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The Great EmancipatorIt seems that for Abraham Lincoln, the terms “equality” and “civil rights” were not terms with absolute meanings. As a lawyer, Lincoln was focused on Constitutional and legal interpretations. Equality under the law meant something far different than the parity due to a fellow human being. Civil rights are defined as those that are conferred upon someone by virtue of citizenship. Prior to and during the Civil War, whether slaves could be considered citizens of the United States was debated at the time. The concept that slaves might have the right to due process under the law was also hotly discussed.One of the most fascinating aspects about Abraham Lincoln is his evolution from backwoods lawyer to the Great Emancipator. It seems clear from the readings this week that his perception about the need to abolish slavery was present even as a young man. However, his belief about the best manner in which this was to be achieved evolved and changed over time. McPherson reports that in the late 1850’s, Lincoln made over 175 speeches in which the central tenant was the need to prevent the expansion of slavery into the territories. Let us not forget that Lincoln was not just a lawyer, he was also a politician who wanted to be elected and reelected. Lincoln was also a pragmatist. He knew from observing the outcomes of elections that those who were adamantly pro-slavery instantly alienated those who were abolitionists and vice versa. In his letter to Williamson Durley in 1845, Lincoln asks, “If the fruit of electing Mr. Clay would have been to prevent the extension of slavery, could the act of electing been evil?” Durley refused to vote for a slaveholder regardless of his political affiliation. Lincoln points out in his letter that even those whose beliefs are different from our own can achieve good. In a time of fierce and sometimes violent expression of political differences, Lincoln was adroit in navigating the area between radicalism and conservatism.In 1857, the Supreme Court declared that Scott, or indeed any slave or descendent of a slave, had no rights and could not sue in a Federal Court and must remain a slave. Lincoln disapproved of this ruling. During his early career as a lawyer, Lincoln had a few free, black neighbors. He even represented a black woman in a criminal trial and helped three individuals escape convictions for harboring fugitive slaves. In his famous “A House Divided” speech, Lincoln refers to the Dred Scott decision stating, “I believe this government cannot endure, permanently half slave and half free. I do not expect the Union to be dissolved---I do not expect the house to fall---but I do expect it will cease to be divided. It will become all one thing, or all the other.” At the time, some interpreted this as a radical statement predicting armed conflict while Lincoln claimed he was referring to the extension of slavery into the territories. In a time fraught with emotions and extremists, Lincoln’s moderation seemed to baffle and annoy some of his contemporaries.James Oakes states that “Lincoln was cautiously egalitarian during the 1850s and unambiguously so during his presidency.” Lincoln believed that his strongest chance to be elected lay in being the candidate that appealed to the most people…or at least had offended the fewest. Nevertheless, Oakes points out that Stephen Douglas was among those who were “frustrated” by the inconsistency of Lincoln’s stance on slavery. Douglas accused Lincoln of a chameleon like attitude by espousing “negro equality” in the North but not conveying that same message in areas where it was unpopular. That ambivalence was also seen in 1861 when he revoked the emancipation of slaves in Missouri that General Fremont had authorized. Lincoln’s objection came not from a desire to perpetuate slavery. Instead, Lincoln feared that he would lose the goodwill of those loyal slave states. There were bitter complaints about this decision but Lincoln held firm. Lincoln saw the big picture; to lose the war would result in the fracturing of the Union. Lincoln did not falter in his belief that slavery was an evil that must be annihilated, he just believed that if the Union fell, slavery could easily continue for another generation or two. Lincoln knew the best chance to end slavery was the preservation of the Union.In his letter to Albert Hodges in 1864, Lincoln declares that he has always thought slavery was wrong. Lincoln also states that he did not believe he could act upon his personal preference by writing, “And yet I have never understood that the Presidency conferred upon me an unrestricted right to act officially upon this judgment and feeling. It was in the oath I took that I would, to the best of my ability, preserve, protect, and defend the Constitution of the United States. I could not take the office without taking the oath. Nor was it my view that I might take an oath to get power, and break the oath in using the power.” Lincoln believed in the Constitution even if he did not always agree with its interpretation. Lincoln seemed to have believed that if slavery could be contained, it would cease to exist naturally. Lincoln never wavered from his determination to preserve the Union.As the war continued, it became evident to Lincoln that it must also become a war to end slavery. Lincoln wanted to prevent foreign powers from intervening on the side of the Confederacy. Burlingame recounts that two envoys from the Confederacy were on a diplomatic mission to England on a British vessel when the Union Captain Charles Wilkes boarded their ship and seized them. A diplomatic incident ensued that could have moved England from her neutral stance concerning the Civil War. Fortunately, cooler heads on both sides of the Atlantic prevailed. However, Lincoln could no longer set aside concerns about the South receiving help from a foreign government. Had that occurred, the South might have won the war. Lincoln judged the time right to present his Emancipation Proclamation after the Union had won some battles and public opinion was more upbeat.To be able to state that the only purpose of the Emancipation Proclamation was to free all the slaves in the United States would be ideal. Unfortunately, that would ignore the political realities of the time. Lincoln needed more soldiers and he astutely realized that freed black slaves would join the Union army to fight for their cause. Lincoln wanted to prevent European powers from entering the war on the side of the Confederacy. Declaring the Civil War a struggle for the eradication of slavery ensured that would not happen. That the abolition of slavery would be accomplished as well was an additional benefit. Lincoln was perceptive enough to wait for the best opportunity. The fact that some areas were exempt from the Proclamation and that its date of execution was three months in advance led some to deride and condemn it. The slaves viewed it as their golden ticket to freedom.Lincoln has received some negative press because he did not immediately and wholeheartedly come out and declare himself an abolitionist and work toward that end his entire life. His idea of repatriation of former slaves was not well received by free black men and his initial determination to compensate slave owners was regarded as too meager in the South and inappropriate in the North. Eventually, Lincoln abandoned both the ideas of compensation and repatriation as unfeasible. By the end of the war, he was firmly and enthusiastically behind the emancipation of slaves. Allen C. Guelzo writes, “Most important, there is every evidence that, as the early DuBois acknowledged, Lincoln understood that emancipation inevitably entailed citizenship and civil equality for blacks.” Whatever Lincoln believed as a young man, by the end of his life, he fully supported not only emancipation for the slaves but civil liberties also. Lincoln did not live to help with Reconstruction and we do not know how far he would have gone to create protections for civil equality for former slaves.The essays by Allen C. Guelzo and Phillip Shaw Paludan provide examples from Lincoln’s life that have been interpreted as indifference to the suffering of slaves or as outright racist actions. Guelzo traces the gradual transformation in attitude in African Americans from idealizing Lincoln to distain. There is no question that the road to civil rights in America was entirely too long and far too many abuses occurred. Claiming ownership for progress is the right for all who worked for it. Paludan dissects the historical evidence to discover Lincoln’s feelings toward slaves and slavery. Lincoln was a complex and private man and those feelings are difficult to discern—especially over 100 years later. I believe Lincoln was justifiably proud of his accomplishments and that he deserves to be called the Great Emancipator. That he was also a flawed and imperfect human being does not detract from what he achieved. Paludan sums it up nicely when he states:"In a practical sense, it didn't matter if Lincoln had the heart of William Lloyd Garrison or of a southern Whig. He didn't have to feel or display deep feelings from his aching heart. Or even do the right thing for the right reason. The fact remains that Lincoln helped create a party that challenged the South and its institution; he preserved a Union that depended on freedom; and step-by-step throughout his presidency he expanded the domain of freedom for slaves. No one in his generation was more effective in doing that—whether warmhearted sympathetic abolitionist or devotee of the rule of law, the constitution, and the nation's best ideals. Black people, slaves especially, would have been glad if Lincoln felt their pain. But my guess is that, given a choice, they were happier that he freed them."We do not need to deify Lincoln but neither do we need to diminish nor demonize him. Lincoln never claimed to be a saint nor denied that he was a sinner. In the 21st century, it seems inconceivable that there could have been any ambivalence toward slavery or civil liberties for citizens of any race or creed. In the 19th century, it was a real and pressing issue. Lincoln learned and grew throughout his life. As he acquired more information and experiences, his attitudes evolved. He did not start out as the Great Emancipator, but in the end, he became ours.Works CitedBurlingame, M. (2008). Abraham Lincoln: A Life (2 volumes, originally published by Johns Hopkins University Press, 2008) Unedited Manuscript By Chapter, Lincoln Studies Center, Volume 2, Chapter 24 (PDF), pp. 2636-2654.Guelzo, Allen C. (2004). How Abe Lincoln Lost the Black Vote: Lincoln and Emancipation in the African American Mind, Journal of the Abraham Lincoln Association 25 (Winter), How Abe Lincoln Lost the Black Vote: Lincoln and Emancipation in the African American MindLincoln, A. (1858, June 16). [A House Divided Speech]. House Divided(Abraham Lincoln, "A House Divided'': Speech, Springfield, Illinois, June 16, 1858). Civil War Research Engine at DickinsonCollege.Lincoln, A. (1864, April 4). [Letter to Albert G. Hodges]. House Divided (Abraham Lincoln to Albert G. Hodges, April 4, 1864). Civil War Research Engine at Dickinson College.Lincoln, A. (1845, October 3). [Letter to Williamson Durley]. House Divided (Abraham Lincoln to Williamson Durley, Springfield, Illinois, October 3, 1845). Civil War Research Engine at Dickinson College.McPherson, J. M. (2009).Abraham Lincoln. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.Miller, R. M. (Ed.). (2012). Lincoln and Leadership: Military, Political, and Religious Decision Making. New York: Fordham UP. Print. New York, United States of America: Fordham University Press.

Fairleigh Dickinson University is ranked among the best universities in the North region by U.S. News & World Report’s Best Colleges 2018. The University was also ranked by U.S. News number 22 in Best Value Schools.Fairleigh Dickinson University is ranked among “America’s Best Colleges” by Forbes magazine (2017).FDU is listed among the top U.S. colleges in the Wall Street Journal/Times Higher Education rankings (2018).The University is ranked among the top regional universities in the northern United States (number 21) by the independent college search and rankings website College Choice (2016).According to Money magazine, Fairleigh Dickinson University ranks number 5 in the nation for “The 50 Colleges That Add the Most Value” list. FDU also was rated fourth in New Jersey on Money’s “Best Colleges For Your Money” list. (2017)FDU’s Florham Campus was named a “hidden gem” by the college planning website College Raptor. (2018)Silberman College of Business is ranked among “The Best 267 Business Schools” by Princeton Review (2018 edition).FDU’s International School of Hospitality and Tourism Management is ranked number six on TheBestSchools.org: Finding the best school for you. list of the nation’s top hospitality programs (2016). The school also was rated by the Princeton Review’s “Gourman Report” as one of the top 15 four-year hospitality management programs in the United States and by Main - Successful Student as number six on its list of the top 25 best hospitality colleges nationwide (2016). The school also was named among the “Top 50 in the World” (number 11) in a survey conducted by CEOWORLD Magazine (2015).Fairleigh Dickinson University is ranked in U.S. News & World Report’s Best Undergraduate Business Programs and Best Undergraduate Engineering Programs (2018).Fairleigh Dickinson University’s graduate programs in nursing, clinical psychology and psychology are ranked among the best in the country by U.S. News & World Report’s Grad School Rankings (2018).Fairleigh Dickinson University was named a “Military Friendly School” by Victory Media (2016). FDU was also named among the Best Colleges for Veterans by US News and World Report (2018). In addition, Fairleigh Dickinson University was ranked by College Factual among the top 20 nationally and the best in New Jersey for veterans studying liberal arts and general studies (2017).According to the Equality of Opportunity Project report on the role of colleges in intergenerational mobility (2017), Fairleigh Dickinson University was ranked near the top among universities in the state and nation for helping students move from lower income brackets to the middle and upper class. In fact, 24 percent of students who graduate FDU move up by two or more income quintiles. FDU ranks 80th for mobility out of 578 selective private colleges nationwide.FDU’s Silberman College of Business is recognized as an “Excellent Business School” worldwide by Eduniversal survey (2016). (Note: There are five categories of rankings: Universal, Top, Excellent, Good and Local.)Educational rating company Eduniversal has ranked several FDU master’s degree programs among the best in the world. These include MA in communication, MBA in management, MBA in marketing, MBA in international business, and Executive MBA. (2017)Hispanic Outlook in Higher Education Magazine ranked FDU's Metropolitan Campus among the top 100 American universities for Hispanics earning their first master's degrees. The University was also ranked among the top 10 for those earning bachelor's degrees in liberal arts and sciences and general studies and humanities (2016).2017 NurseJournal.org named FDU the best nurse practitioner program in the state of New Jersey (2018).FDU’s MS in accounting program is ranked in the top 10 nationwide according to a survey of tax employers conducted by TaxTalent (2015).The University was ranked number one in New Jersey for animation and number 18 on the East Coast by Animation Career Review (2018).FDU ranks No. 21 among the Best Online Master in Sport Management Degree Programs, according to The Best Home - Schools Financial Credit Union (2016).Nonprofit Colleges Online ranked FDU’s online master of science in electrical engineering degree program number three nationwide for programs offering the greatest value (2017).FDU's BA degree in Interdisciplinary Studies is among the best such "integrative studies" programs in rankings from BestColleges.com - Directory of 2018's Top Schools. (2016)FDU's School of Pharmacy and Health Sciences was named the number one small/medium sized company in New Jersey to work for among NJBIZ's "Best Places to Work in New Jersey" (2017). The school also earned Platinum recognition from the American Heart Association as a "Fit-Friendly Worksite" (2014). The award recognizes employers who go above and beyond for their employees’ health.For the third year in a row, FDU's Paralegal Studies Program was chosen as the "Best Paralegal Education Provider" in New Jersey in a poll conducted by the New Jersey Law Journal (2014).FDU was re-designated as a National Center of Academic Excellence in Cyber Defense Education through 2020 by the National Security Agency and Department of Homeland Security.For the fourth year in a row, Financial Planning magazine has named Fairleigh Dickinson University as one of the top 35 "Great Schools for Financial Planning." (2016)The Center for Online Education ranked FDU among the best colleges offering online programs in New Jersey (2016).FDU was rated the third best online college in New Jersey, according to Value Colleges (2017).The online master’s degree program in mathematics at the Metropolitan Campus was cited twice by SR Education Group in its Top and Most Affordable Online Colleges rankings — 14th in value, 17th in affordability. (2018)Graduates of FDU rank in the top 20 percent of earners among the nation’s colleges and universities, in a 2013 PayScale College Salary Report based on earnings after graduation, mid-career earnings and job satisfaction.The largest private university in New Jersey, FDU is a not-for-profit, nonsectarian, multicampus institution. Founded in 1942, FDU achieved four-year status in 1948 and approval as a university in 1956.The University offers over 100 undergraduate and graduate degree programs, including doctoral programs in pharmacy, nursing practice, clinical psychology and school psychology; and an AACSB-accredited business school. Degree programs are offered on two New Jersey campuses and at two FDU locations outside the U.S.: Wroxton College, in Oxfordshire in England, and the Vancouver Campus, in British Columbia, Canada.FDU's 11,500 full- and part-time students pursue quality career-oriented programs on schedules tailored to their needs -- days, evenings and weekends.The curriculum reflects a mission of global education and a foundation of a world-renowned University Core.In Madison, NJ, the Florham Campus is a friendly small-college environment on picturesque grounds near historic Morristown. The campus is dedicated to giving students an exceptional learning experience, including residential and honors programs.The Metropolitan Campus bridges the residential communities of Teaneck and Hackensack. A relaxed suburban setting just ten miles from New York City, the Metropolitan Campus attracts a diverse student population. More than a third are minority or international students, from throughout the U.S. and over 71 nations.

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PETERS COLLEGETHE CANADIAN COUNCIL FOR PRACTICAL NURSE REGULATORSTHE KING’S UNIVERSITY COLLEGEUNIVERSITY CANADA WESTUNIVERSITY OF ALBERTAUNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIAUNIVERSITY OF CALGARYUNIVERSITY OF GUELPHUNIVERSITY OF LETHBRIDGEUNIVERSITY OF MANITOBAUNIVERSITY OF ONTARIO INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY (UOIT)UNIVERSITY OF OTTAWAUNIVERSITY OF REGINAUNIVERSITY OF SASKATCHEWANUNIVERSITY OF VICTORIAUNIVERSITY OF WATERLOOUNIVERSITY OF WINDSORUNIVERSITY OF WINNIPEGWESTERN UNIVERSITYWILFRID LAURIER UNIVERSITYYORK UNIVERSITYInstitutions recognizing PTE Academic in AustraliaACN – AUSTRALIAN CAMPUS NETWORKAPM COLLEGE OF BUSINESS AND COMMUNICATIONARC – ACCOUNTANTS RESOURCE CENTREABBEY COLLEGE AUSTRALIAABILITY EDUCATION – MELBOURNEABILITY EDUCATION – SYDNEYACADEMIA INTERNATIONALACADEMIES AUSTRALASIAACADEMIES AUSTRALASIA POLYTECHNICACADEMY OF ENGLISHACADEMY OF INTERNATIONAL HAIRDRESSINGACADEMY OF SOCIAL SCIENCESACUMEN INSTITUTE OF FURTHER EDUCATIONADELAIDE COLLEGE OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION (ACTE)ADVANCE ENGLISHALPHACRUCIS COLLEGEASHTON COLLEGEASIA PACIFIC INTERNATIONAL COLLEGEAUSTRALASIAN COLLEGE OF NATURAL THERAPIESAUSTRALIA INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE OF WORKPLACE TRAININGAUSTRALIA-INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE OF WORKPLACE TRAININGAUSTRALIAN ACADEMY OF COMMERCEAUSTRALIAN ACADEMY OF MANAGEMENT & SCIENCEAUSTRALIAN BUSINESS SCHOOLAUSTRALIAN CHILD CARE CAREER OPTIONS (ACCCO)AUSTRALIAN COLLEGE OF APPLIED EDUCATION (ACAE)AUSTRALIAN COLLEGE OF COMMERCE AND INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY (ACCIT)AUSTRALIAN COLLEGE OF SPORT & FITNESSAUSTRALIAN COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGYAUSTRALIAN COMMUNITY WORKERS ASSOCIATIONAUSTRALIAN IDEAL COLLEGE (AIC)AUSTRALIAN INSTITUTE OF COMMERCE AND LANGUAGEAUSTRALIAN INSTITUTE OF ENTREPRENEURSHIPAUSTRALIAN INSTITUTE OF PROFESSIONAL EDUCATIONAUSTRALIAN INTERNATIONAL COLLEGE OF ENGLISH (AICE)AUSTRALIAN INTERNATIONAL HIGH SCHOOLAUSTRALIAN LEARNING, TRAINING & EDUCATION CENTRE (ALTEC)AUSTRALIAN MARITIME COLLEGE (UNIVERSITY OF TASMANIA)AUSTRALIAN NATIONAL COLLEGE OF BEAUTYAUSTRALIAN NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF BUSINESS & TECHNOLOGY (ANIBT)AUSTRALIAN NATIONAL UNIVERSITY (ANU)AUSTRALIAN PACIFIC COLLEGEAUSTRALIAN PACIFIC COLLEGE BRISBANEAUSTRALIAN PROFESSIONAL SKILLS INSTITUTEAUSTRALIAN TECHNICAL AND MANAGEMENT COLLEGE (ATMC)AUSTRALIAN VOCATIONAL EDUCATION AND TRAINING ACADEMYAUSTRALIAN VOCATIONAL LEARNING CENTREAUSTRALIS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND EDUCATIONAVIATION AUSTRALIAAVONDALE COLLEGE OF HIGHER EDUCATIONBARKLY COLLEGEBARRIER REEF INSTITUTE OF TAFEBAXTER INSTITUTEBEDFORD COLLEGEBERKELEY COLLEGEBILLY BLUE COLLEGE OF DESIGNBLUE MOUNTAINS INTERNATIONAL HOTEL MANAGEMENT SCHOOL (BMIHMS)BOND COLLEGEBOND UNIVERSITYBOX HILL INSTITUTE OF TAFEBRADFORD COLLEGEBRIGHTON INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGYBRISBANE NORTH INSTITUTE OF TAFEBURLEIGH HEADS LANGUAGE CENTREBUSINESS TECHNOLOGY INSTITUTE OF AUSTRALIABUSINESS AND SKILLED MIGRATION QUEENSLANDBUSINESS AND SKILLED MIGRATION TASMANIAC.Y. 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UNIVERSITYSOUTHERN QUEENSLAND INSTITUTE OF TAFESTANLEY COLLEGESTERLING BUSINESS COLLEGESTOTT’S COLLEGESTRATHFIELD COLLEGESTUDY GROUPSUNRAYSIA INSTITUTE OF TAFESUNSHINE COAST TAFESUPREME BUSINESS COLLEGESWINBURNE UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY (AUSTRALIA)SYDNEY ENGLISH LANGUAGE CENTRESYDNEY FILM SCHOOLSYDNEY INSTITUTE OF BUSINESS AND TECHNOLOGY (SIBT)SYDNEY INSTITUTE OF INTERPRETING AND TRANSLATINGSYDNEY INSTITUTE OF TRADITIONAL CHINESE MEDICINESYDNEY SCHOOL OF BUSINESS AND TECHNOLOGYSYDNEY UNIVERSITYTAFE NSW – HUNTER INSTITUTETAFE NSW – ILLAWARA INSTITUTETAFE NSW – NEW ENGLAND INSTITUTETAFE NSW – NORTH COAST INSTITUTETAFE NSW – NORTHERN SYDNEY INSTITUTETAFE NSW – RIVERINA INSTITUTETAFE NSW – SOUTH WESTERN SYDNEY INSTITUTETAFE NSW – SYDNEY INSTITUTETAFE NSW – WESTERN INSTITUTETAFE NSW – WESTERN SYDNEY INSTITUTETAFE SOUTH AUSTRALIA INTERNATIONALTOP EDUCATION INSTITUTETASMANIAN POLYTECHNICTAYLORS COLLEGETECHNICAL COLLEGE OF WESTERN AUSTRALIA (TCWA)THE BREMER INSITUTE OF TAFETHE UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN QUEENSLAND – SYDNEY EDUCATION CENTRE (USQ SEC)THE WILLIAM LIGHT INSTITUTETRAXION TRAININGTRINITY COLLEGETROPICAL NORTH QUEENSLAND INSTITUTE OF TAFETUART COLLEGEUIC SYDNEYUNION INSTITUTE OF LANGUAGEUNIPATH COLLEGES AUSTRALIAUNIVERSAL EDUCATION CENTREUNIVERSITY COLLEGE LONDON – UCL AUSTRALIAUNIVERSITY PREPARATION COLLEGE (BANKSTOWN/SAIGON)UNIVERSITY OF ADELAIDEUNIVERSITY OF BALLARATUNIVERSITY OF CANBERRAUNIVERSITY OF MELBOURNEUNIVERSITY OF NEW ENGLANDUNIVERSITY OF NEW SOUTH WALESUNIVERSITY OF NEW SOUTH WALES INSTITUTE OF LANGUAGES (UNSWIL)UNIVERSITY OF NEWCASTLEUNIVERSITY OF QUEENSLANDUNIVERSITY OF SOUTH AUSTRALIAUNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN QUEENSLANDUNIVERSITY OF SUNSHINE COASTUNIVERSITY OF TASMANIAUNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY SYDNEYUNIVERSITY OF WESTERN AUSTRALIAUNIVERSITY OF WESTERN SYDNEYUNIVERSITY OF WOLLONGONGUNIVERSITY OF WOLLONGONG – SYDNEY BUSINESS SCHOOLVIT – VICTORIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGYVICTORIA UNIVERSITYVICTORY COLLEGE OF DESIGNWIT – WESTERN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGYWEST AUSTRALIAN ENGLISH COLLEGEWEST AUSTRALIAN INSTITUTE OF FURTHER STUDIESWEST COAST INSTITUTE OF TRAININGWHITEHOUSE INSTITUTE OF DESIGNWIDE BAY INSTITUTE OF TAFEWILLIAM ANGLISS INSTITUTE OF TAFEWILLIAM BLUE COLLEGE OF HOSPITALITY MANAGEMENTWODONGA INSTITUTE OF TAFEWOLLONGONG COLLEGE AUSTRALIAZENITH BUSINESS ACADEMYInstitutions recognizing PTE Academic in USAA F I CollegeAbilene Christian UniversityAcademy of Art UniversityAdSum OnlineAllen CollegeAmerican College of Commerce and TechnologyAmerican International CollegeAmerican UniversityAndrews UniversityArgosy UniversityArizona State Board of NursingArizona State UniversityArkansas Board of NursingArkansas State UniversityAssistant Director of AdmissionsAssumption CollegeAugsburg CollegeAvila UniversityBaruch College, City University of New YorkBaylor UniversityBenedictine CollegeBentley UniversityBerkeley CollegeBoca Beauty AcademyBoston Architectural CollegeBoston CollegeBoston UniversityBrandeis UniversityBridgewater CollegeBrigham Young UniversityBrigham Young University - HawaiiBrigham Young University - IdahoBrown Mackie CollegeBucknell UniversityBunker Hill Community CollegeBurlington County CollegeButler Community CollegeCalifornia College of ArtsCalifornia Institute of Integral StudiesCalifornia Lutheran UniversityCalifornia State University Los AngelesCalifornia State University, Channel IslandsCalifornia State University, FresnoCalifornia State University, FullertonCalifornia State University, Long BeachCalifornia State University, NorthridgeCalifornia State University, SacramentoCalifornia State University, San BernardinoCambridge CollegeCapella UniversityCarnegie Mellon UniversityCarson-Newman CollegeCase Western Reserve UniversityCastleton State CollegeCentenary CollegeCentral Michigan UniversityCentral Wyoming CollegeChaffey CollegeChapman UniversityCitrus CollegeCity College of San FranciscoClaremont Graduate UniversityClaremont UniversityClark UniversityCoe CollegeCollege of CharlestonCollege of Southern NevadaColorado CollegeColorado Heights UniversityColorado School of MinesColumbia College ChicagoColumbia UniversityComputer Insight Learning CenterComputer Systems InstituteConcordia CollegeConcordia UniversityConcordia University, PortlandConcordia University, TexasCornell UniversityDakota State UniversityDallas Baptist UniversityDartmouth CollegeDavis CollegeDe Anza CollegeDe Paul UniversityDean CollegeDiablo Valley CollegeDistance Education and Training CouncilDixie State College of UtahDodge City Community CollegeDominican UniversityDominican University of CaliforniaDowling CollegeDrew UniversityDrexel UniversityDrury UniversityDuke UniversityEast Carolina UniversityEast Los Angeles CollegeEastern Michigan UniversityEastern Washington UniversityEdinboro University of PennsylvaniaEdmonds Community CollegeEducation Management Corporation (EDMC)El Camino CollegeEmbry-Riddle Aeronautical UniversityEmmanuel CollegeEmory UniversityEmporia State UniversityEstrella Mountain Community CollegeFairleigh Dickinson University (New Jersey)Fayetteville Christian SchoolFerris State UniversityFinlandia UniversityFisher CollegeFlorida Institute of TechnologyFlorida State UniversityFolsom Lake CollegeFontbonne UniversityFoothill CollegeFordham UniversityFountain Valley SchoolGannon UniversityGateway Community CollegeGemological Institute of AmericaGeorge Mason UniversityGeorge Washington UniversityGeorgetown UniversityGeorgia Institute of TechnologyGlendale Community CollegeGlendale Community College (California)Golden Gate UniversityGraceland UniversityGreen River Community CollegeHamline UniversityHarvard Business SchoolHarvard UniversityHawaii Pacific UniversityHoly Family UniversityHoly Names UniversityHoward UniversityHult Business School (San Francisco)Illinois Institute of TechnologyIndiana Institute of Technology (Indiana Tech)Indiana University EastIndiana University Purdue - ColumbusIndiana University Purdue University at Fort WayneIndiana University Purdue University at IndianapolisIndiana University South BendINTO Colorado State UniversityINTO Oregan State UniversityINTO University of South FloridaIowa Board of NursingIowa State UniversityJackson State UniversityJacksonville State UniversityJohn Brown UniversityJohn F. Kennedy UniversityJohnson & Wales UniversityJohnson County Community CollegeJuniata CollegeKansas State UniversityKent State UniversityLaboratory Institute of Merchandising CollegeLaramie County Community CollegeLaSalle UniversityLawrence UniversityLDS Business CollegeLiberty UniversityLincoln UniversityLiving Arts College at School of Communication ArtsLong Beach City CollegeLong Island UniversityLouisiana State UniversityLoyola Marymount UniversityLuther SeminaryLynn UniversityMaharishi University of ManagementMarquette UniversityMarylhurst UniversityMarymount Manhattan CollegeMarymount UniversityMaryville CollegeMaryville University, St LouisMassachusetts Board of NursingMassachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)Medical University of South CarolinaMenlo CollegeMesa Community CollegeMetropolitan State College of DenverMiami Ad SchoolMiami Dade CollegeMiami UniversityMichigan State UniversityMichigan Technological UniversityMiddlebury CollegeMidwestern State UniversityMiles CollegeMinnesota Board of NursingMississippi CollegeMississippi University for WomenMissouri Baptist UniversityMontana State University BillingsMount Holyoke CollegeMount St. Mary's CollegeNational Language Service CorpsNC A&T State UniversityNevada State Board of NursingNew Hampshire Board of NursingNew Mexico State UniversityNew York UniversityNewman UniversityNorth Dakota State UniversityNorthcentral UniversityNortheastern UniversityNorthern State UniversityNorthern Virginia Community CollegeNorthwest Missouri State UniversityNotre Dame de Namur UniversityNova Southeastern UniversityO'Reilly School of TechnologyOhio Board of NursingOklahoma City UniversityOld Dominion UniversityOtis College of Art and DesignOtterbein CollegePace UniversityPacific Lutheran UniversityPacific Union CollegePacific University, OregonPalomar CollegePark UniversityPasadena City CollegePatten UniversityPepperdine UniversityPeralta Community College DistrictPeralta Community College District - College of AlamedaPeralta Community College District - Laney CollegePeralta Community College District - Merritt CollegePhoenix CollegePima Community CollegePittsburg State UniversityPlymouth State UniversityPortland State UniversityPratt InstitutePurdue UniversityPurdue University North CentralPurdue University – CalumetQuincy CollegeQuinnipiac UniversityRandolph CollegeRasmussen CollegeRegent UniversityRegis CollegeRensselaer Polytechnic InstituteRice UniversityRio Salado CollegeRochester Institute of TechnologyRollins CollegeRutgers, The State University of New JerseySacramento City CollegeSacred Heart UniversitySaint Cloud State UniversitySaint Joseph's UniversitySaint Louis UniversitySaint Mary's College of CaliforniaSalve Regina UniversitySamford UniversitySan Francisco State UniversitySan Jose State UniversitySanta Ana CollegeSanta Clara UniversitySanta Monica CollegeScottsdale Community CollegeSeattle Central Community CollegeSeattle UniversitySeton Hall UniversityShoreline CollegeSouth Dakota School of Mines & TechnologySouth Mountain Community CollegeSoutheast Missouri State UniversitySouthern Methodist UniversitySouthern New Hampshire UniversitySouthern Utah UniversitySpalding UniverisitySpring Hill CollegeSpringfield CollegeSt Edward's UniversitySt Michael's CollegeSt. Cloud State UniversityStanford UniversityState University of New York at BuffaloStevens Institute of TechnologyStonehill CollegeStratford UniversityStudy Abroad Foundation HeadquartersSuffolk UniversitySUNY Fulton Montgomery Community CollegeSUNY PlattsburghSyracuse UniversityTennessee Technological UniversityTESOL International AssociationTexas Board of NursingTexas Christian UniversityTexas Tech UniversityTexas Tech UniversityTexas Wesleyan UniversityThe College at Brockport, State University of New YorkThe College of William and MaryThe Minerva Schools at KGIThe University of MississippiThe University of North DakotaThe University of Northern ColoradoThe University of Texas at DallasThe University of the ArtsThe University of Texas at TylerThunderbird School of Global ManagementTouro CollegeTufts UniversityTulane UniversityUNC Kenan-Flagler Business SchoolUnion CollegeUnion Institute & UniversityUniversity at Buffalo. The State University of New YorkUniversity of Alabama at BirminghamUniversity of Alabama, TuscaloosaUniversity of ArkansasUniversity of BridgeportUniversity of California Irvine Paul Merage School of BusinessUniversity of California, BerkeleyUniversity of California, DavisUniversity of California, San DiegoUniversity of Central MissouriUniversity of ChicagoUniversity of CincinnatiUniversity of ColoradoUniversity of ConnecticutUniversity of HoustonUniversity of Houston-Clear LakeUniversity of IdahoUniversity of Illinois at ChicagoUniversity of Illinois at SpringfieldUniversity of Massachusetts AmherstUniversity of Massachusetts, BostonUniversity of MiamiUniversity of Michigan-FlintUniversity of MinnesotaUniversity of Missouri St LouisUniversity of Nebraska at OmahaUniversity of Nevada, Las VegasUniversity of Nevada, RenoUniversity of New HavenUniversity of North AmericaUniversity of North Carolina at Chapel HillUniversity of Notre DameUniversity of OregonUniversity of PhoenixUniversity of Rhode IslandUniversity of RichmondUniversity of RochesterUniversity of San FranciscoUniversity of South DakotaUniversity of Southern CaliforniaUniversity of St. ThomasUniversity of St. Thomas - HoustonUniversity of TampaUniversity of Texas at El PasoUniversity of VirginiaUniversity of WashingtonUniversity of Wisconsin - River FallsUniversity of Wisconsin-Eau ClaireUniversity of Wisconsin-MadisonUniversity of Wisconsin-OshkoshUniversity of Wisconsin-SuperiorUrbana UniversityUtah State UniversityVanderbilt UniversityVermont Law SchoolVirginia Commonwealth UniversityVirginia International UniversityVolunteer State Community CollegeWake Forest UniversityWartburg CollegeWashburn UniversityWashington State UniversityWashington University in St. LouisWentworth Institute of TechnologyWentworth Military Academy and CollegeWest Liberty UniversityWestern Michigan UniversityWestern New England CollegeWestminster College of Salt Lake CityWheaton College (Massachusetts)Whitworth UniversityWichita State UniversityWillamette UniversityWoodbury UniversityWorcester Polytechnic Institute (WPI)Wright State UniversityXavier UniversityYale UniversityInstitutions recognizing PTE Academic in New ZealandAMES IT AcademyAuckland English AcademyAuckland University of TechnologyAuckland Institute of StudiesBridge international college NZConcordia institute of BusinessCornell institute of Business and TechnologyEllipse InstituteEmbassy CES AucklandICL Business SchoolInstitute of Applied learningMaking futures happen international InstituteMassey UniversityNational Technology InstituteOtago PolytechnicSt George Institute of learningUNITECUniversity of OtagoUniversity of CanterburyThe University of AucklandUK, IRELAND, FRANCE, FINLAND ALSO ACCEPT THE PTE.