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Yes, and was a master of a rare calibre.He always made clear that any psychic phenomena such as "siddhis" , or superpowers ,or astral experiences that came through meditation were simply distractions on the journey for the Truth and that these should be ignored, and one should always keep on moving, “chareiviti, charieviti”.If a person attained satori , or a temporary glimpse of enlightenment, he made it clear that this should not be dwelled over and people should keep moving on.Whatever came up, lights, bliss, beautifull experiences, one should keep moving on .Like Nisargadatta Maharaj, a south Indian master of Advaita, who had described Osho as a great sage and who had said that his state was no different to his own, Osho made it clear that whatever experiences came up on the path, one had to keep going until the seeker had reached the point where there is no-one left to experience.Nisargadatta had said that ecstasy came and went , and too much ecstasy would burn the brain out if prolonged for too long. The real enlightenment was a state of deep, inner peace, and love.Osho had also said:"Enlightenment is not a state of ecstasy, it is beyond ecstasy. Enlightenment has no excitement in it; ecstasy is a state of excitement. Ecstasy is a state of mind — a beautiful state of mind, but still a state of mind. Ecstasy is an experience. And enlightenment is not an experience, because there is nobody left to experience. Ecstasy is still within the ego, enlightenment is beyond the ego. It is not that you become enlightened: you are not, then enlightenment is. It is not that you are liberated, it is not that you remain in that liberation, liberated: it is a liberation from yourself.When a man of enlightenment looks at a roseflower there is no division between the knower and the known; he becomes the very heart of the roseflower. When he looks at the sunrise he becomes the sunrise, when he looks at a white cloud, he becomes the white cloud. It is not by any effort. He has just become a mirror, so clean that everything that comes before it is reflected in it. He becomes it.”Osho always made it clear that his disciples should keep going if they attained enlightenment, that self-realisation was only the beggining of the real journey, which was an endless beginning.At certain times in his life he had talked about early stages of awakening, where there is a possibility of falling back from, before actual enlightenment itself which is permanent , and always cautioned against beautifull states that seekers could get stuck in, including spaces where seekers are sometimes left with a premature illusion of being enlightened. He always taught seekers to keep witnessing and watching until they had reached the point of no return. At times he had also talked explicitly about the different types of samadhi and the different planes of consciousness that the meditator passes through.This is where a Master can be very helpfull. Osho had become enlightened at the age of 21 whilst still a student of philosophy at University.A sannyasin , Sw Anand Neeten (Pierre Evald) , has conducted a lot of field research on Osho`s early life in Northern India and has discovered a paper with notes in Hindi on chakras, the different stages of samadhi etc that Osho wrote as part of his post graduate studies for his M.A. at Sagar University, M.P. circa 1955-57. [1]He had kept quite about his enlightenment for ten years, unless someone suspected something and asked him about it, and then he had always asked them to keep it secret.Apparently he did organise a small meditation group in his university at some point when he was a proffessor.Osho had been living very simply for many years in India. First he wore a simple lunghi and shawl,for many years, touring the country as Acharya Rajneesh, and then wore a simple white robe, and attracted hundreds of thousands of followers, who were impressed by his talks on many enlightened mystics from so many different traditions, Buddhist, Tantra, Tao, Hassids, Sufi’s, Bauls, Hindu mystics, Mahavira, Jesus , and many more.But they were also attracted by his inner silence, his magnetic presence.The energyfield that surrounded him was able to help his disciples grow in consciousness and rapid spiritual growth much faster than if they were meditating alone, breakthroughs and satoris were common.Osho had the capacity to literally breathe in the heavyness and darkness of people sitting with him and transmute that energy into bliss.But Osho’s energy wasn’t confined to the transmission that came from being in his physical presence . Many of his sannyasins found that the grace that came through him enabled him to connect to them energetically through the heart, and in this way he could work with people at a distance, beyond the confines of time and space.This ‘heart to heart communion’ was Osho’s main way of working with his disciples.The love and receptivity of disciples allows the connection to happen.Osho’s first initiated disciple , Ma Anand Madhu, had been Osho’s secretary for a while and in 1971, he had asked her to go and start a commune in Gujurat.However, Madhu had become very into vippasana meditation and wanted to go on a silent meditation retreat.Osho gave her his blessing and his shawl, and she went to the Himalayas .She ended up spending fourteen years in meditation , in Rishikesh, she maintains that Osho supported her energetically throughout that time, and that she attained realisation after fourteen years.There are several sannyasins around the world who have claimed enlightenment after being nourished in this way by Osho and are sharing with seekers today.Some are still connected to Osho`s presence. Some whom I have met, some whom I haven’t.Swami Purnanand Bharati, Pan and Tyohar are just several out of many.Osho is now completely free from the last limitations of the body-mind and his presence is still available, as many sannyasins have discovered.He was well aware his energy would still be available to help people once he had dropped the body.Osho had also developed therapeutic, cathartic style methods of active meditation, which were praised by psychologists and psychiatrists and are still used around the world today.There were designed by Osho to help “clear the soil” for meditation to develop, later, in his Pune ashram in the ‘70’s, there were a vast array of modern psychotherapuetic methods available, led by some of the leaders of the Human Potential movement, these were meant to serve a similar purpose.When Osho arrived in the USA in 1981, he had already entered a public period of silence. He had said that he wanted to begin a “heart to heart communion” with his disciples.Later, when he began speaking again after three years of public silence in 1984, he had said that this period of silence had been usefull to “weed out” those people who were following him only for intellectual reasons or were not ready for the heart to heart communion.“I have found my people and I have to arrange a silent communion, which will help in two ways: those who cannot understand silence will drop out. That will be good. That will be a good weeding; otherwise they will go on clinging around me because of the words, because their intellect feels satisfied. And I am not here to satisfy their intellect. My purpose is far, far deeper, of a different dimension. So these days of silence have helped those who were just intellectually curious, rationally interested in me, to turn their back. And secondly, it has helped me to find my real, authentic people who are not in need of words to be with me. They can be with me without words. That's the difference between communication and communion.”(From Unconciousness to Conciousness chapter 1, 1984)“The true master can only be felt. It is a question of a loving openness on your part. The disciple has to open the heart. The true master comes through the heart, not through the head. He is felt as love, not as logic. He is felt as a song, not as syllogism. He is felt as poetry, not as prose. He is a dance; you can know him only through with a true master. Just being with him, sitting by his side in deep silence, with no prejudice, with no idea what is happening, something transpires. Something jumps from the master into your heart. You can feel it. It is energy, it is an energy phenomenon. It is not a question of a theory, of any hypothesis, of philosophy. It is a jump of energy, a quantum leap. Something invisible radiates from the true master and penetrates to the true disciple. And who is the true disciple? - the one whose heart is open.”(From Dhammapada The Way of the Buddha vol 9)He also started collecting Rolls Royces at the Rajneeshpuram commune, (with the commune finances).The same model of Rolls, again and again.There were 93 in the end.Some say that Osho was mirroring American consumerism, the tendency to buy much more than they actually need.Many people didn`t get the joke, but many people did get this play, including Tibetan Lama’s, and Zen Masters and several Buddhist scholars and theologians who held Osho in high regard.The Dalai Lama,the spiritual leader of Tibetan Buddhism had said in 1983,"Osho is an enlightened master who is working with all possibilities to help humanity overcome a difficult phase in developing consciousness."In 1983 many spiritual and religous leaders wrote to the US Government, in protest at the US Government which was trying to refuse Osho’s residence in the country on the grounds as a religous teacher.Buddhist scholars, ‘This master is the rarest and most talented religionist to appear in this century. His writings about Buddhism are full of inspiration and original concept­ions. As a specialist in Buddhism, I have been surprised many times by his original and creative interpretations and by his unique religiousness. His interpretations are saturated with the truth of Buddhism. Even the outstanding monks that are present here in Japan cannot obtain to this level of interpretation.’Professor Kazuyoshi Kina, Japan’s best-known Buddhist scholar.Japanese Zen monks wrote with the simplicity of their philosophy:‘I thank [Osho] for making it possible for me to accept a traditional Zen life totally:’ Shinkai Tanaka, master of the Saikohzenji Zen Temple, Kameoka.‘I have been deeply moved by the wonder of [Osho]:’ Kou Sugawara, head priest ,Goseiji Temple , Miyagi.‘[Osho] has been making a valuable contribution to many people as a spiritual teacher. Particularly important has been the remarkable work he has already done to introduce the spirit of meditation to many young people. Among many of his remarkable achievements is his ability to successfully synthesize a wide range of traditional experience and knowledge.’ The Reverend Reuho Yamada, head priest of Choshoji (Zen) Temple in Beppu.There were also many letters in support of Osho from Christian priests who were impressed with Osho’s talks on Jesus, Rabbi’s who were impressed with Osho’s talks on the Jewish mystics, the Hassids, and psychologists and psychiatrists who were impressed with Osho knowledge and approach to psychology and his meditation techniques.These letters helped and the decision was overturned on appeal , however the US Government were pouring in a vast amount of money and had almost every government department involved in trying to destroy the commune – Internal Revenue Service, Immigration, (INS) , Criminal Investigation (the Attorney General), Customs and Excise, and Health, Education and Welfare, FBI, and CIA .The US Attorney for Oregon later stated at a press conference in 1986, ‘Our first priority was to get rid of [Osho] and dissolve the commune.’When Osho was in Mecklenberg County Jail in october 1985, there was worldwide news coverage, and he recieved letters and flowers from disciples around the world, he had also got letters,phone calls and telegrams from people showing their support including a Zen master from Japan, Sufis from India , as well as Hassid Rabbi’s. He had spent days there before being isolated from his disciples and taken slowly back to Oregon through several more jails across the country, in what would have normally been a four to six hour plane journey, including spending two days in Oklahoma County Penitentiary where no-one , including his attorneys were informed of his whereabouts. It was here he was signed in under a false name .He had been arrested without a warrant with several disciples in North Carolina, where he was meant to be spending some time staying at the home of an American disciple, Hanya.In September 1985 , Sheela and some of the management of Rajneeshpuram, had suddenly left after Osho gave her a large `zen stick` in a public discourse.There are stories of Zen masters who have beaten their disciples and thrown them out of first story windows to wake them up, and in Zen monasteries in Japan the master will use a wooden stick to hit the head of the disciple if he feels it will wake them out of their dreaming mind.Osho was not so harsh , he also sometimes used his words as verbal ‘Zen sticks’ , to hit the overidentification , or the particular egos of his disciples and his talks.Some of the members of her group , had remained in the commune and filled Osho in on various serious crimes which included the wiretapping of Osho’s household and the rest of the commune, as well as attempts to murder three members of Osho’s household, and the experimentation with slow and fast acting poisons.After he had been informed, Osho publicly exposed these crimes in a press conference and invited the authorities into the commune to fully investigate, and also disclosed that he knew where Sheela amd her group were hiding and that they would be contacting the international police agency, Interpol.Sheela and members of her crew had been spiking the drinks and food of sannyasins they didnt like, as well as visiting US Government officials.They had attempted to manipulate a local election, by spraying salmonella bacteria on food in several restaurants, in a a bizarre scheme to try to immobilise potential voters.Sheela was never a surrended disciple, and she admits she was never interested in meditation. She was interested in organisation, and had a lot of charisma. She and the main management of the commune were based in Sheela’s residence , Jesus Grove and had total power over the rest of the commune.Her group had made plans completely against Osho’s wishes, and instructions , even messing around with some of the tapes of his discourses, editing out parts that they didn’t like and replacing some the passages in his books with other statements that Sheela preffered. For example , in one discourse in his house on December 19th, 1984, for the first time Osho publicly criticised the core organisation and administration of the Ranch that was centred in Sheela residence in Jesus Grove.Osho had said ended that particular talk with, “and remember, I will never leave you under a fascist regime.”However, the Sheela’s group made an excuse that the audio and video had failed during the discourse, and the mastertape has been lost. The standard procedure at that time when Osho was speaking to small groups of people in his household was for the video of the discourse to be shown the next day to the rest of the commune, however, the day after that particular discourse , that had embarrassed the management , the video was never shown.After some rumours began to arise that Osho’s talk had been censored, Sheela’s group phoned up one of the editors Lao Tzu house, Osho’s household, and told them that they had managed to salvage some of the audio tape, and told them that they were producing a transcript of the tape.However, when the editors, recieved the transcript it was clear that certain passages and sentences had been removed. “I will never leave you under a fascist regime” had been replaced by “ I will never leave you in a state of chaos” .Swami Prem Rajesh , one of the technicians who worked under Julian, the head of the Edison electronics department who was responsible for the wiretapping operation and was one of Sheela’s close circle at the Ranch later revealed that he had been told to erase the tapes of the discourse with a batch eraser, on command of Ma Yoga Vidya, one of Sheela’s lieutenants and fourth in command.Vidya had told Rajesh that they had made copies minus the embarrassing parts. That explains the doctored transcript that they had revealed sometime later. However no copy of the tape of video has ever been found and is believed to have been destroyed.Rajesh remained at Rajneeshpuram after Sheela left. He was sentenced to four months in a half way house and spent three years on probation for his involvement in some of the crimes and later returned to Poona in 1988 and apologised to Osho for that. Julian remains a fugitive.The doctored and censored version of that particular talk was eventually published in “From Ignorance to Innocence Chapter 20 - “Enlightened Organisation is Organic Harmony”.In January 1985, Osho sent several people to India to continue the search for a new commune site.Osho had realised that staying in the US and was not a good idea pretty early on, and within the first two years of arriving at the Ranch he had asked Ma Yoga Laxmi , his secretary prior to Sheela , to return to India and continue the search for land for a suitable site for a commune for when he could return with all of his sannyasins, according to Ma Prem Veena , who was asked to pick up Laxmi and drive her to Osho’s house for a meeting.Laxmi continued the search for land in 1985 , and by the time Osho had been deported from America in November she had finally found a place in Kullu Manali, North India, where Osho had initiated his first disciples into sannyas at the end of a meditation camp in 1970. Laxmi is not in America nowAfter Sheela and most of her group suddenly left in September 1985, a few of them had stayed behind and began exposing the crimes to Osho, and others who had left decided to return and helped to fill in some of the missing gaps.Osho had made it clear in the first press conference of 16th sep 1985, soon after Sheela and most of the group who had lived with her in Jesus House had suddenly left, that he had been informed that Sheela had bugged the entire commune, including his home, and that he had been told that she had made tapes, and had taken some of these tapes with her to Germany.(The Last Testament Vol 2 , chapter 26 , `The world has suffered too much from politics`)The transcription of this press conference, can be read for free in the archive of Osho`s words at http://Osho.com , and the audio can be listened to at Oshoworld , under `Press Interviews`, number one. Welcome to Osho World Audio DiscoursesTherefore, having exposed this to the world media and inviting the police and the FBI to investigate, he obviously wasn’t concerned about anything that could have incriminated him on those tapes.Ava Avalos, a member of Sheela`s group was one of the people who had intially followed Sheela but decided that she couldn`t go through with it and returned to the commune , started talking to the FBI, who offered her a deal in exchange for information and immunity her participation in the crimes. She said in her 1985 testimony to the FBI that :“Sheela informed them that Bhagwan was not to know what was going on, and that if Bhagwan were to ask them about anything that would occur, `they would have to lie to Bhagwan.”There are several testimonies and statements by the different members of this core group whom were facing long prison sentences for multiple crimes. A couple of them had made deals with the U.S. Government in exchange for less or no time in prison.The problem with the testimonies of the acccused is, they are all different from each other and many of them contradict each others statements.Some of the members of Sheelas group believed that Osho knew almost everththing that Sheela was suggesting . However there were also members where not sure at all sure whether the instrcuctions came from him and others who were certain that Osho had no idea of her plans.Swami Jayananda, (John Shelfer) , who had been Sheela’s husband at Rajneeshpuram and had been part of the close group around Sheela , had refused after Sheela asked him to commit murder.After this refusal, he said that Sheela had told some of her people she wanted to bump him off. ( This was also mentioned by previous members of the group later. )In an interview with Sannyasnews in 2011, answered several questions:SN: To want extent do you see Sheela as villian/ victim?Jay: “Sheela was a victim of stress and the ego. She did not start out as the person she became. The one that betrayed the ideas of the commune and of involvement of consciousness was a totally different person to the earlier Sheela.”SN : “Do you have any insight into why Sheela had Osho’s room bugged around 1983/85?”Jay:“She was resentful of Osho choosing to communicate with other members of the community. She want to control all aspects of his life and the commune.”Do you feel that Sheela was guilty of crimes as ordinarily understood?”Jay: “Yes, her rational was it was for the better good of the commune. In reality it was to justify her actions. It was to cement her control - remove any impediment to her total domination of the community.For example the poisoning of the Dalles - was in order to elect members of the community to the governing board of the county. This would have removed the hold on the community’s ability to issue building permits. This in its turn was brought about when she insisted on building the Hotel on land we had previously zoned for exclusive farm use. That action had caused the county and state to lift our ability to self rule. That further justified her planning and carrying out the burning of the county’s planing office where the proof of her actions were documented. This was of course very futile, as there were copies in numerous files resting in lawyer’s offices around the state.The attempted murder of Amrito,(also Vivek)She wanted through removing Amrito and Vivek to control Lao Tzu(Osho’s residence) with her own people….etc.”“Can any of these crimes be put down to Osho’s promoting or instruction?”Jay: “Not a chance.”“During 1980,81,82 I often accompanied Sheela on her nightly visits to Osho. I sat in on many of these sessions. I heard about many of the sessions that I did not attend up to the end of the Ranch. In all this I never saw Osho’s hand or knowledge in what amounted to Sheela’s dirty tricks.”He was one of the members of Sheela’s group who began to expose the details of her planned and actual crimes when Sheela and most of her crew left the Ranch in 1985.The FBI have stated on record in their files after Sheela and Puja were imprisoned, which have since been released, that “No direct evidence linking The Bhagwan to the above mentioned crimes exists” (the poisoning, wiretapping, arson and attempted murder that Sheela had been prosecuted and convicted for).The bottom line is , of course, is that no-one would have ever known about any of Sheela’s crimes if Osho hadn’t invited the authorities in to the commune and asked them to investigate. Sheela , and other members of her group that had left would never have been prosecuted if Osho didn’t expose them.For more info on the whole Rajneeshpuram fiasco, I recommend Maneesha James ebook, “Osho: Buddha for the Future.” Some of the people who were involved in Sheela’s circle have disclosed various information.‘Bhagwan:The Most Dangerous Man since Jesus Christ’ by Sue Appleton, is the inside story of Osho's world tour and why he was denied entry by almost every country in the world.Osho’s personal attorney from 1981- 1990, Swami Prem Niren , is also writing a book that Osho asked him to write in 1988 to ‘clear his name in America’.All the events of Rajneeshpuram are way back in the past. Life is always in the here and now . Enlightenment is always in the present moment.Many sannyasins felt that they had learnt and grown from the Rajneeshpuram experiment.Osho on the Rajneeshpuram Fall-downToday Osho continues to inspire people with his talks and meditations , and there are also several present day meditation centres as well as ashrams and communes which have grown up around awakened sannyasins.Some qoutes on enlightenment from Osho:“The day you realize yourself, your very being becomes love. It is no longer a relationship, it is no longer addressed to anyone in particular; it is simply overflowing in all directions and all dimensions. And it is not something on my part, that I am doing it. Love cannot be done. And the love that is done is false; it is only pretension…. It is just my heartbeat, my love is my life; nobody is excluded from it. It is so comprehensive that it can contain the whole universe…you too.”(The Razors Edge #9 1987)“Enlightenment can happen through anything, but the most potential situation is love. Enlightenment is possible in any kind of situation, in any state of mind; sometimes it has happened in very absurd situations.”(Osho: Hallelujah , Darshan Dairy 1978)"Enlightenment is the experience of an explosion of light within you. Perhaps your desire to be enlightened is moving with the speed of light, like an arrow, so that your very desire, your very longing becomes a flame, an explosion of light. There is nobody who becomes enlightened, there is only enlightenment. There is only a tremendous sunrise within you."(The Osho Upanishad 1986)"Enlightenment simply means an experience of your consciousness unclouded by thoughts, emotions, sentiments. When the consciousness is totally empty, there is something like an explosion, an atomic explosion. Your whole insight becomes full of a light which has no source and no cause. And once it has happened, it remains. It never leaves you for a single moment; even when you are asleep, that light is inside. And after that moment you can see things in a totally different way. After that experience, there is no question in you."(Osho: The Last Testament 1985)“Nirvana means the ultimate enlightenment, the state when the ego disappears, when man is no more separate from existence — not even a thin curtain separates him, not even a transparent glass separates him — when all separation disappears. That meeting with the total, that merger with the whole, that melting into the absolute, is called nirvana.”(Osho: Don’t Look Before You Leap Darshan Dairy 1978)“Enlightenment means exactly that: when meditation has become natural. You are meditative — not that you sit sometimes in meditation, not that you have a few hours of meditation every day — your whole time is meditative You move in meditation, you walk in meditation, you sit in meditation, you eat in meditation, you love in meditation, you do your businesses in meditation. Your whole life becomes surrounded by a new kind of energy. It is not NECESSARY, it is simply natural.Enlightenment is nothing but your becoming light, your inner being becoming light.”"…He is not conscious about enlightenment; he is simply conscious. He lives in consciousness, he sleeps in consciousness, he moves in consciousness. He lives, he dies in consciousness. Consciousness becomes an eternal source in him, a nonflickering flame, a nonwavering state of being. It is not an attribute, it is not accidental; it cannot be taken away. His whole being is conscious”.(Osho: Yoga: The Alpha and the Omega vol 3 , 1976)“So there are four types of samadhi. Actually there are three authentic samadhis and they happen in a sequence. The fourth is an absolutely false experience that appears like samadhi. In this there is no actual experience - only a feeling of samadhi that is misleading. Many people are misled by satori. This false samadhi occurs in the fourth - the psychic plane. It is not the transitional process between the fourth and the fifth plane; it happens well within the fourth body. The three authentic samadhis occur outside the bodies in a transitional period when we pass on from one plane to another. One samadhi is a door, a passage.Between the fourth and the fifth bodies happens the first authentic samadhi. One attains self- relaxation. We can get stuck here. Usually people stop at the false samadhi in the fourth body because it is so easy. We have to spend very little energy, making no effort at all, and it is obtained just like that. The majority of meditators, therefore, stagnate here. The first real samadhi, which takes place on the journey from the fourth to the fifth body, is very difficult; and the third, from the sixth to the seventh, is the most difficult of all. The name chosen for the third samadhi is vajrabhed - piercing of the thunderbolt. It is the most difficult one because it is a transition from being into nonbeing; it is a jump from life into death; it is a plunge from existence into nonexistence.So there are actually three samadhis. The first you may call atma samadhi, the second brahma samadhi, and the last nirvana samadhi. The very first and false samadhi you may call satori. This is the one you should guard against, because it is very easily attainable.”(Osho: In Search of the Miraculous Vol 2 : ch 8. The Esoteric Dimensions of Tantra)For more on Osho discussing types of samadhi, awakening and enlightenment and the journey through of the kundalini through the seven bodies:Anand Sharma's answer to Are there different stages or steps of awakening/enlightenment?: Osho in 1988Footnotes[1] https://www.pierreevald.dk/osho_files/Osho%20Lao%20Tzu%202004/Osho%202004.pdf

Core summary:1. unlike Trump's terrorist attacks, it is easy to judge the explosion of ammonium nitrate as the brown smoke rising from the explosion.2. The great destructive explosion accidents of ammonium nitrate have happened in Britain, Germany, the United States, France and other western countries as well as North Korea and other countries. In 2015, the explosion in Tianjin port, which shocked the whole country, was also related to ammonium nitrate.3. Although tragedies often occur, most countries still allow ammonium nitrate to be directly used as fertilizer because it is a commonly used high-efficiency nitrogen fertilizer. Until the 21st century, human beings are still inseparable from this nitrogen fertilizer.4. After the previous major accidents, all countries should introduce corresponding institutional improvements, such as strictly controlling the urbanization construction in high-risk areas, strengthening the safety inspection of industrial facilities, and strictly keeping the safety distance between facilities according to the regulations, so as to reduce the risk from the source.—————1. You can know what's going on as soon as you watch the videoAt more than 6:00 p.m. local time on Tuesday (more than 11:00 p.m. Beijing time, a time difference of 5 hours), a huge explosion occurred in the warehouse area of Beirut port, the capital of Lebanon.News and video of the explosion quickly spread to China at midnight. When you see the title of the report, the first reaction is that there is another terrorist attack in the Middle East.Beirut, the capital of Lebanon, has a population of 2.4 million, accounting for one third of the country. The red box at the top of the picture shows the location of the explosion harbor wharfAfter all, on April 18, 1983, the U.S. Embassy in Beirut, Lebanon, was hit by a car bomb by Islamic jihadists, killing 260 people with 2.5 tons of explosives, which became a famous international event at that time.But a little bit of video, the power is obviously far beyond the usual car bomb attack.Only a few seconds of watching the video of the explosion, as long as there is a certain knowledge of chemistry, can immediately know what the explosive is, and even know the cause of the explosion.Because what's going up is huge reddish brown smoke - it's nitrogen dioxide.Therefore, such a large explosion of scale, power and volume can definitely be attributed to the huge amount of ammonium nitrate [ǎ n, an], NH4NO3 in the warehouse.Ammonium nitrate is often referred to as ammonium nitrate, mainly used as nitrogen fertilizer, but it is also an explosive.Combined with the complete video, first, a warehouse in the harbor caught fire. The smoke was accompanied by a Bili bar fire. It was probably like a firecracker warehouse on fire.Then, a powerful explosion broke out in another warehouse nearby. The great change of air pressure also forms a ring-shaped condensation cloud at high altitude.So, as early as 0:00 a.m. Beijing time, with the arrival of the video, I knew what was going on here——It was the ammonium nitrate fire in the warehouse, not the usual terrorist attack.Finally, it was not until 6:00 a.m. Beijing time that the news media spread the cause of the explosion jointly confirmed by President Michel Aoun, Prime Minister Hassan diab, Interior Minister Mohamed Fahmi and security chief Abbas Ibrahim——The big bang was 2750 tons of ammonium nitrate seized and stored in the port for a long time since 2014.The explosion range map made by foreign media is equivalent to a tactical nuclear bomb with hundreds of tons of equivalentPresident Michelle ORN said it was "unacceptable" for 2750 tons of ammonium nitrate to be stored in a warehouse without safety measures for six years, and vowed to expose those responsible to "the most severe punishment.".Marwan Abboud, the mayor of Beirut, couldn't help crying in an interview. "I've never seen such a big explosion. This is a national disaster, a disaster for Lebanon. " He compared the accident to a Hiroshima Nagasaki disaster.According to the latest news from the Ministry of health, at least 100 people have been killed and 4000 injured, including children. This is only preliminary news. The death toll will continue to rise in such a large explosion, so close to densely populated areas, but the local hospitals are already overcrowded.The wife and daughter of Lebanon's prime minister Hassan diab were injured in a big explosion in the Beirut port. Nazariyan, general secretary of the long gun Party of Lebanon, was seriously injured after the explosion, and then died of serious injuries.For Lebanon, a small country with a population of more than 6 million, the Big Bang is undoubtedly a huge disaster and needs international assistance.2. The city of destructionSince the end of the 19th century, Europeans began to produce ammonium nitrate by double decomposition reaction of ammonium sulfate and Chilean saltpeter.On April 2, 1912, a fire spread at the favrsham explosive plant of Imperial Chemical Industries in Kent led to the explosion of 15 tons of TNT and 150 tons of ammonium nitrate, killing 115 people. It is an early case of ammonium nitrate explosion.After the birth of artificial ammonia and nitric acid synthesis method, the production capacity became more than 100 tons or even 1000 tons, which provided the basis for a bigger explosion.Shortly after the end of World War I, on the morning of September 21, 1921, the big explosion happened in the world's first synthetic ammonia fertilizer plant of BASF company in auburg, Germany (now Ludwigshafen). At this time, ammonium nitrate has been converted to chemical fertilizer for peaceful use.In order to break the 4500 tons of ammonium nitrate and ammonium sulfate 1:1 mixture which has been formed in the warehouse, workers of the factory used potassium chlorate mixed with gasoline to carry out blasting (which was thought to be safe), and a big explosion unexpectedly occurred.Although 4500 tons of ammonium nitrate were only partially detonated, the energy released from it has been extremely shocking.The explosion caused a huge pit 125 meters long, 90 meters wide and 19 meters deep, estimated to be about 1000-2000 tons of TNT equivalent. BASF's proud giant factory, which survived World War I (because there were no long-range fighters and strategic bombing at that time), was completely destroyed.According to records, the shock wave lifted the roof 25 km away, shattered the glass 70 km away, and heard the noise 300 km away in Munich.A total of 669 people were killed and missing, 1952 were injured, causing serious damage within a radius of 6 km, destroying about 80% of urban buildings and leaving 7500 homeless.This is just the beginning, far from the end.3.Tens of thousands of tons of steel were blasted to the skyAfter World War II, the United States launched the Marshall Plan, which transported fertilizers and machinery to the European continent to support reconstruction. As a result, there were two big explosions in the transportation process. It happened in the United States and France on the other side of the Atlantic Ocean, when the shipment was about to start and just arrived.In the early morning of April 16, 1947, in Galveston Bay, Houston, Texas, the French freighter grand camp docked at Monsanto's fertilizer terminal.After five days of loading and unloading, 2100 tons of ammonium nitrate fertilizer, 200 tons of peanuts, a large amount of flour, peanuts, tobacco and other groceries were loaded on board the ship.At 8 a.m., the dockers smelled smoke. Soon, smoke came out of the cabin surface. When they removed some fertilizer bags, they found that a small fire could be seen about three or four meters below the No. 4 warehouse near the hull of the ship.The cause of the initial fire is unknown. It may be someone's discarded cigarette butts. At this time, the workers tried to put out the fire with some water tanks and a fire extinguisher. The captain also decided to try to inject steam into the cargo hold, but the fire continued to spread.At 8:25, the train station sounded its siren to alert the fire department. Two fire engines went out at the first time, followed by two fire engines from the city fire volunteer team.However, the area under the ship's hatch heats up rapidly, and the water can no longer play a substantial role in extinguishing fire. At the same time, the fuel from the tank spilled along the cracked bulkhead to the ammonium nitrate bag, providing more fuel for the flame.The fire engine was spraying water on the boat, but the hull was hot enough to vaporize the water directly. The temperature quickly reached the explosion temperature of ammonium nitrate - more than 400 degrees.Here, the wharf fire is common; for residents, it is also common to come to the wharf to watch the fire and the work of firefighters. So there were a lot of bystanders on the scene - and a lot of casualties ensued.At 9:12, there was an amazing explosion of thousands of tons of ammonium nitrate on grand camp: the 135 meter long hull and 5800 tons of steel were instantly torn to pieces.The 1.8-ton auxiliary anchor, together with the steam engine and boiler debris, was thrown 2.6 kilometers away, smashing a 3-meter deep pit; the 4.5-ton main anchor was thrown 800 meters away.The remaining bag of ammonium nitrate in the cabin was blasted 600 to 900 meters high in the air, and the fireball flashed the whole sky.A large area of the dock closest to the explosion area was completely blown up, shore buildings were flattened by shock waves, and 29 firefighters, hundreds of crew and stevedores, pedestrians and bystanders were blown to pieces.The factory building of Monsanto chemical company was also completely destroyed, with about 100 people killed and 200 seriously injured among 450 employees on morning shift.More buildings had doors and roofs blown away. Most of the warehouses along the Texas City railroad terminal, which are located along the docks, were completely destroyed in the accident.There are reports that windows in Houston, 64 kilometers away, were shattered, and people in Louisiana, 240 kilometers away, heard loud noises.The wings of two small planes flying over Texas City were broken by shock waves and crashed into the sea. Thousands of seagulls were killed and rained down from the air.The explosion also set off a 4.5-meter-high wave that swept onto the dock and swept 600 cars. The long horned ox 2, a barge anchored in the harbor, was pushed to the roof 70 meters away from the wharf with the surge.The burning debris broke and ignited refinery pipelines and dozens of chemical storage tanks on the shore, triggering a series of secondary fires and small explosions. Thick, bright colored smoke and a raging fire burst into the sky.4. Worse than one big explosion are two big explosionsWhat's more, there were two American freedom ships moored in the port at this time: "high flyer" and "Wilson B. Keene". High flyer was shaken out of the berth and atop Wilson B. Keene.But in the first few hours, no one realized the seriousness of the problem - high flyer also had 870 tons of ammonium nitrate on board, and 1600 tons of flammable sulfur. In the evening, people on board for inspection found that there were also flames in high flyer's warehouse.When it was discovered that the situation was serious, the disaster relief command ordered the captain of high flyer to anchor, hoping to minimize the impact of an inevitable secondary explosion. But high flyer was badly damaged and the crew abandoned the ship after an hour of futile attempts to lift the anchor.At 11 p.m., the tug tried to pull high flyer off the dock, but it took two hours to pull it. At 1:00 a.m. on the 17th, the fire broke out of the warehouse, and the tugboat quickly evacuated.Just 10 minutes later, the high flyer, carrying 870 tons of ammonium nitrate, was also ignited and exploded.It was only 15 hours after the explosion of the grand camp. Thousands of tons of high flyer's steel were blown up. Burning steel in the night sky across the arc, fell in a large area, and caused many fires, causing more serious damage to the port area.The explosion also destroyed the close neighbor, the Wilson B. Keene, seriously damaged and partially sunk, which could only be demolished afterwards.However, due to the timely evacuation of personnel, the explosion of "high flying bird" did not cause additional casualties.The fire of the big explosion engulfed the city of Texas, and the entire port was greatly damaged and damaged. The fire burned for three days and three nights, killing at least 581 people, injuring more than 5000 and leaving more than 15000 homeless. It became the most serious industrial disaster in American history.Most surprisingly, however, survivors were found only 21 meters away from the dock.An editorial in the local Texas City Sun newspaper said that affected by the disaster, everything had been "connected by this grand and common tragedy, and there was no language to soothe the unprepared pain.".5. Ammonium nitrate is hard to part withJust three months later, on July 28, in Brest, France, the Norwegian ship "freedom of the sea", carrying 3300 tons of ammonium nitrate fertilizer and various inflammable materials, also exploded due to fire, killing 26 people and injuring more than 500 people.Although the fire happened on the berth (about 12:30), the ship was pulled out of the harbor in time (about 14:00). When the explosion happened at about 17:00, it was far away from the port and the city, causing no serious casualties.However, the molten material that was thrown into the city fell from the sky and fell on the shore, which still caused fire, causing the 4000-5000 wooden simple houses built after the war to be burned down, and tens of thousands of people were homeless.After two (or three) big explosions, various countries have formulated regulations on the production, storage and transportation of ammonium nitrate, which requires that ammonium nitrate must be stored in special containers and strictly separated from other flammable materials.Some countries even prohibit or strictly restrict the long-distance transportation, overseas trade and direct use of ammonium nitrate as fertilizer. Only compound fertilizers which are mixed with other fertilizers and lose their explosive properties are allowed to be used.However, as ammonium nitrate is commonly used as a high-efficiency nitrogen fertilizer, these countries continue to allow ammonium nitrate directly as fertilizer. Until the 21st century, human beings are still inseparable from this nitrogen fertilizer, and disasters will continue to coexist.On April 19, 1995, the federal building in Oklahoma was attacked by native white people who were hostile to the federal government.The attacker, McVeigh, used 900 kg of ammonium nitrate, 500 kg of nitromethane, 160 kg of high explosive and detonator, which blew up one third of the federal building, killing 168 people and injuring 680 people.6. The big bang of the 21st centuryTen days after the September 21, 2001, at 10:17 a.m. on September 21, 2001, an explosion occurred in the warehouse of AZF nitrogenous fertilizer plant of total company in Toulouse, France. More than 300 tons of ammonium nitrate stored in the plant was detonated. A large pit with a length of 70 meters, a width of 40 meters and a depth of 6 meters was blasted on the ground, with a magnitude of 3.4.The explosion killed 29 people, 21 of whom were factory employees and a total of 2442 were injured. Two factory buildings were razed to the ground, two schools were turned into ruins, one hospital was seriously damaged, and a large number of public facilities (swimming pool, gymnasium, high school, theater, etc.) were damaged. Windows were shattered three kilometers away, and explosions could be heard 80 kilometers away.Throughout the block, you can see the scene after the disaster. Buildings are cracked, roofs collapsed, doors and windows are dilapidated, glass fragments are everywhere, cars are piled up on the road, and sirens are screaming one after another. Some of the residents covered their eyes, others covered their heads, some with blood on their clothes, crying and running in the streetAccording to witnesses who survived nearby, there were some special phenomena before the explosion, such as electric light, strong light and noise. Seconds before the big bang (reported to be 6-11 seconds), a loud noise first came out and lasted for several seconds.At the beginning of the investigation, the incident was thought to be a suicide attack by a worker with extreme religious ideas among the dead, who was affected by the 9 / 11 incident; others believed that it might be an arc fire caused by a power supply system failure.According to the final official investigation report, it may be that several kilograms of sodium dichloroisocyanate may accidentally mix with 500 kilograms of ammonium nitrate lying on the ground. Under sufficient heat and humidity, it may react with ammonium nitrate to produce nitrogen trichloride.This is a very unstable compound, and eventually its own detonation causes a strong explosion.However, this investigation report has also been questioned by experts, and it is generally believed that the fire was caused by the circuit. There are even theories that the leakage of unsymmetrical dimethylhydrazine (UDMH), a rocket material produced by the French explosive company (snpe) next door, drifted downwind to AZF plant area and mixed with air to form deflagration.As the 9 / 11 incident and the subsequent Afghanistan operation occupied the focus of almost all media in the world, the explosion did not receive much attention around the world.After that, the more recent and well-known explosion occurred in North Korea on April 22, 2004. At least 161 people were killed and more than 1300 people were injured when a freight train carrying ammonium nitrate fertilizer exploded at Longchuan County railway station around 1:00 p.m. local time.According to an official investigation revealed by the KCNA, when the explosion occurred, the carriage carrying ammonium nitrate fertilizer touched the high-voltage catenary of the electrified railway and caused the explosion. The power of the explosion is equivalent to that of more than 100 tons of explosives. The ground is blasted out of a large pit, and the radius of the blast wave reaches 4 km.Longchuan railway station was completely destroyed. Public buildings, more than 30 industrial and commercial facilities and 8100 houses within 500 meters around the station were destroyed. About 1850 buildings collapsed and 6350 buildings were damaged. After the incident, the DPRK rarely applied to the United Nations for international assistance.As Kim Jong Il, then North Korean leader, ended his visit to China on the day of the explosion, he passed the station just a few hours ago when he returned home by special train. Some people regard it as the assassination of Kim Jong Il, but the South Korean intelligence service thinks it was just an accident.In China, there have been incidents, including the Qingshuihe accident in Shenzhen in 1993, and the explosion in Tianjin port that shook the whole country in 2015.According to the investigation, more than 11300 tons of dangerous goods, including 290 tons of nitrocellulose and 800 tons of ammonium nitrate, were stored in the dangerous goods warehouse of Ruihai company on the day of the incident.Due to the loss of wetting agent, nitrocellulose accumulated heat and spontaneous combustion, causing adjacent hazardous chemicals to burn in large areas for a long time. Flame baking and high temperature thermal radiation lead to the explosion temperature of hazardous chemicals such as ammonium nitrate.At 23:34:06 p.m., the first big explosion occurred, and 31 seconds later, a second big explosion occurred. After calculation, the total explosion energy of the accident is equivalent to 450 tons of TNT equivalent.173 people were killed in the accident (including 104 firefighters, 11 police officers, 58 employees and residents of the accident enterprises and surrounding enterprises), and 798 people were injured.In another week, it will be the 5th anniversary of the explosion in Tianjin port. Here once again, I would like to express my gratitude to the victims of the martyrs and the victims!No matter in developed and developing countries, industrial accidents are difficult to eliminate completely. The United States, Britain, Germany, France and other western developed countries, as well as the global chemical giants Monsanto, BASF and total, are on the list of the terrible big bang of ammonium nitrate.Some are accidents, some are serious and bad liability accidents.After the previous major accidents, all countries should introduce corresponding institutional improvements, such as strictly controlling the urbanization construction in high-risk areas, strengthening the safety inspection of industrial facilities, and strictly keeping the safety distance between facilities according to the regulations, so as to reduce the risk from the source.The big bang happened in Beirut in the evening, waking up again after a night of fear.According to subsequent information, more detailed causes of the explosion have been identified:The 2750 tons of ammonium nitrate from the explosion has been passivated and came from a dilapidated cargo ship from Batumi port, Georgia, in 2013, to Mozambique.In the sea near Lebanon, the cargo ship encountered technical problems and made an emergency call at Beirut port. After inspection by Lebanon as the port state authority, it is considered that the ship is not allowed to navigate.Not long after that, the Charterers and freight companies lost interest in the goods and ships. Referring to the price of domestic fertilizer in China, ammonium nitrate was only 2000 yuan per ton, and 2750 tons was more than 6 million yuan.On the origin of explosivesThe old cargo ship was abandoned by the shipowner, and the ammonium nitrate cargo was abandoned by the cargo owner. The ship's supplies, fuel and supplies were quickly used up and the crew were repatriated.Due to the risk of leaving ammonium nitrate on board ships, port and judicial authorities discharged them to the port hazardous chemicals warehouse in 2014 until 2020.A while ago, when checking another dangerous chemicals warehouse next door, it was found that the warehouse door was in urgent need of maintenance. Therefore, on the afternoon of August 4, the staff began to weld the warehouse door with explosives.During this period, welding sparks ignited the explosives in the warehouse and caused explosion fire. Next, the fire heated up, causing an explosion of ammonium nitrate stored in the warehouse next door.It was really a very low-level, horrifying mistake.The explosive storehouse is not that electric welding is not allowed, but the surrounding inflammable materials must be completely cleaned before operation, and the safety performance of operation tools and instruments must be fully inspected.During the operation, the safety management personnel in the operation area shall supervise the whole process, and the fire-fighting vehicles, personnel and fire-fighting facilities shall be on standby and monitored at any time.The management of Beirut port authority is extensive, and the departments at all levels lack the sense of responsibility. Indeed, as president ORN said, this is "unacceptable" and "the most severe punishment" should be faced by those responsible.So much ammonium nitrate certainly did not appear out of thin air. Soon, the media all dug up its source.According to foreign media reports, the dangerous goods first appeared in 2013 and belonged to Igor grechushkin, a Russian businessman. He and his wife currently live in Cyprus.At that time, the cargo ship carrying ammonium nitrate was on its way from Georgia to Mozambique, but it broke down on the way, and it was urgently stopped in Beirut for maintenance.It is speculated that Igor, a businessman, might want to sell the goods to the army or the explosive manufacturer, but the business failed,At this time, the Lebanon authorities found Igor's cargo ship. Due to the lack of documents needed for transportation, the ship and goods were seized and a huge fine had to be paid.As a result, Igor, a merchant, declared bankruptcy and abandoned the cargo ship in Beirut,Ammonium nitrate stayed on board for several months before it was unloaded and transported to the port's warehouse No. 12,Since then, this large quantity of ammonium nitrate has been kept in the warehouse in Beirut port, no one wants or manages it.Over the next six years, officials issued six warnings.On 27 June 2014, shafik Merhi, then head of the customs of Lebanon, issued a warning for the first time that there was a security risk in the storage of dangerous chemicals in ports.In 2016, an official wrote in a letter: "in view of the fact that the goods are being stored in an inappropriate environment, they are of serious danger. Once again, we ask the maritime affairs agency to transfer the cargo immediately so as to maintain the safety of the port. "However, there was no response to the letter.In 2017, Badri DAHER, the new customs chief, made a ruling request to the judge to transfer the ammonium nitrate,The results were ignored again, and ammonium nitrate was still left in the warehouse.According to a source, ammonium nitrate was also examined just six months ago, warning that if they were transferred, it could "blow up all the residents of Beirut.".The warning has not been taken seriously.In this way, 2750 tons of ammonium nitrate stayed in the warehouse of Beirut port for six years, and the officials reflected that there was no change,Until yesterday there was an explosion, causing tragedy.Immediately after the explosion, Badri DAHER, the chief of customs, targeted the judiciary,They said they had repeatedly told the judiciary that there were dangerous chemicals in the warehouse, but no one paid attention.This time, the premier said to punish those responsible, and follow-up investigation is inevitable.Write it at the endA large area of Beirut has been affected, the streets are devastated and large buildings have been destroyed. It is estimated that between 250000 and 300000 people will be homeless.The streets of Beirut are full of broken heads and bloodshed:Four hospitals near the port of Beirut have been shut down because of serious explosions.Rima Azar, director of the bikhazi medical group hospital in Beirut, said a large number of glass in the hospital broke and the door of the hospital entrance was completely shattered,"In some wards, the whole ceiling hits the patient."But even if the building was damaged, the hospital received about 500 patients within hours of the incident, including one woman who had died of bleeding when she arrived.Near the port of Beirut, countless people crying for missing relatives can be seen, showing photos of the missing relatives and describing their appearance to rescuers and random strangers, but most of the responses are just shaking their heads.As the medical system has been completely overcrowded, doctors can only refuse minor injuries.Some of the life-threatening injuries had to be sent to other nearby cities for treatment.After the explosion, everything in Beirut was like the ruins of the war.Below is a resident living outside Beirut's seaport station.His home was completely destroyed in the explosion, with windows and balconies smashed in an instantAt the time of the explosion, clergy in a church in Beirut were praying and were nearly hit by a falling buildingLocal resident Mar Mikhail lives near the port. After the explosion, she walked out of her house in panic and saw many victims lying in the street,"The victims should have been blown out of balconies and buildings, and their families have not yet found them."As of the deadline, the search and rescue continued.A Lebanon man was rescued after being trapped in a big explosion for 10 hours:Lebanon has just been replaced by a new prime minister and is looking forward to a better life. In the wake of this shocking explosion, all the imported wheat stored in the port has been destroyed (80% of Lebanon's grain depends on imports), which can be described as a double whammy.After the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake, less affluent Lebanon donated US $75000 to China. Today, Chinese Foreign Ministry spokesman Wang Wenbin said that China is deeply shocked and saddened and is willing to provide help to Lebanon within its capacity. Even Israel, which has always had a gap with Lebanon, has declared that it will provide relevant assistance to Lebanon. The United Nations, the United Kingdom, the United States, Saudi Arabia, Syria Both expressed their willingness to provide assistance.After all, such an accident is a common disaster of mankind and needs the help of the whole world - I sincerely hope that the suffering people of Lebanon can tide over the difficulties and rebuild their homeland.