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What are the current topics for a paper presentation by an ECE student?

List of all Technical topics (ECE) in recent trend is given below :A Digital Speech Effects SynthesizerAdvanced Queue Management TechniquesAgent Mediated E-commerceAircarsAircraft GPS TrackingAmbiophonicsAn Electric BicycleLogin application in java using model view controller(mvc) and MySQL databaseAnatomy and working of search enginesAndroid a smart phone operating system by googleAnti-hiv using nano robotsApache hadoop introductionApplication of microcontroller in vehicle monitoring and security systemAqua communication using modemArtificial intelligence on expert systemsAn iPhone application for visualizing pollution mapsAnalysis of Minimum Energy Performance Standards (MEPS) for Domestic Electrical appliancesAnalysis on Performance of Freeware ToolsAndroid Operating SystemAnimatronicsAntenna Analysis Using Wavelet RepresentationsAnti-Jamming wireless systemsApplication of Genetic Algorithms in Network routingApplication of LED for Domestic ApplicationsApplications of Graph Theory to Metabolic PathwaysApplications of Soft Computing in Medical Image AnalysisApplications of speech recognitionApproximate string matching for Music retrievalARQ Schemes for Wireless Data CommunicationsArtificial EyeArtificial immune system.Artificial intelligence for speech recognitionAspects of Database Security and Program SecurityAttacks on Smart CardsAugmented RealityAuthentication and securing the systemsAutomated Network Address AssignmentAutomated Software Testing of ApplicationsAutomatic Device Driver Synthesis From Device SpecificationsAutomatic sound-based user grouping for real time online forumsAutomatic Video Surveillance SystemsAutonomic ComputingAutomatic Conveyor for Industrial AutomationAttendance Monitoring Intelligent ClassroomAn Automatic Mobile Recharge StationBidirectional Power Control for hybrid vehiclesBiomolecular ComputersBiometrics IRIS techniqueBio sensors (photonics)BiochipsBio-Medical Instrumentation and Signal analysisBiometric SecurityBiometric TechnologyBiometrics Based AuthenticationBio-Molecular ComputingBionic eye possible path toward artificial retinaUltrasonic Based Distance Measurement SystemWireless Advanced Flight Systems Aircraft Monitoring SystemBlade ServersBlue GeneBlue sat Communications ProtocolBlue-sat Radio Switching CircuitBluetooth Based Smart Sensor NetworksBrain computer interfaceBiomass gasifier for thermal and electrical applicationsBittorrent a revolution in p2p technologyBlue brainBlue eyes technologyBrain controlled car for disabled using artificial intelligenceBrain gateBrain port deviceBrain Finger Print TechnologyBrian Gate TechnologyBroadband via satellite to Rural AreasCapability Maturity Model Programming (CMM)Capacity of Ad-hoc Wireless NetworksVehicle Speed Sensing and Smoke Detecting SystemIntelligent Fire Sprinkler SystemCapturing packets in secured networksCarbon nano tube electronicsCDMA Wireless Data TransmitterCellular CommunicationsCellular Digital Packet DataCellular Neural NetworkCellular technologies and securityCarbon nanotubesChallenges in mobile ad hoc networks (manets)Cloud computingCloud computing concepts and designCensoring private information from network packet tracesChannel Allocation Algorithms for Mobile TelephonyGSM based Advanced Wireless Earthquake Alarm System for early warningIntelligent Wireless Talking Bus StopChannel Coding and Decoding for Mobile CommunicationsChannel Estimation in MIMO SystemsCharacterization of Piezoelectric ElementsChess AlgorithmChoreographyAqua communication using modemCircuit and safety analysis systemClassification, Clustering and Application in Intrusion Detection SystemClassification, Clustering and their Application for Damage Detection in MechanicalClustering Enterprise JavaCoding in high noise environmentsCold fusionCollaborative Mobile EnvironmentsCombined Input Output Queued SwitchesCompact peripheral component interconnect (CPCI)Compliers and its workingCompression and distribution of volumetric data setsComputational Geometry in Drug DesignComputational Intelligence and LinguisticsComputational neuroscienceComputational PhotographyComputer ForensicsComputer Viruses(Malwares, Trojons, Spywares)Computerized Paper Evaluation using Neural NetworkConcurrent Programming and Parallel distributed O.S.Condition Monitoring of Power System EquipmentConditional Access SystemContent Management Systems(WordPress, Joomla, Drupal etc)Continuously variable transmission (CVT)Control & Signal Processing Techniques in Financial EngineeringControl and Optimization Methods in Communication NetworksControl of a 3-d overhead craneControl of heterogeneous networksControl System Wireless InterfaceControlled multimedia recording environment for lectures and 3D.Controller design for a helicopter modelCooperative Adaptive Cruise ControlCross Platform Component Object ModelCrusoe ProcessorCryogenic ProcessorCryptography and N/W securityCryptovirologyCSS and DeCSSCT scanningCyber terrorismDeploying a wireless sensor network on an active volcanoDigital jewelryData Mining for Condition Monitoring of Power System EquipmentData mining through Active LearningDynamic Car Parking Negotiation and Guidance Using An Agent-Based PlatformGSM Real Time Street Light Control SystemsData over Cable System (DOCSIS)Data Pre ProcessingData Security in Local Network using Distributed FirewallsData ware hosuing & miningDatagram Congestion Control Protocol (DCCP)Dataset Query algorithms in Streaming MiningDelay-Tolerant NetworksDense wavelength division multiplexingDesign and development of a programmable alarm systemDesign of a wireless sensor board for measuring air pollutionDesign of Amplifier for recording of Nerve SignalsDesign of an all Electric Steering WheelDesign of diamond-based Photonics devicesDesign of IC Amplifiers for touch SensorsDesign of Low Density Parity Check CodesDetermination of efficiency of the Permanent Magnet MotorsDeveloping a own server systemDevelopment and Control of Humanoid robotDevelopment of a Broadband Tunable Fiber LaserDevelopment of a New Sensor for Detecting Partial Discharge Induced PressureDevelopment of a wind-turbine simulatorDevelopment of new sensors for online monitoring of partial dischargesDigit recognition using neural networkDigital Audio BroadcastingDigital Audio Effects Control by AccelerometryDigital Camera Calibration and Inversion for Stereo iCinemaDigital Neurons for Digital BrainsDigital Signal Processing and their applicationsDigital silhouettesDigital theatre systemDirect to home television (DTH)Direct Torque and Flux Control of IPMSMDistance learning systemsDomain name servers [DNS]Driving Optical Network EvolutionDual Energy X-ray AbsorptiometryDynamic Cache Management TechniqueDynamic Memory Allocation(malloc, calloc, NEW etc)Dynamic resource allocation in Grid ComputingDynamic source routing protocolDynamic Virtual Private NetworkEarth Simulator- Fastest SupercomputerEffects of large scale integration of PV systems on the distribution networkEfficiency / Comparative study of routing schemes in event based systemsElectromagnetic Applications for Mobile and Satellite CommunicationsElectromagnetic launching systemElectromagnetic processor fabricationElectronic nose & its applicationElliptical Curve Cryptography(ECC)Embedded Configurable Operating systemEmbedded system in automobilesEmbedded systems and VLSI an architectural approach to reduce leakage energy in memoryEmbedded web server for remote accessEmbryonics approach towards integrated circuitsEmergency Health Care SystemEmerging trends in robotics using neural networksE-MINE: A novel web mining approachEncrypted Hard disksEncrypted Text chat Using BluetoothEncryption Decryption MethodsEnergy-efficiency and Layer Integration in Wireless NetworksEnterprise SecurityEqualization of room acoustics for audio reproductionEthernet Passive Optical NetworkE-Toll tax fixingEvolution Of Embedded SystemeXtensible Bindings Language (XBL )Electronic waste (e-waste)Embedded web server for industrial automationEyegaze systemFuel saver systemGoogle autonomous carFeatures of Qualcomm Snapdragon processorGuarding distribution automation system against cyber attacksFace detection technologyFacility Layout Design using Genetic AlgorithmFalls detection using accelerometry and barometric pressureFast Convergence Algorithms for Active Noise Controlling VehiclesFault Tolerance in Virtual Machine EnvironmentsFault tolerant Routing in Mobile Ad-Hoc NetworkFerroelectric RAMFine Grained DataBase SecurityFine-grained Access Control in DatabasesFingerprint recognition system by neural networksFinite Element Interface (FEI)Flexible CRT DisplaysFluorescent Multilayer Disc (FMD)Fluorescent Multilayer Optical Data StorageForecasting Wind PowerFractal image compressionFractal robotsFree Space Laser Communicationsfully digital class-D amplifiersFully Integrated Amp-Meter for Electrical SimulatorsFunctional Magnetic Resonance ImagingFuture of the internetFuture Programming Techniques and ConceptsFuzzified Computer-Automated Crane Control SystemFuzzy Logic Control for complex systemsGaming interfaces applied to videoconferencingGeneral Packet Radio Service (GPRS)Generic visual perception processorGeographic information systemGeometric Invariants in Biological MoleculesGIS tools for web applicationsGlobal positioning response systemGSM Digital Security Systems for PrinterVoice Operated Intelligent Fire Extinguisher VehicleGlobal Positioning SystemGlobal System for Mobile Communication (GSM)Google Android- Mobile OS from GoogleGrasshopper Operating SystemGroupware TechnologyGSM Security And EncryptionHandfree driving [auto]Hardware EDAC for Harsh EnvironmentsHardware implementation of background image modelingHAVI: Home Audio Video InteroperabilityHawk Eye – A Technology in sportsHigh Altitude Aeronautical PlatformsHigh Performance ClustersHigh Performance ComputingHigh Performance DSP ArchitecturesHigh Speed Circuits for optical InterconnectHigh Speed Data in Mobile NetworksHigh speed LANs or InternetHolographic Data StorageHolographic MemoryHolographic Versatile DiscHolt-Winters technique for Financial ForecastingHomeRF and Bluetooth: A wireless data communications revolutionHot Spot TechnologyHyper thread imaxHyper thread technologyHyper Transport TechnologyHow does a search engine work ??How does google search engine work ??How to create a website using wordpressHuman computer interaction & its futureDesign of a color Sensing System for Textile IndustriesGSM based Path Planning for Blind Person Using UltrasonicImage retrieval using compact binary signaturesVehicle Monitoring and Security SystemImbricate cryptographyImplementation of hamming codeIntroduction to microcontrollersIntroduction to AirfoilIntrusion detection and avoidance systemIC Amplifier Design for Touch SensorsImage transmission over WiMax SystemsImage WatermarkingImplantable on-chip Power SuppliesImproving TCP performance over mobile ad hoc networksIndustrial Applications using Neural NetworksInformation Extraction from structured & Semi-structured dataInformation Extraction modes & techniquesInfrared Remote ControlInnovative Application Development using J2EE ArchitectureIntegrated Circuit Design for Biomedical ApplicationsIntegrated Optical Chip DesignIntegrated Voice and Data transfer & handlingIntegrating Structural Design and Formal Methods in Real Time System DesignIntegrating Wind Power into the Electricity gridIntegration of Parallel Database in a Service Oriented ArchitectureIntegration of wind and solar energy in smart mini gridIntel centrino mobile technologyIntelligent calling bellIntelligent navigation systemIntelligent Patient Monitoring SystemIntelligent RAM : IRAMIntelligent Software AgentsInteractive Voice Response SystemInternet Access via Cable TV NetworkInternet architecture and routingInternet Protocol duplicate address detection and adaptationIntrusion Detection SystemInvestigation into solar thermal/coal driven power stationsInvestigation of the real-time implementation of learning controllersIP spoofingIP re-director featuresiOS 8 featuresIPODSIris ScanningiSCSI: The future of Network StorageISO Loop magnetic couplersJava Cryptography Architecture (JCA)Java Messaging Service (JMS)Enterprise Messaging Service (EMS)Advantages of EMS over JMSJava BeansJIRO Java-based technologyLaser Power SupplyJmeter toolGEMS tool for EMSLess characterization of ferromagnetic material for non-sinusoidal excitationLight emitting polymersLoad balancing and Fault tolerant serversLight Interception Image AnalysisLight TreeLightning Protection Using LFAMLiquid Crystal on Silicon Display (LCOS)Location estimation and trajectory prediction for PCS networksLong baseline motion estimationLotus Notes/DominoLow power filter design for mobile communicationLow Power UART Design for Serial Data CommunicationLow-Power Microelectronics for Biomedical ImplantsLow-Power Oscillator for ImplantsMagnetic Random Access MemoryManaging Data In Multimedia ConferencingMango- new mobile from MicrosoftMicro chip production using extreme uv lithographyMicrosoft NetMeetingMigration from GSM network to GPRSMining the Web: Searching, Integration and DiscoveryMobile Virtual Reality ServiceMobility Modeling and trajectory prediction for next generation PCS networksModeling of current spread through electrode geometries in implantable hearing deviceModeling of wind turbine system for an Interior Permanent magnet generatorMoletronics- an invisible technologyPower generation through Thermoelectric generatorsMulti Protocol Label SwitchingMulti user Scheduling for MIMO broadcastingMultiple clients communicationMultiple Domain OrientationMultisensor Fusion and IntegrationNeuro chipsParasitic computingPassword paradigmsPolymer memory a new way of using plastic as secondary storageProgrammable logic devices (PLD)Navigation of Mobile Wheeled RobotsNerve Signal Measurement Electronics for Biomedical ImplantsNetwork Attached Storage (NAS)Non Volatile Static RAMOptical coherence tomographyOptical to electrical converter for optical interconnectOptimization of Ad Hoc Wireless Sensor NetworksOptimization of Protocol Stack for wireless networksOracle RDBMSOutdoor High Voltage InsulatorsOvonic Unified MemoryPersonal Satellite assistant SystemsPH Control Technique using Fuzzy LogicPhone Busy IndicatorPivot Vector Space Approach in Audio-Video MixingPlastic chips & electronicsPluggable Authentication Modules (PAM)POF Tunable Fiber LaserPOP Plaster Of ParisPower Efficiency and Security in Smart HomesProactive Anomaly DetectionPrototype System Design for TelemedicinePublic Key Encryption and Digital SignatureQoS in Cellular Networks Based on MPTQoS in Networking using active NetworksQOS in software server FirewallsQuad-Core ProcessorsRadio Frequency Identification (RFID)Real time communication in wireless sensor networksReal Time Operating Systems on Embedded ICsReal Time Speech TranslationReal Time Systems with Linux/RTAIReliable and Fault Tolerant Routing on Mobile Ad Hoc NetworkRenovating the Address Resolution Protocol (ARP)Revolutions in the Operating System and ServersRobotic SurgeryRoom Equalization for Audio ReproductionRuby on Rails [RoR]Radio frequency identification technologyRapid prototypingSecured webportal for online shoppingSecuring underwater wireless communication networksSecurity analysis of micropayment systemSecurity aspects in mobile ad hoc network (manets)Security requirements in wireless sensor networksSemantic webSensitive skinSnake robot the future of agile motionSoftware defined radio(sdr)Spwm technique for multilevel inverterStorage area network(SAN)SwitchgrassSystem on chipSALT (Speech Application Language Tags)Sand Box TechnologySecurity of Open-Source SoftwareSecurity On Wireless LAN Adaptive cruise controlSecurity threats in the World Wide WebSensor fusion for video surveillanceSensors on 3D DigitizationSession Initiation Protocol (SIP)Shallow water Acoustic NetworksShort Message Service (SMS)Significance of real-time transport Protocol in VOIPSimulating Quantum CryptographySimulation of low-power converter for electromagnetic vibration driven generatorSingle photon emission computed tomographySmart camera for traffic surveillanceSmart Cameras in Embedded SystemsSmart FabricsSnickometer A toolSocket ProgrammingSoftware advances in wireless communication(Cognitive Radio, Dynamic spectrum Access etc. )Software Testing & Quality AssuranceSpace MouseSpace RoboticsSpectrum Sharing in Cognitive Radio NetworksSpeech Enhancement for Cochlear ImplantsSpeech Enhancement for Mobile ApplicationsSpeech transmission over WiMax systemsSpeed Detection of moving vehicle using speed camerasSPINS -Security Protocol For Sensor NetworkSplit Range SynchronizationStealth VirusSurface-conduction Electron-emitter Display (SED)Swarm intelligence & traffic SafetySynchronous Optical NetworkingSynthetic Aperture Radar SystemSystems Control for Tactical Missile GuidanceTesting methods (Stress, Black-Box, White-Box, Performance Testing etc )The Architecture of a Moletronics ComputerThe Tiger SHARC processorThermal infrared imaging technologyThought Translation Device (TTD)Time Shared O.S.Tracking and Positioning of Mobiles in TelecommunicationTrends in Compiler ConstructionThree-dimensional password for more secure authenticationUltrasonic motorWearable biosensorsWeb-miningTraffic Light Control SystemMulti-Channel Infra Red Remote ControlMagic lightsZigbee Based Wireless Sensor Network for Sewerage MonitoringWireless integrated network sensorsUbiquitous NetworkingUltra Low-Power Microphone Pre-AmplifierUltra Low-Power Radio Receiver for Biomedical ApplicationsUltrasonic detector for monitoring partial dischargeUltra-Wideband CommunicationUMA (Unlicensed Mobile Access )Vector – LDPC Codes for 3G Fading ChannelsVirtual SurgeryWideband Spectrum Sensing for Cognitive Radio SystemsWireless Computer Communications Using Sound WavesLink available for getting details about some topic. You can search internet for getting details about the remaining topics.Hope this helps you :)

What are some IVR companies in India?

So here is the list of the Top 20 IVR Providers in India to help you with your business calls!1. FonebellIVR Providers in IndiaUnleash Your Business Potential with Fonebell Cloud Telephony Solution.Fonebell offers comprehensive communication solutions to help meet customer expectations and sound professional. Their reliable on-premise communication tools establish smooth communication within the organization to boost business productivity.Features & Plans: Audio conferencing, Automatic call transfer, Call audit and barging, Call queues, Unlimited Queues, Agent Login/out without reason, Queue reporting Skill-based routing, Call recording.2. AmeyoIVR Providers in IndiaBuilding Customer Experience that Exceeds Customer Expectation.Ameyo is an all-in-one software based communication solution, from Drishti-Soft Solutions, that manages end-to-end customer journeys. A powerful and highly flexible IP-based contact center software that lets you have a personalized interaction with every customer across multiple channels.Features: Auto call distributor, Virtual queue management, IVR, Missed call alert, call recording, voice blaster, Automatic call distributor, VQ Pass.3. MicrotelIVR Providers in IndiaOpening the door to the world of Cloud TelephonyMicrotel enables people to reach each other, businesses to find new markets and everyone to fulfill their potential. Across the India, We provide Voice SMS, Bulk Text SMS, Interactive Voice Response(IVR) System services for everyone, and much more for businesses.Features: Sound, Record, Text to Speech, read/write IVR data into an uploaded excel sheet, DTMF, Call Transfer, Web API call, Conference, Multilingual greetings.4. ExotelIVR Providers in IndiaThe Lego Of Customer CommunicationPowering 3 Million customer conversations every day, Exotel, is the building block that helps you stay in touch with your customers efficiently over calls and SMS. A Cloud Telephony Platform trusted by 1300+ companies of all sizes.Features & Plans: Multi-level IVR, Personalised IVR, Recording, IVR menu customization, Real Time Notifications, Unlimited Channels & Channel Capacity, Visual Drag & Drop APIs, Daily Email Reports, Automated calls & SMS, Conditional call routing.5. OzonetelIVR Providers in IndiaConnect. Communicate. EngageBelieve in building brands on intelligent cloud telephony solutions. Ozonetel also believes that communication doesn’t have to be as complex as it is. Their core offerings – CloudAgent and Brand Agent – redefine, simplify, and enhance the way in which you communicate, connect, and engage with your customers.Features: Web-based IVR solution, Easy to configure Messages, Text to Speech conversion, Multi-level IVR Systems, Mobility, Skill-Based Routing, Priority Routing, Barge in and call monitoring, Real-time dashboards and reports.6. IVR GuruIVR Providers in IndiaBetter information, motivation and control with IVR GuruIVR guru provides easy control on clients as well as employees. Accelerate business with a faster pace and less effort with IVR Guru.Features & Plans: Virtual phone number, B2B lead generation, Employee tracking system, Customer lead management, Lead Identification, Lead Grading, Lead Distribution, Lead Nurturing.7. WebXionIVR Providers in IndiaLeader in Business Solution Services Since 2009WebXion offers cloud-based IVR Service at Most affordable rates with an assurity that all calls are recorded in their web based call log panel in real time.Features: Custom IVR Call flow, Custom Welcome Message recording, Custom auto response message, Detailed call logs, Data storage. Free voice calls,8. PhononIVR Providers in IndiaInformation at your fingertipsPhonon has been the pioneer and leader in providing Instant Call-Connect solutions including Click-to-Call. Phonon has developed enterprise-ready customer connect solutions that are platform independent. These allow users to connect to the company representatives through easy web-call-backs and get information at their fingertips.Features: Flexibility to record customer response through key-press, NDNC Compliance, Pan India Presence, Campaign Tracking and Reporting, Multi-Lingual Support, Unrivaled Security measures, Ready Made APIs.9. PulseIVR Providers in IndiaThe heartbeat of voice communicationsPulse made its foray into the Indian market as an Internet Service Provider and Internet Telephony Service provider in 2003. Ever since its inception, the statistical graph has shown a significant growth in developing a customer base and carrier-interconnections with an end to end VOIP Business Solutions.Features: Improved customer service, Lower cost, Agents have more time to deal with complex interactions/more demanding areas of service, Service with chosen language, Customer Prioritization based on Dialed number identification service and call reason, Call logs available for auditing, performance report and future enhancement.IVR Providers in IndiaImage Source: Sas10. GenesysIVR Providers in IndiaOmni-Channel Customer Service Contact and Call Centre SolutionsGenesys, the world’s #1 Customer Experience Platform, empowers companies to create exceptional omnichannel experiences, journeys and relationships. Genesys is trusted by over 4,700 customers in 120 countries, to orchestrate 25 million contact center interactions per year in the cloud and on premises.Features: Personalized Appointment Reminders, Account Activations, Surveys, Refill, Reorder and Pickup Notifications Closing Announcements, Fundraising, Requests, Payment Reminders, Sales Calls, Fraud Alerts11. C-ZentrixIVR Providers in IndiaCustomer Engagement SolutionsC-Zentrix IVR is used by enterprises who wish to automate their responses to their customers and make it a personalized experience. This helps them reduce cost on human resources and at the same time provide multiple responses (static and dynamic) to multiple callers at the same time round the clock.Features: NxN level IVR nodes, XML-based IVR Creator, Real-time reporting for IVR nodes, Festival facility, After Calling hours IVR flow, APIs for integration with third-party applications and databases integration, payment gateway integration, PCI DSS certified, Robo Call facility, ASR and TTS facilities12. PECIVR Providers in IndiaWorld Class Telecom Solutions Since 1984PEC has been creating innovative, bullet-proof software with a product line ranging from small scale voice mail systems to high-end dial out, and call testing programs, PEC is guaranteed to have a product to suit your computer telephony needs.Features: Web-based reporting, Unlimited number of calls, Text to Speech, Speech recognition, Touch tone detection, Database Interaction, Call transferring, voice to email, Fax to email, out dial capability, Read/write text file, Launch Program13. 3M DigitalIVR Providers in IndiaConnecting and Delivering ValueA Global Messaging and Digital Platform, 3m Digital, provides interactive voice and data services. They enable enterprises to interact with their customers & engage them with a complete end to end service platform which allows Enterprises to execute marketing.Features: Messaging, Voice Solutions, Digital Marketing and Software & Applications Development.14. Alliance InfotechIVR Providers in IndiaMobility. Convenience. RealizationAlliance has over the years’ demonstrated expertise in complete software product development. We have expertise in the field of enterprise-grade computer telephony components and e-business infrastructure software. We deliver the critical building blocks to serve the converging Internet and Telecommunication market segments.Features: IVRS Based menu, CTI enabled CRM, Voice Logger, enhanced quality monitoring and optimize agent’s subject knowledge, SMS, Email and Fax integration, Dialer and ACD, Embedded Chat modules,real-time report and charts, analytical conclusions.15. AriaIVR Providers in IndiaDelivering high value, comprehensive and reliable telecom solutionsARIA is the original designer and developer of PC-based voice processing systems. ARIA provides the software and hardware to convert existing PC’s into efficient Voice Logger and Interactive Voice Response (IVR) systems as well to help you decide on a new PC-based telephony solution for your organization.Features: Voice recognition, DTMF Inputs, CRM, Conferencing, voice logger.16. ITGIVR Providers in IndiaOne Source Solution Tele ContactiTG India provides Computer Telephony Integration products, which mainly comprise of multi-channel contact center solutions, interactive voice response solutions, VoIP gateways & Tele PCX with support for Analog & T1/E1 interface, Carrier grade solutions which include TeleX C7 SS7 signaling gateways and multi-location VoIP-based enterprise communication solutions.Features: Intelligent Automatic Call Distribution, Predictive Dialing with Campaign Management, Built-In Digital Call Recording System, Comprehensive Reporting System, Web-Based Communication, Automatic Email Response17. Cube SoftwareIVR Providers in IndiaEmpowered Communication. Superior Experience.Cube Software Private Limited established in the year 1991, are engaged in offering CTI Products like Contact Center Solution/Quick Dialer, Voice Logger, IVRS, Voice Mail, Screen Logger, Call Billing Software, Conference Bridge, Fax Server, CRM, SMS Server, PMS, Digital Display Boards etc.Features: Easy to Install and Configure, User definable call flows, Call flow wizard, Email Support, user-friendly interface, Database Connectivity, Text-to-Speech, Fax Support, Scalable Architecture, Outbound Auto Dialer, Advanced call screening, Call switching options18. San SoftwaresIVR Providers in IndiaA complete SolutionSAN Softwares helps you to Optimize your sales process, Run marketing campaigns, Wow your customers with seamless support using its communication platform. Call Center solutions, IVR, Dialers, SMS, USSD, Chat are all available.Features: Two-way interaction with the caller, Automatic call distributor (ACD) systems, touch-tone, pre-recorded voice prompts.19. HexoLabsIVR Providers in IndiaSpeech Recognition Applications, IVR Platform, Customer Care Solutions.Hexolabs is a provider of products, hosted-on-demand services, and VAS over mobile, mobile web, and web platforms to Wireless Carriers, Enterprises, and Media Companies. The company was founded in collaboration with the Indian Institute of Technology- Kanpur, IndiaFeatures: Customized IVR platform, customized solutions addressing your requirements, custom develops IVR software solutions, design, develop and maintain IVR software solutions.20. CiscoIVR Providers in IndiaWorldwide Leader in ITCisco Systems, Inc. is an American multinational corporation technology company headquartered in San Jose, California, that designs, manufactures and sells networking equipment worldwide. It is the largest networking company in the world.Features: Unique and personalized IVR service, state-of-the-art IVR services, Easy-to-use IVR service creation environment, intelligent IVR application, Enhanced call control, platform management, speech integration and reporting services, Comprehensive database integration , Highly available, secure, and virtualized platform for mission-critical self-service requirements

Did the British invent the Internet?

No. Internet Hall of FameAn Internet pioneer and inventor, Paul Baran invented packet switching techniques that can be credited with playing a key role in the development of the Internet. Born in Poland, Paul immigrated to the US, where he graduated from Drexel University in 1949 with a degree in electrical engineering.Paul BaranPosthumous RecipientAn Internet pioneer, Paul Baran invented packet switching techniques that can be credited with playing a key role in the development of the Internet. Born in Poland, Paul immigrated to the US, where he graduated from Drexel University in 1949 with a degree in electrical engineering. He would later get his Masters in engineering at UCLA while working for Hughes Aircraft.He joined the RAND Corporation, where he worked on developing a communications system that could survive the damage of a nuclear weapon. Originally, he called the process “message blocks.” Other scientists including Donald Davies, who would later change the name to “packet switching,” had also come to a similar conclusion at the same time.Baran received many accolades in his life including the IEEE Alexander Graham Bell Medal, National Medal of Technology and Innovation, and the National Inventors Hall of Fame. He was the founder of the Institute for the Future and got involved in other networking technologies including wireless spectrum. He is also credited with inventing the first metal detector.Baran died at the age of 84 on March 26, 2011.Read Wired's profile on Baran's historic contribution to the InternetInternet inventor Paul Baran, Polish American citizen.Paul Baran - WikipediaAwards and honors[edit]IEEE Alexander Graham Bell Medal (1990)[39]Marconi Prize (1991)Nippon Electronics Corporation C&C Prize (1996)Bower Award and Prize for Achievement in Science (2001)[7]Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences (2003)[40]Fellow of the Computer History Museum (2005) "for fundamental contributions to the architecture of the Internet and for a lifetime of entrepreneurial activity."National Inventors Hall of Fame (2007)National Medal of Technology and Innovation (2007)UCLA Engineering Alumnus of the Year (2009)Internet Hall of Fame (2012)In 1968, Baran was a founder of the Institute for the Future and was then involved in other networking technologies developed in Silicon Valley. He participated in a review of the NBS proposal for a Data Encryption Standard in 1976, along with Martin Hellmanand Whitfield Diffie of Stanford University.In the early 1980s, Baran founded PacketCable, Inc, "to support impulse-pay television channels, locally generated videotex, and packetized voice transmission."PacketCable, also known as Packet Technologies, spun off StrataCom to commercialize his packet voice technology for the telephony market. That technology led to the first commercial pre-standard Asynchronous Transfer Mode product. He founded Telebit after conceiving its discrete multitone modem technology in the mid-1980s. It was one of the first commercial products to use orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing, which was later widely deployed in DSL modems and Wi-Fi wireless modems. In 1985, Baran founded Metricom, the first wireless Internet company, which deployed Ricochet,the first public wireless mesh networking system. In 1992, he also founded Com21, an early cable modem company.After Com21, Baran founded and was president of GoBackTV, which specializes in personal TV and cable IPTV infrastructure equipment for television operators.Most recently, he founded Plaster Networks, providing an advanced solution for connecting networked devices in the home or small office through existing wiring.Baran extended his work in packet switching to wireless-spectrum theory, developing what he called "kindergarten rules" for the use of wireless spectrum.In addition to his innovation in networking products, he is also credited with inventing the first doorway gun detector.He received an honorary doctorate when he gave the commencement speech at Drexel in 1997.After joining the RAND Corporation in 1959, Baran took on the task of designing a "survivable" communications system that could maintain communication between end points in the face of damage from nuclear weapons during the Cold War.Then, most American military communications used high-frequency connections, which could be put out of action for many hours by a nuclear attack. Baran decided to automate RAND Director Franklin R. Collbohm's previous work with emergency communication over conventional AM radio networks and showed that a distributed relay node architecture could be survivable. The Rome Air Development Center soon showed that the idea was practicable.Using the minicomputer technology of the day, Baran and his team developed a simulation suite to test basic connectivity of an array of nodes with varying degrees of linking. That is, a network of n-ary degree of connectivity would have n links per node. The simulation randomly "killed" nodes and subsequently tested the percentage of nodes that remained connected. The result of the simulation revealed that networks in which n ≥ 3 had a significant increase in resilience against even as much as 50% node loss. Baran's insight gained from the simulation was that redundancy was the key.His first work was published as a RAND report in 1960,with more papers generalizing the techniques in the next two years.After proving survivability, Baran and his team needed to show proof of concept for that design so that it could be built. That involved high-level schematics detailing the operation, construction, and cost of all the components required to construct a network that leveraged the new insight of redundant links. The result was one of the first store-and-forward data layer switching protocols, a link-state/distance vector routing protocol, and an unproved connection-oriented transport protocol. Explicit detail of the designs can be found in the complete series of reports On Distributed Communications, published by RAND in 1964.The design flew in the face of telephony design of the time by placing inexpensive and unreliable nodes at the center of the network and more intelligent terminating 'multiplexer' devices at the endpoints. In Baran's words, unlike the telephone company's equipment, his design did not require expensive "gold plated" components to be reliable. The Distributed Network that Baran introduced was intended to route around damage. It provided connection to others through many points, not one centralized connection. Fundamental to the scheme was the division of the information into "blocks" before they were sent out across the network. That enabled the data to travel faster and communications lines to be used more efficiently. Each block was sent separately, traveling different paths and rejoining into a whole when they were received at their destination.Averting the Apocalypse with Hot Potatoes: How Paul Baran Invented the InternetEver wondered how it is that whenever you click on one of Culture.pl EN | Polish culture: literature, art, film, design, language, cuisine & more! | Culture.pl’s links, you’re immediately transported to a different place, full of wonderful pictures and well-written sentences telling a fascinating story? Well, it was all made possible thanks to the work of Paul Baran, a Polish Jewish American engineer who laid down the Internet’s technical foundation.First, a thought experimentOn picture Paul Baran, inventor of internetPaul Baran, photo: Wikimedia CommonsImagine you had to deliver a package with some bits and pieces in it. It has an addressee, but nobody really knows how to reach them. The only available information is that they’re part of the delivery network and, surely, somebody must be familiar with them. How would you go about delivering the package? The simplest solution, really, is to just ask people to pass it along, hoping that it’ll eventually reach its destination. If everybody is in close contact with a few people and the package is returned to the previous holder only if there are no other options, there are genuinely high chances that the box of goodies will finally get delivered.Now let’s take it further and imagine that those bits and pieces I mentioned are computer bits encoding information that can be replicated countless times and travel extremely fast. Following the same method, all you’d need to do is make sure that every computer in the network was connected to at least one other device. You encode the address on the packet of bits you want to send (or even its multiple copies) and get it on its way, with each computer passing along anything that is not addressed directly to them. Sooner or later, this digital game of ‘hot potato’ results in the package ending up in the right hands, especially since it has a counter listing the number of steps taken and is prompting the network to look for the shortest possible route.However weird this method might sound, it actually works and fuels the Internet as we know it – the moment you clicked on the link to this story, a server somewhere in the world constructed a package containing all the zeroes and ones needed to tell your computer to display this webpage to you. After some exchanges, the hot potato eventually reached its target, except in this twist on the playground game, you actually get rewarded by holding onto it.Exterior of Benjamin Franklin Institute, Philadelphia, PA, photo: Joe Sohm / Getty ImagesThe ‘hot potato heuristic’ is a really helpful way to illustrate what we today call ‘packet switching’, because it was created for this very reason by the technology’s inventor – Paul Baran, a Polish Jewish American engineer, who can quite rightly be called ‘the father of the Internet’. Although the credit for creating the World Wide Web usually goes to Tim Berners-Lee, who allowed us to get online by inventing the rules upon which the Internet operates, none of it would have happened without the introduction of packet switching.To use simpler terms, Berners-Lee showed us how to address letters and where to glue down stamps. He made it so easy that today everybody can use the postal service. But he could never have done this without Baran, the person who first found a way how to actually get those letters to their destination (interestingly, he also liked to use the postal metaphor). The thing is, the hero of our story did not exactly plan any of this.The sourceGrodno, a general view of the city and the Niemen river with a wooden bridge in 1920 from the Łosośna neighbourhood, photo: NACLet’s trace everything back to its source. Paul Baran was born on 29th April 1926 in Grodno as the second child of Morris and Anna Baran. However, the young Psachija, as the boy was first called, didn’t get to spend much time in the city of his birth. Between 1914 and 1920 – during the turmoil of First World War, the subsequent eventful years and the Polish-Soviet war of 1920 – Grodno moved across different countries numerous times. Unsurprisingly, Morris and Anna decided that it wasn’t exactly the best place to raise children. They applied for a visa and in 1928 arrived at Ellis Island, New York (Paul Baran later wrote that he moved to the US at the age of two and that it was one of his best decisions). They were greeted by their relatives who helped them first get to Boston and later settle down in Philadelphia, where Morris opened a grocery store.The first memories of young Paul (his and his siblings’ names were anglicised upon arrival to the US) must have been of West Philadelphia, where he grew up and went to school. His old neighbourhood does not have a good reputation today, but at the time it was a bustling suburb and gave Paul good prospects for the future – he attended a decent high school and could easily visit the Franklin Institute, where he first became fascinated with natural science and technology.Drexel University, main building, photo: drexel.eduEven though he loved learning, he was not your typical bookworm. His interests were pragmatic, as demonstrated in his early teens when he started his first business-like venture – he turned his starting capital of pennies into ‘dimes’ by coating them with mercury from a chemistry set. Around the same time, he also developed an interest in HAM radio (his call sign was W3KAS), which later influenced at least some parts of his career.Baran later enrolled at a co-operative course at Drexler University and paid his tuition by working for several local radio stations by servicing their equipment. He graduated as a Bachelor of Science in Electrical Engineering in 1949 and went on to start his first full-time job, which was already an interesting fit. He became an engineer working for Eckert Mauchly Computer Corporation (EMCC), most famous for creating the Univac: the world’s first commercially available computer.This thing has no futureU.S. Air Force technicians evaluate the UNIVAC computer system in 1951 which took up 352 square feet of floor space and ran at a then-astronomical rate of 2.25 megahertz, photo by U.S. Air Force / Getty ImagesWhile this position might have looked quite impressive on young Baran’s CV, he never actually got to see a working Univac. Shortly after joining the company, the Polish American engineer decided to find out what this new exciting field of informatics was all about and attended a course at the University of Pennsylvania. Unfortunately, the rows of zeroes and ones used to represent information were so incomprehensible to him that he found the whole thing absurd. He decided instead to focus on the technical side and went on to test the highly-unreliable vacuum tubes that the Univac used to store inputs.Having engineers as skilled as Baran working on various aspects of the new revolutionary digital device should have been sufficient for the company to succeed in creating the first programmable computer. However, the ground-breaking technology created by EMCC looked quite different to what you’re probably using to read this article. Univac measured 7.5 by 15 metres and cost around a million dollars (10 million today, adjusted for inflation). This is not a price point at which customers jump at to try new unproven devices, so unsurprisingly, EMCC ran into deep financial troubles and until their first investor came along in 1951, the chances that they would be able to successfully build the machine they had on paper were pretty slim.This is why Baran quit EMCC in 1950, having decided that even if the company managed to sell a dozen Univacs, their business model was not exactly sustainable. As he saw it, there simply wasn’t enough demand for these complex machines (keep in mind that in order to make full use of a computer, companies needed to change their whole way of operating, which incurred additional cost). Even though he later admitted that his decision was premature (Univacs became quite popular: one famously predicted Eisenhower’s win in the 1952 presidential election and another operated in Tennessee until 1970), Baran decided to find a new employer and focus on a technology that in his eyes actually had a future: radio.Radio daysYoung Paul Baran, photo: public domainToday’s action movies have made us take ballistic missiles for granted. The bad guys only need to press a single button to destroy half the planet, as the hero bravely steers their plane to avoid incoming self-guided rockets. But this was far from the case in 1950. Back then, the only way to hit an enemy with a missile was to shoot a bunch of them in the target’s general direction and hope at least one of them made it. And this is precisely what Baran’s new employer, Raymond Rosen Engineering Products set out to change.In October 1950, they created a revolutionary technology for the military, which allowed operators to transmit and precisely record the in-flight measurements of a missile’s trajectory. This in turn, made it possible to guide the missile directly, offering the military a degree of accuracy unheard of during the recently finished Second World War.Except, of course, it wasn’t that simple. Baran’s employer did create the system, but not everything worked perfectly. The signal was recorded on magnetic tape and any attempts to read it resulted in huge amounts of static, which undermined the recording’s very purpose. Baran’s job was to find a reason for the interferences and fix it as soon as possible – the military was certainly interested in the company’s invention, but competitors were working on their own missile-guidance systems.Martin Matador cruise missile being launched from a rail with rocket assist, photo: public domainBaran realised that the magnetic tape itself was an issue. It was a relatively new technology at the time and the surface of commercially available tapes was slightly uneven, which resulted in static – nothing horrible when you’re only trying to listen to Nat King Cole’s hot new single, but you probably wouldn’t’t want to guide missiles this way. The young engineer quickly ordered specially-designed perfectly-even tape, and together with his colleagues developed a new electronic static-reduction device. With this impressive contribution, he was invited as an expert to help out with the MGM-1 Matador missile’s test launch in the Bahamas. As Baran himself later recounted, the missile flew up into the sky and started descending, ready to hit a small island and display American military prowess to all the spectating officers. Too bad it missed its target.Baran quickly started analysing his tapes and found out what the problem was. But he didn’t give his superiors the solution outright, instead opting to revel in his moment in the spotlight because the military personnel had largely ignored him before as a mere technician. In the end, he and his colleagues demonstrated to the brass that the system did not fail. It’s just that the island was not where it was supposed to be: the military was depending on imprecise maps. The second launch was a success (although it has to be noted that this anecdote is nowhere to be found in the official report) and the military was then very eager to work with Raymond Rosen Engineering Products. The company only needed to sign the papers, but the owner decided that his traditional business of fixing the radios and TVs of local customers was much more reliable than some finicky government contract.Probably still feeling excitement from the Matador launch, Baran quit his job. The next few years were quite eventful. Working for Ampex, he developed a new method of radio transmission which was resistant to interference. He met and married Evelyn Murphy, the love of his life (apparently, he won her over with his sense of humour and honesty – when Evelyn ruined the dinner she prepared for their first date, Paul asked: ‘Are we eating this or is it already eaten?’). He moved to Los Angeles to start a new job at Hughes Aircraft where he worked on a transistor-based digital radio signal processing system that was a part of the ground-breaking SAGE computer command system. And since his newest job meant he was involved with computers again, he decided to get a Masters degree in informatics from UCLA. Not a bad way to spend your late twenties and early thirties.But his biggest challenge was waiting for him in the RAND corporation.How to build a strong networkUCLA campus in Los Angeles, California, photo: Getty ImagesThe famed RAND was created to solve the most vital problems faced by the US government. And when Baran started working there in 1959, the US government wanted to know only one thing: how do we win the Cold War?As you may recall, Baran had already contributed to the Cold War effort when he helped developed the missile-guidance system powering the Matador nuclear warheads. But, as experts in national security will tell you, nobody really wants to use their nuclear arms – it would mean game over not just for the enemy, but for life on Earth as we know it. The US had the means to obliterate at least the major Soviet cities, but the technology was not one of a kind – the Soviets also had their own intercontinental ballistic missiles and were just as able to lay waste to the Americans and their allies. It was only a matter of who was going to be the first to push the button.RAND was tasked with ensuring a second strike capability, but even if the military wanted a way to hit the enemy back, the institute’s employees saw it as a potential deterrent. If the enemy knows that the US is able to launch their missiles even if their central bases are destroyed, they might be less inclined to start a nuclear apocalypse, even if they were really eager to do so. All that was needed was a communications system that worked after nuclear blasts had obliterated a significant percentage of its nodes.Centralized vs distributed networks, photo: History of Computer Communications 1968 -1988Baran quickly got involved in the project since he had seen how dangerous guided nuclear missiles could be and he wanted to make sure that superpowers had as few reasons to use them as possible. He started experimenting and came out with the idea of creating a system of cheap unreliable transmitters with extremely high redundancy. This would mean that whenever one element was destroyed or did not work for some other reason, another would be able to pick up its task – in this case, transmit a message. It turned out that in order to guarantee the US a chance of responding to a nuclear strike, every node in the network had to be connected to just five others. Even if the majority were destroyed, messages could freely move between the remaining elements.The engineer proposed using digital means (other than computers!) to send messages of 1024 bits, which equals 128 signs. Coupled with the address of the recipient and the number designating the packet’s order within a bigger message that was being relayed, the system made it possible, with enough patience, to relay any information imaginable across the entire United States. Baran wittily noted in his publication on this subject that the creation of the system would not even require raising taxes and compared the cost to the first mobile telegraph created during the American Civil War (discussing the telegraph, the engineer factored in even the costs of the oats for the horses involved in the construction, because he believed ‘in rewarding good work’). Now somebody only needed to build the whole thing.Playing telephoneDonald Davies, photo: Wikimedia CommonsAt the beginning of this article I wrote that Baran can quite rightly be called ‘the father of the Internet’. This is not an uncontroversial statement as some Internet historians credit Donald Davies, a British computer scientist, with inventing the ‘packet switching’ for which Paul Baran is the most famous. In fact, Davies definitely invented the term, which Baran considered very apt, and he also independently conceived of the entire process a few years after the RAND engineer had already outlined its foundation. Even though there is some debate whether he had heard about Baran’s ideas or was somehow inspired by them (for example, Baran remembers chairing a conference in which Davies participated), the military network ARPANET, which was later split into a public Internet, was created on the basis of Davies’ work and Baran only served as consultant.However, as Baran’s biographer Wojciech Orliński aptly notes, ‘if – following patent law – we take an inventor to be the person who first described an unobvious invention in a way that would allow a person versatile in the craft to make it, then in the case of the Internet, Paul Baran would unquestionably be its inventor.’ Baran not only described the Internet as we know it, but he also almost built it – the entire project never got off the ground though because the Polish American engineer sabotaged the whole thing.Following his ground-breaking work on packet switching, Baran quickly convinced his bosses at RAND to start development. This was a feat in itself, because the institute’s own employees, frustrated when their brilliant ideas were not brought to life, often famously deciphered the acronym as “Research And No Development”. The military jumped onboard very quickly – they were excited about an indestructible system for sending commands in the middle of a nuclear war and the fact that Baran’s main motivations arose from anti-war sentiments did not bother them as long as everything looked good on paper. The only involved party that was not enthusiastic about the idea was the telecommunications giant AT&T.AT&T commercial from the 1960sIt’s not difficult to see why the company was sceptical about the project they were supposed to help develop (a mountain of paperwork and bureaucratic protocols made it necessary for RAND to work together with AT&T at the time). A cheap, reliable, long-distance, low-latency communications system was clearly direct competition to the telephones that were at the time still the foundation of the company’s business, even if, as Baran argued, telephones probably wouldn’t work after a nuclear strike. Moreover, Baran designed digital devices that were supposed to do all the communicating and ‘digital’ was not a word that excited the decision-makers at AT&T, which still used mainly analogue means of communication and constructed their network in a way opposite to what Baran proposed. It’s the equivalent of gifting somebody a Spotify subscription whose first reaction is to try make it work on a gramophone. This is how the engineer must have felt while explaining his idea.The problem was that despite AT&T’s reluctance, the project ended up with them anyway. The military got so excited about Baran’s network that they ultimately tasked the Defense Communications Agency (DCA) with bringing it to life. Baran believed that the people in DCA would be just as unreceptive to his novel ideas and just as dependent on the old analogue ways of thinking as AT&T. Moreover, the leaders of the DCA had strong connections with AT&T and it was very likely that the company would be in some way involved in the planning and development of the network. Baran was afraid that not only would his plan fail under the supervision of incompetent engineers, but also that they would want it to fail. He contacted his friend in the Department of Defense who was responsible for allocating resources to similar projects and told him that creating the network in this way would be a waste of money: something that would never work. It seems possible that the Internet exists in its current form only because its inventor worked hard to slow down its arrival.Unwittingly, Baran prepared the ground for people like Davies who used the Polish American engineer’s technical foundation and found a way to circumvent the problems which Baran had encountered – they used computers, taking AT&T out of the picture. In 1969, ARPANET, the Internet’s granddaddy, was created. On 29th October 1969, the first packet almost relayed the message ‘login’ from Stanford to UCLA. Almost, because one of the computers crashed in the process and only managed to send the letters ‘lo’. But the test was a resounding success – one hour later, the whole packet was delivered. Over half a century later, Paul Baran’s story has been delivered to you using exactly the same method.Going offlinePaul Baran with his wife Evelyn, photo: private archiveAlthough Baran is most famous for packet switching, his life as an inventor would’ve been quite significant even if he had not contributed to the creation of the Internet. The list of his inventions includes a doorway gun detector (which later gave Baran headaches every time he boarded a plane), the first satellite and wireless Internet connection systems, an electronic remote electricity meter, the fastest (at the time) Internet modem, a portable printer, and many other pioneering things. In his later life, Baran created one technology company after another (today, we would call them ‘start-ups’) only to later sell them for millions of dollars and focus on his newest brilliant idea. He briefly retired, but ultimately decided that an idle life in sunny California was not for him and he came back to work on developing new revolutionary devices.As impressive as this list may be, Baran was more than just an inventor – he was a visionary. Mindful of his youthful underestimation of the potential of computers, he later looked into the future with remarkable accuracy (after he left RAND, he was even one of the founders of the Institute for the Future, a think-tank specialising in technology foresight). Even though his networking project did not involve computers and ultimately did not come to life, he knew that digital communication would be at the centre of things to come. People wanted to be more connected and he had the skills and opportunities to make that happen (although, as Orliński notes, he depended a bit too much on equipping his devices with dedicated terminals instead of creating things that can be connected to a universal personal computer).Baran’s predictions are even more striking than the things he built. Despite his battles and disenchantment with AT&T, he was aware that the future of communications lay with big companies like them, since they would be able to supply their consumers with TV, telephone and Internet using a single cable. In 1967, he gave a presentation (later published by RAND) in which he outlined how the world of marketing would change in the year 2000. No longer would people just walk to a department store and buy things on impulse, but they would use a terminal connected to a TV to browse a virtually infinite online catalogue, looking only for the exact thing they needed (in Baran’s eyes, an example consumer in the year 2000 would probably be buying a sabre saw), similarly to academic researchers browsing papers to find one dealing with a particular problem. At the time, his idea was met with opposition from professional marketers, but history ultimately proved him right – online giants like Amazon popped up in recent decades as if they had been following a business plan outlined by Baran.Commercial for one of Baran's inventions, a wireless Ricochet modemPerhaps most importantly, Baran saw the work of an engineer as something that was about more than just the creation of new devices and saving or making money for their employer. He argued that engineers have a social responsibility, because their creations are able to change people’s way of life in the future, especially as more and more technologies were becoming connected to entire systems with vast capabilities – he believed that these changes should only be brought about in a responsible way and not just because we can.Shortly after laying down the foundations of the Internet, Baran turned to investigating a problem he saw as most pressing in light of the upcoming digital revolution: privacy. Back in 1968, he published an article explaining how the collection of personal data threatens individual autonomy and can bring societal problems that might be impossible to overcome (displaying his trademark wit, Baran also joked, for example, that the availability of dental records would betray those of our friends whose teeth were not their own). His answer to the problem involved more than just concentrating on practical solutions (although he was active on that front as well, and in 1965 he invented an end-to-end message encryption method which led to the creation of today’s encrypted communicators like Signal and WhatsApp). He believed that engineers should take responsibility for their inventions and address privacy and other ethical and social concerns at the level of design, ensuring that new technologies did not bring unplanned problems, but made them preventable.In light of countless privacy breaches, online dangers and a general lack of responsibility amongst Internet giants, it would be best if we recognised Paul Baran not only as ‘the father of the Internet’ but also as a pioneer of digital ethics, advocating for the social accountability of technology-makers and the responsible design and development of technology. These are ideas which remain especially relevant today. Only then would the packet sent from Grodno in Poland in 1926 deliver its complete message.

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