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Short answer: There were as many Loyalists in arms as there were Redcoat regulars. In addition, the number of Loyalist troops in America equaled the largest number of Patriot troops ever commanded by George Washington (25,000 at NY in 1776).Men of property generally resisted the radicals everywhere. Indeed for the great majority of Anglo-Americans, loyalty to the king, Parliament, and the traditions of British colonial government was the “normal condition” of political life. Neutrality rather than loyalism was their characteristic refuge. In Connecticut, the only colony for which anything like an exact estimate of the resistance to the revolution has been made, hard-core Loyalists (those willing to actively take up arms for the crown) made up 6 percent of the population. By 1776 what remained of loyalism in New England had been driven underground, but a significant portion of the moderates were also unwilling to fight for independence and tried to remain aloof from the conflict.It is clear that the Crown did not always make the best use of Loyalist units during the war, dispersing them too widely as sentinels in outposts, as guards over supply depots, and as behind-the-line auxiliaries. History suggests that they may have been more effective if used aggressively.“Rouse, America!” a Patriot newspaper editor warned against such persons, “Your danger is great – great from a quarter where you least expect it. [The Loyalists] … will yet be the ruin of you! ‘Tis high time they were separated from among you. They are now just engaged in undermining your liberties.”[i][i] Richard D. Brown, Major Problems in the Era of the American Revolution, 1760-1791. (New York: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2000) 230.Discussion:At its peak, the British Army had about 22,000 “Redcoats” at its disposal in North America — twice the normal compliment of regulars. An additional 25,000 Loyalists participated in the conflict as well. Nearly 30,000 German auxiliaries, or Hessians, served alongside the British, and an untold number of Native Americans (less than 3000) might be added to this number. There were, of course, Loyalists who remained civilian non-combatants, but the material contained herein is geared predominately towards the military. See Todd Braisted’s comprehensive analysis: Loyalist RegimentsLoyalist before the outbreak of a shooting war generally sat back and hoped the whole crisis would pass. However, once the war began, they were very organized in their response — at least on the military level. Many American Tories never became overt Loyalists, and others came late to loyalism. Although most of the late Loyalists came from Pennsylvania, moderates in all the colonies outside New England were also having second thoughts concerning the revolution and were working toward reconciliation. The successful seizure by the Patriots of Boston in March 1776 virtually extinguished British Loyalism in New England, but New York (the “city” environs) was a hotbed of loyalism and a bastion of loyalist battalions right to the end of the war in 1783.Dissent proved easiest to undermine where it was least prevalent. A public carting or a coat of tar and feathers was usually sufficient. Geographical position seems to have been a factor in producing opposition to the rebellion. Although Massachusetts and Virginia were the most uniformly English of the colonies, it was they that supported the greatest proportion of rebels and were the first to effectively suppress loyalism. Other colonies were more diverse in the national origins of their residents, and in such places large pockets of loyalism might be found. New York, cosmopolitan by 18th century standards, was probably the most evenly divided colony in terms of rebellion and loyalism. There may have been as many as 100,000 loyalists in New York colony and an additional 20,000 in the region centered on Delaware."Tory Refugees on the Way to Canada" by Howard Pyle. The work appeared in Harper's Monthly in December 1901.There is evidence that in New England, at least, the revolution was a vastly popular movement springing from the rocky soil of Massachusetts with ideas of independency taking root among the populace from the first. The number of Americans who adhered to the British side after fighting commenced is still debated. It has been estimated that about 450,000 Americans remained loyal to Britain during the Revolution. This would be about sixteen percent of the total population of 3 million, or about 20 percent of white Americans.Early Loyalists regiments often served in “brick red” uniforms.When the American Revolutionary War broke out in 1775, about fifty Loyalist regiments were raised, including the Butler's Rangers, the King's Royal Regiment, and the Maryland and Pennsylvania Loyalists, and others. Loyalist were noted for their dark green coats, or earlier in the war for their “brick red” uniforms (Madder Red). Both were meant to distinguish American Loyalist units from regular British redcoats dyed in Venetian Red or Scarlet. Venetian red was adopted as the primary uniform color of the New Model Army during the 17th century to ease mutual identification on the battlefield. The dark forest green coats “seasoned” throughout the year becoming more yellow-green as the Autumn approached.Timothy Ruggles, a Loyalist known for his service in the militia in the French wars of the 1750s, sought to promote a Loyalist Association as a counter to the Continental Association of the radicals, but he had very little success in attracting allies to his position and had to flee to the British army in Boston to avoid the furor of the radical mobs. Colonel Thomas Gilbert of Massachusetts had already raised the first Loyalist military unit. This was a force of three hundred men, armed by the British. Gilbert stored muskets, powder and bullets in his home. Gilbert and his three sons fought for the British in Massachusetts, were driven from their homes, and in May 1783 they were exiled to Nova Scotia along with their slaves. Ruggles and Gilbert had fought together in the F&I war. In March 1776 Ruggles left Boston for Nova Scotia with the British troops and accompanied Lord Howe to Staten Island where he formed a loyalist battalion. The Continental Congress confiscated his estates, and in 1779 he received as a reimbursement a grant of 10,000 acres of land from the crown in Wilmot, Nova Scotia, where he engaged in agriculture until his death.Having refused a commission from the Patriots, Robert Rogers (famed for his F&I War operations) raised a Loyalist unit in New York (mostly from Loyalists living in Westchester and Long Island), and from western Connecticut. The new unit was named the Queen’s Rangers in honor of Queen Consort Charlotte, the wife of King George III. It first assembled on Staten Island in August 1776 organized into eleven companies of about thirty men each, and an additional five troops of cavalry. It ultimately grew to 937 officers and men. Rogers did not prove successful in this command, and he left the unit in January 1777. John Graves Simcoe was ultimately given command and the unit became known informally as "Simcoe's Rangers". The Queen's Rangers was one of the most successful British regiments in the war. The regiment was taken into the Crown establishment as the 1st American Regiment in 1779, and was later (1782) taken into the British establishment. In 1783, the Queen's Rangers left New York for Nova Scotia, where it was disbanded.Tryon’s Raid on DanburyOne historian has called William Tryon “the evil genius of the royal cause in America” because of his many successes in prosecuting the Loyalist raids on patriot strongholds. Once the governor of North Carolina, Tryon was assigned the task of governing New York just in time to face the beginnings of the insurrection. He stood out as the most principled political architect of Loyalist resistance to the revolution as well as one of its most aggressive military leaders, especially in New York and Connecticut. Tryon operated with a force composed of more than 2,000 loyalist militiamen encamped on Long Island near Flushing, Queens. He also organized a stronghold on the north shore near Glen Cove and from here launched amphibious raids across the Long Island Sound into Connecticut.Battle of Ridgefield — When Patriot General David Brewster was killed 700 American militia under Benedict Arnold and Benjamin Silliman met the British and staved them off further attack. The Battle of Ridgefield was the only inland battle fought in Connecticut during the Revolutionary War.In April 1777 the loyalists in brick red or dark green uniforms, commanded by William Tryon, crossed Long Island Sound and landed unopposed at Compo Beach near Westport, Connecticut. They marched inland to raid the towns of Bethel, Ridgefield, and Danbury. The 1777 raid was followed in July 1779 by a larger affair employing more than eighteen warships and 2000 Loyalist soldiers. This time Tryon targeted the towns of East Haven, New Haven, West Haven, Fairfield, and Norwalk. The landing at Calf Pasture Beach in Norwalk was the largest amphibious operation mounted by Loyalist forces during the entire revolutionary war. Described in British records as a nest of privateers, Norwalk, with its protective archipelago of small sandy islands and shallow waters, had served as an American vice-admiralty court for small prizes taken on the Sound, a fact that has almost escaped historians because all the court records were burned during the 1779 raid along with 88 homes, dozens of barns and workshops, four mills, and a church. Losses were later estimated to amount to over 26 thousand British pounds. Norwalk was so heavily damaged that George Washington described it as having been “destroyed” in his report to the Continental Congress after the battle.Several dozen Connecticut patriots under Captain Stephen Betts, who put a few small cannon on the heights in the center of the town, drove off the Loyalists in the so-called Battle of the Rocks.Among the Loyalist troops that attacked Norwalk was a unit commanded by Edmund Fanning. In the 1760s and 1770s, Fanning first came to fame as the focus of hatred of the North Carolina Regulators, and led, with Tryon an anti-Regulator militia in a brutal repression of the colonials (several colonials were hanged and one executed by pistol after their surrender). Fanning followed Tryon to New York as his personal secretary, and he raised a regiment of Loyalists named the King's American Regiment on Staten Island. He was wounded twice during the war and was credited with saving Yale (then a college) from destruction by British forces during a destructive raid against New Haven led by Tryon. Fanning was granted an honorary law degree in 1803 as thanks for this action.Col. James De Lancey, known in some circles as the Outlaw of the Bronx, was one of the extremists from New York on the Tory side. Related also to the revolutionary patriot John Jay, James De Lancey was connected by blood and marriage to the elite on both sides of the political divide. First associated with his uncle, General Oliver De Lancey, in raising volunteers from among the Loyalists of Long Island for De Lancey’s Brigade, in 1777 James De Lancey was appointed captain of an elite Troop of Light Horse known as the Westchester Chasseurs. The troop was issued arms and equipment and harassed enemy depots and outposts. Driven from Westchester county by the Patriot party, De Lancey and his like-minded loyalists now known as De Lancey's Refugee Corps occupied the Morrisania area of the Bronx. These men formed one of the most effective loyalist militia units to serve during the rebellion, and De Lancey was made a lieutenant colonel in the British army hierarchy. De Lancey was “attainted” and his estate confiscated in 1779 by the Patriot Committee of Safety. Taken prisoner late that same year, he was soon released on parole.Sir John Johnson, son of William Johnson, inherited his father's baronetcy and lands in 1774. Sir John moved to Canada during the American Revolutionary War with his family and allies because he was at risk of arrest by rebel authorities. He led the King's Royal Regiment of New York and was promoted to brigadier general in 1782. That year Sir John Johnson was also appointed as Superintendent General and Inspector General of Indian affairs of First Nations in Canada, including the control of the four Iroquois nations that had relocated there. Johnson gathered several hundred armed loyalist supporters at Johnstown. He sent a letter to Governor William Tryon saying that he and his Loyalist neighbors had conferred about raising a battalion for the British cause. He also said he could raise 500 Indian warriors who, when used with his regular troops, could retake all of the frontier forts captured by the rebels.Guy Johnson, nephew of Sir William Johnson and cousin to Sir John, had migrated to the Province of New York as a young man and worked with his uncle. He served as agent to the Iroquois, with whom the British had a strong trading diplomatic relationship, and directed joint Loyalist militia and native military actions in the Mohawk Valley. When the New York Committee of Safety committed the colony to armed resistance to the King following the Battles of Lexington and Concord in 1775, Johnson remained loyal to the Crown and worked to control the Tryon County courts, assisted by fellow loyalists Sir John Johnson and Colonel Daniel Claus (a son-in-law of Sir William). These three also commanded three regiments of the Tryon County militia, but the American Patriots in the Mohawk Valley soon drove the three Loyalists out of power. General Guy Carleton, Governor-in-Chief of Quebec, told Guy Johnson that he had no authority over any Indians in Canada and that the Iroquois were not to fight outside the Province of Quebec. Nonetheless, from his command post at Fort Niagara, he led forces against the colonials in the Mohawk Valley frontier, and his subordinates carried out the actions in what the Americans called massacres at Wyoming and Cherry valleys. This was also known as the "Burning of the Valleys". Ultimately he was forced to go to London to defend his reports and actions to the government and he remained there.Walter Butler (Butler’s Rangers / King’s Rangers) ravaged the New York frontier until his death in 1781. Made a Captain in the ranger unit created by his father, John Butler (a wealthy Indian agent who worked for Sir William Johnson), Walter Butler often combined his loyalist frontiersmen with the Native allies under the Iroquois leader Joseph Brant. Butler is most often noted for leading the so-called Cherry Valley Massacre (1778). He has been blamed for the deaths of the many women and children who were killed on that occasion. He fought in the Battle of Johnstown and was killed on October 30, 1781, while retreating back to Canada in a skirmish with rebel troops. Writer Stephen Vincent Benét listed Walter Butler as one of the villainous jurymen, brought back from the dead, in the 1936 short story (and stage play) The Devil and Daniel Webster.In parts of Maryland Loyalists clearly outnumbered radicals, and the Chesapeake peninsula had the highest density of active loyalists in the colonies. White Loyalists in the South were in constant fear of slave insurrections and Indian attacks, and those from the backcountry of Georgia and North and South Carolina were highly disaffected from the revolution due to the isolation of their holdings from the support of other whites. Those who were active in the Loyalist Party and willing to take up arms to fight for Britain, however, were limited to just a few marauding bands.New Jersey residents, led by their “tenacious champion” Gov. William Franklin (son of Benjamin Franklin), generally resisted the revolution, preferring neutrality to insurrection in greater proportion than the total populations of any other colony except New York and Georgia. The distribution of Loyal sentiment and Patriot fervor was particularly scattered in New Jersey with whole Loyalist town being opposed to others of equal Patriot devotion. This led to a great number of small, local encounters as well as a great number of indiscriminate executions among “warring” families that were settling old private scores rather than political questions. William Franklin proved himself an unbending proponent of negotiation and conciliation stiffly holding his ground even after being arrested and confined by the New Jersey Provincial Congress.General Cortlandt Skinner was one of the three current and past speakers of the New Jersey colonial assembly who actively opposed American independence. As a prominent New Jersey Loyalist, Skinner accepted a commission as a brigadier under the British Crown and was authorized to raise a Provincial corps, known as the New Jersey Volunteers or "Skinner's Greens". Three battalions were authorized, to consist of 2,500 soldiers. Throughout the war, the New Jersey Volunteers mercilessly harassed their Patriot opponents in New York from the defensive outposts of Long Island and Staten Island. By the end of war in 1783, Skinner was one of the three highest ranking Loyalist officers in the British Army. His wife and family embarked for England in the summer of 1783, and he followed shortly. His claim to compensation for his losses was made, and he also received the half-pay of a Brigadier-General during his life.There had been during the revolution, moreover, strong support for Tory policies in Delaware in largely Anglican Sussex County and in overwhelmingly pacifist Kent County. New Castle County with its commercial ties with Baltimore and Philadelphia and its largely Presbyterian and Scotch-Irish population, had been, on the other hand, a stronghold of Patriot power and had carried the war almost by itself. Holding an overwhelming majority in New Castle County (but being an overall minority in the rest of the colony) the Patriot Party worked hard to support the Sons of Liberty throughout Delaware as they suppressed Loyalism to the Crown by force. The Patriot Party in Delaware proved well organized, unified in their purpose, and unnervingly ruthless in the prosecution of their cause. They were capable of forcing the election of many like-minded men to positions of authority throughout the colony and of disarming and prosecuting Loyalists.Highland Scots who had immigrated to America overwhelmingly favored the king over the Revolutionary cause. In the South, most of the Highland Scots organized quickly in the royal cause. North Carolina governor Josiah Martin had hoped to recruit heavily among the Scots, but too many had turned against the government during the War of Regulation (1765-1771). Some historians consider this conflict a catalyst to the Revolution. The battle of Moore Creek Bridge (1776) had significant effects within the Scots community of North Carolina, where Loyalists refused to turn out when calls to arms were made later in the war, and many were routed out of their homes by the pillaging activities of their Patriot neighbors. In a brief early-morning engagement, a barrage of musket fire met a charge across the bridge by sword-wielding Loyalist Scotsmen. One Loyalist leader was killed, another captured, and the whole force was scattered. In the following days, many Loyalists were arrested, putting a damper on further recruiting efforts. North Carolina was not militarily threatened again until 1780, and memories of the battle and its aftermath negated Crown efforts to recruit Scotsmen.In 1780, as part of the Crown’s Southern strategy to end the Revolution, more than 1000 loyalists assembled near the Blue Ridge Mountains (in what is now Tennessee), under the able leadership of British Major Patrick Ferguson. This loyalist force was well armed with standard British muskets and bayonets, and its leader was a serious professional officer. He warned mountain residents that if the insurrection continued, he personally would “lay waste their country with fire and sword.” Ferguson had issued a challenge to the rebel militias to lay down their arms or suffer the consequences, however he was killed at the Battle of King’s Mountain and his loyalist force devastated. This defeat combined with the defeat of a Crown detachment at Cowpens virtually ended the resistance of loyalist in the South.Banaster Tarleton's dragoons were called 'Tarleton's Raiders'. His green uniform was the standard uniform of the British Legion, a provincial unit organized in New York, in 1778. On 13 December 1776, Tarleton (then a mere Cornet attache’) had surrounded a house in Basking Ridge, and forced Patriot Gen. Charles Lee to surrender. As a prisoner of war, General Lee, was taken to New York, and later was used in an exchange of prisoners. The capture led to immediate advancement for Tarleton. After becoming commander of the British Legion (1780), a force of American Loyalist cavalry and light infantry, also called Tarleton's Raiders, he went to South Carolina. Tarleton's Legion was harried by Patriot leader Francis Marion, 'The Swamp Fox', an American militia commander who practiced a form of guerrilla warfare against the British. Throughout the campaigns, Tarleton was unable to capture him or thwart his operations. In 1781 Tarleton's forces were virtually destroyed by American Brigadier General Daniel Morgan at the Battle of Cowpens. Tarleton and only 200 men escaped the battlefield. After his return to Great Britain, Tarleton wrote a history of his experience in the war in North America, entitled Campaigns of 1780 and 1781 in the Southern Provinces of North America (London, 1781). Herein he portrayed his own actions in the Carolinas favorably and questioned many of the decisions made by Lord Cornwallis that led to the ultimate British defeat at Yorktown.After he had turned traitor, the British gave Benedict Arnold a brigadier general's commission in their provincial forces with an annual income of several hundred pounds. He and his wife settled in New York, where the Loyalist elites at first snubbed them. In December 1780, he led a force of 1,600 troops into Virginia, where he captured Richmond by surprise and then went on a rampage through Virginia, destroying supply houses, foundries, and mills. His command consisted of detachments from Simcoe’s Queen’s Rangers and the Loyalist American Legion.Through the spring and early summer of 1781, three thousand French troops under Rochambeau marched from Newport, Rhode Island, across Connecticut to join with Washington’s forces on the Hudson River. Benedict Arnold, born and raised only 10 miles away, was anxious to command a raid on New London in order to demonstrate his newfound loyalty to the Crown. By September it was clear, however, that Virginia was the target. At precisely this time, General Clinton agreed to a small diversionary attack — a punitive raid on New London, CT. At Fort Griswold on the Groton heights, approximately 160 Patriot militiamen and civilians gathered to fight the 800 Crown and Hessian soldiers including several Loyalist and Loyalist refugee battalions. Refusing to surrender when that option was offered, they fought furiously, killing 2 English officers and 43 others and wounding 193 more. After about 40 minutes, the British made it into the fort. Colonel Ledyard, realizing all was lost, commanded his men to put down their arms. At that point there were an estimated 6 American dead and 20 wounded. But after giving up his sword, Ledyard was immediately run through. When the slaughter ended, 83 Americans were dead and 36 wounded. After looting the town, Arnold ordered his British soldiers to set fire to every building, causing the equivalent of more than $500,000 in damages. During his command of British troops, Arnold did not gain a great deal of respect from other officers. His actions in Virginia and Connecticut were criticized, and allegations circulated in New York that he was primarily interested in money.Associated Loyalists: Lt. Colonel Joshua UphamLoyal Refugees: Lt. William CastlesAmerican Legion: Captain Nathan FrinkLoyal American Regiment: Lt. Colonel Beverly Robinson Jr.3rd Battalion, New Jersey Volunteers: Lt. Colonel Abraham van BuskirkWhen the British evacuated New York after the Treaty of Paris (1783) 100,000 Loyalists left with them. It is clear that the Loyalists had made a large but futile contribution to the war.See:Amazon.com: To Starve, Die, & Be Damned: The Delaware Blues of the American Revolution, 1776-1783 (Traditional American History Series Book 11) eBook: James M. Volo: Kindle StoreandAmazon.com: Stand Alarmed, Militia in America 1607-1783 (Traditional American History Series 2nd Edition) eBook: James M. Volo: Kindle Store

The reason why the United States engaged in warfare with Germany is because Germany declared war on the United States.In all accounts I have read about Adolph Hitler the one thing he did not want is to have the United States enter into the conflict in Europe. In fact when he heard of the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor he was very upset with Japan, now he had to back up his ally just as he done for his Italian ally Benito Mussolini.The only difference about Hitler coming to the aid of Mussolini was Hitler knew that Italy was going to engage the British in the Mediterranean beforehand, while the Japanese never mentioned their attack on the United State until after the fact; and that was through other channels that communicated the news about the Attack on Pearl Harbor.The United States declared war on Japan on 8 Dec 41 and 3 days later, 11 Dec 41, Germany declared war on the United States; reasoning was that the United States committed a series of provocation while being officially neutral. The provocations were blatantly supplying war material to England and Russia via the Lend-Lease Act, and was supplying escort ships for convoys from Halifax, Canada bound for England and Russia; here is the official report on the first American Naval Warship lost to enemy action before war was ever declared between Germany and the United States:NM7/Y1 (ju)P6/00/MM THE RECEIVING SHIP AT NEW YORKPIER 92 W. 52nd STREETNEW YORK, NEW YORKDecember 5, 1941.From: The Commanding Officer.To: The Chief of the Bureau of Navigation.(Detail Officer, Enlisted Personnel Section)Subject: Personnel of U.S.S. Reuben James.Enclosure: (A) List of Survivors of the U.S.S. Reuben James Disaster of October 31, 1941.(B) List of Dead of the U.S.S. Reuben James Disaster of October 31, 1941.1. In connection with the list of the survivors and the list of those lost on the Reuben James, which was recently forwarded, all survivors of the Reuben James disaster have reported to this Receiving Ship with the exception of THOMPSON, James C., Sea.2c., USN, 300-43-32, and TURNBULL, Thomas P., E.M.2c., USN, 223-53-96, both of whom were seriously injured.2. Enclosures (A) and (B) are forwarded herewith. Enclosure (A) shows the addresses of all men on leave, which address is indicated by a check mark preceding the address. Pertinent remarks have been added to Enclosure (B) that may give additional information to that already on file in the Bureau.3. A copy of the information contained in Enclosures (A) and (B) has been retained in the files of this Receiving Ship./signed/W.H. PASHLEY.________________________________________SURVIVORS OF THE USS REUBEN JAMES DISASTEROF OCTOBER 31st, 1941APPLETON, Chrlie Edward, Jr. Fireman 2c, USN, #295-89-55 (Rescued)Enlisted January 14, 1941, Nashville, Tenn.Home address, R.F.D.#2, sardis, Mississippi.Nest of kin, Father, Mr. Charlie Edward Appleton, Sr., R.F.D.#2, Sardis, Mississippi.APPLETON, Parmie Glendon, Fireman 2c, USN, #295-89-56 (Rescued)Enlisted January 14, 1941, Nashville, Tenn.Home address: R.F.D.#2, Sardis, Mississippi.Next of kin: Father, Mr.. Charlie Edward Appleton,R.F.D.#2, Sardis, Mississippi.BEASLEY, George Napoleon, Jr., Machinist's Mate 2c, USN, #346-72-96 (Rescued)Enlisted July 18, 1939, Litttle Rock, Arkansas.Home Address: Heavener, Oklahoma.Next of kin: Father, Mr. George Napoleon Beasley, Heavener, Oklahoma.BEGLEY, Claborn, Machinist's Mate 2c, USN, #310-79-18 (Rescued- Slightly Injured)Re-enlisted November 5, 1938, on board USS Oklahoma.Home address: #123 East 89th St., Los Angeles, Calif.Next of kin: Wife, Grace Begley, c/o Mrs. Gertrude Lawrence,806 East 76th Street, Los Angeles, California.BERGSTRESSER, William Henry, Chief Machinist's Mate (AA), USN, #380-47-41 (Rescued-Slightly Injured)Reenlisted February 15, 1940, on board USS Reuben JamesHome address: 521 Olive Street, Ventura, California.Next of kin: Wife, Mrs. W.H. Bergstresser, #7 Tolman St., Portland, Maine.BOYD, Solon Gescovy, Machinist's Mate 1c, USN, #271-99-38 (Rescued)Reenlisted August 10, 1940, aboard USS Reuben James.Home address: #1621- 12th Ave., South Birmingham, Alabama.Nest of kin, Wife, Mrs. Neda Boyd, #7 Cedar Street, Portland, Maine.BRIDGES, Brent Neil, Radioman 3rd class, USN, #368-44-01 (Rescued)Enlisted July 10k, 1939- Salt Lake City, Utah.Home address: #82 East 16th St., Garfield, Utah.Next of kin: Father, Mr. Herman Albert Bridges, #82 East 16th St., Garfield Utah.BUSH, Roy Virgil, Fireman 2c,USN, #283-48-68 (Rescued)Enlisted January 13, 1941- N.R.S., Cleveland, Ohio.Home address: #1713 East 36th St., Ashtabula, Ohio.Next of kin: Father, Mr. Roy E. Bush, #1713 East 36th St., Ashtabula, Ohio.CARR, Robert James, Fireman 2c, USN, #403-03-92 (Rescued - Slightly Injured)Enlisted January 20, 1941- N.R.S., Buffalo, N.Y.Home address: #43 Woodview Avenue, Hamburg, New York.Next of kin: Mother, Mrs. Vilot Carr Millks, #43 Woodview Avenue, Hamburg, NYCOYLE, Floyd Bob, Fireman 1c, USN, #262-34-97 (Rescued)Enlisted May 22, 1939, N.R.S., Raleigh, North Carolina.Home address: #211 Walnut St., Gaffney, South Carolina.Next of kin: Father, Mr. Robert A. Coyle, #211 Walnut St., Gaffney, S.C.DEL GROSSO, Daniel Joseph, Seaman 1c, USN, #234-31-93 (Rescued)Enlisted January 17, 1941 - N.R.S., Springfield, Massachusetts.Home address: #86 Germania Street, Galeton, Penna.Next of kin: Father, Costanzo Del Grosso, #86 Germania St., Galeton, Pa.DELISLE, Gerald Joseph, Coxswain, USN, #212-53-46 (Rescued)Enlisted November 20k, 1939 - N.R.S., Springfield, Mass.Home address: #28 Forest St., Fitchburg, Mass.Next of kin: Father, Mr. Anatole J. Delisle, #28 Forest St., Fitchburg, Mass.ELNITSKY, Joseph Fedenich, Fireman 1c, USN, #243-67-53 (Rescued)Enlisted November 21, 3939, N.R.S., Philadelphia, Pa.Home address: #414 Fourth St., Blakely, Pennsylvania.\Next of kin: Father, Metro F. Elnitsky, 414 Fourth St., Blakely, Penn.GIEHR, George Frederick, Fireman 2c, USN, #234-31-49 (Rescued)Enlisted January 13, 1941, N.R.S., Buffalo, New York.Home address: #39 Cornwall Avenue, Buffalo, New York.Next of kin: Father, Franz Giehrl, 39 Cornwall Avenue, Buffalo, N.Y.GORZIZA, Arthur Emil, Machinist's Mate 1c, USN, #10-54-54 (Rescued)Enlisted April 27, 1935, at N.O.B., Norfolk, Virginia.Home address: #6148 Coleman Avenue, Dearborn, Michigan.Next of kin: Father, Emil Om Gorziza, 56148 Coleman Ave., Dearborn, Mich.GRAHAM, Guy Shipp, Machinist's Mate 2c, USN, #380-60-40 (Rescued)Enlisted December 4, 1939, at N.R.S., Salt Lake City, Utah.Home address: Box 42, Fruitland, Payette Co, Idaho.Next of kin: Wife, Lucy M. Graham, 2305 N. 28th St., Boise, Idaho.HAJOWY, Joseph, Machinist's Mate 2c, USN, #283-27-42 (Rescued)Enlisted May 24, 1939, at N.R.S., Cleveland, Ohio.Home address: 852 Brown Street, Akron, Ohio.Next of kin: Father, Mr. Roman Hajowy, 828 Sherman St., Akron, Ohio.HINGULA, Norman Francis, Fireman 1c, USN, #223-52-054 (Rescued)Enlisted June 1, 1939, at New York, N.Y.Home address: 421 68th Ave, Brooklyn, New York.Next of kin: Father, John Gustav Hingula, 421 68th Ave., Booklyn, N.Y.HOWARD, Robert Joseph, Torpedoman 3c, USN, #234-19-64 (Rescued)Enlisted May 3, 1939, at Buffalo, New York.Home address: #229 Hagen St., Buffalo, New York.Next of kin: Father, Ernest Perry oweard, 229 Hagen St., Buffalo, N.Y.JACQUETTE, Charles Samuel, Jr., Fireman 1c, USN, #258-24-41, (Rescued - Slightly Injured)Enlisted September 18, 1939, Baltimore, Maryland.Home address: Rock Hall, Maryland.Next of kin: Father, Charles Samuel Jacquette, Rock Hall, Md.JAEGGI, Earl William, Shipfitter 2c, USN, #311-38-17 (Rescued)Enlisted August 17, 1938, Detroit, Michigan.Home address: 6510 Vinewood Avenue, Detroit, Michigan.Next of kin: Wife, Josephine Jaeggi, 532 W. 50th St., New York, N.Y.JAMES, Vance Turner, Metalsmith 1c, USN, #261-98-02 (Rescued)Enlisted April 14, 1937, at Raleigh, North Carolina.Home address: Route #3, Hickory, North Carolina.Next of kin: Father, June James, Route @3, Hickory, North Carolina; also Wife, Margaret E. James, #12 Franklin Street, Portland, Maine.KAPECZ, Rudolph T., Gunner's Mate 1c, USN, #305-25-97 (Rescued)Reenlisted February 8, 1938, R.S., at New York, N.Y.Home address: #619 East Oak Street, Ironwood, Michigan.Next of kin: Father, Steve Kapecz, #619 East Oak St., Ironwood, Mich.LONG, Gordon H., Watertender 1c, USN, #261-94-24 (Rescued)Enlisted August 13, 1936 at Raleigh, North Carolina.Home address: Route #5, Box 18, Clinton, North Carolina.Next of kin: Wife, Rose Long, 516 Clinton St., Brooklyn, New York, Mother, Emma Lewis, 262 Lake Forest Parkway, Wilmington, N.C.MOLNAR, Joseph, Fireman 1c, USN, @266-05-66 (Rescued - Slightly Injured)Enlisted January 25, 1940 at Richmond, Va.Home address: #751 Lawrence St., Allentown, Pa.Next of kin: Mother, Elizabeth Kortvely, 751 Lawrence St., Allentown, Pa.NAGLE, Earl G., Seaman 2c, USN, #250-63-91 (Rescued)Enlisted April 1, 1941, at Pittsburgh, Pa.Home address: Chest Springs, Pennsylvania.Next of kin: Father, William Nagle, Chest Springs, Pa.NIECE, Delos, Seaman 2c, USN, #300-41-99 (Rescued)Enlisted March 27, 1941 at N.R.S., Chicago, Ilinois.Home address: 1516 South Sixth St., Elkhart, Indiana.Next of kin: Father, Delos Nieve, 1516 S. 6th St., Elkhart, Ind.OAKS, Kenneth Courtland, Radioman 3c, USN, #411-09-09 (Rescued)Enlisted September 19, 1940 at Great Lakes, Illinois.Home address: #113 Hzaetreet, Oshkosh, Wisconsin.Next of kin: Father, Clyde S. Oaks, 113 Hazel St., Oshkosh, Wisconsin.OLEXA, Steve, Seaman 2c, USN, #250-63-94 (Rescued)Enlisted APril 3, 1941 at N.R.S., Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.Home address: Box 126, Sabraton, West Virginia.Next of kin: Father, George Olexa, Box 126, Sabraton, West Virginia.PHALEN, Charles W., Fireman 2c, USN, #234-31-54 (Rescued)Enlisted January 13, 191 at Bufflo, New York.Home address: Stanley, New York.Next of kin: Mother Maratha Phalen, Stanley, New York.RICHARDSON, Lester E. Fireman 1c, USN, #272-27-55 (Rescued)Enlisted February 7, 1940 at Birmingham, Alabama.Home address: Route #2, Center, Alabama. Nest of kin: Father, Thomas Lester Richardson, Rt. #2, Center, Ala.ROBINSON, Clarence F., Seaman 1c, USN, #266-30-26 (Rescued)Enlisted January 14, 1941 at Richmond, Va.Home address: Route #1, Box 276, Charleston, V. Va.Next of kin: Brother, James Ivan Robinson, Rt. #1, Box 276, Charleston, W. Va.RODGERS, Talmage Roscoe, Fireman 3c, #268-62-20 (Rescued)Enlisted January 6, 1941 at Macon, Ga.Home address: R.F.D. #1, Moultrie, Ga.Next of kin: Father, Lester Culver Rodgers, R.F.D. #1, Moultrie, Ga.ROSE, Charles Ray, Seaman 1c, U#266-04-91 (Rescued)Enlisted January 9, 1940 - N.R.S., Richmond Virginia.Home address: Iaeger, West Virginia.Next of kin: Mother, Edith Ann Martin, Iaeger, West Virgnia.SILLS, Lawrence, Jr., Seaman 1c, USN, #274-42-93 (Rescued)Enlisted February 3, 1940 at New Orleans, La.Home address: 705 Cherry St., Jackson, Miss.Next of kin: Father, Lawrence Sills, Sr., 705 Cherry St., Jackson, Miss.SIMS, Lloyd E., Watertender 1c, USN, #274-10-90 (Rescued - Slightly Injured)Enlisted October 16, 1939 at New York, N.Y.Home address: Marianna, Florida.Next of kin: Wife, Jesse Catherine Sims, Marianna, Florida.STENCEL, Julius, Machinist's Mate 2c, F4D, USNR, #228-28-79 (Rescued)Enlisted September 20, 1935 at New York, N.Y.Home address: 124 East Baltic Street, Norwich, Conn.Next of kin: Brother, Joseph Stencel, 124 East Baltic St., Norwich, Conn.STEWART, Aaron H., Gunner's Mate 3c, USN, #266-16-02 (Rescued)Enlisted July 23, 1940 at N.R.S. Richmond, Va.Home address: 300 C. Street, Beckley, W. Va.Next of kin: Father Kelly Corbett Stewart, 300 C. St., Beckley, W. Va.STEWART, Robert S., Seaman 2c, USN, #266-30-23 (Rescued)Enlisted January 14, 1941 at N.R.S. Richmond, Va.Home address: Dorothy, Raleigh County, W. Va.Next of kin: Father, Frank H. Stewart, Dorothy, Raleigh County, W. Va.TATE, Cleophas, Electrician's Mate 3c, USN, #274-40-17 (Rescued)Enlisted November 1, 1939 at N.R.S. New Orleans, La.Home address: General Delivery, Ville Platte, La.Next of kin: Aunt, Electa Tate, General Delivery, Ville Platte, La.THOMPSON, James C., Seaman 2c, USN, #300-43-32 (Rescued - Seriously Injured)Enlisted April 10, 1941 at N.R.S. Chicago, Ill.Home address: 3755 Ahmedia Avenue, St. Francis, Wisc.Next of kin: Father, Lester Clyde Thompson, 3755 Ahmedia Ave., St. Francis, Wisc.TURNBULL, Thomas P., Electrician's Mate 2c, USN, #223-53-96 (Rescued - Seriously Injured)Enlisted August 9, 1939 at New York, N.Y.Home address: R.F.D. #1, Box 167, Rahway, New Jersey.Next of kin: Father, Hugh Alexander Turnbull, R.F.D. #1, Box 167, Rahway, New Jersey.TYGER, Leland E., Fireman 3c, USN, #311-61-01 (Rescued)Enlisted January 13, 1941 at Detroit, Michigan.Home address: 486 Peterboro, Detroit, Michigan.Next of kin: Father, Wafe William Tyger, #486 Peterboro, Detroit, Mich.WESTBURY, William C., Machinist's Mate 1c, USN, #261-71-01 (Rescued)Enlisted September 5, 195 at San Diego, California.Home address: #2605 Logan Ave., San Diego, California.Next of kin: Wife, Helen Catherine Westbury, #403 Main Street, Charlestown, Mass.ZAPASNIK, Fred F., Shipfitter 1c, USN, #250-35-18Enlisted October 6, 1939 at Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.Home address: #108 Charter St., New Castle, Pennsylvania.Next of kin: Wife, Helen Irene Zapasnik, Address: #108 Charter St., New Castle, Penna.________________________________________LIST OF PERSONNEL LOST WHEN THE USS REUBEN JAMESWAS TORPEDOED AND SUNK ON OCTOBER 31, 1941.Lieutenant Commander Heywood Lane Edwards, U.S. Navy (Commanding)Lieutenant Benjamin Ghetzler, U.S. Navy.Lieutenant Dewey George Johnston, U.S. NavyLieutenant (junior grade) John Justus Daub, U.S. Navy.Lieutenant James Mead Belden, D-V (G), U.S. Naval Reserve.Ensign Craig Spowers, U.S. Navy.Ensign Howard Voyer Wade, D-V (G), U.S. Naval Reserve.BAUER, John Francis, Jr., Chief Radioman (AA) Class V-3, U.S. Naval Reserve.BEASLEY, Harold Hamner, Seaman first class, U.S. Navy.BENSON, James Franklin, Machinist's Mate second class, U.S. Navy.BIEHL, Joseph Peter, Seaman second class, U.S. Navy.BOYNTON, Paul Rogers, Yeomman first class, U.S. Navy.BRITT, Harold Lelie, Coxswain, U.S. Navy.BURRELL, Herbert Ralph, Seaman second class, U.S. Navy.BYRD, Hartwell Lee, Seaman first class, U.S. Navy.CARBAUGH, Leftwich Erastus, Jr., Fireman first class, U.S. Navy.VARUSO, Joseph James, Radioman second class, U.S. Navy.CLARK, James Brantley, Fire Controlman second class, U.S. Navy.COOK, Raymond, Mess Attendant first class, U.S. Navy.COOPERRIDER, Carl Eugene, Gunner's Mate third class, U.S. Navy.COSGROVE, Lawrence Randall, Gunner's Mate second class, U.S. Navy.COUSINS, Alton Adelbert, Cheif Machinist's Mate (PA), U.S.N.R., Class F-4-CCOX, Charles Beacon, Chief Torpedoman (AA), U.S. Navy.DANIEL, Dennis Howard, Yeoman third class, U.S. Navy.DEVEREAU, Lawrence Delaney, Chief Boatswain's Mate (PA), U.S.N.R., Class F-4-DDICKERSON, Leonidas Camden, Jr., Storekeeper third class, U.S. Navy.DOIRON, GIlbert Joseph, Water Tender first class, U.S. Navy.DRINKWALTER, Karl Lee, Seaman first class, U.S. Navy.DUNSTON, Nebraska, Mess Attennndant third class, U.S. Navy.DYSON, Corbon, Radioman third class, U.S. Navy.EVANS, Gene Guy, Boilermaker second class, U.S. Navy.EVANS, Linn Stewart, Fire Controlman third class, U.S. Navy.EVERETT, Carlyle Chester, Fireman second class, U.S. Navy.FARLEY, Edwin Louis, Seaman first class, U.S. Navy.FITZGERALD, John Joseph, Quartermaster third class, U.S. Navy.FLYNN, William Aloysius, Torpedoman second class, U.S. Navy.FRANKS, Hartley Hardy, Ship's Cook second class, U.S. Navy.FRENCH, Ralph George, Chief Commissary Steward, U.S. Navy.GASKINS, Lester Carson, Machinist's Mate first class, U.S. Navy.GREER, John Calvin, Chief Electrician's Mate (PA), U.S. Navy.GREY, Ernest Dwane, Jr., Seaman second class, U.S. Navy.GRIFFIN, Arthur Raymond, Signalman second class, U.S. Navy.HARRIS, Charles Waldon, Seaman second class, U.S. Navy.HAYES, Charles Chester, Seaman second class, U.S. Navy.HENNIGER, William Henry, Gunner's Mate first class, U.S. Navy.HOGAN, Francis Robert, Gunners' Mate third class, U.S. Navy.HOUSE, Hugh, Gunner's Mate third class, U.S. Navy.HUDLIN, Maurice Woodrow, Fireman first class, U.S. Navy.JOHNSON, Joseph, Mess Attendant first class, U.S. Navy.JONES, Glen W., Chief Quartermaster (PA), U.S. Navy.KALANTA, ANthony J., Boatswain's Mate second class, U.S. Navy.KAPP, Donald, Seaman second class, U.S. Navy.[sic: should be "GUNN, Donald Knapp, Seaman second class, U.S. Navy" -HyperWar]KEEVER, Leonard A., Chief Machinist's Mate (PA), U.S. Naval Reserve, F-4-CKLOEPPER, Ralph W.H., Signalman third class, Class V-3, U.S. Naval Reserve.LITTLE, Joseph Gustave, Seaman first class, U.S. Navy.MAGARIS, Paul L., Radioman first class, U.S. Navy.MC KEEVER, William James, Sean second class, U.S. Navy.MERRELL, Windell Harmon, Fireman second class, U.S. Navy.MERRITT, Auburn F., Seaman second class, U.S. Navy.MILLS, Gerald Edward, Seaman second class, Class V-1, U.S. Naval Reserve.MONDOUK, Albert J., Chief Water Tender (PA), U.S. Naval Reserve, Class F-4-C.MUSSLEWHITE, Edgar W., Machinist's Mate first class, U.S. Navy.NEELY, Kenneth Cecil, Seaman second class, U.S. Navy.NEPTUNE, Aldon W., Seaman first class, U.S. Navy.NEWTON, William Harding, Yeoman third class, U.S. Navy.ORANGE, Harold J., Seaman second class, U.S. Navy.ORTIZUELA, Pedro, Officer's Cook first class, U.S. Navy.OWEN, Benjamin T., Seaman first class, U.S. Navy.PAINTER, William H., Seaman first class, U.S. Navy.PARKIN, Joseph J., Chief Water Tender (PA), U.S. Navy.PATERSON, William N., Coxswain, U.S. Navy.PENNINGTON, BUrl G., Quartermaster second class, U.S. Navy.POLIZZI, Joseph C., Seaman first class, U.S. Navy.PORTER, Corwin D., Seaman first class, U.S. Navy.POST, Frederick R., Boatswain's Mate first class, U.S. Navy.POWELL, Lee P., Pharmacist's Mate first class, U.S. Navy.RAYHILL, Elmer R., Seaman second class, U.S. Navy.REID, Lee Louis N., Torpedoman first class, Class V-6, U.S. Naval Reserve.RESS, John R., Seaman first class, U.S. Navy.ROGERS, James W., Seaman first class, U.S. Navy.RYAN, John J., Jr., Coxswain, U.S. Navy.RYGWELSKI, Clarence, Seaman second class, U.S. Navy.SALTIS, Edward Peter, Boatswain's Mate first class, U.S. Navy.SCHLOTTHAUER, Eugene, Chief Water Tender (AA), U.S. Navy.SETTLE, Sunny J., Seaman first class, U.S. Navy.SORENSEN, Walter, Gunner's Mate third class, U.S. Navy.SOWERS, Wallace L., Seaman second class, U.S. Navy.STANKUS, Anthony Gedminus, Seaman second class, U.S. Navy.STELMACH, Jerome, Seaman first class, U.S. Navy.TAYLOR, Wilton L., Fireman first class, U.S. Navy.TOWERS, George F., Chief Gunner's Mate (AA), U.S. Navy.TURNER, Lewis Aubrey, Signalman third class, U.S. Navy.VOILES, Loyd Z., Seaman first class, U.S. Navy.VORE, Harold M., Fireman first class, U.S. Navy.WEAVER, Jesse, Seaman first class, U.S. Navy.WELCH, Chester L., Fireman second class, U.S. Navy.WHARTON, Kenneth R., Fire Controlman first class, U.S. Naval Reserve, Class F-4-C.WOODY, George, Jr., Seaman first class, U.S. Navy.WRAY, Edwin E., Seaman first class, U.S. Navy.(Sinking on 31 Oct 1941)Thus Germany was not just making excuses to declare war on the United States.