Cover Letter Writing - Western State Colorado University: Fill & Download for Free

Your question points out yet another way in which Black folks are discriminated against. The museums would take exception to that statement and would say something like, “We focus on the types of art our visitors want to see.”. Their visitors have been shown the same types of art (read “mostly art by white folks” here) for as long as museums have been operating. They have not seen quality exhibits of African art, which is remarkable and often full of brilliant color and is very different from what they are used to seeing. The many ways we are set up to ignore a huge segment of the population (the Black population) is an epidemic in its own right which we have been exposed to for many hundreds of years. It is going to take questions like yours to point out the “quiet ways” racial prejudice is common in our society. We must work to change these very harmful habits we experience every day. It is going to take a concerted effort to make the vital changes needed to truly impact the experience of Black folks, and the injustices and the changes we must make to our own thinking to effect change. I am a museum lover from way back and can say I have never thought about the lack of African art in museums and galleries in American museums and I suspect in most areas of the world. It will take a concerted effort to tell the museums what we wish to see. A letter writing campaign (at the very least) could be helpful. While you are thinking about it, take a moment and print out a few letters telling your local museums and the major museums of our country to make a concerted effort to include African art in their collections and put them in the mail.Something like:“I have visited your museum many times and have become aware that you routinely under represent the work of African and Black artists. I find this to be a disturbing fact and will curtail my visits to your museum in the future unless this is corrected. I want to see the work of Black artists and to learn more about the impact of Black art and the impact the lack of representation of Black art has on our society. It is time to rid ourselves of the “quiet racism” we experience in our society. Please add a significant amount of Black art to your permanent collection and plan a show of African art in the near future. Thank You, Your Name Here”Please put it in your own words but I think that pretty much covers it. Send a note like this to your local museums on a regular basis and encourage them to add Black art to their collections and show schedules.This is one of many hundreds of ways we are subtly taught to undervalue African and Black folks. Make a point of looking at the many ways this is shown to us. Make a point of confronting these “lessons in racism” wherever you encounter them. Mail lots of letters. Make lots of phone calls. Go Ahead - Act Up… Speak out… Help make the changes we need to better our society.UPDATE: I did further research online and came up with the following list of museums with current or past exhibits of African art:Museums in the United States with Collections of African ArtMuseums are listed alphabetically, by stateKey ** = major collectionsAlabamaBirminghamBirmingham Museum of ArtArizonaPhoenixHeard Museum of Anthropology and Primitive ArtSedonaSedona Arts CenterTempeArizona State University Art CollectionsCaliforniaBerkeleyPhoebe A. Hearst (formerly Robert H. Lowie) Museum of Anthropology, University of California **Los AngelesLos Angeles County MuseumFowler Museum of Cultural History, UCLA **San DiegoSan Diego Museum of ArtSan FranciscoFine Arts Museums of San FranciscoSanta AnaBowers MuseumSanta BarbaraUniversity Art Museum, University of California, Santa BarbaraStanfordIris & B. Gerald Cantor Center for Visual Arts at Stanford University formerly known as Stanford University Museum of ArtColoradoDenverDenver Art MuseumConnecticutNew HavenYale University Art GalleryDistrict of ColumbiaWashington, DCHoward University MuseumNational Museum of African Art, Smithsonian Institution **Department of Anthropology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian InstitutionFloridaGainesvilleSamuel P. Harn Museum of Art **MiamiLowe Art Museum, University of MiamiGeorgiaAtlantaHigh Museum of Art **Michael C. Carlos Museum, Emory UniversitySpelman CollegeHawaiiHonoluluHonolulu Academy of ArtsIllinoisChicagoArt Institute of Chicago **David and Alfred Smart Museum, University of ChicagoDuSable Museum of African-American HistoryField Museum of Natural History **May Weber Museum of Cultural ArtsNormalEwing Museum of Nations, Illinois State UniversityUrbana-ChampaignKrannert Art Museum, University of Illinois, Urbana-ChampaignSpurlock Museum of World Cultures, University of Illinois, Urbana-ChampaignIndianaBloomingtonIndiana University Art Museum **IndianapolisHerron Gallery at the Herron School of ArtIndianapolis Museum of Art **South BendSnite Museum of Art, University of Notre DameIowaIowa CityUniversity of Iowa Museum of Art **KansasChanuteMartin and Osa Johnson Safari MuseumNorth NewtonKauffman MuseumKentuckyLexingtonUniversity of Kentucky Art MuseumLouisianaNew OrleansAmistad Research Center, Tulane UniversitySouthern University at New OrleansNew Orleans Museum of Art **MarylandBaltimoreBaltimore Museum of Art **College ParkUniversity of Maryland Art GalleryMassachusettsAmherstUniversity of Massachusetts Art GalleryBostonMuseum of Fine Arts**CambridgePeabody Museum of Archaeology & Ethnology **SalemPeabody Museum of SalemMichiganAnn ArborUniversity of Michigan Museum of ArtDetroitDetroit Institute of Art **East LansingKresge Art Museum, Michigan State UniversityMinnesotaMinneapolisMinneapolis Institute of ArtsSt. PaulMinnesota Museum of ArtMissouriColumbiaUniversity of Missouri-Columbia Museum of Art & ArchaeologyKansas CityNelson-Atkins Museum of Art **St. LouisSt. Louis Art MuseumNew HampshireHanoverHood Museum of Art, Dartmouth College **New JerseyMontclairMontclair State CollegeNewarkNewark Museum**PrincetonPrinceton University Art MuseumTenaflySociety of African MissionsNew MexicoSante FeMuseum of International Folk ArtNew YorkBrooklynBrooklyn Museum **Brooklyn Children's MuseumBuffaloBuffalo Society of Science **New York CityAmerican Museum of Natural History **Metropolitan Museum of Art, Michael C. Rockefeller Wing**Schomberg Center for Research in Black CulturePurchaseThe Neuberger Museum of Art, State University of New YorkQueensQueens MuseumRochesterUniversity of Rochester Memorial Art GallerySyracuseSyracuse University School of ArtNorth CarolinaChapel HillWilliam Hayes Ackland Memorial Art Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel HillCharlotteMint MuseumDurhamNasher Museum of Art, Duke UniversityGreensboroMattye Reed African Heritage Center, North Carolina A & T State UniversityRaleighNorth Carolina Museum of ArtOhioCincinnatiCincinnati Art MuseumClevelandCleveland Museum of Art**Cleveland Museum of Natural HistoryCleveland State University, Afro-American Cultural CenterDaytonDayton Art InstituteToledoToledo Museum of ArtWilberforceNational Afro-American Museum and Cultural CenterOklahomaOklahoma CityKirkpatrick CenterStillwaterOklahoma State University Museum of ArtOregonPortlandPortland Art MuseumPennsylvaniaCarlisleDickinson CollegeLincoln UniversityMerionBarnes FoundationPhiladelphiaUniversity of Pennsylvania, University Museum **PittsburghCarnegie Institute, Department of Fine ArtsRhode IslandBristolHaffenreffer Museum, Brown UniversitySouth CarolinaOrangeburgStanback Museum & Planetarium, South Carolina State CollegeTennesseeMemphisUniversity of Memphis Art MuseumNashvilleFisk University GalleriesTexasDallasDallas Museum of Fine Arts **Fort WorthKimbell Art MuseumLubbockTexas Tech University MuseumHoustonMenil Collection**Museum of Fine ArtsVirginiaCharlottesvilleUniversity of VirginiaFairfaxGeorge Mason UniversityHamptonHampton University Museum **Richmond Virginia Museum of Fine Arts ** Washington Seattle Seattle Art Museum ** Wisconsin Madison Elvehjem Museum of Art, University of Wisconsin Milwaukee Milwaukee Public Museum

Olive Oatman- Possibly the First Tattooed Caucasian American WomanOlive Oatman after she was ransomed (Olive Oatman - Wikipedia)2012 was the first year in which more women than men were tattooed in the U.S (twenty-three per cent of women, compared with nineteen per cent of men).[1] Tattoos appeal to contemporary women both as emblems of empowerment in an era of feminist gains and as badges of self-determination at a time when controversies about abortion rights, date rape, and sexual harassment have made them think hard about who controls their bodies—and why.[2]For thousands of years, across numerous cultures, women have tattooed themselves as a symbol of maturity, affiliation and cultural heritage. In the early 19th century, tattoos had long been associated with criminals, sailors, the underworld and native peoples- individuals occupying the fringes of America society.[3] So how did people react when a young teenage girl returned to mainstream society after living with a Mojave tribe for several years with a distinctive and permanent blue tattoo symbolizing her inclusiveness with the Mojave?Olive Oatman was a fourteen-year-old girl whose family was killed in 1851 in present-day Arizona by Native Americans, possibly the Yavapai, who captured and enslaved Olive and her sister. A year later Mojave Indians adopted the two girls. After four years with the Mojave, during which time her sister died of starvation, Olive returned to white society. Her story has been told, retold and embellished so many times – in the media and in her own memoir and speeches – that the truth is not easy to discern.Born into the family of Royce and Mary Ann Oatman in Illinois in 1837, Olive was one of seven children who grew up in the Mormon religion. Royce Oatman conducted a mercantile business, until the economic decline of 1842, when his business went bankrupt.[4] He moved temporarily to Pennsylvania for a time, but soon returned to Chicago, Illinois, where he engaged in farming. Having received a serious injury while assisting a neighbor dig a well,[5] Royce decided to go to New Mexico, where it was thought the milder climate would be beneficial.In 1850 they joined a wagon train led by James C. Brewster, a member of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints (LDS), whose attacks on, and disagreements with, the church leadership in Salt Lake City, Utah, had caused him to break with the followers of Brigham Young in Utah and lead his fol-lowers--Brewsterites--to California, which he claimed was the "intended place of gathering" for the Mormons.[6]Referred to in several books of the Bible as rich pastureland for cattle with rugged mountains and beautiful plains, Brewster believed Bashan to be the true Zion and that it was located at the confluence of the Gila and Colorado Rivers.[7]In the days of the Oregon Trail, travelers headed West were exposed to serious dangers, but many of them packed up and left the East anyway.[8] Along with the enticing Gold Rush, there was another promise drawing settlers across the continent: the Mormon holy lands in Utah and California. With so many white travelers crossing through Native American tribal lands in the plains and desert, it was only a matter of time before conflicts started to arise.[9] There were numerous reports of settlers clashing with natives, usually over issues stemming from lack of resources in a part of the country where water and food was already scarce.[10]The Brewsterite emigrants, numbering close to 90, left Independence, Missouri, August 5, 1850.[11]Dissension caused the group to split near Santa Fe in New Mexico Territory, with Brewster following the northern route. The Oatmans and several other families chose the southern route via Socorro, Santa Cruz, and Tucson.[12] Near Socorro, Royce Oatman took command of the remaining wagons. They reached New Mexico Territory early in 1851 only to find the terrain and climate extremely unfavorable. Consequently, they abandoned the idea of reaching the mouth of the Colorado River.When they reached Maricopa Wells, they learned that the trail ahead was rough and the Indians hostile.[13] The other families decided to stay at Maricopa Wells, but this was not what Royce Oatman had envisioned for his family. He was determined to find a place where he could build a future for his seven children, who ranged in age from one to seventeen. Eight of the wagons followed the Rio Grande-Gila route with Royse Oatman at the helm.[14] With a shift in his objective and a new determination to go to California, Oatman led his party with little mercy. They rode long and hard under the sun’s oppressive heat and atop the unruly terrain, and when several of his oxen collapsed from exhaustion and members of the crew wanted to stop and rest, Oatman forged on with his family, fearing that his stock would perish before reaching California.Site of the Oatman massacre (Olive Oatman - Wikipedia)On the fourth day of their solo travels, a group of Native Americans approached them, requesting tobacco, guns and food. Olive later identified them as Apaches, commonly assumed, at the time, to encompass a variety of dangerous Southwest tribes, her captors were probably much less notorious.[15] Their proximity to the murder site, regular contact with the Mohave Indians, hunter-gatherer lifestyle and small scale farming practices suggest they were one of four fluid groups of Yavapais.[16] Most likely they were Tolkepayas[17], a name that distinguishes them more geographically than culturally from other free-ranging yet interconnected Yavapais.On February 18, 1851, a group of Yavapai tribesmen attacked them Oatmans on the banks of the Gila River 80–90 miles east of what is now Yuma, Arizona. Royce, Mary and four of their children were killed at the scene, and fifteen-year-old son Lorenzo was badly injured.[18] Lorenzo regained consciousness to find his family killed and Olive and Mary Ann missing. He eventually reached a settlement where he was treated for his wounds, and rejoined the original wagon train.[19] Three days later, Lorenzo backtracked and found the bodies of his slain parents and siblings.Lorenzo and the men who accompanied him had no way of digging proper graves in the rocky soil, so they gathered the bodies together and formed a cairn over them.[20] It has been reported that the remains were reburied several times in the ensuing years, and Arizona pioneer Charles Poston supposedly moved them to the river for a final reinterment.[21]Olive, age 14, and Mary Ann, age 7, were captured and held as slaves at a village near the site of modern Congress, Arizona. They recollect that their attackers divided into two groups, one herding the animals and carrying the looted items while the others shepherded the captured girls about half a mile to a campsite.[22]Tied with ropes and forced to walk along the Arizonan desert, the girls' health suffered deeply; they became hungry and dehydrated. Whenever they asked for rest or water, they would be poked by their captors with lances. After a brief rest and some food, which the girls refused, they continued their march. By this time their captors had removed the girls’ shoes, knowing that would prevent their escape. Their feet were quickly bruised and bloodied by the volcanic rock.[23]The Reason This Woman From The Wild West Had A Tattoo On Her Face Is Frankly ChillingAfter arriving at the Yavapai rancheria, the girls were treated in a way that appeared threatening, and both feared they would be killed. However, they were used as slaves, forced to forage for food, carry water and firewood, and other menial tasks; they were frequently beaten and mistreated.[24] Mary Ann and Olive were forced to hard labor, and would be bothered by Yavapai children, who used sticks to burn them.[25]A year later, a group of Mojave Indians lead by a young woman who, Olive later learned, was the daughter of their chief, “beautiful, intelligent, well-spoken, fluent in the languages of both tribes,” and most importantly, sympathetic to the predicament of the girls,[26] visited the Yavapai village and traded two horses, vegetables, blankets, and other trinkets for the girls. Once the transaction was complete, they were forced to walk several hundred miles to a Mojave village where the Gila River met the Colorado River, near what is now Needles, California.[27]Tribal leader Espianola and his family immediately adopted Mary Ann and Olive Oatman.[28] The Mojave were more prosperous than the Yavapai, and both Espianola’s wife Aespaneo and daughter Topeka took an interest in the Oatman girls. Aespaneo arranged for the Oatman girls to be given plots of land to farm.[29] Olive expressed her deep affection for these two women numerous times over the years.Taken after her ransom, this photo of white Mormon Olive Oatman shows her blue cactus ink tattoo given to her on her chin by the Mohave who adopted her: five vertical lines, with triangles set at right angles. (Olive Oatman, the Pioneer Girl Abducted by Native Americans Who Returned a Marked Woman)Native Americans have extensive cultural traditions that involve tattooing, but each group has different customs. In the past, several factors affected their tattooing, such as the location of the group, the natural resources to which they had access, and the religion and creation stories in which they believed.A specific example is the Mojave tribe, which was known at least as far back as the 16th century by the Spanish. Located mainly in California and Arizona along the Colorado River, the tribe used ink from the blue cactus plant to tattoo adolescents as a rite of passage.[30]As with most North American Indians, they were fond of personal adornment. Two of their favorites were tattooing and body painting. Men and women would tattoo their chins and sometimes their foreheads. Both sexes would also paint striking designs on their faces, hair and body. There was no special guild of tattooists and most tattooing was done on people between the ages of 20 and 30. Part of the Mohave belief is that any man or woman without a tattoo on the face would be refused entrance to Sil'aid, the land of the dead. Their belief was so strong that black paint would be rubbed on the tattoo marks of the dead so they were more visible on judgment day. Because of this belief, many old folks who had not been tattooed in their youth were tattooed on their deathbeds.[31]The Mojave also got tattoos for luck and protection when heading into battle and for religious ceremonies.The Mojave marked both Oatman girls on their chins with indelible blue cactus tattoos in keeping with tribal custom. According to Mojave tradition, such marks were given only to their own people to ensure that they would have a good afterlife.[32]“[They] pricked the skin in small regular rows on our chins with a very sharp stick, until they bled freely,” Olive would later write.[33] The sticks were then dipped in weed juice and blue stone powder which was then applied to the pinpricks on the face.Mohave Indians, Illustrated by Balduin Möllhausen, during Lt. Amiel Weeks Whipple’s 1853-54 expedition (Heart Gone Wild - True West Magazine)Olive stated that Mary Ann died "about a year" before her own release in 1856.[34] Mary Ann, after 3–4 years with the Mojave, died of starvation during a famine in which many Mojave died as well.[35] In 1855, according to contemporary weather reports, the tribe experienced a severe drought and an accompanying shortage of food.Shortly before dying, she tried to comfort her sister by telling her "I have been a great deal of trouble to you, Olive. You will miss me for a while, but you will not have to work so hard when I'm gone."[36]Engraving of the death of Mary Ann Oatman (Mary Ann Oatman - Wikipedia)The date of Mary Ann's death is significant because it suggests that the two girls had at least partially assimilated into the tribe. Whether Olive and Mary Ann were truly adopted into that family and the Mojave people is unknown. Olive told one of the first reporters to interview her that the Mohaves always told her she was free to leave when she wanted to, but that they wouldn’t accompany her to the nearest white settlement for fear of retribution for having kept her for so long.[37] Since she didn’t know the way, she reasoned, she couldn’t go.Later she would claim that she and Mary Ann were captives and that she was afraid to leave. Yet it seems Olive grew accustomed to life with the Mohave. Over time she acclimated to their society and even began following their customs, taking on a clan name of Oach.[38] The Mohave referred the girls as “ahwe,” meant “stranger” or “enemy,” not “slave” or “captive.” The tribe loved teasing and obscene nicknames. Olive’s name, Spantsa (“unquenchable lust”) appeared on the travel pass that was sent by the U.S. army to the Mohave for her ransom.[39]When a group of railway surveyors under the command of Amiel Weeks Whipple visited the village in March 1854, she did not attempt to identify herself to the visitors.[40] Years later she met with a Mojave leader named Irataba in New York City and spoke with him of old times.[41] While Olive sometimes spoke with fondness of the Mojave, she became less positive about her experience over time; she may have suffered from Stockholm Syndrome.[42]Lorenzo Oatman (The Extraordinary Story of Olive Oatman)During the time the two girls were with the Mojave, their brother, Lorenzo Oatman continued to search for his sisters. At some point during the winter of 1855-56 the U.S. Army received word that Olive was living with the Mojave.When Olive was 19 years old, a Yuma Indian messenger named Francisco arrived at the village with a message from the authorities at Fort Yuma, which is in Imperial County, California, across the Colorado River from Yuma, Arizona.[43] Rumors were circulating that a white girl was living with the Mojave and the post commander requested her return – or to know why she chose not to return.The Mojave initially sequestered Olive and resisted the request, first denying that Olive was white. Over the course of negotiations, they also expressed their affection for Olive. Shortly thereafter Francisco made a second fervent attempt to persuade the Mojave to part with Olive, offering them blankets and a white horse in exchange, and he passed on threats that the whites would destroy the Mojave if they did not release Olive.[44]After some discussion, in which Olive was included, the Mojave decided to accept these terms. On February 28, 1856, Olive Oatman was ransomed and escorted on a twenty-day journey to Fort Yuma.[45] Topeka (daughter of Espianola and Aespaneo) went on the journey with Olive. She described the negotiations as follows:“I found that they had told Francisco that I was not American, that I was from a race of people much like the Indians, living away from the setting sun. They had painted my face, and hands, and feet of a dun, dingy color that was unlike that of any race I ever saw. This they told me they did to deceive Francisco; and that I must not talk to him in American. They told me to talk to him in another language, and to tell him that I was not American. Then they waited to hear the result, expecting to hear my gibberish nonsense, and to witness the convincing effect upon Francisco. But I spoke to him in broken English, and told him the truth, and also what they had enjoined me to do. He started from his seat in a perfect rage, vowing that he would be imposed upon no longer.”Before entering Fort Yuma, Olive insisted she be given proper clothing, as she was clad in a traditional Mojave skirt with no covering above her waist.[46] She washed the paint from her face, the dye from her hair, and dress in appropriate Western clothing before entering the fort. Inside the fort, Olive was surrounded by cheering people. Within a few days, she discovered her brother Lorenzo was alive and had been looking for her. Their reunion made headlines across the West.Olive cried into her hands when she was delivered to the U.S. Army at Fort Yuma. She paced the floor and wept at night after she and Lorenzo moved to Oregon to live near their cousins. A friend described her as a “grieving, unsatisfied woman” who longed to return to the Mohave.[47] When Olive heard that a tribal dignitary named Irataba was traveling to New York in 1864, she went to visit him.[48] Interviews given after her return to society indicated that her time woth the Mojave was not the Indian nightmare so mamy expected.There are numerous unsubstantiated rumors that Olive was married to the son of the Mojave chief and that she gave birth to two boys when married to him.[49] The Arizona Republican in Phoenix, dated 30 April 1922, reported “opening skirmish of one of the most interesting legal battles in the history of Mohave county . . . in Oatman Court of Domestic Relations when John Oatman, wealthy Mohave Indian, was sued for divorce by his wife, Estelle Oatman . . . John Oatman claims to be the grandson of Olive Oatman, famous in Arizona history.”[50]Contrary to stories circulating after her release, Olive almost certainly didn’t marry a Mohave or bear his children. If she had, it would have been a highly unusual, thus memorable, piece of tribal history. However, Olive did confess to a friend (according to the friend) that she had married a Mohave man and had two sons with him – and that her depression upon returning to society was actually grief at having left them behind.[51]The late Llewellyn Barrackman, who was the tribe’s unofficial historian, reported that if Olive had, “we would all know.”[52] He added that the children would have stood out as mixed-race Mohaves who could have been easily traced to her. Furthermore, though she married after her ransom, Olive never had biological children, which raises the possibility that she couldn’t. Finally, a half century after her ransom, when the anthropologist A.L. Kroeber interviewed a Mohave named Musk Melon who had known Olive well, he said nothing about her having been married.[53]Olive had assimilated so well into Mohave culture during the four years that she lived among them that she had nearly forgotten English. But after returning to the east to live with relatives in Albany, New York and attending school, she quickly regained her mother tongue.[54]Stories about white people being captured by Native Americans and enslaved were a popular genre at the time. They tended, however, to have racist overtones and chimed with a widespread belief that Native Americans were barbaric savages. Olive’s story had all the right ingredients, and her tale was all the more gripping because of the tattoos that marked her face.The Reason This Woman From The Wild West Had A Tattoo On Her Face Is Frankly ChillingIn 1857, the Reverend Royal Stratton wrote Olive’s story: Life Among the Indians: Captivity of the Oatman Girls, one of the few published accounts of Indian captivity at that time.[55] It was incredibly successful and sold out three editions in one year, a best-seller. In 1858, the Oatmans moved to New York with Stratton, and Olive went on the lecture circuit to promote his book. Royalties from Stratton’s book paid for the education of Lorenzo and Olive at the University of the Pacific.[56]These appearances were among the few occasions on which she appeared in public without wearing a veil to cover her tattooed face. Olive stated that the Mojave tattooed their captives to ensure they would be recognized if they escaped. “You perceive I have the mark indelibly placed upon my chin,” she said, neglecting to mention that most Mojave women wore chin tattoos.[57] Stratton’s book also claimed that the girls received designs specific to “their own captives.” But the very pattern Olive wore appears on a ceramic figurine of the late 19th-early 20th century that displays traditional Mohave face painting, tattoo, beads and clothingMuch of what actually happened to Olive Oatman during her time with Native Americans remains unknown. In response to rumors to the contrary, Olive denied that she had been married to a Mojave or was ever raped or sexually mistreated by either tribe.[58] In Stratton’s book she declared that “to the honor of these savages let it be said, they never offered the least unchaste abuse to me.”[59]In November 1865, Olive married cattleman John Fairchild.[60] After her marriage, she gave up all of her lecture activities, remaking herself into a proper Victorian lady, complete with a child (the couple adopted) and a beautiful house. Olive did charity work, and like a many a Victorian woman, she apparently suffered from neurasthenia, a malady Olive may have been more susceptible to after her years of freedom, fresh air, and activity with Mohave.[61] They lived in Detroit, Michigan for seven years before moving to Sherman, Texas in 1872, where Fairchild was president of the City Bank. He made his fortune there in banking and real estate. During 1876, they adopted a baby girl named Mary Elizabeth (called Mamie) and moved into a handsome two-story house.[62]Although Olive was a respected member of the Sherman community and Fairchild was one of its most prominent businessmen, she was clearly troubled. Shy and retiring, Olive was interested in the welfare of orphans but rarely discussed her own youth as an orphan and Indian captive. She always kept a jar of hazelnuts, a staple Mojave food, as a reminder of her earlier adventures.[63] She rarely left her home and, when she did, attempted to cover her chin tattoo with veils and face powders.Her time spent with the native tribes marred the rest of Olive Oatman’s life, since she lived, literally as a marked woman. If she had, in fact, been married to a native man or even if she’d engaged in sexual activity with any of them, the pressure to hide it would be serious, now that she was away from the so-called savages and back in conservative Western society, where a woman’s virginity was sacrosanct.[64] Even friendships between white and Native American people were frowned upon, to say nothing of sexual relationships. She already had the social fallout from the face tattoo to deal with, and the pressure of instant celebrity didn’t helpIn her forties, Olive battled debilitating headaches and depression. In 1881, she spent nearly three months at a medical spa (sanitarium) in Canada, largely in bed.[65] Oatman seemed to suffer from some chronic form of post-traumatic stress for most of her later life. Letters found after her death bore evidence to the psychological scars she had suffered in her early years.[66] Often ascribed to mistreatment by the Indians, her emotional problems were just as likely due to the loss of her family members and the bittersweet memories she left behind in the Mohave Valley.Olive Ann Fairchild (Oatman) 1837 - 1903 BillionGraves RecordOlive died in Sherman on March 21, 1903, at the age of sixty-five from a heart attack. John Brant Fairchild died four years later, on April 25, 1907. Both were interred in an elaborate grave Fairchild had prepared in Sherman’s West Hill Cemetery.Footnotes[1] Tattooed women outnumber men in a new poll[2] A Secret History of Women and Tattoo[3] Encyclopedia of Body Adornment[4] Oatman[5] The Tattooed Pioneer Girl[6] Church of Christ (Brewster)[7] Gila Bend and the Oatman Tragedy[8] What Life on the Oregon Trail Was Really Like[9] The Incredible Story of Olive Oatman, The Tattooed Texas Woman[10] Native American Timeline of Events[11] Royce Boise Oatman, Sr.[12] Oatman[13] Olive Oatman, the Pioneer Girl Abducted by Native Americans Who Returned a Marked Woman[14] Gila Bend and the Oatman Tragedy[15] 10 Myths About Olive Oatman | True West Magazine[16] Nature, Culture and History at the Grand Canyon[17] Surviving Conquest[18] Oatman Massacre: The Bones Still Speak[19] The story of the young pioneer girl with the tattooed face[20] Oatman Massacre: The Bones Still Speak[21] https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=http://arizonaexperience.org/remember/charles-poston&ved=2ahUKEwjaiK7mntXiAhUCzlkKHc8YBEcQFjALegQIChAB&usg=AOvVaw0sbx36EgMo-Qbn7zJZAiVh&cshid=1559837359285[22] Olive Oatman’s Rescue: A True Indian Captive Story[23] Oatman Massacre: The Bones Still Speak[24] Olive Oatman - Wikipedia[25] Olive Oatman’s Rescue: A True Indian Captive Story[26] Oatman Massacre: The Bones Still Speak[27] The Strange Story of a 19th Century American Settler and The Bizarre Tattoos on Her Face[28] The story of the young pioneer girl with the tattooed face[29] The Extraordinary Story of Olive Oatman[30] The Blue Tattoo | The Mohave Indians | Olive Oatman[31] Olive Oatman[32] Olive Oatman: The Girl With the Mojave Tattoo | JSTOR Daily[33] Hell on Wheels Handbook – Olive Oatman, a Historical Counterpart to Eva[34] Captured: Olive Ann Oatman[35] The High Chaparral Oatman Girls[36] http://McGinty, Brian (2014). The Oatman Massacre: A Tale of Desert Captivity and Survival. University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 0806180242[37] r/HumanPorn - Olive Oatman, a White woman who lived with a Mojave tribe for 5 years after being kidnapped at 14 and traded by a Yavapai tribe. Seen here with traditional Mojave face tattoo [1000 × 1478][38] Olive Oatman, The Mormon Girl Who Was Raised By The Mohave[39] The Reason This Woman From The Wild West Had A Tattoo On Her Face Is Frankly Chilling[40] Amiel Weeks Whipple - Wikipedia[41] http://Brian McGinty. The Oatman Massacre: A Tale of Desert Captivity and Survival. 2004.[42] Heart Gone Wild - True West Magazine[43] Location, Clothes, Food, Lifestyle, History and famous Chiefs***[44] The Abduction of Olive Oatman[45] Olive Oatman's First Account of Her Captivity Among the Mohave[46] Redirect Notice[47] Olive Oatman's First Account of Her Captivity Among the Mohave[48] http://800 Copeland Ave La Crosse, WI 54603[49] The Incredible Story of Olive Oatman, The Tattooed Texas Woman[50] Olive Oatman: More Than the Girl with the Chin Tattoo[51] Remembering Olive Oatman, the Pioneer Girl Who Became a Marked Woman[52] The Rhythmic Journey Home -- Birdsingers Ensured Victory at Ward Valley[53] Captivity of the Oatman Girls[54] Remembering Olive Oatman, the Pioneer Girl Who Became a Marked Woman[55] Myths and Traditions of the Crow Indians[56] Olive Oatman, ca. 1860[57] Olive Oatman, The Mormon Girl Who Was Raised By The Mohave[58] Olive Oatman: More Than the Girl with the Chin Tattoo[59] Myths and Traditions of the Crow Indians[60] FAIRCHILD, OLIVE ANN OATMAN[61] Taking it on the Chin[62] https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://medium.com/%40belleoftheplain/olive-oatman-the-mohave-tribe-4ba8c9135abf&ved=0ahUKEwjgqcy_89XiAhUFQ60KHZAsB7YQ2aoCCNEBMBg&usg=AOvVaw0A_nsUpSa7IyH6h89OIr0V[63] Location, Clothes, Food, Lifestyle, History and famous Chiefs***[64] Colonial Women in Indian Captivity: Assumptions About Gender & Race[65] https://www.google.com/amp/s/blogs.ancestry.com/cm/the-girl-with-the-tattooed-face/amp/[66] Oatman family member to speak about historic massacre

Universities That don't Require SAT/ACT ExamsPlanning your undergraduate abroad? Are you prepared for SAT/ ACT exams?If not then don’t worry! You can still achieve your goals, plan your education abroad for 2021 and maybe even get into your dream university. Just research well. And to help you with that research, we are always here for you.Many of us are not good at taking exams. Some just mess up on ‘the day’ even after a lot of preparation and end up with unsatisfactory scores. So what is the solution now? Repeat SAT/ ACT? Well it is the basic eligibility criteria in order to study overseas especially in the US, isn’t it? That is what is assumed by everyone. But in reality, it is not. There are universities that do not require sat/act scores. In fact, there are some colleges that say an absolute NO to SATs/ ACTs. One such college is Hampshire College in Amherst, Massachusetts. Therefore, if you are worried about how you can study abroad without SAT/ ACT and get into your desired university in Spring/Fall'21 then there is only one answer to it - TEST OPTIONAL COLLEGES.What is Test-Optional College?Universities that do not require SAT or ACT from international students and granting you an admission are known as Test-Optional colleges. So if you have not given SAT/ ACT, then these colleges are for you. However, if you are already done with taking these exams and have scored poorly then you can just avoid sending your bad test scores to the college during application. Even if you submit your SAT and ACT scores, your application will be evaluated based on your academic profile. Therefore, you really need to have a good GPA throughout your academic life. In case, if you think that GPA is the only thing that the college will be considering while evaluating your profile then you are wrong. There are many other factors which play a vital role in your admission process. Those factors are -Letter Of Recommendation: Having LORs from your High School teachers, Seniors, or the internships (if any) highly proves to be beneficial that makes your application stand out from the rest. Know more about "How to Draft Letters of Recommendation (LoR)"?Statement of Purpose: SOP is #thefactor that can help you to make it or break it into a college. It is the only thing where you don’t have to depend on others to represent yourself to the admission council. Even if you have a low GPA, you can still get into your dream college through a good SOP. The Statement of Purpose generally defines why do you want to attend that college and course, why are you capable enough, and what are you strong zones of interest. So write your SOP such that it gives the admission council insight into who you are and what your passion is. In order to help you write better SOPs, you can check - SOP: Statement Of PurposeEssay Prompts: Besides SOP, essay prompts are another factor that can help your profile more interesting than other applicants. It is a way for the college to evaluate an applicant’s experimental thinking and proficiency. This is where you can portray the essence of ‘You’, things that other parts of the application DON’T cover.Extracurricular Activities: Getting involved in various extracurricular activities can help you earn some extra brownie points. It definitely adds value to your application especially when you have not applied for SAT/ ACT.Projects/ Internships: Being a part of few good projects or having some experience in the field for which you are applying for i.e. your Undergrad major is the cherry on the top. Internships - not many students, especially in India, prefer to do it during their High School. So an internship certificate, if you happen to have one then be assured that your application is already way too attractive to the admission council.So this was all about the other factors to be considered while applying to a college. Hence, it depends on you how you represent yourself to the year 2021 admission council of a particular college.Universities that don't require SAT/ ACT examsfor Spring/Fall 2021 -Bryn Mawr College PAUniversity of Chicago ILAgnes Scott College GAMuhlenberg College PAAmerican University DCNational University CAArizona State University AZNew England College NHAugsburg College MNNew York Institute of Technology NYAugustana College ILNew York University NYAzusa Pacific University CANorth Carolina State University NCBard College NYNortheastern University MABarry University FLNorthern Arizona University AZBates College MENorthern Kentucky University KYBeloit College WIOakland University MIBenedict College SCOakwood University ALBenedictine College KSOklahoma City University OKBennett College NCOld Dominion University VABennington College VTPace University, New York City NYBerklee College of Music MAPace University, Westchester Campus NYBoise State University IDPacific Union College CABowdoin College MEPeirce College PABryant University RIPitzer College CABurlington College VTPratt Institute NYCalifornia College of the Arts (San Francisco) CAPrescott College AZCalifornia Institute of the Arts CAProvidence College RICambridge College MAQuinnipiac University CTCarroll University (Wisconsin) WIRingling College of Art and Design FLCazenovia College NYRocky Mountain College MTCentre College KYRoger Williams University RIChamplain College VTRollins College FLChristopher Newport University VARoosevelt University ILClark University MASaint Joseph's University PACollege of the Atlantic MESaint Leo University FLCollege of the Holy Cross MASaint Peter's University NJColorado College COSalisbury University MDColorado School of Mines COSalve Regina University RIColumbia College Chicago ILSarah Lawrence College NYConnecticut College CTSavannah College of Art and Design GACornell College IASchool of the Art Institute of Chicago ILCurry College MASeattle University WADenison University OHSeton Hill University PADePaul University ILSkidmore College NYDrew University NJSmith College MAEarlham College INSouthern Methodist University TXEmbry-Riddle- Daytona Beach FLSt. Cloud State University MNEmmanuel College MASt. Edward's University MDFairfield University CTSt. John's College MEFairleigh Dickinson University NJSt. John's College NMFashion Institute of Technology NYSt. John's University - Manhattan Campus NYFlagler College FLState Uni of New York - Stony Brook NYFlorida Institute of Technology FLState Uni of New York, "Alfred State" NYFranklin Pierce University NHState Uniof New York College, Plattsburgh NYFranklin University OHStonehill College MAFurman University SCSuffolk University MAGallaudet University DCSyracuse University NYGeorge Mason University VATrinity College CTGeorge Washington University DCTulane University LAGettysburg College PAUnion College NYGoshen College INUniversity at Buffalo, The State Un of NYGoucher College MDUniversity of Arizona AZGreen Mountain College VTUniversity of Cincinnati OHGuilford College NCUniversity of Colorado at Boulder COGustavus Adolphus College MNUniversity of Dallas TXHamilton College - NY NYUniversity of Denver COHampshire College MAUniversity of Findlay OHHartwick College NYUniversity of Houston TXHawaii Pacific University HIUniversity of Iowa IAHilbert College NYUniversity of Kansas KSHiram College OHUniversity of Miami FLHobart and William Smith Colleges NYUniversity of Michigan, Flint MIHofstra University NYUniversity of Montana, Missoula MTHumboldt State University CAUniversity of New Mexico NMIndiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis IN OptionalUniversity of New Orleans LAIowa State University IAUniversity of North Carolina at Greensboro NCIthaca College NYUniversity of Northern Iowa IAJames Madison University VAUniversity of Oregon ORJohnson & Wales University (Charlotte)NCUniversity of Portland ORJohnson & Wales University (Denver)COUniversity of Rhode Island RIJohnson & Wales University (North Miami)FLUniversity of Rochester NYJohnson & Wales University (Providence) RIUniversity of San Diego CAJuilliard School NYUniversity of Southern Mississippi MSKalamazoo College MIUniversity of St. Thomas MNKeuka College NYUniversity of the Pacific CAKnox College ILUniversity of the Southwest NMLa Sierra University CAUniversity of Toledo OHLake Erie College OHUniversity of Tulsa OKLamar University TXUniversity of Washington WALawrence University WIUniversity of Wisconsin, Superior WILebanon Valley College PAUniversity of Wisconsin, Whitewater WILewis & Clark College ORUrsinus College PALoyola University Chicago ILUtica College NYLoyola University Maryland MDWagner College NYLuther College IAWake Forest University NCLynn University FLWashington Adventist University MDMarist College NYWashington and Jefferson College PAMarlboro College VTWesleyan University CTMarquette University WIWestern New England University MAMarymount Manhattan College NYWestminster College MOMarywood University PAWheaton College IL ILMcDaniel College MDWheaton College MAMercyhurst University PAWhitworth University WAMerrimack College MAWidener University PAMessiah College PAWilberforce University OHMiami University OHWilmington University DEMichigan State University MIWilson College PAMiddlebury College VTWinona State University MNMiles College ALWittenberg University OHMills College CAWorcester Polytechnic Institute MAMinnesota State University, Mankato MNXavier University OHMount Holyoke College MAYork College NEUniversity of WashingtonYale UniversityHarvard CollegeCase Western Reserve UniversityVassar CollegePomona CollegeOregon State UniversityPrinceton UniversityUniversity of PennsylvaniaUniversity of VirginiaDartmouth CollegeAmherst CollegeTufts UniversityBoston UniversityDavidson CollegeRhodes CollegeHaverford CollegeTrinity University