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If you are highly talented and driven, it shouldn’t “matter”, unless you are looking for a very tiny segment of all jobs.Some people will say those who aren’t Ivy are “sour grapes”. I’ve gotten that before. My sincere rebuttal: I was accepted to an Ivy League school for undergraduate, but didn’t go because long-term costs were excessive relative to benefits.In almost every discretionary product market, what’s considered the pinnacle of quality is at a price much higher than what it’s intrinsically worth. However, overpriced doesn’t always mean bad. If the terms are favorable to highly specific goals, then you should consider biting the bullet. After continued deliberate analysis and soul-searching, I concluded the alternative was extraordinarily more favorable.Exception: Your family is from low-income/URM family to qualify for free tuition/scholarships. For me, that wasn’t the case and it wasn’t lack of trying for scholarships - I sent more than 200 applications and got <$300 in merit scholarship money, despite a perfect score.In short, I decided on state flagship in Texas at UT Austin, because in my case, I would save almost $500,000 difference in student loans for undergraduate and medical school. If including loan interest, that would make the Ivy League a million dollar mistake for someone like me. If I imagine I was an Ivy League graduate right now, I would gladly gain $1,000,000 to be where I am right now. (Jeff Bezos calls this the “regret minimization framework”) That being said, the analysis is more nuanced than that - factors such as educational quality, location, total costs and networking matter, my thought process is later explained.My dad went to Harvard.I am currently more wealthy than my dad. He had a 40 year headstart and an Ivy League degree.Here’s my thought process:My belief was and still is: Ivy Leagues are incentivized to select more talented people that will likely become successful, but not necessarily help them become more successful beyond what was intrinsic. This doesn’t mean that “selection” is necessarily a negative attribute, it’s closest to something in between a “club good” and “private good”. Ivy League schools has similar characteristics of a “Veblen good”, especially when it is a degree where it is more difficult to evaluate skills and quality i.e. liberal arts or business degrees.I’m not going to say names don’t matter at all. That is absolutely false. Names matter because it’s a brand - in essence a marketing signal. That being said, marketing is only useful if you get a return on it, otherwise you’re engaging in a high “marketing burn rate”. This strongly depends on what you’re applying to, what you are seeking, and how much the signal matters to who you’re sending the signal to. Ivies especially are critical for certain “extremely selective” employers as signalling for social closure in “elite” labor markets. Ivy League seniors survey shows they aim for law (25%), finance/IB (17%), management consulting (12%). That’s over half the class looking to move to extremely selective prestigious job markets. The “Ivy-to-Wall-Street” pipeline is quite real. Recruiters seduce you early on with a familiar “elite selective” structured application processes and fancy offices, insulating you from the start. These “elite” labor markets are generally competitive even among Ivy League graduates, so they rarely look at any other schools.Ultimately, this boils down to economics, unless money doesn’t matter to you at all. I have always believed in avoiding competition unless absolutely necessary, because that’s where you really make the most value.Let this fundamental but often overlooked concept of economics digest - in a capitalistic environment, perfect competition is the anti-thesis of the accumulation of capital, because competition will compete away all your profits in the long run! I'm not saying people should always be motivated by money or something like that, but I think we should be a little bit more critical of perfect competition as a rationalization, and look at cost-benefit ratio for prestige brands.We should also be wary about not making a fundamental error on market sizing. A new Italian restaurant with a new recipe in an area without Italian restaurants is not devoid of competition, but is likely operating in a highly competitive market of the restaurant industry. Most customers likely don’t care if your recipe is better than your grandma’s recipe.When I was deciding which school (state flagship vs. Ivy) to attend, here is what my decision process yielded:Opportunities of Ivy relative to state flagship:Specific employers in “top-tier” law firms, financial companies and management consulting firms use Ivy as the major hiring heuristic and recruitment. Relative to state flagship, there is a significant benefit for those specific employers that make up a tiny percent of all employers. If you need the “name brand” to get into those “top tier” firms, I would suggest getting a top 10 MBA after a flagship undergraduate, paid by your employer who will write it off taxes unless you get a free ride in an Ivy League. Why pay exorbitantly more for prestige when you don’t have to? You don’t need to chase an expensive Ivy League for undergraduate to do that. In the same state, flagship schools have an excellent reputation. In other states, it likely won’t hurt your employment opportunities, because it’s still a strong reputation. My fiancé is also from a state flagship - University of Florida with a full ride - and got a 6 figure engineering job quite easily here in Texas. Outside of the tiny amount of “elite” labor markets, what matters is individual effort, smarts, and personality. My fiance out-earns 75%+ of all Ivy League graduates. I will out-earn 90%+ of Ivy League graduates, on a physician salary doing what I love. This does not take into account real earnings - when you include state taxes, size of student loans and cost of living. If we include that, my fiance will out-earn 90%+ of Ivy League grads. In fact, we can both retire at 40 - if we wanted to.Connections and alumni network are supposedly “superior”. You’ll undoubtedly make contacts that feed into the “elite job markets”, but I highly suspect that depends on the person. “Superior at X” is not the same as “superior”. Personally, the alumni network in UT has been highly valuable to me, while it didn’t really do anything notable for my dad because Ivy League students have an additional layer of selection amongst themselves. If you can’t connect with people by joining the in-group, then you’re not going to get much out of the network. You’re going to get weeded out of friendships based on what you can afford (it’s easy to tell from family background and occupation). I couldn’t afford what I saw going on in Harvard. The UT alumni network landed me multiple opportunities in entrepreneurship and helped me close software contract sales. It is also much larger. UT has 40,000+ undergrads and 500,000+ alumni. Alumni are very “prideful” about the school and it’s often called “bleeding burnt orange” - don’t take my word for it, search for it yourself - alumni always give a second look if they hear UT and classmates are much more empathetic. In addition, size does matter - UT has the most Fortune 1000 CEOs and it doesn’t pale much compared to Ivy in those types of job markets when it increases your sheer chances substantially at “the numbers game”.Resources are supposedly “superior”. This depends on a lot of variables and there’s no clear cut general answer. There is no doubt Harvard and Yale has a overall huge amount of resources, relative to state flagships. That being said, when we look at relative resources - in my case, UT has the 3rd largest endowment in the nation and is one of the three that received an AAA rating from S&P for strong and stable financing outlook, even in a recession. I had no trouble getting research opportunities or outstanding professors. This really depends on the school, department and what resources you seek. You have to do your own research.Costs of Ivy relative to state flagship:Extremely high cost of attendance. I personally save ~$60,000 a year for 8 years (B.S. + M.D.) from the difference in cost of attendance - that’s half a million in student loans, not including interest - which can balloon to ~$1,000,000 dollars in just one decade after school. The high cost does not pay off either - you generally do not get a significant earnings advantage, unless that is you get a free ride by being from a low-income family or as a underrepresented minority. In state-funded schools, the tuition is partly subsidized by the state.There is a selection bias among Ivy League graduates towards track dependency of prestigious “elite job markets” that are landlocked in highest-cost of living areas. What cities do Ivy League grads overwhelmingly stay at? New York City, NY; Boston, MA; San Francisco, CA. $100,000 in Houston, TX is easily $200,000 in those areas (see the “lifestyle trap”). My cost of living (rent+utilities+meals) is about $7,050 a year right next to campus with my private apartment. Harvard “estimates” the cost of living is $30,000 per year and can be much higher depending on the individual, and they’re more likely to keep paying that early on after graduation since their identity is intertwined with living in a certain way. Savings rates are estimated to be about 12% on average for these people. (Wealth Inequality in the United States since 1913: evidence from capitalized income tax data. Emmanuel Saez & Gabriel Zucman) If you want to stay in a certain area, you should consider locale-specific reputation for those specific careers. It’s 10x easier to amass professional connections with your neighbors in a community based on proximity. Most jobs are based on who you know. They already know what’s it like to work with you and can give you a convincing recommendation.Increased risk of burnout. Health > Money. Staying healthy in mind and body is much harder than making extra bucks. The cost of burnout is much higher than you think in Ivy League. Burnout costs employers $150–300 billion a year. This is not a ticket to slack off, but one must also consider the risks of overloaded expectations in a cut-throat environment. My medical school has an emphasis and culture of chillness and cooperativity. That increases productivity because we are there to help each other out, not outcompete each other by a few points with relatively obscure medical knowledge that will be forgotten after graduation. Stress is already high in medical school, why add to it with irritated attendings and cut-throat classmates if it doesn’t increase your salary substantially? On top of that, 58% of Princeton students report feeling well rested only three or fewer days per week. It is one thing to have a strong work ethic (presumably), but another to undergo sleep deprivation. Sleep deprivation is directly counterproductive to memory, learning and creativity. This is particularly well-documented in the literature with strong evidence, yet Princeton claims they cultivate students to be “creative” in their marketing materials. They should focus on getting their students well rested first.Talented students at non-Ivy universities can possibly get more attention from professors (depends on the culture). Personally, I would get the time of the day from the department heads in state flagships really easily. To my understanding, the best academians only conduct research, and even if they offer a course, it’s not easy to get a spot. Look at the rankings of RateMyProfessor or any other data regarding how professors treat students (US News doesn’t take this into account, and basically rooted as a popularity contest amongst college presidents), here's how all the Ivy League schools fared: 111. Princeton University 152. Columbia University 187. University of Pennsylvania 196. Brown University 213. Yale University 247. Harvard University 294. Dartmouth College 414. Cornell University. Out of ~600 schools. Abstract matters, such as credit/recognition, generally warps academia. Clearly, most schools are biased towards tweaking their numbers in terms of what increases their rankings, and tend to de-prioritize anything that doesn’t increase their rankings, such as actually getting more quality professor time at a reasonable cost. Becoming a professor is extremely competitive at good state schools, so you really aren’t missing out relative to Ivies. In fact, the honors courses always had the most outstanding faculty with no trouble enrolling, since the spots were fixed to honor students only.Don’t ask whether Ivy League matters. What you should ask is - what matters to you? There are areas with significantly higher social impact - such as research, startups, politics, grantmakers and non-profits that require highly skilled people. Work backwards - if getting into an elite bulge bracket IBD is your dream, I highly encourage you to consider top “prestigious” Ivy League schools they care most about. However, you should be assessing whether crunching mind-numbing Excel sheets for 100 hours a week as a entry level grunt is what you’d enjoy as a career. If it’s only the money you’re after, then you should still consider opinion on Wall Street: A Wall Streeter Tackles An Age-Old Debate — Do You Take Prestige Or Money?According to the article, in short: “A better decision metric would have been: F**k prestige, get money.”For those who are not just for the money which I assume is a substantial crowd - think about this - a big company teaches you how to work for a big company - generally slow, bureaucratic and frustrating. A small company or self-employment will pile more valuable responsibilities to the most talented person at a breakneck rate. That prepares you for everything and sets you up for maximum impact - no risk, no reward. To give some color - small businesses make up 99.7% of US employers. Nobody cares where you come from if you bring enormous value. Non-monetary value dictates you are missing out on the entire universe which has immensely high value by only joining the extremely narrow range of big companies. In fact, it might well be riskier, since big companies don’t do “watch jobs” anymore. It is past the time where you stay at the same company for life. Everyone is essentially disposable in a recession, unless they are the few that are “critically needed”.Ultimately, what matters is what sort of career you seek, what are the costs, how you relate to people, and what value you bring. The notion that you’ve got to do X, Y, and Z or else your life is over is clearly flawed. All I can say is that you have to follow your own dreams, think critically, and make well-informed decisions. Ask in-depth questions such as “Best how?”, “Best for whom?”, “Best at what price?”, rather than the undefined superlative of “Best?”. Rankings generally focus on the superfluous, and doesn’t always make the best personal fit.Other considerations:Contrary to what Ty Doyle says: In medicine, Ivy prestige does not increase your future salary or medical school acceptance rates. This is a common misconception. I will point to my current medical school class - only 1–2 Ivy League graduates out of 220 students. Take a look at salaries for doctors from state vs. Ivy League schools. There is no premium. In fact, the average board exam scores (which is the top determinant of your residency match and consequently, salary) for my state flagship are higher than almost all the Ivy League medical schools. Ask any doctor and he/she will agree that salaries won’t be higher. This makes it clear that the quality of curriculum, attitude of the professors, and individual drive are more important than getting the most prestigious name in medicine. To sweeten the deal, physicians salaries AND real earnings are generally significantly higher in Texas and in-state tuition is the lowest in the nation. That being said, I agree with Ty for law school - being in the top 10 matters a lot for prestigious law firms, with some rare exceptions - the bimodal distribution of salary inflates the average law graduate salaries.In response to Alex K. Chen: Don’t just base it on class size as a whole, but find out how each school breaks the class down from a whole into its smaller parts. It wasn’t commuter for me. Both private and school dorms were right next to campus. My college and medical school dorm cost me ~$400/month including utilities with my own private room, right next to school. On the contrary, it wasn’t hard to break into “friend groups” as people in Austin are quite open to new friends. This depends on the culture, rather than size. It was not hard to make friends in a “big school” as the amount of diversified choices in interest groups and classes are high. Also, my current class size is 220, but the small group PBL sessions are 6–7 people per faculty.Attention matters. Everybody has a scarce resource called time. Two of the department heads would entertain my request for meeting in one room for joint research with me by taking out time from their busy schedule and coordinate a meeting. If you had the experience of coordinating busy schedules, it’s quite messy. It’s not a matter of being “too busy”, but ultimately what their priorities are. I think students should consider schools that have more strong faculty who make students a priority, whether Ivy or not. With higher Ivy grade inflation and lackluster general undergraduate lecture quality, we should question the assumption that Ivy Leagues have generally better teacher attitudes and class/academic rigor without proper analysis. The priorities are skewed towards not adding value to students, but publishing papers in prestigious journals to maintain the brand prestige. Although this can heavily depend on the individual professor as well. The main point is you are more likely to shine if the professors prioritize cultivating talented students. These professors are going to be the network base for which you get references and contacts. Almost all of the department heads have top credentials in my medical school, so I really maximize bang for buck.Location matters. This is another factor I looked at in the process of choosing which school to attend. If your network is in the same state, it will be highly advantageous for your pursuits. Not to mention, Texas has no state income tax, strong asset protection, and favorable tort reform. With the new tax bill, real earnings are even better than before relative to high tax states such as NY, MA and CA. Texas has ~2% effective state taxes for high income earners. It’s also one of the most business and landlord friendly states out there. If you plan to obtain high leverage in real estate markets, Texas is an excellent choice for inflation protection, because asset prices stayed steady throughout 2009 when the housing bubble burst. Houston especially is a good location for my RE investment purposes because the “no zoning” allows supply to meet demand, which reduces the likelihood of a real estate asset “bubble” and increases long-term health of the city by keeping rents low for both commercial and residential.Higher education predators. On the other end of the spectrum, don’t mistake colleges that are known to be predators, you know - mostly the ones that offer an easy degree on advertisers that only see the dollars. Don’t believe the average college degree makes you richer “hype”, asymmetric outcomes are more likely to happen because there is a lot of noise and dilution. There is a clear problem with new institutions, especially specific for-profit colleges that prey on students that can’t make it anywhere else. If you are just looking for a 9–5 “white-collar” job, look carefully at the value of your degree - in particular student loan default rates and similar career profiles on LinkedIn to assess the job market. There are many more people in college these days, so attending a “diploma mill” doesn’t mean much.You don’t need the name or even college for that matter to make as much as a Ivy League graduate in an “elite” investment banking job. You make your own fate by working as smart and hard as possible. If you follow “avoid competition unless absolutely necessary”, you should be very careful how you select your college institution for a lasting, sustainable edge over a lifetime, or consider alternatives you may enjoy, such as trade schools. Focus your efforts on what matters to you and do your own research. Prestige should only be a tool, not an idol. Don’t go into Ivy just because your high school friends hype it up. Think critically beyond the hype - and assess what’s the best decision for your situation.Heck, even a “blue-collar” government janitor (How one Bay Area janitor made $276,000 last year) made much more than Ivy graduates living in cramped Manhattan apartments for the right to “slave” away on Excel sheets at Goldman Sachs and pay NYC ~13% top state taxes on top of Uncle Sam’s 37% top federal tax rates with a maximum $10,000 SALT deduction. In short, every extra $1 you make, you pay ~$0.5 in taxes if you work for GS in NYC at the highest income tax bracket, if you work for someone else.The janitor’s general manager made ~$500,000 on public salary record: 'Grace Crunican' - Transparent Public Salary Search. If you are a top 5% plumber with your own growing business and employees, you can make $1,000,000 a year (at the lower 21% corporate tax rates and effective <17% tax rate I might add!) in some geographical areas. Billionaire Michael Bloomberg recommends to consider forgo paying $60,000 tuition a year at Harvard for plumbing. If you have the talent and drive to get into Goldman Sachs (~3% acceptance rate among already “top” Ivy talent, which selects top high school talent at ~5%), there is no reason you can’t do this, if you can already make the top 0.15% of candidates. Even fewer of those candidates who are bald, white men have a shot to become the CEO. It is much better to take fate into your own hands if you have a different vision of “minimizing regret”.How are the most millionaires made in America? Look it up - it’s laundromats.

As a product of the kpop industry, a BTS performance is a conglomeration of many talents and points of view. From the concepts to the marketing, from makeup to wardrobe, from music mixing/recording to music video shooting, from choreography to performance, so many hands go into making their work a masterpiece. Each different element is crucial to the final product and BigHit has only the best and brightest on their staff. This is no more evident than the inclusion of the BTS members themselves. Each member is a outstanding performer. Each brings key talents and skills that contribute to the artistry of the whole. There are many theories as to how and why BTS has become so successful. Focusing on the members themselves, In fan chant order, I will outline each members key contributions to the beauty and artistry of BTS as I seem them.Namjoon became interested in rapping and lyrics at a young age (1). He was a top student and a high achiever in school but it seems his heart yearned for more than Mathematics and Science. At his center there is a poet (2). Namjoon has the unique combination of exceptional intelligence (3) in an analytical sense and a social or emotional intelligence, something many STEM elites can lack. This makes him uniquely equipped to observe the world, make judgments, come to conclusions, and to address the observations with clever lyrics and wordplay. He did have some initial successes before becoming a trainee (4). Many would say his greatest achievement in BTS is his leadership or his rap skills. These are indeed important skills. However, I believe that more importantly he is a song writing powerhouse. He is able to take guidelines from the company and come up with content again and again. He is seemly a bottomless well. This is combined with what I believe is his most critical contribution of all. As you may be aware, artists working together may not always get along. There can be jealousy and competition between members. Apparently, Namjoon sat all the the members down fairly early on and talked to them about their goals. He stressed to them that they are one unit whose purpose is to make the group the best it can be and as such they should have each other’s backs rather than compete with each other (5). I think fostering cooperation and making the team paramount was crucial in BTS’s interpersonal relationships and their unique closeness (6). It may be the key to their success today, with all seven still invested and supporting each other. They work with a synergy rarely seen and that unique chemistry allows them to create freely together. Helping each other to grow has allowed the entire team elevate their performances to works of art.Jin was recruited for his handsome face. He does indeed have the Korean “beauty standards” face. However, Jin brings many more things to the table. Jin’s contributions, in some cases, include efforts behind the scenes so some fans may not be aware of them. Jin uses his dedication and considerable people skills to support the entire team and this is critical to BTS as a whole. Although Jin had not had dancing or singing experience prior to being recruited, he worked exceptionally hard to develop these skills. Indeed, his example led others to increase their efforts as well (7). This definitely would have an effect on the whole of BTS and the development of each member as artists. In the beginning, Jin tried on a more stern face as the eldest. He quickly dropped that persona and took on a caretaking role. He was critical in helping Jungkook to adapt to life in the dorms. He brought him home to his family and he drove him to school. In addition, he augmented all of the member’s meals with his allowance. Another way Jin helps the entire group is to create a positive atmosphere. Jin is a master icebreaker. He jokes and acts “extra” to lighten the mood and get the members to relax, thus enabling them to open up on camera (8). The joking “crack head” upbeat nature of BTS’s interactions can exist, in part, due to Jin’s efforts (9). How many of us have fallen in love with the boys because of how they make us laugh? One might feel this is not a contribution to artistry, but it is an art form to be able to make others feel comfortable and shine. I believe Jin’s support, encouragement and hard work was a key factor to the other member’s success. Lastly, Jin also makes sure that the fan base is never forgotten. He creates cute traditions such as his hidden hearts, and he never fails to make Army part of every speech (10). Again, his thoughts are always on how he positively effect others. Lastly, Jin deserves recognition for his singing and dancing skills (and more recently song writing) as well. Maybe more so, since he did not come to the table with those skills already developed. His voice is stable and clear. His dancing is on par with the others. He has shined bright with his solo songs, which better highlight his voice type. BTS would not be the incredibly artistic performers they are today without Jin’s considerable selflessness, hard work and people skills.Yoongi began writing music at a young age just as Namjoon did (11). However, although he seems to focus a bit more on the music, he is also extremely talented in lyric writing. Particularly, the rap portions of songs. It seems as though he was born this way. He becomes immersed in music. It is his heart and soul. He literally “needs” to be working. He was a good but perhaps “average” student in school. I don’t think this is any indication of his intelligence. I think he simply was consumed with music rather than the classroom (12). Indeed, his wordplay in his rap lyrics show intellect and mastery of language. However, one of Yoongi’s defining characteristics is to his extreme ambition and determination. He rolled up his sleeves and went for what he wanted (13). He is the essence of the self made man (14). He went out into the world at a young age and learned “the hard” way (15). He supported himself and cut his teeth in underground clubs (16, 17). I admire very much a person who comes from nothing and works their way up by sheer talent and determination. Indeed, Yoongi brings to the table a more “real life” knowledge of the world. He brings pragmatism, calm, a level head and a long term view of “this too will pass” to BTS. We all know that the road was not easy for him. He struggled with his identity as an idol and he went through depression (18). But he came to terms with all of these struggles. His experiences with these issues no doubt give him the ability to assist other members with their difficulties. He has even stated that he’d like to be a counselor one day (19). Of course, Yoongi performs with a unique swag and a lightening fast tongue. His parts of each BTS song are unforgettable. He is an accomplished producer that is much sought after as well. However I will point to his perseverance and his determination as defining elements to BTS’s artistry.Hobi is another member who began his journey at a young age (20). He enjoyed dancing and was very good at it. He began to focus on developing his skills and had become well known in local circles. He was part of a dance group and had won competitions (21). He is one member that could have chosen to have a career in dance, independent of BTS. In fact, at one point pre-debut he considered leaving BTS (22). I am so glad he stayed. Like Yoongi with his music, Hobi “needs” to dance. He becomes the music. Music makes him blossom and come alive. He makes the house come down with the ending of Outro Tear. So dance and performance talent aside, how does Hobi contribute to the artistry of BTS? He is a unique person in that he seems readily adaptable (23). When the decision was made to make him a rapper, he needed to learn an entire new skill very quickly (24). He not only learned it but made it his own with his own unique color. His rap and his vocalizations bring a brightness and edginess to each song. He is a clever writer as well, as evidenced by his solo works on Hope’s World. He is very organized and disciplined. He is key to making each performance clean as he guides and critiques each member’s moves until perfection is achieved. Indeed, Namjoon has called him the second leader (25). Such discipline is what keeps each performer focused and makes a dance piece more uniform and synchronized (26). Although Hobi was not naturally optimistic (as attested by the other members at a Festa) he took on the responsibility of being the “positive” member (27). His efforts to be cheerful and use comedic physical humor brings smiles and laughter to both the members and the fans. His physicality crosses all language barriers. He, along with Jin, make sure each interview goes well. Smooth and entertaining interviews are another overlooked key to BTS’s success. JHope ensures that each performance is artist perfection.Jimin was a top student in high school and was seemingly well liked (he once mentioned he was class president many years in a row) (28). He excelled at dancing, so much so that he was encouraged by his teachers to go further with his dance (29, 30). The beginning of trainee life was a struggle for Jimin. His contemporary background didn’t necessarily help with learning the hip hop dances. What Jimin brought along with his dance skill was perfectionism and extreme determination (31). The members often talk about how many hours Jimin worked to perfect his dance (32). Unfortunately, some of this perfectionism led to him being overly critical of himself (33). He sought to create a perfect image. Luckily, he grew into his role and he has learned to be kinder to himself. He has grown exponentially as an artist over the years. I feel his difficult times make him uniquely sensitive to the other members struggles. He has become a master at comforting the others at times of distress. His understanding and support may be a vital key to each member overcoming difficult times. He is often mentioned as being the best listener (34) This is a difficult role to play, to remain empathetic and take in others sadness or frustration. As time has gone on, BTS has evolved it’s performances in multi-faceted ways, the most obvious is the incorporation of contemporary dance elements. This is an area in which Jimin shines. It is most apparent in some of the outstanding intros and dance breaks at year end showcases in the last couple of years (35). I believe that his abilities and his dance style has been influencing and deepening BTS’s performances. One need to only see Black Swan to see what I mean. There is more. Jimin adds to BTS with his considerable charm factor (36). Perhaps his life experience gave him the ability to read people and deliver what they want or perhaps this is part of his empathetic nature. His song “Filter” really does speak to how he tries to reach and charm his audience, each person to their own tastes. The contemporary dance elements Jimin brings to the table has enriched and expanded the complex and beautiful nature of BTS’s performances.Taehyung is a member many would consider a Visual. In fact, after many appearances before a newer audience, there are many inquiries as to his identity (37). Although he is indeed an extremely handsome man, he is far more than his looks alone. He has many talents. He is a very flexible performer with a wide vocal range (38). He is able to fit himself to many types of songs with this ability. He has worked hard and has been successful in increasIng his dancing abilities (39). In fact, he has a great memory for choreography, being able to reproduce long unused steps on a whim (40). He has also shown to be able to identify notes and pitches, perhaps coming from the fact that he played a musical instrument (41). He is an unrivaled role player and as such, shows a strong charismatic performance on stage. He adds many playful elements to every performance. However, the area where he brings a unique flavor to the team is in found in his essence itself. Taehyung is very creative with a unique point of view and a nonpareil way of expressing his thoughts. I am so glad that he has been able to exhibit his style and share his thoughts through his solos and mixed tapes. He has a soulfulness and depth of emotion that touches the heart. He really sees the world in a very poetic and, perhaps, almost innocent way (42). It is if he came from another period of time. He is playful, warm, loving, generous, colorful, and bohemian.... in a way I find most charming. Most of all, he is unabashedly himself. This is a rare gift. He is not afraid to show his warm and expansive heart. Where others may sing to you with outstretched hands, Taehyung walks over and takes your hand, singing together. That is how he makes people feel.At last I come to Jungkook. Jungkook is a unique case in that he was so very young when he became a member. We literally watched him grow up. He has stated that in school he was good at art and sports (43). He certainly has an artist’s eye as illustrated to us through his golden closet films (44). The other members were basically surrogate parents and Jungkook has mentioned that he has absorbed aspects of each of their characters. Despite growing up in the spotlight he seems to be a very well adjusted young man. To some, it may seem like he had it all. He did have a lovely voice and was a quick learner. But Jungkook had issues with homesickness and he had to overcome crippling shyness (45, 46). Even today, he has stated that he does not like to have his photograph taken (47). Apparently he also starts many hobbies but often abandons them (48). He has mentioned that he needs reminders to stay consistent (49). At times, when he was younger, he teased the older members. Perhaps, he was over indulged by the members, who seemed to dote on him. However, despite these facts, Jungkook has matured considerably. He observes and learns from his elders. He was and is arguably an essential part of BTS as the main vocalist and center. His body and spirit is strong and his voice stable. What Jungkook had and continues to have is a very competitive spirit and a passion for life. He has stated that he’d rather die than to live a life without passion (50). He goes at all activities with 110%. I’m sure that his passion rubs off in the other members and spurns them on. On the flip side, we have observed, on many occasions, that he has remained an easy going, polite and obliging young man. Lastly, Jungkook is very sentimental and loving (51). He has never really failed to come through for Army or BTS. Even when he injured his heel, he insisted on being on stage, even if he had to sit while performing. He took it as an opportunity to improve his voice since he didn’t have to concentrate on dancing as well as singing. In a world we’re we often see child stars implode, it is refreshing to see such a strong and well adjusted young man.In the beginning, each member started with skills and potential. In my opinion, the most important thing each member brings to the table is not talent. What each member brought was their unique personality characteristics and attitudes. What each member brought was a focus on the team and a willingness to work extremely hard. They were willing to take on whatever was felt to be necessary to move forward with determination and perseverance. In the end, what allowed them to succeed? Obviously, it is a combination of all of the above plus some luck. Another factor I have not yet mentioned is that they exude a sincerity and humbleness that is very appealing. This is something you can not fake. They make us love them. We love them because they are relatable, vulnerable and loveable. Each had a unique role in the beauty and artistry of BTS. Finally, there is one other part of the equation that, perhaps, was the tipping point. It may have been the most crucial thing of all. A characteristic that each member shared. It is hunger. A hunger to express oneself. A hunger to achieve and succeed. A hunger to perform. A hunger to be loved. A hunger to win. A hunger to change the world (52).(1) BTSfandom.com, BTS Wiki, RM “At the age of 11, RM became interested in hip-hop music after hearing Epik High's "Fly" in fifth grade.”(2) BTSFandom.com, BTS Wiki, bts wiki, RM “As a student, he actively wrote poetry and often received awards for his writings. He posted his work to an online poetry website for roughly one year, where he received moderate attention. Through this, RM grew interested in pursuing a literary career....”(3) Vice.com, Mendez, 5/15, Rap Monster Is Proving Assumptions About Korean Idol Rappers Wrong, “Better known as Rap Monster, the young rapper was cast as the show’s youngest panelist earlier this year for his IQ (148), his high school mock exam score (top 1 percent in the country), and his English language skills (he taught himself).”(4) BTSfandom.com, BTS Wiki, bts wiki, RM, “Following an introduction to American rapper Eminem by his schoolteacher, RM grew interested in lyricism, printing lyrics he felt were "cool" and sharing them with his friends. RM transitioned to writing lyrics then, stating that his poetry became lyrics when it combined with music. In 2007, as a first-year middle school student, RM began rapping in local amateur hip-hop circles, creating his first self-composed recording for the first time using the program Adobe Audition (then called Cool Edit). He later participated in his first concert in 2008. RM eventually became more active in the underground Korean hip-hop scene under the moniker "Runch Randa", releasing a number of tracks and collaborations with other underground rappers, such as Zico.”(5) Bangtan bomb, prank on Namjoon to test his loyalty.(6) “Showbiz Cheat Sheet, Liou, 8/20, BTS: 7 Best Suga Quotes to Keep You Inspired for a Lifetime (from Break the Silence ep 2), “Just being there for each other is a source of strength, even if we don’t say anything. It’s not about picking one specific person. We know each other so well, even without words. Even if I had to put a team together myself, it wouldn’t have worked out this well. As we continue, I can’t think of anything better than this. Rather than doing something on my own, the seven of us doing it together has a more synergistic effect. ‘Could there have been a better match? We must have been destined to meet.’ I think that a lot.”(7) Elite Daily, Mendez, 5/19, BTS' Quotes About Jin Reveal The Truly Integral Role He Plays In The Group, “V explained, "He really works hard a lot in the team to make our team's color stand out more. We don't see that up front, but when I hear things in the back, he practices until dawn in the hotel room alone." That is so true. ARMYs have witnessed this when BTS went on American Hustle Life. Jin practiced overnight until he perfected his choreography and vocals.”(8) Elite Daily, Mendez, 5/19, BTS' Quotes About Jin Reveal The Truly Integral Role He Plays In The Group, “RM said that his jokes are especially good whenever there is an awkward moment. In a clip for the group's We Love BTS special on Hulu Japan, RM said, "When we're with strangers, if Jin hyung says light jokes, the mood lights up really well. He's really good with ice-breaking."(9) Elite Daily, Mendez, 5/19, BTS' Quotes About Jin Reveal The Truly Integral Role He Plays In The Group, “Suga added, "Jin hyung has his own energy. He doesn't like a depressing atmosphere, so I think he always brings energy into the team." In BTS' 2018 summer package in Saipan, Suga also called Jin "the human energy drink."(10) Aminoapps.com, lejindarybri, The Many Heart Surprises of Kim Seokjin,(11) Wikipedia, Suga (Rapper), “By age 13, he began to write music lyrics and learned about MIDI. He worked a part-time job at a record studio by age 17. From then on, he began composing and arranging music, rapping, and performing.[3](12) Koreaboo.com, Davis, 12/19, BTS Suga’s Former School Teachers And Juniors Have Nothing But Glowing Praises For Him, “The channel then interviewed Suga’s middle school music teacher, who had nothing but glowing praise for him! She revealed how he approached her in his second year of middle school, and asked her to teach him to play the piano! She also talked about how during one of their school festivals, he along with a few of his friends performed a hip hop ensemble, and also produced the entire stage by himself!”(13) Koreaboo.com, Davis, 12/19, BTS Suga’s Former School Teachers And Juniors Have Nothing But Glowing Praises For Him, “At the school, the host interviewed Suga’s father off-screen, who revealed how Suga harbored the desire to be a musician ever since the 5th grade, and even asked his father to convert his older brother’s room into a music room for Suga. Suga’s father invested 10 million won stocking the room with state-of-the-art music equipment, and thus helped Suga along into what is now a big, blossoming career.”(14) Koreaboo.com, Davis, 12/19, BTS Suga’s Former School Teachers And Juniors Have Nothing But Glowing Praises For Him, Quote from Yoongi’s teacher Kwon Jae Hwan: “Yoongi [Suga’s real name] never violated any school rules. Since it was the old era and it was a boy’s private school, the dress code and hair rules were very strict. But he has never violated [the rules], giving excuses like he’s doing music, or any such thing. There was no place to learn music in Chilgok [Suga’s hometown]. So until he went to the music academy in the second semester, he studied very hard in the classroom as not to disturb other students. He would stay awake until dawn to study composition. But he never violated rules with excuses like he was doing music and things like that.”(15) Showbiz Cheat Sheet, Tram Anh Ton Nu, 10/20, BTS: Suga Was So Dedicated to Music as a High School Student That He Would Stay Up Until Dawn to Write Songs, “He moved to Seoul and worked part-time as a delivery person to pay for his tuition while training with the entertainment company. Suga struggled financially, and there was even a time when he had to choose between buying food and taking the bus home.”(16) Reddit, r/Bangtan, baepsayed, Suga Pre-Debut History, “The first hint of Yoongi is from January 2008 in the Jungle Radio fancafe. Jungle Radio was a big hip hop community fancafe for amateur rappers. It’s also where Namjoon was also most active pre-debut.Post by Min Yoongi asking to level up in the Jungle Radio Fancafe. A user named m.y.k, aged 16 and named Min Yoongi, applied to level up. I’m about 90% sure that this is Yoongi, but I don’t want to confirm it completely because there were actually two Kim Namjoons active at the same time in the past (the other Namjoon was a couple years older and went by K-merc among other aliases) so it’s possible that this is another guy named Yoongi and it’s a coincidence. But I think it’s way more likely that it’s correct than not which is why I’m including it. In June of 2008, m.y.k uploaded a short beat for other users in the community to use. Assuming m.y.k is Yoongi, this is the earliest producing sample we have of his. The title of the upload post was “컷 앤페이스트 처녀작 평가부탁드려요 ㅜㅜ” which translates as “first/debut cut and paste [song] please critique it.” It would be the first song Yoongi ever uploaded. It was re-uploaded to YouTube a few years ago by a channel trying to revive Jungle Radio a bit.“(17) Wikipedia, Suga (Rapper), ”Before being signed, he was active under the name Gloss as an underground rapper.[6] As part of the hiphop crew D-Town in 2010, he produced "518-062", a song commemorating the Gwangju Uprising.[7]”(18) DJBooth | The Authority in Hip Hop, Sang, 9/19, BTS’ Suga Keeps Shattering Expectations — and Social Norms, “For the uninitiated, Korean celebrities are generally not encouraged to speak up about mental health, given the taboo nature of the subject. Suga knew a conversation was necessary, though, so he started one. In addition to being a groundbreaking record, “The Last” is also a standout selection from Suga’s debut mixtape, Agust D, a project showcasing his talent for technically challenging rapping, storytelling, and signature unbridled energy. The record shocked legions of devotees upon release, not only for the dark feelings and experiences Suga shares but also for its confrontational approach to themes of depression. “(19) Vlive, Yoongi, 4/20(20) CentralSauce, Sang, 1/20, J-Hope’s Journey: From Teenage B-Boy to BTS’ Rap Star, “Ho-seok was an active child who took up dance in the third grade and showed great promise early on, eventually deciding he’d pursue the form seriously in sixth grade after pleading with his parents.”(21) CentralSauce, Sang, 1/20, J-Hope’s Journey: From Teenage B-Boy to BTS’ Rap Star, “Ho-seok became an accomplished street dancer with a team he’d joined while in junior high called “Neuron”; on YouTube, you can still find numerous videos in which “Hobi” practices different hip-hop dance routines either solo or with team members.”(22) CentralSauce, Sang, 1/20, J-Hope’s Journey: From Teenage B-Boy to BTS’ Rap Star, “At one point, he briefly left; the reasons why are unclear, but it’s suggested he felt he wasn’t needed. It took the teary pleas of young Jungkook and the devoted fight of leader RM to keep him from leaving the fold for good. “I talked to the guys,” said RM in Burn the Stage, a behind-the-scenes documentary set during BTS’ 2017 tour. “I told them we need Jung Ho-seok. We can’t make it without Jung Ho-seok.”(23) Namjoon,(24) CentralSauce, Sang, 1/20, J-Hope’s Journey: From Teenage B-Boy to BTS’ Rap Star, “He wasn’t an underground rapper prior to auditioning for Big Hit like RM and Suga were--as a matter of fact, he wasn’t a rapper at all. He learned through both lessons and interactions with his far more experienced peers, who often expressed themselves in rhyme form outside of music the way young rap fans do in America. ‘Rather than saying I was forced to learn rap… I naturally absorbed it in my daily life. I would return to the dorms to some freestyle rap happening… in the beginning I would wonder incredulously -How are they able to do that? - but I could feel that this was what defined rap. It was so interesting watching them fool around, dissing each other through rap, talking to each other through rap.’– j-hope (2018)”(25) Elite Daily, Boyle, 6/19, BTS' Quotes About J-Hope Perfectly Capture Why He's Everyone's Ray Of Sunshine, “J-Hope always lights up this atmosphere," RM said. "And he does best leading in performance, so he shares about half of my leader role, and I admire that."(26) CentralSauce, Sang, 1/20, J-Hope’s Journey: From Teenage B-Boy to BTS’ Rap Star, “When it came time to debut, the pressure was on for BTS to tighten their stage routines; the task required special dedication from the man selected as their dance leader. To make matters more daunting, BTS’ early choreography demanded great athleticism and energy as well as an industry-standard precision. According to j-hope, the group filmed the choreography for “We Are Bulletproof, Pt. 2” every day for three months, and “even the slightest difference in angle between our bodies or movements in our fingers meant we had to film it again.”(27) CentralSauce, Sang, 1/20, J-Hope’s Journey: From Teenage B-Boy to BTS’ Rap Star, “…. j-hope has long played with his name and how it relates to his message; as illustrated in the track “P.O.P. (Piece of Peace), Pt. 1” from his 2018 debut Hope World, the rap star considers it his goal to provide hope and joy for those struggling in an unjust world. “I thought it would be hugely meaningful for me if I can become, like my namesake, hope for someone in the world — not even some grandiose peace, but just a small shard of it,” he told TIME.”(28) Koreaboo.com, 5/18, BTS Jimin’s Former Homeroom Teacher Reveals What He Was Like In Middle School - A Korean forum user revealed how Jimin was like in middle school!, “Some stories about Jimin, when he was in middle school, the area that he lived was a bit of a harsh environment to study in. During his 3rd year of middle school, I think [my teacher] mentioned he was the class president(?)”(29) Koreaboo.com, 5/18, BTS Jimin’s Former Homeroom Teacher Reveals What He Was Like In Middle School - A Korean forum user revealed how Jimin was like in middle school!, “Jimin’s dad originally wanted him to be a government official, but in his 3rd year of middle school, Jimin suddenly wanted to attend an arts high school. With those grades! Jimin’s dad was so shocked, he would go to Jimin’s school for consultations. So Jimin and my teacher persuaded Jimin’s dad. Also, my teacher would send Jimin out to dance competitions. According to the teacher, Jimin was full of sheer will and hard work, and he would have succeeded in whatever career he chose. My teacher wants us students to learn from Jimin kkkkkk”(30) BTSfandom.com, BTS wiki, Jimin, “During middle school, he attended Just Dance Academy and learned popping and locking dance. Prior to becoming a trainee, Jimin studied contemporary dance at Busan High School of Arts and was a top student in the modern dance department. After a teacher suggested he audition with an entertainment company, it led him to Big Hit Entertainment. Once he passed the auditions in 2012, he transferred to Korean Arts High School,[8] graduating in 2014.”(31) BTSfandom.com, BTS wiki, Jimin, “In the BTS documentary Burn The Stage, Jimin said that he thinks of himself as a perfectionist, stating even the smallest mistakes on stage makes him feel guilty and stresses him.”(32) Showbiz Cheat Sheet, Wolfe, 8/19, Did BTS Stars Jimin and V Know Each Other in High School?, “During a YouTube Q&A, Jin said of Jimin, ‘He’s perfect on stage, so I wonder how he’s able to work tirelessly. Seeing Jimin work so hard — I practice with RM in the corner and when I’m tired, I take a look at Jimin. He’s still working then.’ “(33) Showbiz Cheat Sheet, Wolfe, 8/19, “Jungkook agreed that Jimin is a hard worker, and said that he can often be hard on himself. ‘He asks me a lot of questions about the vocal part… He feels bad after every performance. He says that he doesn’t know how to use his vocal cords. And I feel bad for him when I see him like that. He’s not in a position where he can take vocal lessons,’ explained Jungkook.”(34) Voomvoom, 3/19, Interview Where BTS Members Describe Each Others' Personalities!, “V: The first one to go to if you have a lot to say or a lot on your mind.”(35)(36) BTSfandom.com, BTS wiki, Jimin, “Noelle Devoe of Elite Daily wrote that he is often praised for his "smooth and elegant movements" as well as his charm on stage.”(37) Koreaboo.com, Valley, 1/20, 5 Times BTS’s V Went Viral With Locals On Social Media(38) http://Kpopvocalanalysis.com, Admin3, 2016, “Vocal Range: Eb2 ~ D6 (3 octaves, 5 notes and 1 semitone), Supported Range:C3 ~ C4/C#4, Voice Type: Baritone”.(39) Instagram post, Sonsungdeuk, 5/18,(40) Witapp.co, VLive clip, 12/19 post,(41) Vlivetv, JCBT Plus, 12/19, “When interviewed on Eight O'Clock News (SBS), V said, ‘I want to be like my father. Because I dreamed of being a singer, I learned to play instruments and chose saxophone. I studied in 3 years but I have not touched it for 8 years. I think if I didn't become a BTS member, I might have become a saxophonist.’”(42) Wordpress.com, doyoubangtan, BTS Translations, Scenery, 2018, “The landscape Taehyung sings of is lovely, but it is the way that he sees and experiences the landscape that is truly lovely. At its release, I said that this is the gentlest song I have ever heard, and that he reflects a love that holds through the night and into the dawn, in a manner of waiting that holds no expectation for anything in return. The first reason for this is the respectful way he speaks of the recipient. He uses the polite form rather than the informal. 그대 is a form of the second person singular ‘you’, but in a warm, oft romantic, sense that is used primarily in written texts such as poetry. That he would speak of a loved one in this way is precious, but that it also personifies the recipient, scenery, breathes life into it. Second, he wonders whether the scenery can be contained by him, but there is a reciprocity in the action, for he would like to allow his own feelings to be bottled by the park. Additionally, while he’s assured of his own actions, he leaves his recipient to make their own choice. As a result, I thought deeply how to best use language that reflected Taehyung’s careful wording. He wonders whether a scene can be ‘put in’ (‘담다’) via photo. In English, a photographer takes photos, captures images, shoots a scene. The choice of language is rough and stark; one that suggests a selfish grab-and-run sort of situation. This is surely not the way photographers perceive their work, (though it often is for the consumer), but the language depicts it that way. I didn’t want these connotations. I settled with the idea of ‘bottling’, which I still don’t like completely, for whatever’s inside is trapped unless someone uncorks it. However, we bottle a little bit of something to remember an event or place that was very special to us.”(43) K-POP HERALD, So-jeong, 2/19, 50 facts about Jungkook of BTS, “During his school days, he disliked all academic subjects but liked physical education, art and music.”(44) K-POP HERALD, So-jeong, 2/19, 50 facts about Jungkook of BTS, “Jungkook loves taking photos as well as editing videos. He once filmed a video about a trip he took with Jimin. He also released his own travel video series, titled G.C.F. (Golden Closet Films). The videos in the series were filmed in Japan and the US (both the mainland and Saipan).”(45) Amino Apps, DidsomeonesayBTS, 11/17, Jungkook, his Story, “Bang Si Hyuk was interviewed by OSEN in April 2017 and he revealed this about Jungkook’s predebut history: ‘Back when Jungkook was still a trainee, he wouldn’t sing when we tell him to, he would get shy and fidget around for 15 minutes. He even received a company evaluation asking how he planned to debut if he’s that shy. But now didn’t he become a beagle-like member?’”(46) http://Magazine.weverse.io, Kang, 11/20, BTS Comeback Interview, Jung Kook - I hope this feeling never fades, “I can be a shy person. When people used to ask me to sing, I couldn’t always do it—like in front of adults or teachers. And I’m still a bit like that. If I start thinking, “Oh, I can’t do this,” then I really end up not being able to do it. Even when I could have done well.”(47) http://Magazine.weverse.io, Kang, 11/20, BTS Comeback Interview, Jung Kook, “I never really liked having my picture taken. (laughs) I put my best face forward when it’s for something I have to do, like for photo books, but it’s still not easy. Videos are okay, though. And even though I’m not nervous at all when I sing in front of tens of thousands of people, if I have to sing or talk in front of a small group, I get super nervous. I never feel that way on stage, but maybe I have a hard time doing things that are a little bit awkward for me.”(48) Voomvoom, 3/19, Interview Where BTS Members Describe Each Others' Personalities!, “He has a lot of passion but it doesn't last long.”(49) Vlive, Army Salon translation, Jungkook, 9/18,(50) Home – Film Daily, Myrtil, 9/20, BTS quotes: All the most inspiring things said by our favorite boys, “‘Living without passion is like being dead.’– Jungkook”(51) Business Times - Business & Financial News, China & International Breaking News, Nava, 2/20, BTS Jungkook Says He Gave Up Some Things To ‘Repay’ ARMYs For Their Support, “Jungkook may be the maknae of BTS, but he is a tough guy physically and emotionally. However, when it comes to seeing his hyungs crying and wanting to make ARMYs happy, the BTS star always gets weak. Footage from the BTS 2020 Winter Package showed Jungkook reading his letter to ARMYs and he quickly became emotional. The singer, songwriter, and record producer tried to tough it out and even smiled at his members while they were teasing him when they noticed how red his ears were. RM then said, “His letter was the most sincere” — and that’s all it took for him to finally burst into tears.”(52) “DJBooth | The Authority in Hip Hop, Sang, 9/19, BTS’ Suga Keeps Shattering Expectations — and Social Norms, “Suga sees his music as a platform through which he and his bandmates can change the world. He once remarked during a press conference for Love Yourself: Her that “it isn’t a BTS album if there isn’t a track criticizing society.” This ethos is part of what makes BTS so unique; they strive to uplift the minds and spirits of their audience.”

Since Modi government has came into power, n number of schemes have been launched:Financial inclusion schemes:PM Jan Dhan Yojna: aims to provide basic bank account to every family with no minimum balance required. Also, to bring poor financially excluded people into banking system and to decrease corruption in govt. subsidy schemes. It also provides accidental insurance up to 1 lakh and medical Insurance cover of 30,000Social security related schemes:Pradhan Mantri Jeevan jyoti yojna: its a life Insurance scheme worth ₹ 2 lakh at just ₹ 330 per annum.Pradhan Mantri Suraksha Bima Yojna: its an accidental Insurance scheme worth ₹ 2 lakh at just ₹ 12 per annum for accidental death its ₹ 2 lakh and for partial disability- 1 lakh rupeesAtal pension yojna: it guarantees a minimum pension amount at the age of 60 to subscribers depending upon their contributions per month. Amount may range from 1000 to 5000 per month. Minimum contribution period should be 20 years.Urban Reform schemes:Smart cities scheme: Smart city will b equipped with basic infrastructure to give a decent quality of life, a clean and sustainable environment throughout application of some smart solutions. Its for rise of neo middle class who wants better civic amenities.2. AMRUT (Atal Mission for Rejuvenation and Urban Transformation): In this 500 cities selected to develop civic infrastructure. Few capital cities, important cities loated in hilly areas and islands and tourist areas are selected.3. HRIDAY ( Heritage City Development and Augmentation Yojna): to preserve and rejuvenate the rich cultural heritage of the country. 12 heritage cities had been identified. Aim is to bring urban planning, economic growth and heritage conservation for heritage cities.4. PRASAD (National Mission on Pilgrimage Rejuvenation and Spiritual Augmentation Drive) : Aims to create spiritual centres for tourism development within the nation. 12 cities have been identified.5. Swadesh Darshan: Aim is to develop theme based tourist circuit. It should be insured that none of them are in same town, village or city but are not separated by a long distance too.6. Rurban Mission: seeks to develop smart village on the line of smart cities and reduce the burden of migration to the cities through adopting cluster approach.Farmer centric schemes:Deen Dyal Upadhyaya Gram Jyoti Yojna: To provide round the clock power supply in Rural areas.2. DD Kisan: India first television chanel dedicated to farmers have been launched to provide onputs new farming techniques water conservation and prganic farming .It will include quiz shows farmers , a bottoms up approach involving agriculturists .This will provide real time interaction with time and farm scientists.3. Soil health card scheme: it aims to help farmers to improve the productivity of farms by providing them basic information for use of nutrients or fertilizers .the card careies crop wise recommendations of fertilizer that are required for farm lands and it also help farmers identify health of soil and judiciously use soil nutrients4. Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchai Yojna: it is a proposed scheme by the government of India which envisages connecting the irrigation system’s three crucial components - the field application , water sources & distribution network for optimal usage. it also envisage interlinking of perennial rivers to avoid drought and flood situations.5. Pradhan mantri Fasal Bima yojna: it aims to reduce the premium rates to be paid by the farmers so as to enable more farmers avail insurance cover against crop loss on account of natural calamities.Education related shemes:DIKSHA portal: for providing digital platform to teachers to make their lifestyle more digital. This will provide online/offline training to teachers, students and teacher educatorsYUYA: it aims to connect with youth by upgrading their skill as per their competencies.JIGYASA: student-scientist connect programme. Under this programme CSIR (Council of Scientific and industrial Research ) has joined hands with Kendriya Vidyalaya Sangathan. The focus is on connecting schools students and scientists so as to extend student’s classroom learning with that of a very well planned research laboratory based learning. This programme will connect 1151 kendriya Vidyalayas with 38 national laboratories of CSIR and will target 10,000 students and teachers every year.SWAYAM: Its an indigenously designed massive open online course ( MOOC), it will host all the courses, taught in classrooms from 9th class till post graduation and can be accessed by anyone, anywhere at any time. It aims to bridge the digital divide for students in e-Education.SWAYAM PRABHA: it will provide high quality educational contents, developed by experts, through 32 DTH (direct to home) television channels with an aim to bring uniformity in standards of education. It will cover diverse topics of all levels of education in various languages.National Academic Depository: it will directly integrate with boards/ universities which issue certificates which will be verified, authenticated, accessed and retrieved in a digital depository for purpose of employment, higher education and loansNational Digital library: its a online library containing 6.5 million books in English and the Indian languages.Deen Dayal SPARSH Yojna: stands for Scholarship for promotion of aptitudes and research in stamps as a hobby. It is proposed to award 920 scholarships to students pursuing philately as a hobby. Amount of scholarship would be 6000 per annumEklavya schools will be established for schedule tribe students by 2022 on the lines of Navodhya schools. Though its an old scheme but the government has signalled in budget 2018 that it wants to expand the scope.RISE: Revitalising Infrastructure and Systems in Education scheme. It aims to lend low cost funds to government higher educational institutions.PMRF (Prime ministe’s Research Fellows scheme): This scheme will help tapping talent pool of country for carrying out research indigenously in cutting edge science and technology domains. Under this scheme, 1000 best students who have completed or in final year of B.tech or integrated M.tech or M. Sc in science and technology streams from IISc/ IITs/ NITs/ IISERs/IITs will be offered direct admission in PhD programme in the IITs/IISc. In this, govt. will provide fellowship of Rs. 70,000 per month fornthe first two years, Rs. 75,000 per month for 3rd year and Rs. 80,000 per month in 4th and 5th year.Beti Bachao Beti Padhao yojna: it aims at promoting gender equality and educating girl child.E-basta: created a framework to make school books accessible in digital form as e-books. Books can be read on laptops, tablets and mobiles. It will bring various publishers and schools together on one platform.Padho pradesh yojna: Its a scheme of interest subsidy on educational loan for overseas studies. It assists the students belonging to poor and minority community to acquire loan for subsidised interest rates.Flagship missions:Make In India: to make India a manufacturing hub and to create 100 million jobs and skill enhancement in 25 sectors of economy. Enhancing service sector is also covered under this mission.2. Digital India Mission: to transform the country into a digitally empowered knowledge economy. To create participative, transparent and responsive government. Digital india mission has 9 pilliars:Broadband highwaysInformation for allUniversal mobile accessPublic internet access programmeElectronics manufacturing: target net zero importsEarly harvest programmesE- kranti: electronic delivery of servicesIT for jobsE- Governance: reforming government through technology3. Swachh Bharat mission: its a massive mass movement that seeks to create a clean india by 2019. It aims atElimination of open defecationConversion of insanitary toilets to pour flush toiletsEradication of manual scavenging100 % collection and scientific processing/ disposal/reuse/recycling of municipal solid wasteA behavioral change in people regarding healthy sanitation practicesSupporting urban local bodies in designing, executing and operating waste disposal systems4. Namami Gange Project or Namami Ganga Yojana: is an ambitious Union Government project which integrates the efforts to clean and protect the Ganga river in a comprehensive manner. This will cover 8 states, 47 towns and 12 rivers. Rivers covered are: Ganga, Yamuna, Gomti, Damodar, Mahananda, Ramganga, Beehar, Chambal, Khan, Shipra, Betwa and Mandakini.Innovation and entrepreneurship schemes:Start up india: Through the Startup India initiative, Government of India promotes entrepreneurship by mentoring, nurturing and facilitating startups throughout their life cycle. Since its launch in January 2016, the initiative has successfully given a head start to numerous aspiring entrepreneurs. With a 360 degree approach to enable startups, the initiative provides a comprehensive four-week free online learning program, has set up research parks, incubators and startup centres across the country by creating a strong network of academia and industry bodies. More importantly, a ‘Fund of Funds’ has been created to help startups gain access to funding.2. Atal Innovation Mission: It is a Government of India’s endeavour to promote a culture of innovation and entrepreneurship, and it serves as a platform for promotion of world-class Innovation Hubs, Grand Challenges, start-up businesses and other self-employment activities, particularly in technology driven areas. In order to foster curiosity, creativity and imagination right at the school, AIM recently launched Atal Tinkering Labs (ATL) across India. ATLs are workspaces where students can work with tools and equipment to gain hands-on training in the concepts of STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering and Math). Atal Incubation Centres (AICs) are another programme of AIM created to build innovative start-up businesses as scalable and sustainable enterprises. AICs provide world class incubation facilities with appropriate physical infrastructure in terms of capital equipment and operating facilities. These incubation centres, with a presence across India, provide access to sectoral experts, business planning support, seed capital, industry partners and trainings to encourage innovative start-ups.3. Stand Up India: to support entrepreneurship among women and SC and ST4. MUDRA - Micro Units Development and Refinance Agnecy: Pradhan Mantri MUDRA Yojana (PMMY) is a scheme launched by the Hon’ble Prime Minister on April 8, 2015 for providing loans upto 10 lakh to the non-corporate, non-farm small/micro enterprises. These loans are classified as MUDRA loans under PMMY. These loans are given by Commercial Banks, RRBs, Small Finance Banks, Cooperative Banks, MFIs and NBFCs. The borrower can approach any of the lending institutions mentioned above or can apply online through this portal. Under the aegis of PMMY, MUDRA has created three products namely 'Shishu', 'Kishore' and 'Tarun' to signify the stage of growth / development and funding needs of the beneficiary micro unit / entrepreneur and also provide a reference point for the next phase of graduation / growth.Schemes under Skill India Mission :Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Grameen Kaushalya Yojna: aims to give training to rural youths for jobs. Minimum age for entry is 15 years. Its complementing PM’s Make in India campaign.PM Kaushal Vikas Yojana (PMKVY): aims to provide skills training to youth across the country. It includes class 10th and 12th drop outs.Nai Manzil scheme: to enable students of madrasas to cope up with the contemporary education system and provide them skill training so that they could earn their living once they move out of madrasahUSTTAD ( Upgrading Skill and Training in Traditional Arts/crafts for development) to conserve traditional arts/crafts and build capacity of artisans and craftsmen belonging to minority communities.Nai - roshni scheme: a leadership training program for womenManas: for upgrading entrepreneurial skills of minority youthsSeekho aur Kamao (Learn and Earn): central sector scheme for skill Development of minorities.Schemes related to women:Beti Bachao Beti Bhadao: discussed aboveSukanya samridhi yojna: Sukanya Samriddhi Yojana (SSY) is a small deposit scheme for the girl child launched as a part of the 'Beti Bachao Beti Padhao' campaign. It is currently 8.1 per cent and provides income-tax benefit.A Sukanya Samriddhi Account can be opened any time after the birth of a girl till she turns 10, with a minimum deposit of Rs 1,000. A maximum of Rs 1.5 lakh can be deposited during the ongoing financial year.The account can be opened in any post office or authorised branches of commercial banks.The account will remain operative for 21 years from the date of its opening or till the marriage of the girl after she turns 18.To meet the requirement of her higher education expenses, partial withdrawal of 50 per cent of the balance is allowed after she turns 18.3. One Stop Crisis Centre: Ministry of Women and Child Development has formulated a scheme for operationalization of minimum 100 pilot projects of One Stop Crisis Centres (OSCCs), a specialized facility for providing all necessary services for women victims/ survivors of violence, in urban areas having population of more than 5 lakh, identified by the States for implementation during the remaining years of the 12th Plan. These Centres will be attached to the District Hospitals of the State Governments.4. SWADHAR - A scheme for women in difficult circumstances: to provide primary need of shelter, food, clothing and care to the marginalised women/ girls living in difficult circumstances who are without any social and economic support. Also, to provide emotional support and counselling to such women.5. STEP - Support to Training and Employment Programme for Women:STEP was launched by the Government of India’s Ministry of Women and Child Development to train women with no access to formal skill training facilities, especially in rural India. The Ministry of Skill Development & Entrepreneurship and NITI Aayog recently redrafted the Guidelines of the 30-year-old initiative to adapt to present-day needs. The initiative reaches out to all Indian women above 16 years of age. The programme imparts skills in several sectors such as agriculture, horticulture, food processing, handlooms, traditional crafts like embroidery, travel and tourism, hospitality, computer and IT services.6. UJJAWALA scheme: to prevent trafficking of women and children for commercial sexual exploitation. It works on 4 R appoach :RescueRehabilitationReintegrationRepatriationInfrastructure related schemes:Sagarmala project: Sagar Mala project is a strategic and customer-oriented ₹8 trillion (US$120 billion or €100 billion) investment initiative of the Government of India entailing setting up of 6+ mega ports, modernization of several dozen more ports, development of 14+ Coastal Economic Zones and at least 29 Coastal Economic Units, development of mines, industrial corridors, rail, road and airport linkages with these water ports, resulting in US$110 billion export revenue growth, generation of 150,000 direct jobs and several times more indirect jobs. It aims to modernize India's Ports so that port-led development can be augmented and coastlines can be developed to contribute in India's growth. It also aims for "transforming the existing Ports into modern world class Ports and integrate the development of the Ports, the Industrial clusters and hinterland and efficient evacuation systems through road, rail, inland and coastal waterways resulting in Ports becoming the drivers of economic activity in coastal areas."Bharatmala project: is a centrally-sponsored and funded road and highways project of the Government of India. The project will build highways from Gujarat and Rajasthan, move to Punjab and then cover the entire string of Himalayan states - Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand - and then portions of borders of Uttar Pradesh and Bihar alongside Terai, and move to West Bengal , Sikkim, Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, and right up to the Indo-Myanmar border in Manipur and Mizoram. Special emphasis will be given on providing connectivity to far-flung border and rural areas including the tribal and backward areas.Setu Bharatam Project: It aims to make all national highways free from railway level crossing by 2019 to ensure road safety.Green highways policy 2015 - to develop eco friendly National Highways with participation of the community, farmers, NGO’s, private sector, institutions, government agencies and the forest department.Gold schemes:Gold monetisation scheme: Gold monetisation scheme is like a gold savings account. You would generally keep your gold without any security at home or store it in bank lockers by paying a maintenance fee. But instead of that, you could keep your gold in any form in a Gold Monetisation Scheme account and earn interest as the price of the precious metal goes up. Also, You do not have to pay capital gains tax on the profits made through the gold monetisation scheme. The capital gains are also exempt from wealth tax and income tax.The Gold Monetisation Scheme is a great opportunity for big Indian households to make profits from the old jewellery lying in bank lockers and at the bottom of safe deposit boxes. Companies, trusts, jewelleries and individuals who have a hoard of gold can also use this scheme to monetise their precious metal. But do not forget that your jewellery will not come back to you in the same form as you put them in – you get the returns in the form of money or gold coins and bars that you can later encash.2. Sovereign Gold Bond : SGBs are government securities denominated in grams of gold. They are substitutes for holding physical gold. Investors have to pay the issue price in cash and the bonds will be redeemed in cash on maturity. The Bond is issued by Reserve Bank on behalf of Government of India.3. Indian gold coin: • The coin will be the 1st ever National gold coin minted in India and will have the National Emblem of Ashok Chakra engraved on one side and Mahatma Gandhi on the other side .• Initially the coins will be available in denominations of 5 and 10 grams; later a 20 gram bullion will also be available through MMTC outlets.Advantages• It would provide gold coins of maximum possible purity and check the supply of counterfeit or adulterated gold sold by jewelers.• While it may not address people looking forward to buy jewellery, but people who buy gold coins for investment purposes can buy these, if they are still reluctant about the Gold bond scheme.• Physical gold coins are more liquid resource compared to gold bonds, as perceived by many people in India.Labour reform schemes:5 labour reform schemes have been launched for the youth, workers and employers to improve ease of business for enterprises while expanding government support to impart skill training for workers.A. Shram suvidha portalB. Random Inspection SchemeC. Universal Account NumberD. Apprentice Protsahan YojnaE. Revamped Rashtriya Swasthya Bima YojnaSchemes for Banking Reforms:Indradhanush plan for Revamp of Public Sector Banks: The strategy, Indradhanush (rainbow), focuses on systemic changes in state-run lenders, including a fresh look at hiring, a comprehensive plan to de-stress bloated lenders, capital infusion, accountability incentives with higher rewards including Stock Options and cleaning up governance.The 7 Elements includes:a. Appointmentsb. Bank of Board Bureauc. Capitalizationd. De-Stressing Public Sector Bankse. Empowermentf. Framework of accountabilityg.Governance Reforms2. Gyan Sangam : Gyan Sangam is the meet of various banks, financial institutions and insurance companies in order to discuss for enhancing the digitisation of the banking system in India and ways to increase the use of Artificial Intelligence (AI) systems and big data analytics in the banking & financial services industry in India.3. Bankruptcy and Insolvency Code: The Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code, 2016 (IBC) is the bankruptcy law of India which seeks to consolidate the existing framework by creating a single law for insolvency and bankruptcy.The code could ensure quicker resolution of NPA (Non- performing Assets) problems, especially in PSU banks. In fact, the Financial Stability Report issued by RBI in 2015 indicates that corporate sector vulnerabilities and the impact of their weak balance sheets on the financial system needs closer monitoring. The time-bound insolvency resolution process would definitely help the financial services industry function better.Bankruptcy laws accept that business ventures can fail and allow entrepreneurs to make a new start. While facilitating failed firms to wind up painlessly, the code can pave the way to resurrection also.Schemes for sports:Revamped Khelo India: this marks a watershed moment in the history of Indian sports, as the programme aims at mainstreaming sport as a tool for individual development, community development and national development. Under this scheme, each selected athlete shall receive an annual scholarship worth ₹5 lakh for 8 consecutive years.National Sports Talent Search Portal: to unearth sporting talent from every nook and corner. The portal will be also available as smartphone application. Using this portal, a child or his parents, coaches or teachers can upload their biodata or video on the portal.Schemes for household:SAUBHAGYA: Pradhan Mantri Sahaj Bijli Har Ghar Yojana: to ensure electrificationof all willing households in the country in rural as well as urban areas here today.National Nutrition Strategy: NITI AYOG has launched this scheme aiming at Kuposhan Mukt BharatNational Rural Drinking Water Program Continuation and Restructuring : aim is to provide every rural person with adequate safe water for drinking, cooking and other basic domestic needs on a sustainable basis, with a minimum water quality standard, which should be conveniently accessible at all times and in all situations. Though this was already under NRDWP Started in 2009, Union cabinet has accorded its approval for continuation and restructuring.KUSUM SCHEME: The scheme will work towards promoting solar power production a.k.a. solar farming up to 28,250 MW to help farmers.KEY FACTS ABOUT THE KUSUM SCHEMEKUSUM scheme will provide 1.75 million off-grid agricultural solar pumpsIt will build 10,000 MW solar plants on barren lands for solar farmingFarmers will be given a chance to earn extra income if they help produce additional power by setting up solar power project on their barren landThe energy produced by the farmers on their barren land will be bought by the state electricity distribution companies (DISCOMS)The scheme is likely to decrease the consumption of diesel in the agriculture sector (used in pumps)KUSUM scheme also includes the distribution of 17.5 lakh solar pumps for which 60 per cent subsidy will be given to the farmers.Scheme for Fisherman:Sagar Vani project: is an integrated information dissemination system that will serve the coastal community, especially the fisherman community with the advisories and alerts towards livelihood as well as their safety at seaHealth related schemes:Mission indradhanush and then Intensified Mission Indradhanush: “Let no child suffer from any vaccine-preventable disease". This was stated by Prime Minister Shri Narendra Modi as he launched the Intensified Mission Indradhanush (IMI) at Vadnagar in Gujarat, today. Through this programme, Government of India aims to reach each and every child under two years of age and all those pregnant women who have been left uncovered under the routine immunisation programme. The special drive will focus on improving immunization coverage in select districts and cities to ensure full immunization to more than 90% by December 2018. The achievement of full immunisation under Mission Indradhanush to at least 90% coverage was to be achieved by 2020 earlier. With the launch of IMI, achievement of the target has now been advancedAyushman Bharat project: The Government today announced two major initiatives in health sector , as part of Ayushman Bharat programme. The Union Minister for Finance and Corporate Affairs, Shri Arun Jaitely while presenting the General Budget 2018-19 in Parliament here today said that this was aimed at making path breaking interventions to address health holistically, in primary, secondary and tertiary care systems, covering both prevention and health promotion.The initiatives are as follows:-(i) Health and Wellness Centre:- The National Health Policy, 2017 has envisioned Health and Wellness Centres as the foundation of India’s health system. Under this 1.5 lakh centres will bring health care system closer to the homes of people. These centres will provide comprehensive health care, including for non-communicable diseases and maternal and child health services. These centres will also provide free essential drugs and diagnostic services. The Budget has allocated Rs.1200 crore for this flagship programme. Contribution of private sector through CSR and philanthropic institutions in adopting these centres is also envisaged.(ii) National Health Protection Scheme:- The second flagship programme under Ayushman Bharat is National Health Protection Scheme, which will cover over 10 crore poor and vulnerable families (approximately 50 crore beneficiaries) providing coverage upto 5 lakh rupees per family per year for secondary and tertiary care hospitalization. This will be the world’s largest government funded health care programme. Adequate funds will be provided for smooth implementation of this programme.Other schemes:Ajeevika Grameen Express Yojna: to provide an alternative source of livelihood to members of Self Help Group (SHGs). This scheme has been launched under Deendayal Antyodaya Yojna - National Rural Livelihoods Mission (DAY - NRLM). This scheme will facilitate them to operate public transport services in background rural areas.PENCIL PORTAL - Platform for Effective Enforcement for No Child Labour: its an electronic platform that aims at involving Centre, State, District, Governments, civil society and general public in achieving the target of child labour free society.It encompasses various components- Child Tracking System, Complaint Corner, State Government, National Child Labour Project and Convergence. Each district will nominate District Nodal Officers (DNOs) who will receive the complaints. Within 48 hours of receiving complaints, DNOs will check genuineness of complaint and take rescue measures in coordination with police, if complaint is genuine. So far, 7 states have appointed DNOs.3. National Biopharma Mission: this is an Industry- Academia Mission to accelerate bio pharmaceutical development in India.4. VAJRA - Visiting Advanced Joint Research : this scheme enables NRIs and oversees scientific community to participate and contribute to research and development in India.5: Test and Treat Policy for HIV patients: Test-and-treat is an intervention strategy in which the population at risk is screened for HIV infection and diagnosed HIV infected individuals receive early treatment, aiming to eliminate HIV as it reduces the rate of spreading the virus to other people.6. DIGITAL POLICE PORTAL: will enable citizens to register FIRs online and the portal will initially offer seven public delivery services in all states and UTs like person and address verification e.g. of employees, tenants, nurses etc, permission for hosting Public Events, Lost and Found Articles and Vehicle theft etc.It will provide investigator the complete record history of any criminal from anywhere across the country.7. Nationwide campaign - Gaj yatra: A nationwide campaign to protect elephants on the occasion of World Elephant Day.8. SHE BOX portal: The Minister of Women & Child Development, Smt Maneka Sanjay Gandhi launched an online complaint management system titled Sexual Harassment electronic–Box (SHe-Box) for registering complaints related to sexual harassment at workplace in New Delhi today. The complaint management system has been developed to ensure the effective implementation of Sexual Harassment of Women at Workplace (Prevention, Prohibition and Redressal) Act (the SH Act), 2013.This portal is an initiative to provide a platform to women working or visiting any office of Central Government (Central Ministries, Departments, Public Sector Undertakings, Autonomous Bodies and Institutions etc.) to file complaints related to sexual harassment at workplace under the SH Act. Those who had already filed a written complaint with the concerned Internal Complaint Committee (ICC) constituted under the SH Act are also eligible to file their complaint through this portal. The SHe-Box portal can be accessed at the link given below:http://www.wcd-sh.nic.in9. Sankalp and strive schemes:STRIVE scheme: will incentivize ITIs to improve overall performance including apprenticeship by involving SMEs (Small Scale Enterprises), business association and industry clusters. It will develop robust mechanism for delivering quality skill development training by strengthening institutions- National Skill Development Corporation (NSDC), State Skill Development Missions (SSDMs), Sector Skill Councils, ITIs and National Skill Development Agency (NSDA) etc.It will support universalization of National Skills Qualification Framework (NSQF) including National Quality Assurance Framework (NQAF) across skill development schemes. It will provide required push to National Skill Development Mission 2015 and its various sub missions. It is also aligned to flagship Government programs such as Make in India and Swachhta Abhiyan.SANKALP scheme : envisages setting up of Trainers and Assessors academies with self-sustainable models. Over 50 such academies are to be set up in priority sectors. It will leverage institutions for trainingtrainers in both long and short term VET thereby bringing about convergence. Additional trainer academies will also be set up.It will focus on greater decentralization in skill planning by institutional strengthening at State level which includes setting up of SSDMs and allow states to come up with State and District level Skill Development Plans (SSDPDSDP).It also aims at enhancement of inclusion of underprivileged and marginalized communities including women, Scheduled Castes (SCs)/Schedule Tribes (STs) and Persons with Disabilities (PWD). It will also develop a skilling ecosystem that will support the country’s rise in Ease of Doing Business index.10. Anti Narcotics Scheme: aims to combat illicit trafficking in drugs and psychotropic substance. The purpose is to assist state governments and UTs which are contributing in controlling the inter-state and cross border drug trafficking.11. Atal Bhujal Yojna: to tackle ever-deepening crisis of depleting groundwater level12. Gobar-Dhan yojna: the solid waste and cattle dung will be composed into useful elements such as Bio-CNG and Bio-gas.13. National Bamboo Mission: The Mission would ensure holistic development of the bamboo sector by addressing complete value chain and establishing effective linkage of producers (farmers) with industry.Beneficiaries:The scheme will benefit directly and indirectly the farmers as well as local artisans and associated personnels engaged in bamboo sector including associated industries. Since it is proposed to bring about one lakh ha area under plantation, it is expected that about one lakh farmers would be directly benefitted in terms of plantation.States/ districts covered:The Mission will focus on development of bamboo in limited States where it has social, commercial and economical advantage, particularly in the North Eastern region and States including Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Chhattisgarh, Odisha, Karnataka, Uttarakhand, Bihar, Jharkhand, Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Gujarat, Tamil Nadu and Kerala.The Mission is expected to establish about 4000 treatment/ product development units and bring more than 100000 ha area under plantation.Impact:Bamboo plantation will contribute to optimizing farm productivity and income thereby enhancing livelihood opportunities of small & marginal farmers including landless and women as well as provide quality material to industry. Thus, the Mission will not only serve as a potential instrument for enhancing income of farmers but also contributing towards climate resilience and environmental benefits. The Mission will also help in creating employment generation directly or indirectly in both skilled and unskilled segments.14. Secure Himalaya project:The Union Government had launched SECURE Himalaya, a six-year project to ensure conservation of locally and globally significant biodiversity, land and forest resources in high Himalayan ecosystem spread over four states viz. Himachal Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir, Uttarakhand and Sikkim.Key FactsThe SECURE project aims at securing livelihoods, conservation, sustainable use and restoration of high range Himalayan ecosystems. It is meant for specific landscapes including Changthang (Jammu and Kasmir), Lahaul – Pangi and Kinnaur (Himachal Pradesh), Gangotri – Govind and Darma – Byans Valley in Pithoragarh (Uttarakhand) and Kanchenjunga – Upper Teesta Valley (Sikkim).The key focus areas of the project is protection of snow leopard and other endangered species and their habitats and also securing livelihoods of people in region and enhancing enforcement to reduce wildlife crime. Under it, enhanced enforcement efforts and monitoring will be undertaken to curb illegal trade in some medicinal and aromatic plants which are among most threatened species in these landscapes.15. Operation Greens: aims to promote farmer producers organisations, agri-logistics, processing facilities and professional management. The operation aims to aid farmers and help control and limit the erratic fluctuations in the prices of onions, potatoes and tomatoes.