergency Administration in Kashmir.31 October 1947:A provisional government was declared by the rebels.1 November 1947:Lord Mountbatten and Mohammad Ali Jinnah met in Lahore, as the Governor-General of India and Pakistan.Mountbatten offered India's proposal that:the accession of Junagadh, Hyderabad, and Kashmir should be decided by an impartial reference to the will of the people in the form of a plebiscite.Jinnah rejected the offer.Early November:Sheikh Abdullah recommended thatIndia should give an ultimatum and declare war against Pakistan upon the expiry of the ultimatum.Nehru did not favour a broader war.3 November 1947:Tribesmen broke through to within 5 miles (8.0 km) of the Srinagar airport and were beaten back.Indians suffered heavy casualties.Indian Home Minister Vallabhbhai Patel argued for the army to be reinforced;two more battalions were air-lifted, and a squadron of armoured cars and field artillery were dispatched from Pathankot.3 November 1947:Mendhar, in the eastern part of the Poonch district fell to rebels; Bagh and Rawalakot followed in quick succession.Hindu and Sikh refugees from these areas took shelter in Nowshera, Mirpur, Kotli and Poonch, which were all surrounded by rebels.(Mendhar is in India-administrative Kashmir)5 November 1947:Most of the tribesmen withdrew to Uri in the face of the Indian assault. Many returned home, sensing that the fight was lost.5 November 1947 – 6 November 1947:Convoys of Muslim refugees from Jammu going to West Punjab were attacked by armed bands supported by State troops; very few survived.6 November became a remembrance day in Pakistan and Azad Kashmir.7 November 1947:Reinforced Indian troops in the Kashmir Valley engaged the tribesmen at Shalateng and inflicted heavy casualties.The defeated tribal forces were pursued and Baramulla and Uri were recaptured.(Baramulla-193101)(Uri-193123)Rajouri was captured by Azad rebels.30,000 Hindus and Sikhs gathered there were killed before it was relieved, with the exception of 1,500 who escaped to the hills.9 November 1947:An attack on a convoy of Muslim refugees from Jammu was repelled by Indian troops, killing 150 of the attackers.No further attacks on convoys were reported after this incident.13 November 1947:Major General Kalwant Singh issued an order to the 50 Para Brigade to relieve Nowshera, Jhangar, Mirpur, Kotli and Poonch in seven days.The ambitious plan was criticised by General Roy Bucher.16 November 1947:Pakistan's Political Agent, Khan Mohammad Alam Khan, arrived in Gilgit and took over the administration.The provisional government was dismissed.18 November 1947:50 Para Brigade relieved Nowshera.(Pin-19001Nowshera.(Pin-19001125 November 1947:Mirpur fell to rebels. 20,000 Hindus and Sikhs taking shelter at the town were killed during the rebel occupation.The day is remembered as the "Mirpur day" in Indian-administered Jammu.26 November 1947:50 Para Brigade relieved Kotli, but evacuated it the next day due to the difficulty of defending it against the surrounding rebels.(Kotli, POK)26 November 1947 – 27 November 1947:During Liaquat Ali Khan's visit to Delhi for a Joint Defence Council meeting,the two countries reached an agreement on the sharing of sterling balances.A tentative agreement on Kashmir was reached;Pakistan agreed to use its influence on the raiders to withdraw, India to scale back its troops, andthe UN to be approached for holding a plebiscite.However, the agreement was vetoed by Jinnah:"No commitments should be made without my approval of terms of settlement. Mr. Liaquat has agreed and promised to abide by this understanding," read his note to the ministers.The next day, India's Defence Committee was informed that Pakistan was reinforcing the tribesmen.30 November 1947:Large concentrations of insurgents were reported at Sialkot, Gujrat and Jhelum.December 1947:Liaquat Ali Khan visited the Azad staging areas in the Sialkot District and was enraged by the reports of atrocities narrated by the Azad rebels.He issued a renewed call to arms.4 December 1947:The British Commander-in-Chief of the Pakistan Army sanctioned military involvement in the Kashmir War.One million rounds of ammunition and twelve volunteer officers were provided.8 December 1947:A meeting between Nehru and Liaquat Ali Khan, along with ministers and Lord Mountbatten, was deadlocked.Mountbatten proposed that the UN be invited to break the deadlock.15 December 1947 – 20 December 1947:Indian forces lost ground and Nehru contemplated escalating the war across the international border to strike against the raider's bases, but decides against it.20 December 1947:Mountbatten recommended India take the matter to the UN, where he says it would have a "cast-iron case".He believed the UN would promptly direct Pakistan to withdraw.The proposal was discussed in the Indian Cabinet.22 December 1947:Nehru handed Liaquat Ali Khan a formal letter demanding that Pakistan deny assistance to the raiders.24 December 1947:Indian forces were evicted from Jhangar by rebels.(Jhangar represented by the red icon in above two maps)However, the Indian army repelled the attack on Nowshera by 27 December. India reinforced Kashmir by an additional brigade.27 December 1947:British Commonwealth Minister Philip Noel-Baker considered it a "political miscalculation" by India that the UN Security Council would condemn Pakistan as an aggressor.28 December 1947 – 30 December 1947:Mountbatten: stop the fighting and to stop it as soon as possible.Prime Minister Attlee: opening a broader war would jeopardise India's case in the UN.Britain alerted the US. and US demanded clarifications from the Indian government.31 December 1947:India referred the Kashmir problem to the UN Security Council.(UN assembly)31 December 1947:The British Commonwealth Relations Office (CRO) asked its permanent representative at the UN, Alexander Cadogan, about the validity of Indian claims.Cadogan responded that India was entitled to charge Pakistan as an aggressor under Article 35 and to take measures for self-defence under Article 51, including "pursuing invaders into Pakistan".1948:(UN assembly)UN Security Council considered the Kashmir problem.January 1948:'Balawaristan' insurrection in Gilgit by the local people but put down by forces.2 January 1948:The British Cabinet decided to send minister Philip Noel-Baker to Kashmir.on 10th Jan, Noel-Baker put forward the British proposals to the US State Department but failed to win US support for these proposals.15 January 1948:India and Pakistan made presentations to the UNSC.India reiterated its demands in the original referral.17 January 1948:UN Security Council passed Resolution 38 :20 January 1948:UN Security Council passed Resolution 39 :January 1948:Noel-Baker won the support of the Western powers i.e the US, Canada and France.for the Pakistani position that the raiders cannot be withdrawn without a change of government in Kashmir.Draft resolutions were formulated along the lines of the 10 January proposals.February–April 19483 February 1948:India🇮🇳 requested an adjournment of the Security Council discussions.The Indian Cabinet was said to be in favour of what Swami Ji said.Subramanian Swamy: India should withdraw illegal petition ...9 February 1948 – 11 February 1948:Gilgit rebels attacked Skardu. The State forces at Skardu defended it for almost six months afterwards.No reinforcements were possible due to closure of the Zoji La pass by winter snows.The Ladakhis appealed to Nehru for help.12 February 1948:Security Council discussions were adjourned.😃7 March 1948:A small group of Indian troops crossed through the treacherous Zoji La pass, reaching Leh with guns and ammunition to raise a local volunteer force.10 March 1948: :Security Council deliberations resumed.18 March 1948:The Republic of China tabled a resolution in three parts:Pakistan to withdraw the raiders.India appoint a plebiscite administration with UN-nominated directors,India broadens the interim government with representatives from all major political groups.21 March 1948:UN Security Council passed Resolution 47:The UN Commission was named United Nations Commission for India and Pakistan (UNCIP).Pakistan rejected the resolution but promised to work with the Commission.May 194810 May 1948:Operation Sledge — Four columns of insurgents struck Indian lines of communication at Gund, Pandras, Dras and Kargil.except Gund rest 3 were captured.🇮🇳22 May 1948:India established an air link to Leh.1 November 1948:Zoji La 🇮🇳pass was taken back by India.😍15 November 1948:Dras 🇮🇳 was recaptured.😍23 November 1948:Kargil 🇮🇳was recaptured.😍14 December 1948: A major attack was made by the regular Pakistan army on the Indian line of communications at Beripattan-Nowshera.19491 January 1949:A ceasefire between India and Pakistan.India: Kashmir Valley, most of the Jammu province and Ladakh,while Pakistan gained control of POK, the Gilgit Agency and Baltistan.1949:Jammu Praja Parishad launched an agitation. 294 members of the party were arrested.20 June 1949:Maharaja Hari Singh announced his decision to abdicate and appointed his son Karan Singh as the Prince Regent.17 October 1949:The Indian Constituent Assembly adopted Article 370:At the end of the year, Jihadist rhetoric inflamed Pakistan and continued into 1951.1951June 1951:India moved troops to the India–Pakistan border in response to the rhetoric from Pakistan.September 1951 – October 1951:75 seats allocated to the Indian-administered part of Kashmir and 25 seats reserved for the Pakistan-Occupied Kashmir.October 1951:Jammu Praja Parishad became an affiliate of the newly founded Bharatiya Jana Sangh, the precursor of the Bharatiya Janata Party.Shri Shyama Prasad Mukharjee 🙏 started Bharatiya Jana Sangh on 21 October 1951 in Delhi, with the collaboration of the RSS.November 1951:The Constituent Assembly passed legislation stripping the Maharaja of all powers and making the government answerable to the Assembly.January 1952 – June 1952:Jammu Praja Parishad(JPP) renewed agitation and called for the full integration of the state with India.The army was called to impose order and several hundred activists were imprisoned.Jana Sangh and other Hindu nationalist parties staged a demonstration outside the Indian Parliament in support of the Praja Parishad.1952January 1952 – June 1952:July 1952:🇮🇳Sheikh Abdullah signed the Delhi Agreement with the Indian government which provided for the autonomy of the State within India and the autonomy for regions within the State.🇮🇳November 1952:The Constituent Assembly adopted a resolution abolished the monarchyJPP relaunched its agitation campaign for a third time.The Jana Sangh and other Hindu nationalist parties launched a parallel agitation in Delhi, which supported the Praja Parishad.1953May 1953:Jana Sangh leader Syama Prasad Mukherjee made a bid to enter Jammu and Kashmir, citing his rights as an Indian citizen. He was promptly arrested at the Jammu border. In a widespread agitation in Jammu, Punjab and Delhi, 10,000 activists were imprisoned.Abdullah headed a subcommittee of the National Conference which recommended 4 options for the state's future, all involving a plebiscite or independence.23 June 1953:Syama Prasad Mukherjee died in prison. Large protests were held in Delhi and other parts of the country.Death Of Shyama Prasad Mukharjee Is Still A Mystery.August 1953:Nehru pushed for a plebiscite in talks with Pakistan, and the two countries agreed to appoint a Plebiscite Administrator within six months.A plebiscite would be held in all regions and the state partitioned on the basis of the results.1954February 1954:🇮🇳The Constituent Assembly, under the leadership of Bakshi Ghulam Mohammad, passed a resolution ratifying the accession of Kashmir to India.🇮🇳May 1954:Pakistan and the US signed a mutual defence assistance agreement.Nehru withdrew the plebiscite offer to Pakistan.1955–1957August 1955:Sheikh Abdullah's lieutenant Mirza Afzal Beg formed the Plebiscite Front to fight for the plebiscite demand.17 November 1956:🇮🇳The state Constituent Assembly adopted a constitution for the state which declared it an integral part of the Indian Union.🇮🇳🙏Many Resolutions prove J&K is an integral part of India. 🇮🇳🇮🇳24 January 1957:The UN Security Council passed Resolution 122 :8 August 1958:Sheikh Abdullah was arrested in the Kashmir Conspiracy Case.Kashmir Conspiracy Case was the legal case filed by Government of Kashmir and Investigation by the Government of India:Abdullah along with Mirza Afzal Beg and 22 others, who were accused of conspiracy against the state for allegedly espousing the cause of an independent Kashmir.1959–19621959:The 1959 Tibetan uprising or the 1959 Tibetan rebellion began on 10 March 1959, when a revolt erupted in Lhasa, the capital of Tibet, which had been under the effective control of the People's Republic of China since the Seventeen Point Agreement was reached in 1951.Armed conflict between Tibetan guerillas and the People's Liberation Army (PLA) had started in 1956 in the Kham and Amdo regions, which had been subjected to socialist reform.The guerrilla warfare later spread to other areas of Tibet and lasted through 1962.China annexed Tibet.Tensions rose between China and India on the issue of the boundary between Tibet and India, especially in Aksai Chin.1962: Indo-China War (Sino-Indian War)India claims that China has occupied approximately 38,000 sq. kms. area of Jammu Kashmir by constructing a road connecting Tibet and Xinjiang around 1957.On the “Aksai chin issue” China and India fought a brief war in 1962 but in 1993 and 1996, both countries signed agreements to respect the Line of Actual Control(LAC).1963–1969March 1963:The Chinese government signed an agreement with Pakistan on the boundary between the Northern Areas and the Xinjiang province, ceding the Trans-Karakoram Tract.8 April 1964:The Nehru government dropped all charges in the Kashmir Conspiracy Case.Sheikh Abdullah was released after 11 years.21 November 1964 – 24 November 1964:Articles 356 and 357 of the Indian Constitution were extended to the State, by virtue of which the Central Government can assume the government of the State and exercise its legislative powers.The State Assembly then amended the State Constitution, changing the posts of:Sadr-i-Riyasat to Governor and "prime minister" to"chief minister", consistent with the Indian Constitution.Scholar Sumantra Bose regarded it the "end of the road" for Article 370 and the constitutional autonomy guaranteed by it.Indo-Pakistani War of 1965 started.The war began after Pakistan's Operation Gibraltar.In this operation, Pakistan wanted to bring forces into Indian-held Jammu and Kashmir to conquer the area of Kashmir ruled by India.Result:United Nations-mandated ceasefire.India Won.Indian forces gain 360-500 sq. km. of Pakistani territory on the outskirts of Lahore1966:On 10 January, the Tashkent Declaration was signed by both countries, agreeing to revert to their pre-1965 positions under Russian mediation.Pakistan-supported guerrilla groups in Kashmir increased their activities after the ceasefire.Kashmiri nationalists Amanullah Khan and Maqbool Bhat formed another Plebiscite Front with an armed the Jammu and Kashmir National Liberation Front (JKNLF).(Amanullah Khan (JKLF), Maqbool Bhat and JKLF)1971:26 March 1971:The Bangladesh Liberation War started.15 May:Indian army starts aiding Mukti Bahini.16 December:End of the Bangladesh Liberation War.East Pakistan Army surrenders to Mitro Bahini represented by Jagjit Singh Aurora of the Indian Army faction of the military coalition.93,000 Pak troops surrendered to India leading to the creation of Bangladesh.1972:Simla Pact:2 July 1972:Indira released over 90,000 prisoners of war (PoW) instead of resolving the Kashmir dispute "in lieu of the PoW.India missed 'golden opportunity' to resolve the Kashmir dispute in 1971 war.paved the way for diplomatic recognition of Bangladesh by Pakistan.The agreement converted the cease-fire line of 17 December 1971 into the Line of Control (LOC) between India and Pakistan.1976:Maqbool Bhat was arrested on his return to Kashmir.1979:The USSR invaded Afghanistan.The US and Pakistan became involved in training, recruiting, arming, and unleashing the Mujahideen on Afghanistan.The Mujahideen so recruited would, in the late 1980s, take on their own agenda of establishing Islamic rule in Kashmir.8 September 1982:Sheikh Abdullah died. His son, Farooq Abdullah, later assumed office as Chief Minister of J&K.1984:Ravindra Mhatre👇, an Indian diplomat in Birmingham, was kidnapped and killed 😔by JKLF's UK arm the Kashmir Liberation Army (KLA).India executed Maqbool Bhat.Amanullah Khan and Hashim Qureshi were expelled from the UK and returned to Pakistan.Pakistan's (ISI) sought their help in preparing the groundwork for the liberation of Jammu and Kashmir from India.Amanullah Khan established JKLF in POK.13 April 1984:Operation Meghdoot: The Indian Army took the Siachen Glacier region of Kashmir.1987:Farooq Abdullah won the Assembly elections.The Muslim United Front (MUF) alleged that the elections had been rigged.MUF’s election aides called the HAJY group - Abdul Hamid Shaikh, Ashfaq Majid Wani, Javed Ahmed Mir and Mohammed Yasin Malik - joined the JKLF.Young disaffected Kashmiris in the Valley such as the HAJY group were recruited by JKLF.1988:Protests and anti-India demonstrations began in the Valley, followed by police firing and curfew.1989:Mass Exodus of Kashmiri Hindus started in Kashmir Valley.The Hindus of the Kashmir Valley were forced to flee the Kashmir valley as a result of being targeted by JKLF and Islamist insurgents during late 1989 and early 1990.The end of the Soviet occupation of Afghanistan released a great deal of militant energy and weapons to Kashmir.Pakistan provided arms and training to both indigenous and foreign militants in Kashmir.1990Kashmiri Pandits began to leave in much greater numbers in the 1990s during the eruption of militancy, following persecution and threats by radical Islamists and militants.19 January 1990:Mosques issued declarations that the Kashmiri Pandits were Kafirs and that the males had to leave Kashmir, convert to Islam or be killed.approximately 100,000 of the total Kashmiri Pandit population of 140,000 left the valley during the 1990s.Other authors have suggested a higher figure for the exodus, ranging from the entire population of over 150,000, to 190,000 of a total Pandit population of 200,000, to a number as high as 800,000.Kashmiri Pandits Became Refugees in Their Own Home.(Refugee camps for Kashmiri Pandits)13 February 1990:Lassa Kaul, director of Srinagar Doordarshan, was Killed by the militants for implementing pro-Indian media policy.February 1990 – March 1990:Though the JKLF tried to explain that the killings of Pandits were not communal, the murders caused a scare among the minority Hindu community.The rise of new militant groups and unexplained killings of members of the community contributed to an atmosphere of insecurity for the Kashmiri Pandits.1 March 1990:An estimated one million took to the streets to protest against India.1990 – present:An officially estimated 10,000 Kashmiri youths crossed into Pakistan for training and procurement of arms.Indigenous and foreign militant groups besides pro-India renegade militants proliferated through the 1990s with an estimated half a million Indian security forces deployed in the Kashmir Valley.1998 – present:Operation Sadbhavana (Goodwill) launched officially by the Indian army in Jammu and Kashmir.3 May 1999 – 26 July 1999:Kargil War:the infiltration of Pakistani soldiers and Kashmiri militants into positions on the Indian side of the LOC was the reason for war.An armed conflict took place between May and July 1999 in the Kargil district of Kashmir and elsewhere along the LOC.Israel aided India with mortar and ammunition and became one of the few countries that helped India directly.India won.2001–200914 July 2001 – 16 July 2001:General Pervez Musharraf and Atal Bihari Vajpayee met for peaceful talks.October 2001:Kashmiri assembly in Srinagar was attacked, 38 fatalities.December 2001:The Indian Parliament in New Delhi was attacked.April 2003 – May 2003:Operation Sarp Vinash launched by the Indian army.The largest network of terrorist hideouts covering 100 square kilometers in Pir Panjal found and more than 60 terrorists killed.2 May 2003:India and Pakistan restored diplomatic ties.Feb 13, 2006:Prime Minister Manmohan Singh on Monday invited Jammu and Kashmir Liberation Front chief Yasin Malik for talks on Kashmir on February 17.22 August 2008:Following 2008 Kashmir unrest, hundreds of thousands of Muslims marched in Srinagar for independence, the largest protest against Indian rule in over a decade.2010–201812 Feb 2013, Congress-led UPA Govt. funded Yasin malik to talk with Pakistan.Manmohan wanted to contact militants of Pak: Yasin.25 November 2014 – 20 December 2014:Despite boycott calls by separatist Hurriyat leaders, the 2014 state election saw the highest voter turnout in the 25 years since insurgency erupted in the region.Kashmiri people voted in favour of democracy of India.Bharatiya Janata Party won 25 seats with vote share of 23%.8 July 2016:Following the killing of Burhan Muzaffar Wani on 8 July, violent protests broke out in Kashmir Valley.An imposed curfew continued for more than 50 days.Two lakh across Valley attend Burhan Wani's funeral.July 2017 – present -Operation All-Out started by Indian Army to flush out militants and terrorists in Kashmir until there is complete peace in the state.2019–20 Jammu and Kashmir lockdown:23 Feb 2019:Yasin Malik arrested under Anti-Terror law.Revocation of the special status of Jammu and Kashmir via scrapping of the Article 370 of the Constitution of India, Article 35A of the Constitution of India and the introduction of Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation Act, 2019.According to a September 6 report, More than 200 separatist politicians, with more than 100 leaders and activists from All Parties Hurriyat Conference were detained in the disputed region.Thanks, Modi Ji🇮🇳🙏 for making our dream “Revocation of Article 370 and 35A” come true.“Knowledge shared matters”.Share Answer.Upvote inspires.Jai Hind.🇮🇳