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SCHEME OF ‘POST-MATRIC SCHOLARSHIP’ FOR STUDENTS BELONGING TO1. BACKGROUNDThe Prime Minister’s New 15 Point Programme for the Welfare of Minorities was announced in June, 2006. It provides that a post-matric scholarship scheme for meritorious students from minority communities would be implemented.2. OBJECTIVEThe objective of the scheme is to award scholarships to meritorious students belonging to economically weaker sections of minority community so as to provide them better opportunities for higher education, increase their rate of attainment in higher education and enhance their employability.3. SCOPEThe scholarship is to be awarded for studies in India in a government or private higher secondary school/college/university, including such residential institutes of the Government and eligible private institutes selected and notified in a transparent manner by the State Government/Union Territory Administration concerned. It will also cover technical and vocational courses in Industrial Training Institutes/ Industrial Training Centres affiliated with the National Council for Vocational Training (NCVT) of classes XI and XII level including Polytechnics and other courses (any course of less than one year duration is not covered under this scheme; Certificate courses are also not covered).4. ELIGIBILITYScholarship will be awarded to the students who have secured not less than 50% marks or equivalent grade in the previous final examination and the annual income of whose parents/guardians from all sources does not exceed Rs.2.00 lakh.11. DISTRIBUTIONMuslims, Sikhs, Christians, Buddhists, Jain and Zoroastrians (Parsis) have been notified as minority communities under Section 2 (c) of the National Commission for Minorities Act, 1992. A total of five (05) lakh scholarships are targeted to be distributed as ‘Fresh’ Scholarships, besides, Renewal scholarships. The distribution of scholarship among the States/Union Territories will be made on the basis of population of minorities in the States/Union Territories as per Census 2001 for 2017-18 and as per the population of minorities in the States/Union Territories of Census 2011 for 2018-19 and 2019-20.6. EARMARKINGi) 30% scholarship is earmarked for girls students of each minority community in a State/UT which is transferable to male students of that community in case of non-availability of female students in that community in the concerned State/UT. 30% is the floor and not the ceiling for eligible girl students.ii) If the physical target of scholarship for a particular minority community in a state/UT is not utilized, it will be distributed among the same minority community in other States/UTs strictly in accordance with merit and without disturbing the national ratio. Any unutilized community quota shall be distributed amongst other communities again in accordance with merit and without affecting the overall national quota.iii) A student residing in a particular State/UT will be entitled for scholarship under the quota of that State/UT only irrespective of his/her place of study.7. SELECTION PROCEDUREFresh - As the number of scholarships for minorities available in a year is fixed and limited, it is necessary to lay down preference for selection. Inter-se selection weightage is to be given to poverty rather than marks (the applicant is required to submit an income certificate as per para-11(ii)). In case of same income, merit shall be generated from ‘Date of Birth’ criteria of applicant (senior is preferred).Renewal – There is no merit list generation for renewal cases. Renewal applicant will get the scholarship if one has obtained 50% in his/her previous year’s examinations (at the same institute and in same course) and his/her application is verified by all authorities (as designated by Ministry of Minority Affairs) and approved by State Governments/UTs.8. DURATIONThe scholarships shall be provided for the entire course of the academic year. Maintenance allowance will be given as fixed lump sum amount in an academic year9. RATES OF SCHOLARSHIPActual financial assistance will be provided for admission & course /tuition fee and maintenance allowance as given below subject to a maximum ceiling indicated against item concerned for 2017-20. The details of the scheme interventions for 2017-18 to10. IMPLEMENTING AGENCIESThe scheme is being implemented/funded by Ministry of Minority Affairs through the States/UT’s Administration.11. CONDITIONS FOR SCHOLARSHIP(i) Scholarship will be awarded to the students studying in Classes XI and XII including technical and vocational courses of this level including Polytechnics, ITIs, and other courses.(ii) An Income Certificate, issued from a Competent Authority in the State/UT Governments is required in respect of parent/guardian of the student.(iii) A Self-Certified Community Certificate is required from the student who has attained 18 years of age. For others the Community Certificate certified by parent/guardian of the student is required.(iv) The continuance of award (for Renewal applicants) will be subject to securing 50% marks in the previous year’s examination (provided the students pursues the same course and same Institute/School).(v) Maintenance allowance will be provided to hostellers and day scholars.(vi) Scholarship will not be given to more than two students from a family (applicable or all Scholarship schemes meant for minorities under this Ministry taken together).(vii) Students should be regular in attendance for which the yardstick will be decided by the competent authority of the school.(viii) The school/institute will certify the claim of student of being an outstation student not residing in hostel of the school/institute concerned on the basis of permanent address and parents’ address.(ix) Migration of students from one school/institute to another is not allowed for renewal applicants during the period of academic course.(x) If a student violates school discipline or any other terms and conditions of the scholarship, scholarship may be suspended or cancelled. The State Government/Union Territory Administration can also directly cancel the award if duly satisfied of the reasons of violation of these regulations governing the scheme.(xi) If a student is found to have obtained a scholarship by false statement, his/her scholarship will be cancelled forthwith and the amount of the scholarship paid will be recovered by the concerned State/UT Govt.(xii) The course/tuition fees and maintenance allowance will be credited to thestudent’s account directly under Direct Benefit Transfer (DBT) mode.(xiii) The student obtaining benefits under this scheme shall not be allowed to avail of benefits under any other scheme for this purpose.(xiv) A student shall be eligible for only one scholarship out of all the available Scholarships of Central Government meant for SC/ST/OBC/ minority.(xv) The amount of Administrative Expenses (@ 2%) for States/UTs in subsequent year shall be released after receiving the utilization certificate for the previous years.(xvi) The scheme will be evaluated at regular intervals by the Ministry or any other agency designated by the Ministry and the cost of the evaluation will be borne by the Ministry of Minority Affairs under the provision of the scheme.(xvii) The State/Union Territory shall place all relevant details of financial and physical achievements on their website.(xviii) The regulations can be changed at any time at the discretion of the Government of India.(xix) It will be necessary for the eligible applicants to provide Aadhaar number while applying for the scholarship and in case, an individual does not possess Aadhaar one can provide the details of alternative identification documents, as stated in the Gazette Notification- S.O. No. 1284 (E) No. 1137, dated 21.04.2017 (as per Appendix-C).(xx) Students who have entered Aadhaar in their online application correctly and Aadhaar seeded with any of their bank account, in such cases the amount of scholarship will be credited to Aadhaar seeded bank account only (though student has mentioned any other non-seeded bank account in online application).12. ADMINISTRATIVE EXPENSESAs the magnitude of data to be entered and processed would be enormous as the scheme gets implemented over the years, there would be a need to engage qualified skilled personnel right from the beginning to ensure that the data based computerized systems are operational. Qualified skilled personnel possessing requisite expertise to operate computer programme designed for this purpose, enter, process, analyse, monitor, retrieve and transfer data should be engaged on contract basis as per need. Data provided by the States/Union Territories will be maintained and managed by the Ministry with personnel of similar expertise to be engaged on contract basis. A provision not exceeding 2% of the total budget will be made to meet the administrative and allied costs viz. expenditure of the States/Union Territories and the Ministry for office equipments including computers and accessories, furniture, printing of application forms, advertisements, engagement of personnel, etc. This provision will also be used for evaluation and monitoring of the scheme, through outside reputed institutions/agencies engaged by the Ministry of Minority Affairs, Government of India and the State Governments/Union Territory Administrations.13. RENEWAL OF SCHOLARSHIPThe scholarship, once awarded, may be renewed during the next academic year of the course on the production of certificate that the student has secured 50% marks in the previous year’s examination (provided the students pursues the same course and same Institute/School).14. ANNOUNCEMENT OF SCHEMEThe scheme will be announced by the concerned State Government/Union Territory Administration well in time, through advertisements in the leading language newspapers and local dailies and by using other suitable publicity media.15. MODE OF APPLYINGThe scheme is implemented through the National Scholarship Portal (NSP). It is mandatory for all students to apply online on the website i.e. www.scholarships.gov.in.16. PATTERN OF FINANCIAL ASSISTANCEThe scheme is Central Sector Scheme and 100% funding is provided by the Ministry of Minority Affairs.17. MONITORING & TRANSPARENCYThe State/Union Territory shall maintain year-wise details of the students receiving scholarship, indicating school/institute, location of school/institute, government or private, class, gender, new or renewal, permanent address and parents’ address. The States/ Union Territories shall place relevant physical and financial details in their official website18. EVALUATIONThe monitoring of the financial and physical performance of the scheme will be evaluated by assigning evaluation/impact studies to reputed institutions/agencies by the Ministry of Minority Affairs, Government of India.19. INSTRUCTIONS RELATED TO BANK ACCOUNT DETAILS (to be filled bythe students in online application form are as under):(i) Students must select their bank/branch name carefully from the drop-down list.(ii) Thereafter the complete account no. must be entered correctly. Studentsare suggested to get their account number verified by their concernedBank Branch including Bank account number and IFS Code.(iii) Disclaimer (*If bank details entered by students are found incorrect or notvalidated by the student’s bank, the scholarship will be cancelled/amountwill not be transferred even though the application is approved forscholarship).(iv) Bank Account holders must check their ‘Know your Customer’ (KYC)status from the bank and if required the KYC must be done for successfultransaction of scholarship amount.(v) Bank Account must be operational/active till the scholarship is disbursed.(vi) Bank Account must be preferably in any scheduled Bank with corebanking facility and proper IFS Code.(vii) Bank Account must be in the name of the student/applicant only.20. MODIFICATION (if any, during 2017-18 to 2019-20)Minor modifications, if any, in the scheme having no financial implications may be made by the Competent Authority in the Ministry of Minority Affairs without seeking recourse to SFC/EFC/Cabinet. However, Ministry of Finance, Department of Expenditure would be consulted.

It is just like writing another answer. Simple introduction, a brief explanation and in the end conclusion. For better understanding, I’ll just share few of my answers.Q. Critically assess Sir Tej Bahadur Sapru’s views on Indian Nationalism. (200 Words)AnsTeg Bahadur Sapru was an eminent jurist and Indian nationalist. He was an active player during INM through his liberal approach. His views on nationalism were in sharp contrast with congress whether moderates or extremists or swarajists and also Muslim league and to propagate this he established liberal party.He believed that Indian Nationalism should be based on Self government under the British rule, through constitutional means. He did not believe in swaraj as he thought that India is yet not prepared for independence. So he did not support non cooperation movement or quit India movement that believed in overthrowing British rulers. Therefore, he participated in legislative council elections and demanded more constitutional reforms through petitions and memorandums. He also acted as a mediator between government and nationalists and Gandhi and Ambedkar. He was also against the partition of India and wanted to establish a federal government.However his views did not hold water due to growing resentment among people and rise of revolutionary activities. His liberal party lacked popular support and was more intellectual biased who did not take into account the popular sentiments, grass root resentment and feelings.Q. Evaluate Subhash Chandra Bose’s contribution to India’s freedom. (200 Words)AnsSubash Chandra Bose, known as netaji, was a staunch adversary of British rule in India. His role in INM was confined to last decades of independence but wielded great inflictions on brtsh prospect of ruling India.He believed in direct action against British through militaristic means. For this, he extensively toured provinces in order to create a stir among the youths and injecting a sense of sacrifice for India’s independence. This popularity let him get elected as President of INC in 1938 and 1939. He propagated great hater for the British and charted out a plan to cash in the World War II was a road map for India’s freedom. His approach was resented and he resigned from INC.He fled to Germany to set up an agenda with Nazis to wipe out British from India. He then landed at Singapore to organize Azad Hind Fauj which created apprehension in the minds of Indian government in latter stage.Though his freedom of seeing India freedom does not fructify, neither his Azad Hind Fauj attained its objectives due to end of world war, he was instrumental in mobilizing militant youth aspiring of blood of imperialists and putting last nail in coffin of British imperialism.How did the policy of free trade hurt Indian textile industry and crafts in the latter half of the nineteenth century? (250 words)AnsThe era of industrial revolution in England was marked by mass based and cheap products flooding the Indian colony. This was coupled by the single sided free trade policy of British government which eroded the manufacturing base of Indian economy and subdued it under colonial power.Second half of the 19th century was the age of production through machinery at cheaper rates. This provided competitive edge to these products in Indian market in relation to rudimentary techniques based Indian products. The free policy of British advocated for zero import duty on British export to India and a higher tariff on India products reaching abroad leading to squeezing out of Indian industries which were mainly handicraft based and textile based like cotton weaving, spinning and silk and woolen textiles.Further the inflow of foreign capital and foreign manufacturers, bankers, merchants, company and British servants contributed to the ruin of Indian textile base. They advocated for more access to Indian villages which led to replacement of Indian rulers and nobles or any privilege enjoyed by latter, by British officials. These rulers and nobles used to provide patronage to rural craftsman which was uprooted completely during this period leading to end to mode of livelihood of these crafts persons.Hence, the free trade policy adopted by British government was for the progress of British through export orientation leading to collapse of Indian textile industry and patronage enjoyed by crafts sector and hurt their sentimentsHow did the movement for the liberation of women receive a great stimulus from the rise and growth of the nationalist movement?AnsWomen witnessed long social boycotts and evil practices in Indian society. Gender discrimination was a blot on Indian society which was changed during the course of 19th century and withered away to a large extend in the 20th century. There were multifarious reasons and causations that led to liberation of women.The growth of intelligentsia class especially in Bengal and Maharashtra brought the deplorable conditions of the women to forefront. Continuous efforts from individuals like Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar, Raja Ram Mohan Roy in Bengal and Panduranga etc in Maharashtra led to abolition of Sati, promotion of window remarriage and girl education. This stimulus benefitted the national movement during Swadeshi movement in which women were at vanguard in carrying out protests and picketing of liquor shops.Further impetus was provided by Gandhiji who reckoned women power as the main challenge to British authority and promotion of Swadeshi items. During the periods of Non cooperation movement Gandhiji brought women into nationalist mainstream discourse by giving them the opportunity to picket shops, boycott government products and organize mass protests by carrying out mock funerals and promoting charkha and khadi. Various women were brought into political platform and as representatives of India in Britain.In addition to that, women organizations were formed at regional levels and they actively participated in national mobilization and raised their voices at different platforms for different reasons. They even took to the arms to fight colonial power and established underground radio communication network for disseminating nationalist idea. The active participation in quit India movement helped in establishing a free Indian fighting force.Hence, foundation stone for the emancipation of women was laid by early nationalist who emancipated their social status and by providing them the political strength, the later nationalist made women a formidable power.Q “During the Indian national movement, the Left succeeded in making an impact on Indian society and politics”. Analyze.AnsThe left movement in India was both evolutionary and revolutionary. It was the product of Russian revolution that led to the creation of CPI by M.N.Roy. It was based on the ideology of socialism and communism which was not only embraced by political class but also took the shape of workers movement and changed the social milieu of the country.The initial phase of movement was marked by widespread conspiracy cases which created a wide popularity in different regions of the country leading to cropping up of new leaders in the countryside. It mobilized people for the creation of an economic just and political active popular base. The ideology of people oriented economic planning with defined goals was supported by political class and common man alike.Further the calls for nationalization of industries and organization of workers movements and peasants movements for their rights and creation of trade union was another fact that helped CPI gain clout over masses. The sudden increase in strike in factories for better working conditions, time and wages testifies the left movement’s national appeal. It provided political voice to workers through trade unions.On the political front, Many CPI joined the ranks of congress for acceleration of their socialist ideology on the national front. Its success can be gauged from the fact that after India’s independence, India opted for a socialist pattern of economy and state emerging as a welfare state.Left ideology has had great impact on revolutionaries like Bhagat Singh, Azad and Raj guru etc who through their militant’s works send shockwaves throughout the establishment and mobilized many others to take up arms against British imperialism.Thus, left ideology not only mobilized workers and peasants for their economic empowerment but also had a wide political followership.Q) Do you think that the Quit India movement was a Spontaneous Revolution?AnsAfter the failure of Cripps Mission, there was a sense of resentment among all sections of society. Congress felt betrayed due to British apathy towards its demand for a constituent assembly and the coming attack of Japanese on the east coast. Congress was left to nothing but to pass a resolution for demanding complete independence from British yoke and leave India in god’s hand.Though congress opted for a planned movement, the sudden arrest of its leaders including Gandhi Ji the very next day of resolution changed the character of the mobilization from a movement to a revolution. The violence was the result of continuous apathy of the British during world war which led to eruption and public outcry after the arrest of Congress leaders. This completely led to a standstill and people come out in support without any centralized leadership of congress. There was a sudden surge in the violence and destruction leading to damage of the public buildings. There was complete breakdown of administration machinery at various regional centers. There was a disruption in the communication lines of government. Various secret radio stations were started to disseminate the idea of movement which has gained a revolutionary zeal leading to arrest of thousands of people.The continuous repression of the people after NCM and CDM without any heed to their demand against the war issues coupled with the arrest of their leaders is the main reason for the movement turning out to be a revolution.Q. Explain the growth of communism in India. Has it lost its relevance in the post liberalization era? Critically comment.AnsCommunist genesis in India dates back to late 1920s after Russian revolution of 1917. M.N.Roy, a staunch communist was instrumental in evolution of communist and socialist ideology in India. This led to emergence of new leaders like Dange, Singravellu chettiar, Nalini gupta at regional and national level accelerating socialist agenda.However its gaining influence led British to declare it a banned outfit. This led the communist ideologues to get into the ranks of Congress in the form of CPI & CSP and later on various blocs developed. They resisted any kind of piece meal approach of the British and organized industrial strikes, Workers and Peasants conferences & developed a blue print for socialist society based upon transfer of all power to people, economic activities to be planned and controlled by state, nationalization of industries, redistribution of land.After independence, India opted for socialist agenda as a Directive Principle. The initial period was marked by imminent factionalism between communist party which led to its split. After LPG, CPI as a political outfit started losing its sheen. There has been disintegration of communism as a political ideology and as a party. However, there has been considerable rise in the demand for a new socialist and communist agenda that should balance both growth which is a capitalist imperative and welfare and equitable, inclusive development which is communism prerogative. This has been manifested in the form of grass root mobilization, resistance to different mining, nuclear projects and hydropower plants. New socialist agenda is also expressed in the form of trade union strike against disinvestment of PSE like NLC or resistance from labour unions in maruti plant.In conclusion it can be advocated that character of communism has changed from ideology based to need based and it is less organized and more revolutionary and parochial.Q Discuss the triggers for rapid Industrialization process in Western Europe and its growth during the nineteenth century.AnsIndustrialization is defined as a process in which a predominantly agrarian economy is transformed into a machine based industrial economy. The industrial revolution took place in England in particular and west Europe in general for the simple reason that pre requisites to industrial revolution were present there. The triggers were:1.Capital: It is the main requirement for purchasing land, machinery, raw material etc. Large savings by manufacturers and traders and plunder from colonies abroad was re invested in machinery and capital formation and expansion2.Techniques: There has been invention of new technology and funds were mobilized for research and development of more machines and improving the efficacy of older ones.3.Availability of cheap labour and workers which were hitherto poor agricultural peasants and slaves from colonies filled the need for unskilled human resource. This led to their exploitation and acceleration of wealth production in the factories.4.Western Europe was endowed with riches of natural resources like coal for production of power and iron for production of machinery.5.New modes of transport like inland waterways, road network, ports and railway broke the hitherto isolation of far flung areas and also helped in transportation of raw material to the factories.6.The colonies provided the market base for the machine based products through disproportionate tariff policyThe emphasis for rapid industrialization was also provided through the ideological support from the growth of philosophy of capitalism and rise of protestant ethics, new modes of education and science. The Calvinists and protestants receiving institutional support imbibed the value of material asceticism, entrepreneurship, law, discipline which had significant impact on the industrialization as a process.Q)“The peasant movements of the second half of the nineteenth century lacked a positive conception of an alternative society – a conception which would unite the people in a common struggle on a wide regional and all-India plane and help develop a long term political developments”. Critically examine.AnsPeasants movements in India was mainly the result of exploitative economic land policies and revenue system like zamindari, ryotwari and mahalwari introduced by east India company. The excessive state revenue demand and introduction of new classes such as zamindars, moneylenders impoverished the peasants forcing them to protest, revolt and rebel. The commercialization of agriculture leading to loss of land for the peasants coupled famines created a furore in the peasantry class.The protests took the shape of movements at various regional levels in the second half of 19th century. However, these mobilizations were mainly parochial in character and were aimed at zamindars, moneylenders. They have no vision for an all India movement and lack political understanding about the developments in the country. Further they were not against the imperial political power but against their way of extracting the revenue.The Santhal rebellion, Indigo revolt of 1860, Deccan riots were some of the revolts which do not challenged the authority of imperial system but instead challenged the local level petty zamindars and sub feudal landlords. The movements were short lived and lost their importance once the immediate concerns of the peasants were resolved. In addition to that, due to lack of communication between different regions and quick transport facility, lacks of educational and political awareness were the main reasons for the growth of peasants movements on a national front.Therefore it can be said that though imperial rule have been instrumental in bringing the change in structure of agricultural class through its various land revenue policy, most of the peasants mobilizations never challenged the authority of British rule and instead ravaged the zamindars and moneylenders in order to relieve themselves from the immediate bondage of debt.

Question as answered: How do I convert a tuple to a dictionary in Python?A tuple is an immutable sequence of values … such as a row from a database query. A dictionary is a mapping of keys to values.So the “key” question here is, what do you want to use as keys?If what you’re talking about is a tuple of two-item tuples, and you want the first value of each tuple to be the key and the other item to be its value then this is sufficient:example = ((1,"one"), (2,"two"), (3,"three")) mydict = dict(example) The default constructor/initializer for a dictionary will handle that case just fine. It can handle any sequence of two-items sequences (tuples of lists, lists of tuples, lists of lists, etc).But, of course, that won’t do for any data structure that doesn’t match these semantics.Note: you’re really not “converting” a tuple to a dictionary. They are fundamentally different data types. You’re instantiating or generating a dictionary from a tuple.Let’s say you had a tuple consisting of an even number of elements such that you wanted to treat every even item (starting with zero) as a key and every item with an odd index number as a value. Then you might use something like this:flattened_pairs = (1, 'one', 2, 'two', 3, 'three') mydict = dict(zip(flattened_pairs[::2],flattened_pairs[1::2])) Here we’re just taking two slices of our tuple, one providing all the even elements and the other providing all the odds; then we’re “zipping” those two sequences together … and thus creating the requisite sequence of two-item sequences.If you had a sequence of n-item tuples (or other sub-sequences) where you wanted to use just the first item from each as the key and the rest as the value then you might use:n_item_tuple = ((1,'one','uno'),(2,'two','dos'),(3,'three','tres')) mydict = {x[0]:x[1:] for x in n_item_tuple} Note that the {…} is the traditional syntax for defining a dictionary literal (source code representation of a dictionary without calling the dict() constructor function). But it’s also used for dictionary comprehensions, as I’ve shown here. When the {…} contains an expression of the form: x:y … for … in [ … if …] then it’s treated as a “comprehension” … a snippet of code which evaluates into a dynamically generated sequence.If we wanted each value to retain a copy of its key we could just use {x[0]:x for x in …} … and it should be obvious we could use any other value, or even slice of values) from these tuples as our keys.I can even write a function returning two item tuples and evaluate that with my dictionary comprehension:def key_on_last(item):  return item[-1], item[:-1]  mydict = {key_on_last(x) for x in example} There are endless possibilities.