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Thanks for ask to answer Reena RathiI do not know your personal history and personal traits, hence I will not be able to decide, what field would be good for you, which would eventually help you work, without stress, and help you base your career in the longer run.Remember, these words"One always achieves, what one deserves, in one form or the other, now or later; such are the laws of existence; how does one achieve what one deserves depends purely on one’s character traits."I will tell you a real-life story of Nanabhoy (Nani) Ardeshir PalkhivalaBorn: January 16, 1920, MumbaiDied: December 11, 2002, MumbaiNanabhoy PalkhivalaPalhkivala Man And MissionImage source: Nani A Palkhivala Memorial Trust ::Without a privileged background, without a godfather in the legal profession, without a degree from Oxford or Cambridge or any foreign university, without being a barrister (as was fashionable at that time), handicapped by a severe stammer in his childhood, Palkhivala reached the very pinnacle of success in the legal profession in less than 20 years.What was the story of his stupendous success at the Bar?He is commonly known as a 'Courtroom Genius'.Nani Palkhivala was a studious child who loved reading more than anything else. He was a diligent (quietly and steadily continuing a task despite any difficulties), conscientious (guided by or in accordance with conscience or sense of right and wrong) student. Apart from studies, he was good in music - playing the violin and the piano, palmistry, photography, sketching, painting and carpentry but he never pursued these hobbies after college.A voracious reader from childhood, Palkhivala invested all his savings in buying second-hand books. Palkhivala would spend hours reading the latest arrivals in biography, history and literature in a bookshop on Grant Road in Bombay and Shri Bhatkal, the Proprietor, allowed him to use the bookshop late into the evening.Little wonder that he developed an abiding love for literature and wanted to be a teacher in English.Palkhivala's stammer has often been commented upon. A man who kept 100,000 people spellbound at a cricket stadium, would, as a child, struggle to say even few words. He got stuck with words and was unable to complete a sentence. It was a terrible sight. His father made him run on the beach with an almond under his tongue. Perhaps, he took the cue from Demosthenes [ Athenian statesman and orator (circa 385-322 BC)], who placed pebbles in his mouth and practised shouting at the waves to clear his stammer. Despite his stammer, Palkhivala took part in several debates and elocution contests. He was determined to get over this handicap and it is tempting to speculate that he may not have been such a great speaker if he did not have the stammer.Great achievements have often come from men/women driven to overcome insurmountable odds.His love and extensive reading of the classics, biographies and history proved useful in debates and elocutions which he frequently won.Palkhivala's debating skills and clear thinking led his father to frequently advise him to become a lawyer. He said, 'My son - you are cut out for the law-- become a lawyer'. But Palkhivala wanted to be a lecturer in English and did not follow his father's suggestion.After completing his matriculation, Palkhivala joined the St. Xavier's College in 1940 and completed his B.A with Honours in English Literature.But he was not selected for the post of lecturer in the local college.He then went on to do his M.A in English literature. Even at this time, he did not pursue a career in law although he could have taken up law immediately after the B.A examination. Thus, two more years were spent in getting his M.A degree.His wife Nargesh wanted Palkhivala to become a member of the Indian Civil Service (ICS). This was the ultimate dream for many young Indians at that time. The ICS entrance examination was held in New Delhi but a severe epidemic broke out that year resulting in several deaths. His parents were extremely worried and requested him not to go to Delhi. Palkhivala, as a devoted son, did not submit his application form and the last date was over. By another twist of fate, which must have seemed cruel at that time, the Government later declared that the examination would be held at Bombay because of the epidemic. By this time, it was too late to submit the application form and Palkhivala never attempted the examination again.Having failed in his attempt to become an English lecturer and to write the ICS exam, Palkhivala finally took up law and joined the Government Law College in 1942.It is supremely ironical that India's greatest lawyer became one by accident.If he had become an English lecturer, he may have retired as a Vice-Chancellor. As an ICS officer, he might have eventually retired as a Secretary to the Government. One eventually gets what one deserves.He was a Professor of Law at the Government Law College, Bombay, and was appointed the Tagore Professor of Law at the Calcutta University.In 1975 he was elected an Honorary member of The Academy of Political Science, New York,and in 1977, he was appointed Ambassador of India to the United States of America.In June 1978, the Princeton University, New Jersey, U.S.A, conferred on him the Honorary Degree of Doctor of Laws, describing him as "defender of constitutional liberties, champion of human rights, teacher, author and economic developer."In April 1979, the Lawrence University, Wisconsin, U.S.A, conferred on him the Honorary Degree of Doctor of Laws.Nani Palkhivala has argued a number of historical cases in the courts of India and abroad. He was also associated with several industrial and business houses as Chairman, Vice-Chairman and Director.What makes one person reach unbelievable levels of achievement in his chosen field?Are there any lessons to be learnt from such success?Is there a formula that can be replicated by anyone - like ingredients of a recipe of a master chef that can be merely repeated?There is a theory that success leaves clues. If a person has succeeded in doing certain things, it is possible to do the same thing and achieve similar, if not the same, success.Is achievement the result of innate talent?What role do hard work and preparation play?Does the particular working environment play an important role?The answers to the above questions differ from person to person, but one thing is for sure"One always achieves, what one deserves, in one form or the other, now or later; such are the laws of existence"Reference:1. Nani Palkhivala: The Courtroom Genius.2. We, the Nation: The Lost Decades by Nani Palkhivala.

Exsqueeze me?It really is a pity that today, despite all the literature, museums and outreach, even the average citizen of the eastern United States is still blissfully unaware of the complex societies whose remnants they often walk or drive right over.Story time!The Eastern Woodlands of the United States has been a nexus for stratified civilization since 3500 B.C. The Mississippi River area was even home to its own independent cradle of agriculture known as the Eastern Agricultural Complex, from which we still have popular vegetables like squash and sunflower. The peoples that farmed these crops have been traditionally termed the “Mound Builders”, so named for their apparent proclivity towards earthworks. The term is a bit dated now, and archaeologists today are able to differentiate specific cultures, but “mound-building peoples” is often still used to describe the cultures in general.There have been many mound-building societies over the course of North American history. We’ll probably never know the exact political relationships, but we can identify consistencies in material culture and living patterns. The first one that really seems to take off across the board is the Hopewell:Starting around 100 B.C., sites all around the Mississippi start adopting a similar set of traits such as pottery styles, arrowhead techniques and artistic motifs, along with a much more pronounced sense of social stratification. The Hopewell appear to have begun with the Ohio Hopewell, which built upon the stratified Adena culture that existed since 1000 B.C. on the Ohio River valley, which connects to the Mississippi. The Hopewell greatly proliferate the number of mounds constructed in the Eastern Woodlands and diversify their uses.Hopewell “serpent” copper effigyReplica of a copper headdress recovered from Posey County, IndianaOne of the most iconic examples of the Hopewell are the Newark Earthworks: a series of interconnected circles, walls and moats that appear to serve as a massive lunar observatory. The Moon’s orbit ‘wobbles’ in relation to the Earth: at one extreme the orbit is rotated one way, and rotated the other way at the other extreme. The point in this cycle where the Moon’s orbital plane reaches its northernmost or southernmost extent before going back to the other is termed the lunar standstill, which produces an effect not unlike the Sun’s solstices. This happens every 18 years, 7 months and almost 10 days. The Newark Earthworks are able to track the Moon’s declination until the next standstill with remarkable precision.Newark today. A country club still owns parts of the earthworks.It’s possible that the Ohio Hopewell had such influence over the Eastern Woodlands that they may have started a new religious movement, or perhaps their influence was economical and assimilating their culture was better for business, or people may have simply admired parts of their culture enough to replicate it. A mix of the three may have happened, but we might never know specifically why people wanted to copy them.What we do know was that their influence was phenomenal. The Hopewell had access to a trade network that extended all the way to the Great Lakes, the Gulf of Mexico and the Rockies, with artifacts from these regions showing up in Ohio:In the year 500 A.D., the bow and arrow trickled southward after being introduced by Arctic and Subarctic peoples. This makes hunting (and fighting) much more accessible, freeing people up from their dependencies on crops and some hierarchical control.From there the magic begins to die for the Hopewell and the societies within its sphere fall into the geographically broader-ranging Woodland period. The 500 years of the Late Woodland period saw a great intensity in fortification, a significant reduction in mound-building (though some are still built) and more numerous, smaller walled villages instead of the somewhat larger settlements of the Middle Woodland’s Hopewell. This lifestyle, in some form, actually lasted in the periphery of the Eastern Woodlands until the arrival of Europeans.By the year 1000, however, something new appears in the heart of the Mississippi. People are once again gathering in large towns, larger than ever before, and forming wealthy elites under the control of powerful rulers who began using earthworks to proclaim their legitimacy. Corn (maize) was introduced to the Eastern Woodlands in 200 B.C., but had a hard time dealing with the colder climates. However, new cold-hardy cultivars had finally been developed and were taking the Eastern Woodlands by storm into a new agricultural revolution. Things were about to get corny.Archaeologists have given these maize-crazy, mound-building chiefdoms the aptly-named title of the Mississippians:This is where things really start getting big. The power and influence of chiefs have increased drastically into large, multi-town paramount chiefdoms, though if we’re being completely honest some of these really resemble early kingdoms and the difference is largely semantic. The massive trade networks have fired back up and are bringing in more goods than ever before. They especially love Great Lakes copper. Art, culture and religious expression have also greatly expanded and this cultural movement reaches nearly every corner of the Mississippi River watershed:The “Sponemann Figurine” from Cahokia. The headwrap seen on her head has been documented in historical Native American tribes.Copper plate of a falcon-eyed man from Spiro Mounds, Oklahoma.“Crouching Man” effigy pipe from Shiloh Indian Mounds, Tennessee.More Spiro copper plate art, including a falcon dancer (or warrior) to the left. These are replicas for Spiro’s museum exhibit.Ceremonial copper axes from Etowah, Georgia.“Conquering Warrior” effigy pipe from Spiro. The wooden slat backshield he is wearing has similarities to the armor worn by Great Lakes tribes, which also protected the head and neck in this way.Wood duck effigy bowl, diorite. Moundville, Alabama.Shell gorget of two dancers from the McClung Museum of Natural History & Culture in Tennessee.Shell forget from Texas depicting a falcon and feline figure in combat. From the Werner Forman Archive at the National Museum of the American Indian.But one of the most profound examples of Mississippian culture, and what everybody wants to see when they visit the sites, are of course the mounds.These are no mere piles of dirt either, but alternating layers of various clays and particulates that each have their own physical properties and ostensibly spiritual meanings to ensure the greatest structural stability and proper religious status. Most of these clays were sourced from many miles out, even when a more convenient source was nearby. Most of these mounds were built to house a temple or chief, and the larger mounds served as residential-religious complexes for the elites. When the person living on the mound died, his house was burnt with any of his belongings and a new mound was constructed atop.The most impressive of these Mississippian mounds, still standing today (in somewhat eroded form) is Monks Mound in the archaeological site of Cahokia:This terraced platform mound is 100 feet high, 775 feet wide, and 955 feet long; slightly larger at the base than the largest Egyptian pyramid.The mound held multiple large buildings, including that of the paramount chief who overlooked a city we call Cahokia, the largest in pre-Columbian North America north of the Rio Grande, existing from A.D. 1050 to 1350.And there’s a highway right through it…(A little outdated: there is evidence of clay caps on many Mississippian mounds, which means these mounds would have been a bright yellow or red instead of turf green. This illustration also shows mainly the “downtown” area - other precincts of the city such as the East St. Louis group are not shown.)The safe estimate for Cahokia’s population is around 20,000 people, but it has sometimes been given twice that. Either way, it’s reasonably impressive for the area and historical context. Our modern life has made us used to megacities spanning hundreds of thousands or millions of people, but to put 20,000 souls into perspective: This is close to the same size as London in 1200. Berlin was a quaint village of barely over a thousand at this time. Paris had very recently become a medieval metropolis at a hundred thousand people, but had floated at around 35,000 for about a millennium. The modern city of Ithaca, New York is around 30,000.This city was America’s first melting pot, bringing in peoples from very distant regions who came for trade, religion and safety. The city was organized into districts according to class and sometimes function, including ‘industrial zones’ for production of things like beads, tools, pottery and copper art.Outside the walled ceremonial district was a “Woodhenge”; a circular arrangement of poles that track the position of the sun like a giant solar calendar. Nearly all of the buildings are aligned to the four cardinal directions; the four directions to this day are important to many Native American tribes. Some pits within the city were dug as a source of clay and, if we can glean from historical accounts of native towns, were likely flooded and stocked with fish.Aztalan, Wisconsin, a probable colony of CahokiaCahokia faced many typical issues of a large early city: social order, sanitation, dietary deficiencies, and especially resource exhaustion (good timber had to be brought in from upriver). In finding a reason for Cahokia’s fall, it seems to have dealt with these okay enough. But some time after 1200 A.D. came an unusually wet era for the Mississippians, and all that extra rainfall drained into and rushed down the Mississippi, which would have drenched all of Cahokia but the tops of its mounds.Interestingly, the Osage tribe, a Dhegihan-Siouan people that have one of the closest cultural similarities with the archaeological findings of Cahokia, have an origin story that draws many parallels (from Willard H. Rollings’ The Osage: An Ethnohistorical Study of Hegemony on the Prairie-Plains):. . . in the beginning all of the Osage lived in a single village located along a river. One day the river flooded, and the Osage fled the rising waters. One group made it to the top of a hill, while others fled a nearby timbered ridge. A third group escaped to higher ground and sought shelter in a dense thicket, while a fourth group found refuge at the base of [a] hill just above the floodwaters. Some of the Osage, unable to escape, remained in the flooded village. After the floodwaters receded, the Non-hon-zhin-ga [council] insisted that the people remain in the groups they had formed during the flood. They claimed that Wa-kon-da [the Great Spirit/Mystery] wanted the people to live apart and to establish five villages . . .After the flooding, Cahokia was still inhabited, but was a shadow of its former self. The people that lived there in the roughly 200 years until its final abandonment seem to have lived without a major elite class and used parts of Monks Mound as a garbage midden. Cahokia, once at the forefront of the Mississippian trade network, seems to have taken the long distance trade with it.…but that’s not the end!Mississippian culture was still alive and vibrant in the Lower Mississippi and Southeastern Woodlands (and the Middle Mississippi and Ohio River too, but the other places are more intense). However, times have changed. The lack of the Cahokian trade nexus has wrecked regional economies. Influence vacuums have formed and the world seems just a bit more dangerous. This is where history begins to rhyme a bit: there is an increase in fortification and town splitting, though not quite to the same degree. Towns are typically surrounded by a defensive wall and people move if the population gets too big, but complex hierarchies and earthworks are more active than ever. The political climate of the Southeast leads to the creation of vast open territories, with areas of dense wilderness serving to buffer the territories from large military campaigns (though light travel is still possible on trails). These territories, of course, had to be managed. And it’s during this era that we are finally able to know how the Mississippians governed themselves, at least in some parts, due to the accounts from Hernando de Soto’s entrada. In the Southeast among Muskogean (Creek) towns, the major town leader (potentially the paramount as well) was the mico/micco. Subordinate to the mico are the orata, which governed satellite towns. The iniha/heniha was an administrator served along the mico as a kind of magistrate and the yatika was the official translator. Each of these large territories was an italwa, and this word was also used to describe the largest towns ruled by micos, talofa being the smaller towns. The Caddo Mississippians in Texas and Oklahoma had the same structure, despite being on the other side of the Mississippian sphere.Hernando de Soto’s route through areas that are known Mississippian polities. There are more archaeological sites than shown here which could possibly represent other polities.Starting from Florida, Hernando de Soto and his entrada entered Mississippian civilization, starting with the Appalachee (to the south, off-screen of the map) and into the Mississippi River proper. There they found large capitals with their mounds and walls, and many towns had other features such as moats and levies. Some of these moats seem to have doubled as fish traps, according to de Soto’s secretary Rodrigo Ranjel who described Pacaha’s (probably the Nodena site in Arkansas) moat as ”full of excellent fish of divers kinds”.The Parkin site in eastern Arkansas, one of the places visited by Hernando de SotoEtowah, a Late Mississippian town that may have also been visited by the entradaYou will often hear that from here, Hernando de Soto’s very existence caused 90% of the natives to keel over from European diseases. However, there is actually no evidence of such mass deaths, even in towns that had Spanish artifacts. To make matters even more interesting, de Soto and some other Spaniards actually fell ill and died on this journey, at a point in the journey longer than the incubation period of known European diseases, with the natives unaffected!But the entrada still had a devastating effect on the political atmosphere. In his search for gold and the desire to continue such a journey, de Soto raided and burned towns, forcibly occupied capitals and even kidnapped paramount chiefs — people who were supposedly of heavenly descent, reduced to being bound and caged for ransom. He used his influence to alter Mississippian political relationships to his benefit and this wrecked the status quo. The paramountcies of Coosa and Cofitachequi no longer had the same kind of respect, influence and control over their territories as they once had. Political cohesion was now much more tenuous.The fortress village of Mabila burning after a failed ambush.The entrada would not be able to walk away from the Eastern Woodlands so easily, however. Shortly before he died, de Soto tried to use his claim as son of the Sun to force the chiefdom of Quigualtam, the largest and most powerful polity of the lower Mississippi, to give them safe passage down the Mississippi … and some tribute for the road, of course. Quigualtam wasn’t buying it. After a failed overland route near Texas, de Soto’s entrada (now led by Luis de Moscoso) built some ships and tried to sail down the Mississippi as quick as humanly possible.Quigualtam, of course, caught up with them. The small Spanish river fleet was met by Quigualtam’s fleet of nearly a hundred canoes, many of which held up to 70 people. These large canoes had awnings in the back housing the commanders; the awnings, paddles, weapons, and the boats themselves were all one color, with a different color for each boat. They sang and drummed in unison to pace their paddling; most of the songs could be summed up as “You Spaniards sure are in for it now!”. There was, naturally, a very loud scream at the end of each song.Once the boats got close, teams of divers jumped off the boats and into the water to board the Spanish’s pinnace boats. Other paddlers stood up and began firing volleys. They managed to kill, wound and capture some people, but made the decision not to engulf them entirely — Quigualtam’s plan was not to annihilate the Spaniards, but to harass, exhaust and terrify them enough that they understood who had the real power in the Mississippi, and would tell all of their countrymen back home. Which of course succeeded: every time the Spanish thought they out-sailed Quigualtam, they would hear the shouting again and the terror would start back up.Quigualtam’s cultural descendants are the Natchez, whose society remained strongly Mississippian well into the historic period, interacting diplomatically with the United States.Despite this successful expulsion of the Spaniards, it was only the beginning of the end for the Mississippian way of life as a whole. European ships were conducting slave raids all around the North American coast, as well as propping up some natives to become slave raiders themselves, which only expanded ever inward. This led to an increase in warfare, famine and mass uncertainty that undermined the political structure of the Eastern Woodlands, leading to the breakup of most Mississippian polities. It was only when the stresses from raids and starvation was at its peak that the first epidemics begin to sweep through; these events had lowered the immune system of natives. The Native American slave trade continued well into the age of the British colonies and early U.S., where Savannah, Georgia was an important port for the export of Native slaves.De Soto’s accounts were buried in the libraries of New Spain, records of English colonial interactions with remaining Mississippian polities fell into obscurity, and the survivors of the Mississippian breakup had long since adopted new, somewhat more egalitarian lifestyles. Many of the old Mississippian towns and cities were revisited again as abandoned mounds. Rather than believe they were built by the ‘savage’ Indians they were killing and enslaving, people came up with numerous myths of other more prestigious people who came to America before them, only to be killed off by the current inhabitants. The Aztecs. Hindus. Babylonians. The Lost 13th Tribe of Israel. The Welsh. Anyone but the indigenous people. Thomas Jefferson was one of the first, after archaeological digs of his own, to suggest that the mounds were in fact built by Native Americans.But the myth had always persisted. In fact, some pseudoscientific circles to this day still deny the origins of the mounds in favor of their preferred civilization. And the lack of respect Americans have had for the mounds is exhibited by their constant destruction throughout American history. Massive temple platforms were excavated so their clay could be used for road fill or embankments. Some were simply in the way of progress: right across the river from Cahokia was the remains of a smaller city which was nearly completely torn down to make room for St. Louis.“Big Mound” of St. Louis’ Mound City; this mound was first excavated to make way for a street, and later completely demolished to become fill dirt for the North Missouri Railroad.Only one deeply eroded “Sugarloaf Mound” remains in St. Louis. Many Mississippian sites are still on private land, their artifacts routinely dug up by plows while their discoverers don’t think much of it. And when they think they can get away with it, land developers still try to build on native sites and tear down mounds that are “in the way”.Alabama city destroying ancient Indian mound for Sam’s ClubProfessor says 900-year-old Indian mound in Oxford has been destroyedNew St. Louis Rams Stadium May Be Built On Ancient Native American CityThis has been simply another front of a campaign as old as the United States itself to destroy and mask the history and culture of Native Americans, so as to put European-American history and culture at the forefront. Today, we are, comparatively, much more sensitive to the real history before the United States, and also have the power and resources to protect and educate. But the damage inflicted over the centuries has been done, and we are still reeling from its effects. It will take a while before Americans really truly become aware of their country’s pre-European past and realize it’s something to be celebrated, not quietly ignored — or worse, bulldozed. Until then, we should try to educate and raise awareness as much as we can.Winterville Mounds, MississippiAs you can see, the Mississippi River did indeed give birth to some quite complex societies. You might also be wondering: why didn’t all this complexity happen earlier? Or reach the political strength of other river valley civilizations?Well, first off I don’t think you can ever get a detailed answer to that. Many people like to fall on geography as the sole determiner of human society, but humans, as we all know, are complicated and do not like to follow the rules. Nevertheless, while the fertility of the Mississippi watershed can’t be overstated, the region is also perhaps a bit … too fertile. Most other river valley civilizations are in relatively dry areas, with a narrow stretch of fertile floodplain that forces most people to huddle together and submit to a central managing authority. In the Mississippi, you can have great farmland by the river, but you can also go deeper into the many, mazelike tributary rivers into the woods and have almost just as productive a crop. This is harder to keep under control, which narrows the focus of elites for the most part. However, ancient China had much the same layout: a large swath of fertile land under a complex watershed of not one but two giant rivers. Horses, not available to the Mississippians, may have also played a part in such a difference. Or perhaps simply not enough time has passed since the Eastern Woodland’s adoption of agriculture in 1800 B.C. and the introduction of more efficient crops in 900 A.D. If you’re asking me, a historical particularist, I believe that the fate of human societies can ultimately fall on the decisions made by their communities. The ideologies that led to the creation of sprawling, intensely bureaucratic states simply did not come to fruition in the same way they did in China or Mesopotamia. Maybe that was influenced by the factors I mentioned, or the values were simply different.Yet a civilization it definitely was, with its own sophisticated cultures, politics, and artistic expression. Like many civilizations, it had its own peaks and dips, and with every dip rose a peak that was stronger than ever before. The collapse of the trade networks after 1400 was a dip the Mississippians had just begun to recover from. Considering the interruption of Mississippian history with the arrival of the Spanish, one has to wonder: what kind of peak might we have seen next?Further Reading:Mysteries of the Hopewell: Astronomers, Geometers, and Magicians of the Eastern Woodlands by William F. RomainAncient Cahokia and the Mississippians by Timothy R. PauketatMedieval Mississippians: The Cahokian World by Timothy R. Pauketat and Susan M. AltMapping the Mississippian Shatter Zone: The Colonial Indian Slave Trade and Regional Instability in the American South by Robbie Ethridge and Sheri M. Shuck-Hall - goes into the political instability caused by European activity that led to the collapse of many Mississippian politiesEpidemics and Enslavement: Biological Catastrophe in the Native Southeast, 1492-1715 by Paul Kelton - also discusses the shatter zone, but builds upon it by touching on the biological aspect. Particularly, it addresses the myth of the spread of European disease in the EW: rather than the wildfire-like instantaneous transmission many imagine, the worst of the epidemics only came about when the immune systems of the natives were weakened through stresses.The Forgotten Centuries: Indians and Europeans in the American South, 1521-1704 by Carmen Tesser and Charles Hudson - very aptly named; in-depth exposition of the often overlooked protohistoric period, inbetween the jurisdictions of archaeologists and historians.Amazon.com: Knights of Spain, Warriors of the Sun: Hernando de Soto and the South's Ancient Chiefdoms by Charles Hudson and Robbie Ethridge - Contains actual primary sources of de Soto’s journey, augmented and illuminated by the interpretations of modern historical and archaeological data.

I’m going to excerpt from a book, but its not MY book (although I DO talk about the more modern day Illuminati - and by that I mean, going back not further than the mid-1700s - in my book- among many other things).But this guy, Bill Cooper, has a unique view on a lot of these things which lends credibility to any investigation because he was deeply involved in Naval and other Intelligence agencies through the instrumentality of his service in the Armed Forces.(Cooper says that he himself was a member of one of these secret combinations - which is what *I* call them - and that he speculates in his book that this may well have been a reason that he was picked for this kind of duty consistently during his period of service)What follows are EXCERPTS from his work BEHOLD, A PALE HORSE: and as pertains to your question, what you will see in the things Cooper says, is that Cooper seems to go far afield from the Illuminati proper (and for the purpose of making a more complete response, I include that “in”); and it seems to be his intention to enumerate and then connect miscellaneous various secret organizations to, not THE ILLUMINATI, as such - but RATHER, the greater concept of ILLUMINISM - which goes back MUCH further; so in responding to this question, the reader will, it is hoped, see that the REAL IDEA is not “THE ILLUMINATI” PER SE - but a LARGER PREMISE - which goes back much much further in time - to which all these secret combinations subscribe - called ILLUMINISM.So here we go with Cooper’s comments; and afterwards, I will have more to say which will add a little bit on a specific group that Cooper mentions, which is from my own research and writing:“Adam Weishaupt, a young professor of canon law at Ingolstadt University in Germany, was a Jesuit priest and an initiate of the Illuminati. The branch of the Order he founded in Germany in 1776 was the same Illuminati previously discussed. The Jesuit connection is important, as you will see later in this chapter. Researchers agree that he was financed by the House of Rothschild (the same Rothschild family mentioned in "Silent Weapons for Quiet Wars"). Weishaupt advocated "abolition of all ordered national governments, abolition of inheritance, abolition of private property, abolition of patriotism, abolition of the individual home and family life as the cell from which all civilizations have stemmed, and abolition of all religions established and existing so that the Luciferian ideology of totalitarianism may be imposed on mankind." In the same year that he founded the Illuminati…[Adam Smith] published Wealth of Nations, the book that provided the ideological foundation for capitalism and for the Industrial Revolution. It is no accident that the Declaration of Independence was written in the same year. On the obverse of the Great Seal of the United States the wise will recognize the all-seeing eye and other signs of the Brotherhood of the Snake. Every tenet was the same. Date and beliefs confirm that Weishaupt's Illuminati is the same as the Afghan Illuminated Ones (The Roshinaya) and the other cults which called themselves "illuminated." The Alumbrados of Spain were the same - as were the "illuminated" Guerinets of France. In the United States they were known as the Jacobin clubs.“Secrets within secrets within secrets — but always at the heart is the Brotherhood.“[some believe]…Weishaupt was betrayed and set up for persecution because he ignored the rule that the word "illuminati" or the existence of the Brotherhood would never be exposed to public knowledge. His exposure and outlawing accomplished several goals of the still-hidden and still very powerful brotherhood. It allowed members to debunk claims of its existence on the grounds that the Illuminati had been exposed and outlawed and thus was no longer a reality. It allowed members to deny allegations of conspiracy of any kind. The Brotherhood of the Snake is adept at throwing out decoys to keep the dogs at bay.“Weishaupt may have been a fool — OR, he may have been doing exactly what he was told.“Weishaupt said, "The great strength of our Order lies in its concealment; let it never appear in its own name, but always covered by another name, and another occupation."“Allegations that the Freemason organizations were infiltrated by the Illuminati during Weishaupt's reign are hogwash. The Freemasons have always contained the core of Illuminati within their ranks, and that is why they so freely and so willingly took in and hid the members of Weishaupt's group.“You cannot really believe that the Freemasons, if they were only a simple fraternal organization, would have risked everything, including their very lives, by taking in and hiding outlaws who had been condemned by the monarchies of Europe.“It is mainly Freemason authors who have perpetuated the myth that Adam Weishaupt was the founder of the Illuminati and that the Illuminati was destroyed, never to surface again. The Masons are major players in the struggle for world domination….“The 33rd Degree is split into two. One split contains the core of the Luciferian Illuminati and the other contains those who have no knowledge of it whatsoever. ALL of the intelligence officers that I worked for while in Naval Intelligence were Masons.“Most members of the Freemasons are not aware that the Illuminati practices what is known as "secrets within secrets," or organizations within organizations. That is one purpose of initiation.“I firmly believe that all adult secret societies that practice degrees of initiation and consider the members to be "illuminated" are branches of the original ages-old Illuminati. Their goal is to rule the world. The doctrine of this group is not democracy or communism, but is a form of fascism.(Editor Note: Arguably, without the network of the southern jurisdiction Scottish Rite of Freemasonry, getting the South into the mindset and position where it could decide to secede from the Union, COULD NOT HAVE OCCURRED. There were some other networks – Yale’s Skull and Bones network had quite a bit to do with this – but all these other networks were under the general umbrella of the southern jurisdiction of the Scottish Rite of Freemasonry. So what was operating, ante-bellum, was a lot of Skull and Bones type, Scottish Rite Freemasonry, British influence, esp. in South Carolina – all of these interests wanted the U.S. to split up, right? For various nefarious reasons).OK - back to Cooper:“You must begin to think correctly.“The Illuminati are not Communists, but some Communists are Illuminati. (1) Monarchism (thesis) faced democracy (antithesis) in WWI, which resulted in the formation of communism and the League of Nations (synthesis). (2) Democracy and communism (thesis) faced fascism (antithesis) in WWII and resulted in a more powerful United Nations (synthesis). (3) Capitalism (thesis) now faces communism (antithesis) and the result will be the New World Order...“The 1953 report of the California Senate Investigating Committee on Education stated: "So-called modern Communism is apparently the same hypocritical world conspiracy to destroy civilization that was founded by the Illuminati, and that raised its head in our colonies here at the critical period before the adoption of our Constitution." The California Senate understood that communism is the work of the Illuminati. They failed to realize that the Council on Foreign Relations and the Trilateral Commission are also the work of the Illuminati.“YOU MUST BEGIN TO THINK CORRECTLY.(Ed. Note: AND SO SAY I ALSO)“The enemy is not communism, it is ILLUMINISM.“The Communists are not going to be much happier with the New World Order than we. I hope to show that most modern secret societies and especially those that practice degrees of initiation — and that is the key — are really one society with one purpose. You may call them whatever you wish — the Order of the Quest, the JASON Society, the Roshinaya, the Qabbalah, the Knights Templar, the Knights of Malta, the Knights of Columbus, the Jesuits, the Masons, the Ancient and Mystical Order of Rosae Crucis, the Illuminati, the Nazi Party, the Communist Party, the Executive Members of the Council on Foreign Relations, The Group, the Brotherhood of the Dragon, the Rosicrucians, the Royal Institute of International Affairs, the Trilateral Commission, the Bilderberg Group, the Open Friendly Secret Society (the Vatican), the Russell Trust, the Skull & Bones, the Scroll & Key, the Order — THEY ARE ALL THE SAME and ALL WORK TOWARD THE SAME ULTIMATE GOAL - a New World Order.“In 1952 an alliance was formed, bringing them all together for the first time in history. The Black Families, the Illuminati (the Order), the Vatican, and the Freemasons now work together to bring about the New World Order. All will protest their innocence…“You may notice that some of those listed in the preceding paragraphs do not, or so it appears, practice degrees of initiation. That is the public view. Look at the Council on Foreign Relations. Many members—in fact, the majority — never serve on the executive committees. They never go through any initiation of any kind. They are, in fact, the power base and are used to gain a consensus of opinion. The majority are not really members but are made to feel as if they are. In reality they are being used and are unwilling or unable to understand. The Executive Committee is an inner core of intimate associates, members of a secret society called the Order of the Quest, also known as the JASON Society, devoted to a common purpose. The members are an outer circle on whom the inner core acts by personal persuasion, patronage and social pressure. That is how they bought Henry Kissinger. Rockefeller gave Kissinger a grant of $50,000 in the early '50s, a fortune in those days, and made dear old Henry a member of the CFR. Anyone in the outer circle who does not toe the mark is summarily expelled and the lesson is not lost on those who remain. Do you remember the human desire to be a member of the elect? That is the principle at work.“The real power are men who are always recruited without exception from the secret societies of Harvard and Yale known as the Skull & Bones and the Scroll & Key. Both societies are secret branches (also called the Brotherhood of Death) of what is otherwise historically known as the Illuminati. They are connected to parent organizations in England (The Group of Oxford University and especially All Souls College), and Germany (the Thule Society, also called the Brotherhood of Death).“I learned this when I was with Naval Intelligence.“I was not able to explain why some members of the Executive Committee were not listed under the "Addresses" of Chapter 322 of the Skull & Bones Society until I read The Wise Men by Walter Isaacson & Evan Thomas, Simon and Schuster, New York. Under illustration #9 in the center of the book you will find the caption "Lovett with the Yale Unit, above far right, and on the beach: His initiation into Skull and Bones came at an air base near Dunkirk." I have found that members of these two societies were chosen on an ongoing basis by invitation based upon merit post-college and were not confined to only Harvard orY>ale attendees. Only members of the Order are initiated into the Order of the Quest, the JASON Society that makes up the executive members of the Council on Foreign Relations and, in fact, the Trilateral Commission as well. The executive members of the Council on Foreign Relations are the real elect in this country. George Bush is a member of the Order. Surprised? You shouldn't be. His father was also a member who helped finance Hitler.“It is important that you know that the members of the Order take an oath that absolves them from any allegiance to any nation or king or government or constitution, and that includes the negating of any subsequent oath of allegiance which they may be required to take. They swear allegiance only to the Order and its goal of a New World Order.“George Bush (to use one example) is not a loyal citizen of the United States but instead is loyal only to the destruction of the United States and to the formation of the New World Order. According to the oath Bush took when he was initiated into Skull & Bones, his oath of office as President of the United States of America means nothing.“The Trilateral Commission is an elite group of some 300 very prominent business, political, and intellectual decision-makers of Western Europe, North America, and Japan. This enterprise is a private agency that works to build up political and economic cooperation among the three regions. Its grand design, which it no longer hides, is a New World Order. The Trilateral Commission was the idea of its founder, American banking magnate David Rockefeller. The real reason for its formation was the decline of the Council on Foreign Relation's power as a result of the people's dissatisfaction with the Vietnam War. The reasoning behind the move toward the Trilateral Commission was the same as entering two horses in the same race. It doubles the chances of winning. The real power has always remained solidly in the hands of the Council on Foreign Relations. The Rockefeller family was, is and always will be the benefactor of both organizations. Rockefeller, though powerful, is not in control in this country or anywhere else. The key to the REAL power is the fact that Rockefeller had to put out feelers at a Bilderberg Group meeting in 1972 about forming a private group of trilateral leaders.“The Bilderberg Group gave the nod and Rockefeller's man Zbigniew Brzezinski gathered up a membership and organized the Trilateral Commission in 1972, not in 1973 as the Commission claims. A key to the danger presented by the Trilateral Commission is its "Seminal Peace," written for them by Harvard Professor Samuel P. Huntington in the mid '70s. In the paper Professor Huntington recommended that democracy and economic development be discarded as outdated ideas. He wrote as co-author of the book Crises In Democracy, "We have come to recognize that there are potential desirable limits to economic growth. There are also potentially desirable limits to the indefinite extension of political democracy. A government which lacks authority will have little ability short of cataclysmic crisis to impose on its people the sacrifices which may be necessary." The crises and sacrifices he talks about will be discussed in a later chapter. Remember that George Bush was a member of the Trilateral Commission and only resigned as an expediency to get elected. He believes wholeheartedly in the Commission and its ideas and ideals. We…elected a President who believes that democracy and economic development must be discarded…Bush is still a member of the Order and the CFR.“The JASON Society, or JASON Scholars, takes its name from the story of Jason and the Golden Fleece, and it is a branch of the Order of the Quest, One of the highest degrees in the Illuminati. The golden fleece takes on the role of truth to JASON members. Jason represents the search for the truth. Therefore the name JASON Society denotes a group of men who are engaged in a search for the truth. The name Jason is spelled with capital letters when used as the name of the JASON Society. Lower-case letters are never used when referring to this secret group. Author's note: The name may even have a deeper meaning, as the name "Jason" and the Golden Fleece appear throughout history in relation to various other secret societies. In these instances the story represents man (Jason) looking for himself (Golden Fleece). Top Secret documents that I read while with Naval Intelligence stated that President Eisenhower had commissioned the JASON Society to examine all of the evidence, facts, lies, and deception and find the truth of the alien question. Founders of the JASON Group (not the same as the JASON Society) include members of the famous Manhattan Project, which brought together almost every leading physicist in the nation to build the atomic bomb during World War II. The group is made up mostly of theoretical physicists and is the most elite gathering of scientific minds in the United States. As of 1987 the membership included four Nobel Prize winners. Today JASON continues to offer scientific help the government cannot find anywhere else. They are probably the only group of scientists in the United States that know the true state of highest technology. JASON is shrouded in what appears to be unnecessary secrecy. The group refuses to release its membership list. None of the members list JASON membership on their official resumes. Working completely behind the scenes, JASON has guided the nation's most important security decisions. These include, but are not limited to, Star Wars, submarine warfare, and predictions about the greenhouse effect….[a]ccording to the Pentagon, the JASONS hold the highest and most restrictive security clearances in the nation. They are given the protocol rank of rear admiral (two stars) when they visit or travel aboard ships or visit military bases. The only other reference to the JASON group that I have been able to find is in The Pentagon Papers. The papers stated that JASON was responsible for designing the electronic barrier between North and South Vietnam for the purpose of sealing off infiltration of the South by North Vietnamese regulars during the Vietnam War. I was stationed on the DMZ and I can tell you that it did not work. The veil of secrecy drawn around the JASON Group has been so tight and so leak-proof since its conception that those who think the government cannot keep a secret need to reexamine that position.“The government was able to contain the JASON secret except for the one leak; but the JASON Group itself, a civilian group, did even better. No leaks have ever occurred from within JASON.“JASON is administered by the Mitre Corporation. Government contracts allotted to the Mitre Corporation are in reality allotted to the JASON scientists. This is done so that the name JASON does not ever appear in documents which may come under public scrutiny. What is the difference between the JASON Scholars or JASON Society and the JASON Group? The documents that I read referred to the JASON Society in exactly those words. In public documents the only JASON reference is to the JASON Group, administered by the Mitre Corporation. I believe the JASON Society is one of the highest degrees above the Skull & Bones and the Scroll & Key in the Illuminati. In other words, it is a higher level of initiation. The JASON Group is a scientific organization formed and hired by the JASON Society and the U.S. Government for obvious reasons. I know a lot more about the JASON Society and the JASON Group, but I do not want to injure Mr. Grant Cameron, who has done extensive research on these subjects. He will publish his research in the coming months. I guarantee his findings will amaze you. The Council on Foreign Relations has been the foremost flank of America's foreign-policy establishment for more than half a century. The Council on Foreign Relations is a private organization of business executives, scholars, and political leaders that studies global problems and plays a key role in developing U.S. foreign policy. The CFR is one of the most powerful semi-official groups concerned with America's role in international affairs. It is controlled by an elect group of men recruited from the Skull & Bones and the Scroll & Key societies of Harvard and Yale, which are both chapters of a secret branch of the Illuminati known as Chapter 322 of the Order….“The members of the Order make up the Executive Committee of the Council on Foreign Relations after undergoing initiation into the Order of the Quest, also known as the JASON Society. The Council on Foreign Relations is an off-shoot sister organization to the British Royal Institute of International Affairs. Their goal is a New World Order. Although it existed as a dinner club in New York, it did not take on its present power until 1921, when it merged with the Royal Institute of International Affairs and received its financial base from J.R Morgan, the Carnegie Endowment, the Rockefeller family, and other Wall Street banking interests.“The Council on Foreign Relations controls our government. Through the years its members have infiltrated the entire executive branch, State Department, Justice Department, CIA, and the top ranks of the military. EVERY DIRECTOR OF THE CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY HAS BEEN A MEMBER OF THE CFR. MOST PRESIDENTS SINCE ROOSEVELT HAVE BEEN MEMBERS. The members of the CFR dominate ownership of the press and most, if not all, of America's top journalists are members. The CFR does not conform to government policy. The government conforms to CFR policy.“The CFR is a secret society in that it forbids the taking of notes or the publishing of minutes of its meetings. Any member who divulges the subject or any part of any conversation or talk that took place during a meeting is terminated. The goal of the Council on Foreign Relations is a New World Order. George Bush is a member of the CFR.ATTENTION!OK, now this is me again for a moment making a quick comment - this next part of Cooper excerpt is at least as important to pay attention to as the foregoing - THESE guys are REALLY NOT GOOD GUYS and they are VERY MUCH active today, right up to the present time:“The Knights of Malta play a powerful role in this scenario. In the 1930s General Smedley Butler was recruited to help take over the White House. He was told that he was needed because of his general popularity with the military. General Butler blew the whistle and named several prominent Americans as part of the plot. At the top of the list was John J. Raskob, who was a founding member of the U.S. branch of the Knights of Malta. He was board chairman of General Motors. He was, at the time, the U.S. Treasurer of the Knights of Malta. Congressional hearings were held to investigate the plot, but none of those named, including Raskob, was ever called to testify and nothing ever came of the hearings. Although you will find this in the Congressional records, you will NEVER find it in ANY history book anywhere. It is significant that the Iran-Contra episode has many similarities to the 1930s plot. William Casey was a member of the Knights of Malta. William Casey, with the help of Vice President Bush, Anne Armstrong and Donald Regan, caused the President's Foreign Intelligence Advisory Board to be emasculated so that Bush, Casey, North and others could carry out their dirty deeds without oversight. They had also developed a plan to suspend the Constitution of the United States and were preparing to implement the plan when they were caught. These facts emerged from the hearings but were suppressed by the committee chairman, Senator Daniel Inouye of Hawaii. You must understand that tremendous power was involved in both attempts to overthrow the United States Government. William Casey was the Director of the CIA. He was a member of the CFR. Casey was a Knight of Malta. He was the head of Ronald Reagan's political campaign. He was head of the Securities and Exchange Commission. During the Nixon administration he was head of the Export-Import Bank. Casey arranged financing for the Kama River truck factory in the Soviet Union with 90% of the funds guaranteed or furnished by the U.S. taxpayer. This factory built military truck and tank engines for the Soviet Army. It was, and may still be, the largest factory in the world and could produce more heavy trucks than all U.S. factories together. I believe Casey was murdered. The Knights of Malta is a world organization with its threads weaving through business, banking, politics, the CIA, other intelligence organizations, P2, religion, education, law, military, think tanks, foundations, the United States Information Agency, the United Nations, and numerous other organizations. They are not the oldest but are one of the oldest branches of the Order of the Quest in existence. The world head of the Knights of Malta is elected for a life term, with the approval of the Pope. The Knights of Malta have their own Constitution and are sworn to work toward the establishment of a New World Order with the Pope at its head. Knights of Malta members are also powerful members of the CFR and the Trilateral Commission.The Vatican has been infiltrated over many years by the Illuminati. This is easily proven by the fact that in 1738 Pope Clement XII issued a Papal Bull which stated that any Catholic who became a Mason would be excommunicated, a very serious punishment. In 1884 Pope Leo XIII issued a proclamation stating that Masonry was one of the secret societies attempting to "revive the manners and customs of the pagans'' and "establish Satan's kingdom on Earth."(Cooper: Behold A Pale Horse; excerpts; interpolatory insertions are mine)ATTENTION!OK, now, this is ME, again, adding some stuff about the Knights and Sovereign Military Order of Malta.Comments on various Secret Societies: Leonard Leo, the executive vice president of the Federalist Society (these are the guys who REALLY choose our judges, folks) is a member of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta.What does this mean?It is essentially a society of European, titled nobility – feudal aristocrats -existing in today’s world -the branch that he is a part of is the Roman Catholic one, There’s also an equivalent of it in Britain called the Knights of Saint John of Jerusalem -there’s another one called the Knights of Malta, a Russian order, but this is actually the American version, and what we’re dealing with here is split from the various organizations into different parts. It goes back to the Crusades, back to 10, 11, 1200 A.D., when they were the Hospitaliers of Jerusalem. It’s sovereign, aristocratic order. It is considered to be independent state. It had diplomatic relations with 107 countries. They have their own embassies.What do they do?They claim they do humanitarian work: medical emergencies; national disasters. In Germany you will see their ambulances. Look up the Maltese Cross.They have passports.They have a diplomatic pouch.They can go around the customs and the border patrols of the countries that they are in.They have License plates.Stamps.Coins.They have a LOT of the attributes of a sovereign state.There is a huge controversy about this, but it is not generally known.Up until recently the head of this group was Cardinal Raymond Leo Burke of the United States – Wisconsin. He was the overboss of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta, and then he became one of the leading critics of the Pope; he said that of formal censure of the Pope might be needed in consequence of his encyclical entitled Amoris Laetitia.Burke is a canon lawyer; he’s a reactionary; Cardinal; a Prelate – and he orchestrated a power play in that Burke tried to use some of his people in the Order to turn people against Francis. However, Pope Francis called in the main ally of Burke, and forced Burke’s guy to quit.Anyway: let me tell you who some of these people are: they are TITLED NOBILITY (you don’t get into this thing without that).(IMAGINE - in this day and age)1) the Prince and Grand Master, Giacomo Dell’Atore Del Tempio Del Sanguinetto; grand commander Ludwig Hauptmann von Rumerstein of Austria;2) Grand Chancellor Albrecht Freiherr von Burgerlager (an imperial Knight of the Holy Roman Empire);3) Grand Master of the Order was Matthew Festing (British) –4) The Grand Hospitaler is Dominic de la Rochefocault Mobel;5) the Receiver of the Common Treasure is Janos Count Esterhazy De Gallante.We ALL would do WELL to ask ourselves, in this time of political upheaval in the United States, just what exactly we are doing allowing people who have these kinds of connections to foreign (and in some cases FEUDAL) organizatoins and influences to do all the things that they are doing in the U.S., including, now, apparently choosing our judges, or having a SAY in choosing our judges, a’la my previous observation about Leo’s role in the Federalist Society.