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Question Answered: We have recently moved to Indiana and we enjoy history. What parks or locations should we visit?I also like history, and I lived in Indiana for many years. I taught at Purdue and got one of my doctorates there; I also taught for 35 years at the University of Illinois, which is about 35 miles from the Indiana border, so I have some reasonable familiarity with Indiana. So, herewith, are some of the places in Indiana that I’ve enjoyed. I’ll begin in the Southern part and work my way North.New Harmony. A beautiful small town in Southern Indiana, New Harmony was originally founded by George Rapp as a home for the Harmonites. The Harmonites (aka Rappites) made furniture, so the surrounding forests offered a nice supply of wood, and they built a very nice town and became rather affluent. They used the river to ship their products east for sale in Ohio, Pennsylvania, etc. When they decided to go back to Pennsylvania they sold the town to Robert Owen, who tried to establish a kind of utopian community of artists, writers, intellectuals, and scientists. The Owenites created the state’s first library, a public school for all residents, and many other important institutions. Many famous scientists, artists, scholars, and writers lived there until the community collapsed. Today, many of the buildings these two groups built remain standing. Some are marked and open to the public, while others are private home. But, if you have an eye to architecture, they are easy to spot. The downtown is lovely and quite walkable. The museum is good and also is a place to register for guided walking tours of town (or pick up maps for self-guided tours, though the guided ones are more informative). It is a lovely and interesting place.While you are in the New Harmony area, it may be worth it to visit Angel Mounds State Historic Site, one of the places the mound builders lived. It isn’t as developed, as large, or as well studied as the Cahokia Mounds in Illinois, and the museum is smaller, but that doesn’t make it any less interesting. You can walk out through the mounds area (or at least some of them), the museum is very interesting, and the rangers very friendly and informative.If you go to this area you’ll also be near Evansville, which has a surprising number of museums and other things to do for a town of its size. On the historic side of things, though not ancient history, is the USS LST 325 Ship Memorial. It is the last operating LST from WWII. The ships were built in Evansville, and the tours will give you an appreciation for that enterprise, but the ship is interesting by itself too. Wesselman Woods Nature preserve is a nice, small place to visit in Evansville, and if you are willing to cross the river you should visit the Audubon State Park in Henderson, KY, just a few miles from Evansville. (I know it’s not Indiana, but it is worth the short trip.)Moving a bit North from New Harmony and Evansville, I think that Metamora is worth a visit. Another nice, small town with a lot of history still on display. An important attraction is the Whitewater Canal State Historic Site, where you can ride an old, horse drawn canal boat (called, I believe, the Ben Franklin) on a narrated tour of a canal segment that includes the Duck Creek Aqueduct, an overpass built for the canal to cross Duck Creek (obviously). As far as I know, it is the only aquatic overpass in the US. Metamora also has an old, operating grist mill, which is really interesting, but many places still have them, so maybe not so unique. This town can be touristy, and many of the shops in town show it (with many t-shirt and souvenir shops, the usual complement of fudge, taffy, and frozen custard shops, antique stores, etc.), but the town is quite lovely to walk through and enjoy the architecture and history. Lots of plaques tell you the story of the place. The town also has a surprising number of quite attractive churches that are usually open for visitors. There also is an antique train one can take from Metamora (mostly along the canal) to Connorsville, IN., where you can visit a nice bird sanctuary. Metamora is not too far from Cincinnati which also has lots of history and things to do.On the other side of the state is Brown County and Nashville, IN., an art colony set in wooded hills. It too has a lot of history as it has been an art colony for over a century, and the story of who and how it developed it quite interesting. That said, the focus on the art is much greater, and you have to search out the history. Nonetheless, it is really enjoyable, both in town itself and driving/biking around the area along the back roads to the various art studios.Heading further North I always liked Turkey Run State Park and the nearby towns. Turkey Run is a lovely park, free to Indiana residents, and is perhaps the most popular park in the state. It has trails, canoeing, and a lovely lodge. Here you are not far from Parke County, IN, which has more covered bridges remaining than any place I know. It is hilly and wooded, and has a locally famous Covered Bridge Festival that may be worth a trip sometime. We took our kids there when they were young, and they always enjoyed it. Besides the covered bridges, there is an old jail in Rockville that is restored and kind of fun, and a historic roller mill in Mansfield (where they also host a mushroom festival). Both are interesting for adults but also fun for kids.Of course the Indianapolis area has a ton of historic areas and lots to do. There are books on it, so I won’t go into Indianapolis too much. From this historic perspective, I like the Benjamin Harrison Presidential site, the cultural trail, the canal walk, and the Medical History Museum. But there are tons more things to do and see there. It is a surprisingly nice town, especially given its reputation. Connor Prairie is near Indy, and people really like it. It is a “living museum” and my kids really enjoyed it when they were young.In and around Lafayette you can visit Prophetstown State Park and the Tippecanoe Battlefield Museums, along the Tippecanoe River. History and nature in one visit. There’s also the Lily Nature Center which, while not historic, offers a very nice walk through the woods. You’ll also be near the Wolf Park, which is a wolf research facility in Battle Ground, Indiana, and well worth a visit. You can walk among wolf habitats and we learned a lot about wolves.In Terre Haute the Eugene Debs House is really interesting, with well educated tour guides. And, if you go, you also might stop at the Clabber Girl Museum which is much more interesting than it sounds. The National Road also runs through Terre Haute (as it runs across Indiana). The state has done a nice job with restoring long segments of the National Road, and many parts of it are walkable and bikeable. Watch for historic markers including the actual, old road markers. Eventually they plan to make it a bike/walking trail completely across the state.Fort Wayne offers a very nice Botanical Conservatory, Historic Fort Wayne. and Fort Wayne Trials. It also has a fairly nice aviation museum and a pretty good African American History Museum. The Cathedral Museum is also kind of interesting. (You can tell, I was not as taken with Fort Wayne as much. But don’t let that stop you. It has a lot of museums for a town this size, and in winter that is great and the winters there can be a bit cold. But, in general, I prefer to be outdoors, which explains my moderated enthusiasm.)Not historic, but Napanee, Indiana is home to Indiana’s largest Amish community and is quite scenic and interesting. You can tour an Amish farm and, of course, there are plenty of shops to buy everything from Amish food, trinkets, and furniture. But, in the case of furniture, shop around. It is lovely, but prices for similar things can vary a lot.Indiana Dunes is a lovely day trip. Ancient nature, I guess. It has thousands of acres of native forests, glacial dunes, swamps, and marshes. It is surprisingly not all that crowded. Also, if you are there, you are not far from either Chicago or Michigan’s shoreline along Lake Michigan. both are interesting and have tons to see and do.Although many consider the midwestern and Great Lake states to be “flyover country,” there are a lot of interesting things to do and see there. If we ignore the disappointing and immerse ourselves in the good parts of wherever we are I think we can learn to enjoy most places.

SOURCE:Animal Legal & Historical CenterGerald Pierson thank you for posting. I had soomething very similar happen and have to go to court next Monday and this will be a game changer IMO thank youSummary:Owner of pet horses sued boarders of horses who sold them for slaughter, asserting tort of outrage, or intentional infliction of emotional distress. The Court held that: (1) element of tort of outrage, or intentional infliction of emotional distress, requiring outrageous and intolerable conduct depends on conduct of wrongdoer, not subject of conduct; (2) boarders' actions constituted tort of outrage; and (3) award of $50,000 compensatory damages and $75,000 punitive damages was not excessive.This appeal questions whether the tort of intentional infliction of emotional distress can apply to the conversion and slaughter of pet horses. We opine that the conduct of the offender rather than the subject of the conduct determines whether the conduct was outrageous. Hence, we affirm. Judy Taylor ("Taylor") was the owner of two registered Appaloosa horses, nicknamed Poco and P.J. Taylor had owned Poco for 14 years (since he was a foal) and P.J. for 13 years (since her birth). Taylor loved Poco and P.J. as if they were her "children." Taylor and others testified that the horses were gentle and affectionate, and, having spent their entire lives together, were inseparable. After Taylor and her husband separated in 1994, Taylor remained at the marital residence where the horses lived, and she assumed sole responsibility for their care. Due to a variety of medical problems, including myasthenia gravis, it was difficult for Taylor to perform some of the physical tasks necessary to properly care for her horses by herself. Taylor did not want to sell or separate Poco and P.J. Therefore, she decided to try to find someone with a farm who would like to care for both of them in exchange for the enjoyment of having them-a common arrangement in the horse world sometimes referred to as a "free-lease agreement." Taylor's brother suggested that his friends, Lisa and Jeff Burgess, who had a small farm with horses of their own, might be interested in such an arrangement. Taylor subsequently spoke to the Burgesses, explained her situation and the arrangement she was looking for. Taylor testified that she explained to Lisa that she never wanted to lose contact with or control of Poco and P.J., that she wanted to be able to visit them, and if the Burgesses ever didn't want to keep them anymore, Taylor would take them back or find another place for them to live. Lisa agreed, assuring Taylor that she loved and was knowledgeable about horses, that she had a nice pasture for them to live in together, that she liked helping people, and that Taylor could come and visit the horses any time she wanted. Believing that she had found a good place for her horses, Taylor agreed to let Poco and P.J. go live with the Burgesses. Taylor did not transfer ownership of the horses, nor ever indicate to the Burgesses that she no longer wanted them. On August 31, 1994, the Burgesses came to Taylor's residence to pick up Poco and P.J. Later that evening, Lisa called Taylor to tell her that they had led them around their new pasture and that the horses were doing fine. Within the next few days, Lisa Burgess called Eugene Jackson, a known slaughter-buyer, to say she had two horses for sale. On September 6, 1994, Jackson purchased Poco and P.J. from the Burgesses for a total of $1,000.00. Taylor waited a week before planning her first visit in order to give Poco and P.J. time to adjust to their new surroundings. She bought some film and treats for the horses and called Lisa to say that she would like to come and see Poco and P.J. and take some pictures. Lisa told Taylor "they're gone," that she had given them to a man she had met on a trail ride, but she did not know his name. Upset and frightened, Taylor said she needed to know who he was and where her horses were so she would know they were okay and could bring them back to her home. Lisa said she would find out and let Taylor know. The Burgesses then asked their friend, Kenny Randolph, to cover for them by lying and telling Taylor that he had the horses. Randolph never had possession of Poco and P.J. at any time and admitted his role in the events when questioned by a Harrison County, Indiana police detective. Not hearing from Lisa, and after learning about the dangers of the slaughter market at a humane event over the weekend, Taylor called back and begged Lisa to tell her where Poco and P.J. were. At first, Lisa refused to tell her. Eventually, she lied and said that they were with a Kenny Randolph in the Corydon area of Indiana. Taylor called Randolph and told him she wanted to see her horses. Randolph, lying, told Taylor that he had them, but was not going to let her see them or tell her where they were. Taylor pleaded with him to tell her, and he eventually gave her vague directions to a fictitious location in the Frenchtown, Indiana area where he said they were in a pasture. He refused to give her specific directions or the name of the "gravel road" the pasture was supposedly on. Frantic, Taylor drove to the area and tried to find the gravel road Randolph spoke of. Taylor tried every road she found, stopping and asking people along the way if they had seen the horses, but was, of course, unsuccessful. Finally, it became dark, and a distraught Taylor had to return home. With the aid of Victoria Coomber, a humane investigator, and Sharon Mayes, president of a local humane organization, in early October 1994, Taylor learned that Poco and P.J. had been purchased from the Burgesses by Eugene Jackson, a known slaughter-buyer, and then sold to Jason Ryan of the Ryan Horse Company, a business which supplies horses to slaughterhouses. Ryan Horse Company sold them to the Beltex Corporation in Texas where they were slaughtered in late September. On August 23, 1995, Taylor filed an action in Jefferson Circuit Court, naming as defendants, Lisa and Jeff Burgess, Kenny Randolph, and Eugene Jackson. Taylor filed an amended complaint including Jason Ryan, James Ryan, and Ryan Horse Company (hereinafter, the Ryans) as defendants. Randolph was dismissed for lack of jurisdiction. Jackson and the Ryans were dismissed on grounds of improper venue. A jury trial was held on April 13-19, 1999. The jury returned a verdict against the Burgesses, finding that they had breached their agreement with Taylor and that they had intentionally inflicted emotional distress on Judy Taylor. The jury awarded Taylor $1,000.00, representing the fair market value of the horses for the breach of the free-lease agreement; $50,000.00 in compensatory damages for outrageous conduct; and $75,000.00 in punitive damages, for a total of $126,000.00. The Burgesses filed a motion to alter, amend, or vacate/motion for judgment notwithstanding the verdict/motion for new trial which was denied by the trial court on September 1, 1999. This appeal by the Burgesses followed. The Burgesses first argue that the trial court erred in denying their motion for a directed verdict, contending that the evidence does not support a recovery under the tort of outrage. In ruling on a motion for a directed verdict, the trial court must accept the evidence of the party opposing the motion as true and draw all inferences from the evidence in that party's favor. A verdict should not be directed unless the evidence is insufficient to sustain the verdict. Kroger Co. v. Willgruber, Ky., 920 S.W.2d 61, 64 (1996), citing Spivey v. Sheeler, Ky., 514 S.W.2d 667, 673 (1974). The Kentucky Supreme Court recognized the tort of outrage or the intentional infliction of emotional distress in Craft v. Rice, Ky., 671 S.W.2d 247 (1984), adopting Section 46 of the Restatement (Second) of Torts (1965), which provides: One who by extreme and outrageous conduct intentionally or recklessly causes severe emotional distress to another is subject to liability for such emotional distress, and if bodily harm to the other results from it, for such bodily harm. See also, Willgruber, 920 S.W.2d at 65. In order to recover under the tort of outrage, a plaintiff must prove: 1) the wrongdoer's conduct must be intentional or reckless; 2) the conduct must be outrageous and intolerable in that it offends against the generally accepted standards of decency and morality; 3) there must be a causal connection between the wrongdoer's conduct and the emotional distress; and 4) the emotional distress must be severe. Humana of Kentucky, Inc. v. Seitz, Ky., 796 S.W.2d 1, 2-3 (1990); See also, Brewer v. Hillard, Ky.App., 15 S.W.3d 1 (1999); Osborne v. Payne, Ky., 31 S.W.3d 911 (2000). We opine that Taylor presented sufficient evidence of each of these required elements and the trial court properly submitted the claim to the jury. First, it is clear that the Burgesses' conduct was reckless in that they intended their specific conduct and either knew or should have known that emotional distress would result. Brewer, 15 S.W.3d at 6. Lisa Burgess admitted that she never had any intentions of keeping Poco and P.J. She sold P.J. and Poco to Eugene Jackson, a known-slaughter buyer, shortly after she acquired them. Further, the jury heard testimony from Kenny Randolph that the Burgesses told him that they had sold the horses to Eugene Jackson to go to slaughter, and that the Burgesses had asked him to lie for them so Taylor would not find out what they had done. There was significant evidence that the Burgesses were aware of Taylor's feelings for Poco and P.J., and hence, knew or should have known that emotional distress would result from their selling them to a slaughter-buyer. Second, the Burgesses' conduct clearly rises to the level of being outrageous and intolerable in that it offends generally accepted standards of decency and morality, certainly a situation "in which the recitation of the facts to an average member of the community would arouse his resentment against the actor, and lead him to exclaim, 'Outrageous!'." Restatement (Second) of Torts, § 46, cmt. d (1965); Brewer, 15 S.W.3d at 6-7. Comment f of § 46 states: The extreme and outrageous character of the conduct may arise from the actor's knowledge that the other is peculiarly susceptible to emotional distress, by reason of some physical or mental condition or peculiarity. The conduct may become heartless, flagrant, and outrageous when the actor proceeds in the face of such knowledge, where it would not be so if he did not know. See, Willgruber, 920 S.W.2d at 67. Compelling evidence was presented at trial establishing Taylor's love for her horses and concern that they were in a good place. Recognizing that love, Lisa Burgess called Judy Taylor the evening she picked up the horses to tell her that she led them around their new pasture and the horses were doing fine. The jury heard evidence of subsequent phone calls by a distraught and frightened Taylor to Lisa Burgess and Kenny Randolph, begging to know where her horses were. Restatement (Second) of Torts, § 46, cmt. f (1965). The Burgesses knew that Poco and P.J. were heading to slaughter, and that Taylor was, in reality, pleading for their lives. Yet, in the face of Taylor's pleas for the horses she loved like children, the Burgesses continued to lie and refuse to tell her where they were. This Court cannot characterize this emotional torment inflicted by the Burgesses upon Taylor as anything other than "heartless, flagrant, and outrageous." Id. Third, the sale of Poco and P.J. by the Burgesses to a known slaughter- buyer satisfies the requirement of a causal connection between the Burgesses' conduct and the emotional distress. Further, the Burgesses' subsequent lies precluded Taylor from locating and saving her horses before they were slaughtered. Additionally, contrary to the Burgesses' assertions, we conclude sufficient evidence was presented from which the jury could properly infer that Poco and P.J. were, in fact, slaughtered. Finally, the evidence indicates that Taylor suffered severe emotional distress. Taylor testified that when she learned what had happened to Poco and P.J., she broke down, knowing that "my babies were dead." Since then she has suffered from many panic attacks, and has had major problems with high blood pressure for which she must receive medical care. She suffers from anxiety and depression, for which she takes medication, and has had many thoughts of suicide. She described overwhelming feelings of loss and failure. She testified she has trouble sleeping and has recurring nightmares in which she hears Poco's scream in her head. Taylor testified that she has sought help from her doctor and social workers but cannot get over what happened. Having reviewed the record, we opine that Taylor offered sufficient evidence to establish the elements of the tort of outrage, and the trial court properly submitted the claim to the jury. Willgruber, 920 S.W.2d at 67. On appeal, we give deference to the jury's determination of conflicting facts and the reasonable inferences drawn from the facts. Id. at 64. Having reviewed the evidence in the light most favorable to Taylor, we believe that the jury verdict was supported by sufficient evidence. Next, the Burgesses contend that, under Kentucky law, "the proper award of damages for the loss or damage to an animal is the value of that animal, not emotional damages for that loss". We disagree. Faulkner Drilling Co., Inc. v. Gross, Ky.App., 943 S.W.2d 634 (1997) established that an action for tort may be combined with a breach of contract and that punitive damages may also be asserted. Cincinnati, N.O. & T.P. Ry. Co. v. Rankin, 153 Ky. 730, 156 S.W. 400 (1913), cited by the Burgesses to support their argument for fair market value, did not involve a claim for emotional damages and did not hold that there cannot be a claim for intentional infliction of emotional distress. Cincinnati, N.O. & T.P. Ry. Co. involved the liability of a common carrier transporting livestock under a tariff contract and is not relevant to this case. There was no allegation that pets were involved and the case was before Craft. There are no cases in Kentucky holding that a finding of intentional infliction of emotional distress or punitive damages is precluded simply because the facts giving rise to the claim involve an animal. Indeed, we conclude that the second element in application of the tort of the intentional infliction of emotional distress depends on the facts of the case as to the offender's conduct and not to the subject of said conduct. The Burgesses next argument is that the jury's award of $50,000.00 of compensatory and $75,000.00 of punitive damages for emotional distress was excessive, contending that under the "first blush" rule, it had to have been given under the influence of passion or prejudice. Cooper v. Fultz, Ky., 812 S.W.2d 497 (1991). The "first blush" rule, however, is not the proper appellate standard for review of an award of damages. Brewer, 15 S.W.3d at 9. Rather, when confronted with the issue of reviewing an award of damages for excessiveness or inadequacy, the trial court and appellate court perform different functions. Cooper, 812 S.W.2d at 501; Davis v. Graviss, Ky., 672 S.W.2d 928 (1984). As stated in Davis at 932: [T]he trial court and appellate court have different functions ... the trial court is charged with the responsibility of deciding whether the jury's award appears "to have been given under the influence of passion or prejudice or in disregard of the evidence or the instructions of the court." CR 59.01(d). This is a discretionary function assigned to the trial judge who has heard the witnesses first-hand and viewed their demeanor and who has observed the jury throughout the trial. Cooper, 812 S.W.2d at 501. The proper appellate function is articulated in Prater v. Arnett, Ky.App., 648 S.W.2d 82, 86 (1983): [T]he appellate court no longer steps into the shoes of the trial court to inspect the actions of the jury from his perspective. Now, the appellate court reviews only the actions of the trial judge ... to determine if his actions constituted an error of law. There is no error of law unless the trial judge is said to have abused his discretion and thereby rendered his decision clearly erroneous. Cooper, 812 S.W.2d at 501. "Once the issue [excessive or inadequate damages] is squarely presented to the trial judge, who heard and considered the evidence, neither we, nor will the Court of Appeals, substitute our judgment on excessiveness [or inadequacy] for his unless clearly erroneous." Id., quoting Davis, 672 S.W.2d at 933. Whether an award is excessive, appearing to have been given under the influence of passion or prejudice, is a question dependent on the nature of the underlying evidence. Cooper, 812 S.W.2d at 501. The trial court considered this issue, presented in the Burgesses' motion to alter, amend, or vacate/motion for judgment notwithstanding the verdict/motion for new trial, and found that when viewed in relation to all of the evidence submitted to the jury, the jury's award was not excessive and based only on sympathy, passion, and prejudice. Having reviewed the record and testimony, we conclude the trial court did not abuse its discretion in so finding. The Burgesses next argue that the award of punitive damages should be set aside, as the jury instructions failed to articulate the "clear and convincing" standard required by KRS 411.184(2) and the guidance factors contained in KRS 411.186. These errors were not properly preserved for our review and will not be considered by this Court on appeal. CR 51(3); Massie v. Persson, Ky.App., 729 S.W.2d 448 (1987), overruled on other grounds by, Conner v. George W. Whitesides Co., Ky., 834 S.W.2d 652 (1992). The Burgesses' citations to the record reveal an objection on the grounds that "nobody knows what the law is" and a "general objection to the instructions as tendered." Such a general objection without specification is insufficient to preserve the error. Commonwealth v. Conatser, Ky., 329 S.W.2d 48 (1959). "A complaint as to instructions will not be considered when the trial court's attention was not called to the point." Pipelines, Inc. v. Muhlenberg County Water District, Ky., 465 S.W.2d 927, 932 (1971). The Burgesses first asserted these specific errors in their motion for a new trial. An objection to a jury instruction raised for the first time in a motion for a new trial is not timely and will not be considered by this Court. Harris v. Thompson, Ky., 497 S.W.2d 422 (1973); Buchanan v. Brown, Ky., 458 S.W.2d 765 (1970); Bingham v. Davis, Ky., 444 S.W.2d 123 (1969). The Burgesses next contend that Kentucky's "unclear and poorly defined punitive damages law" violated their right to due process. This issue was not raised in or decided by the trial court and as such is precluded from our review. Regional Jail Authority v. Tackett, Ky., 770 S.W.2d 225, 228 (1989). The Burgesses next argue that the award of punitive damages for intentional infliction of emotional distress results in double recovery for Taylor. We disagree. The $50,000.00 award for compensatory damages for the tort of outrageous conduct is calculated to make whole, or compensate, Judy Taylor for her actual or consequential loss. See Smith v. McMillan, Ky., 841 S.W.2d 172 (1992); Paducah Area Public Library v. Terry, Ky.App., 655 S.W.2d 19 (1983). This includes damages for emotional distress for intentional acts regardless of whether accompanied by physical injury. See Capital Holding Corp. v. Bailey, Ky., 873 S.W.2d 187 (1994); Craft v. Rice, Ky., 671 S.W.2d 247 (1984). Punitive or exemplary damages, on the other hand, are not intended to compensate a victim for his or her loss, but are designed to punish or deter a person, and others, from committing such acts in the future. KRS 411.184(1)(f); Owens-Corning Fiberglas Corp. v. Golightly, Ky., 976 S.W.2d 409 (1998); Horton v. Union Light, Heat & Power Co., Ky., 690 S.W.2d 382 (1985). Therefore, a victim of outrageous conduct can recover both compensatory and punitive damages. Willgruber, 920 S.W.2d at 67-68. The Burgesses next argue that the trial court erred in refusing to grant their motion for a mistrial. The Burgesses contend that no evidence was presented that the horses were actually slaughtered, and that the testimony of Taylor's expert witness, Victoria Coomber, regarding the slaughter business was prejudicial. A mistrial should only be granted by the trial court if there is a manifest, urgent, or real necessity for such action. Skaggs v. Commonwealth, Ky., 694 S.W.2d 672 (1985), cert. denied, 476 U.S. 1130, 106 S.Ct. 1998, 90 L.Ed.2d 678 (1986). The Kentucky Supreme Court has stated: It is universally agreed that a mistrial is an extreme remedy and should be resorted to only when there is a fundamental defect in the proceedings which will result in a manifest injustice. The occurrence complained of must be of such character and magnitude that a litigant will be denied a fair and impartial trial and the prejudicial effect can be removed in no other way. Gould v. Charlton Co., Inc., Ky., 929 S.W.2d 734, 738 (1996). With regard to the standard in civil cases, the Court went on to state, " 'Mistrials in civil cases are generally regarded as the most drastic remedy and should be reserved for the most grievous error where prejudice cannot otherwise be removed.' [Citation omitted.]" Id., quoting Reed v. Wimmer, 195 http://W.Va. 199, 465 S.E.2d 199, 207 (1995). Our review of the record, including a review of the entire testimony of Victoria Coomber, indicates no such error nor prejudice. The trial court did not permit Coomber to testify as to inhumane practices in the slaughterhouses, that P.J. and Poco were slaughtered, nor imply that they were slaughtered in an inhumane manner inconsistent with federal regulations. Further, the Burgesses' contention that there was no evidence presented that the horses were slaughtered is without merit. The testimony of Kenny Randolph, Lisa Burgess, Eugene Jackson, and the Ryans provided sufficient evidence to support a finding by the jury that Taylor's horses were sold for slaughter, and slaughtered. Absent an abuse of discretion, a trial court's decision whether or not to grant a mistrial will not be disturbed. Gould, 929 S.W.2d at 741. We adjudge no such abuse of discretion and the ruling of the trial court will not be disturbed. Finally, the Burgesses contend that reversible error resulted from the use of hearsay statements at trial. Having reviewed those portions of the record cited by the Burgesses, including the entire transcript of Victoria Coomber's testimony, and the video testimony of Sharon Mayes, we conclude the trial court was correct in its rulings. Coomber did testify extensively during trial about out-of-court statements made to her by the defendants. Coomber was an out-of-state expert witness who flew in to testify and had a return flight to catch. The trial court noted that Coomber had to catch a plane the next morning, and that the court would do whatever necessary to get Coomber's testimony in that day. A trial court has the discretion to allow a witness to be called out of turn to accommodate a witness's schedule or to expedite the trial. CR 43.02(c); Jones v. Commonwealth, Ky., 463 S.W.2d 936 (1970); and Fayette County v. Veach, Ky., 294 S.W.2d 541 (1956). When counsel objected to Coomber's testimony as to statements made to her by parties, the trial court overruled the objections on the grounds that the parties were present and were to be called as witnesses. This would apply to Sharon Mayes also. KRE 801A allows prior statements of witnesses and admissions if the declarant is available as a witness, and is examined concerning the statement, after the proper foundation is laid, and the statement is inconsistent with the declarant's testimony at trial (impeachment). The plaintiff's problem with the "forgetful" witness is not new to Kentucky courts. In Wise v. Commonwealth, Ky.App., 600 S.W.2d 470 (1978), two women gave statements concerning an event they witnessed but by the time of trial, they both claimed a loss of memory. The prior statements were properly admitted, with this Court stating that the rule under Jett v. Commonwealth, Ky., 436 S.W.2d 788 (1969), which allows impeachment of witnesses, applies to both criminal and civil cases, that "[n]o person should have the power to obstruct the truth-finding process of a trial and defeat a prosecution by saying, 'I don't remember.' The trial judge has a broad discretion in deciding whether or not to permit the introduction of such contradictory evidence, ..." Wise, 600 S.W.2d at 472. See also Thurman v. Commonwealth, Ky., 975 S.W.2d 888 (1998); Brock v. Commonwealth, Ky., 947 S.W.2d 24 (1997). The appellee's motion to strike appellants' brief and dismiss this appeal is DENIED. The renewed motion to dismiss and motion to disregard the supplemental record on appeal have been denied previously by a three-judge panel. For the foregoing reasons, the judgment of the Jefferson Circuit Court is affirmed. ALL CONCUR.

[SUMMARY: Climate history has been the touchstone to reveal the cyclical trends in weather and climate. The term climate change has a conventional meaning that is scientific and non-political but it is often politicized in a partisan fashion ignoring the reality that alarmist global warming hypothesis is not settled science. This misuse of a key scientific term misleads the public just like erasing the data and history of the Medieval Warming and Little Ice Age.]Yes, in the beginning the alarmist hypothesis was NEW global warming, but not much evidence of this as the weather got much colder around 1940, so the old well worn term climate change is adopted with a revised meaning to cover both cooling and warming in the short term. This would mean any weather that is changing hot or cold is climate change. Also the term now means for some that the change either way is caused by humans. This is misleading science.The misuse of the term climate change has been as important as erasing past data of Medieval warming and Little Ice Age in confusing the public and gaining public support for the shoddy science.The conventional meaning of climate change in Wikipedia avoids this confusion.“Climate change is any significant long-term change in the expected patterns of average weather of a region (or the whole Earth) over a significant period of time. Climate change is about abnormal variations to the climate, and the effects of these variations on other parts of the Earth.” W.History shows that the “significant long term change” must be measured by weather data over centuries, thousands or millions of years otherwise the randomness of the weather data gives false trends.Climate change cannot be observed with the naked eye because daily weather is chaotic swinging both hot and cold and is never more than a statistic of weather on a long time scale. The weather today is not evidence of warming or cooling until collected as a statistic over a long period. This graph shows the different scales for weather and climate.The recent alarm about wild fires in Australia called evidence of climate change is impossible as this is a one year one off event. More wild fire and temperature data is necessary and if you look back 10 years wild fires in Australia were not intense.Also the global warming hypothesis is global this means the weather in Australia must be averaged for a meaningful statistic with the record cold weather in North America.WHILE AUSTRALIA IS BURNING NORTH AMERICA IS FREEZINGEN BY PIERRE GOSSELIN ON NOV 14, 2019. POSTED IN LATEST NEWSN. Hemisphere In Hypothermic Shock! Record Cold, ‘Historic Snowstorms’Winter hasn’t even officially arrived, but already large areas of the northern hemisphere are seeing “historic snowfalls,” frigid temperatures, and even avalanche alarms.The Northern Hemisphere has certainly caught a major cold, one certainly not caused by the human CO2 virus.Instead of fever, parts of the northern hemisphere are in hypothermia!Alarmists, media desperateThough global warming scientists will never admit it, they are really surprised and stunned.All that is left for them is to make up some cockamamie warming-causes-cold explanations and hope there are enough severely stupid among the media and masses to believe it.“United States — Rewrite the Record Books”Beginning in North America, “sub-zero temperatures are now blasting” millions of Americans following “the three historic snowstorms which buried parts of the U.S. last month,” reports weather site electroverse.net here.Electroverse writes that “lows throughout the week will be more like January temperatures” with readings below zero for many U.S. states and “temps down into the teens are even forecast as far south as Texas.”Yesterday, 97 records were toppled.“It’s a big deal,” Electroverse writes in its headline. They also add:“No, record cold & snow IS NOT made ‘more likely in a warming world.’ In fact, the IPCC’s line—until not that long ago—was that ‘milder winter temperatures will decrease heavy snowstorms.'”Solar activity suspectedNewsNewfoundland Snowpocalypse Day Five: Trading Smokes for PepsiOur four key resources now are pop, cigarettes, beer, and chips. Control the corner stores, control the Island.By Drew BrownJan 21 2020, 10:45amA SOLDIER FROM THE 4TH ARTILLERY REGIMENT BASED AT CFB GAGETOWN CLEARS SNOW AT A RESIDENCE IN ST. JOHN’S ON MONDAY, JANUARY 20, 2020. THE CANADIAN PRESS/ANDREW VAUGHANGentle reader, please forgive these shaky hands; the shovelling has broken my arms. It has been five days since St. John’s first declared a state of emergency after a monster blizzard gusting up to 170 km/h dumped more than six feet of snow on the city in a day. Civilization has ground to a halt under snow drifts 12 feet deep. Snowmobiles blast through uncleared city streets and Holloway Street has been turned into the island’s sickest ski jump. We shiver under the spectre of martial law as Canadian troops patrol the roads with fearsome plastic scoops in search of seniors who need aid. Snowbanks rise like towering mountains from the city sidewalks.http://HTTPS://WWW.VICE.COM/EN_CA/ARTICLE/DYG7VV/NEWFOUNDLAND-SNOWPOCALYPSE-DAY-FIVE-TRADING-SMOKES-FOR-PEPSIFurther within Australia their winter in 2019 was record long and snowy to the delight of the ski resorts.It was cold in Australia last weekend | EarthSky.orgKangaroos in the snow in Lyonville, in Victoria’s central highlands. Image via Nicholas Dunand/The Conversation.Australian climate and atmospheric scientists noted that it was one of the longest cold stretches and greatest snowfall totals in Australia in the 2000s. They said that, although snow falls on Australia’s mountains almost every year, it “only rarely” spreads down onto the plains and cities. And they explained:Last weekend’s event was probably the most significant snowfall since 2000 in parts of Victoria north of the ranges, and in southern inland New South Wales. In central and northern New South Wales, the last snowfall on this scale was in 2015, while in the hills around Melbourne it was on a par with 2008.THE SNOW THEY TOLD YOU WOULD “DISAPPEAR” KEEPS ON FALLINGChaotic and randomness is the way of the climate across the globe. History proves the most certainty is found in climate cycles evident only when weather data is collected over a long time. The cycles always swing between a hot box and an ice box.The term climate change as used by alarmists cannot be falsified making it nugatory. It has been bastardized for political purposes to confine changes wrongly blamed on humans. This is bad science.Also the term global warming is in apt as we are in the Quaternary Ice Age that swings from a warmer interglacial to a colder interglacial. Currently it is warmer but the pause in warming for the past 2 decades is a worrying omen that we may head into the brutally colder interglacial.[Charles Tips QUORA writer and former Science Editor organized these facts.]“Fact 1: We are in an ice age, the Quaternary to name it, and have been for 2.58 million years. Given that the previous four ice ages lasted for right at 30 my, we likely have more than 27 my to go (the two ice ages that kicked things off were of snowball-Earth proportions and lasted much longer. Ice ages occur every 155 my, and we don’t know why. That’s a much longer cycle than Milankovitch cycles can account for. Those tell us things like why North Africa has been a desert for 5 ky when before that it was a populated savanna.“Fact 2: We are in an interglacial, the Holocene epoch to give it its name, a respite from glaciation. During an ice age, interglacials occur at 90 to 125 ky intervals and last approximately 7 to 14 ky. The Holocene is 11.7 ky old, but there is new evidence that the Allerød oscillation 13.9 ky ago was the actual start with a meteor strike 1 ky in producing the Younger Dryas cooling.* If we are actually, 13.9 ky into our interglacial, then natural cycles tell us we will be rapidly descending back into glaciation in 5… 4… 3…“The combination of glacials and interglacials looks like this:When you see temperature over the past 10,000 years you see that there was a warming and now a decline for the past 6000 years.The Holocene Thermal Maximum, also called the Holocene Thermal Optimum, occurred at different times in different parts of the world but generally between 10,000 BP and 4,000 BP. I use BP to indicate years before 2000. The world ocean was probably 0.7°C warmer than today 8,000 BP. This is remarkable because the ocean heat capacity is 1000 times larger than the atmosphere’s according to the IPCC and NOAA. Simple high school physics is all that is required to verify this, the calculation is described here. What this means is that if you heated the atmosphere to 1000°C and transferred all of that heat to the ocean, the ocean would only warm 1°C once the heat was well mixed. We can draw two conclusions from these facts. First, the world was much warmer 8,000 BP than today and the total heat stored in the atmosphere and in the oceans was much greater. That 0.7°C represents the heat required to warm the atmosphere to over 700°C. This would never happen, of course, ocean-atmosphere heat transfer processes would work to move heat from the ocean to the atmosphere and back again to keep temperatures moderate and stable.The second conclusion is that there is no magic 2°C tipping point. Raising todays atmospheric temperature 2°C involves an insignificant amount of heat relative to the total ocean/atmosphere heat present only 8,000 years ago. If the oceans absorbed 2°C worth of atmospheric heat, the ocean temperature would only go up a trivial and unmeasurable 0.002°C. Bob Tisdale shows while we have good Argo float data from 0-2000 meters, these depths only include about one-half of the volume of the oceans. NASA has shown that the water below 2000 meters has shown no detectable warming. The key point is that the oceans will mitigate any atmospheric warming, man-made or not. Direct infrared radiation from greenhouse gases probably warms the oceans a little, but direct solar radiation does most of the work. Longer term ocean/atmospheric heat transfer (like evaporation, ENSO and other processes) do transfer a lot of heat from the atmosphere to the oceans and back again to stabilize the system. The graph below (Figure 1), made from data from the NOAA web site, shows that the world ocean average temperature has only gone up 0.1°C in the last 60 years, less than the error in the data. The precision of the ARGO thermometers is very good, +-0.002°C, but the accuracy is only 0.5°C over most of the world ocean.The Holocene Thermal OptimumThe next graph gives a more detailed analysis of climate change past for the last 2000 years showing the global reality of both the Medieval Warming and Little Ice Age changes.The Holocene Climate OptimumAUGUST 19, 2018tags: HoloceneBy Paul HomewoodBooker commented the other day how one scientist claimed last week that we now have “the highest temperatures on Earth since the last ice age”. The BBC failed to even challenge this statement.This certainly is not the first time I have heard claims (presented as fact) to this effect.We have already seen concerted attempts to disappear the MWP, so it is time to reclaim the Holocene Optimum (so named for good reason), which is generally accepted to have run from about 9000 to 5000 years agoObviously we had no thermometers around in those days, so nobody knows what the average temperature of the Earth was then. There again, nobody really knows now either.But there is plentiful evidence that many places were significantly warmer than now. I present some of this evidence below, though this is probably only skimming the surface:1) GreenlandOne of the clearest pictures we have is from ice cores in Greenland:screen-shot-2015-06-06-at-12-34-16Shukman Peddles More Greenland NonsenseNot only have temperatures been higher than present for pretty much all of the last 10,000 years prior to the LIA, but the 19thC marked the coldest period of all since the Ice Age, as acknowledged by Jørgen Peder Steffensen, one of the world’s leading experts on ice cores.Evidence from other sources backs up Steffensen’s findings, for instance:a) Ribeiro et al.Analysis of marine sediments in Disko Bay, West Greenland finds that:a) The past 1500 years have been identified as one of the coldest intervals of the last 7000 years in Disko Bay.b) This period is inserted in the context of the Neoglacial Advance of the Greenland Ice Sheet starting at c. 5000 years BP and culminating in the Little Ice Age.c) The late Holocene cooling trend is also consistent with marine and terrestrial records from several records in the N Hemisphere.http://www.researchgate.net/publication/235915363_Climate_variability_in_West_Greenland_during_the_past_1500_years_evidence_from_a_high-resolution_marine_palynological_record_from_Disko_Bayb) Kelly & LongStudy of marine shells, moraines etc finds:a) The Greenland Ice Sheet may have receded tens of kilometers within its present day margins during the early and mid Holocene.b) This ice sheet recession was likely a response to the warmer temperatures of the Holocene Thermal Maximum (9-5 ka) (e.g., Kaufman et al., 2004), which is registered by Greenland ice cores as ~2.5°C warmer than at present.c) In many locations the ice sheet and mountain glaciers reached their maximum extents since the early Holocene during the Little Ice Age.Kelly+Long_2009-2(60-61)2) ArcticThere is also plenty of evidence of the Holocene Optimum elsewhere in the Arctic:a) Levac et alAnalysis of sediments in Baffin Bay :3) North AmericaAlpine Tree Lines Offer Clues to MWP“ From ca. 6400 to ca. 3600 14C yr BP, transfer functions indicate warmer conditions than at present, with SST in August fluctuating up to 5.5°C. After 3600 14C yr BP, the dinocyst record suggests a trend of decreasing temperature toward modern values, marked by recurrent cooling events.”LAMBHH Lamb–“Climate: Present, Past & Future–Vol 2”–In Review–Part IJUNE 24, 2012tags: LambBy Paul HomewoodHubert Lamb was one of the leading climatologists of his time, indeed described in one obituary as the greatest. He spent most of his career at the UK Met Office before founding and becoming the first director of the Climatic Research Unit. He wrote many books, but perhaps “Climate: Present , Past & Future” was the most significant. Here we review Volume 2, amounting to 836 pages, which particularly looks at climatic trends over the centuries.Originally published in 1977, the volume offers great insights into the thinking not only of Lamb himself, but also of many of his peers. Not only does Lamb give us the benefit of his own work and experience, but much of his research is into work carried out by a host of other scientists of his time and earlier.Everything that follows is based on Lamb’s writings in this volume; any comments of mine will be within [ brackets ]. I would also point out that sections in italics are direct quotations from the book.Climate during the HoloceneThe Holocene begins around 10000 BC, at the end of the last Ice Age, and continues to the present. In this section, we will look at the period leading up to the Medieval Warming Period.How did temperatures in this first part of Holocene compare with today’s and what confidence can we have in their accuracy and extent? Lamb presents a good deal of evidence to suggest that, for much of the period, temperatures were warmer than now. For instance he presents much evidence from glaciers.It was after 2000-1500 BC that most of the present glaciers in the Rocky Mountains south of 57 o N were formed and that major re-advance of those in the Alaskan Rockies first took place.And at their subsequent advanced positions – probably around 500 BC as well as between 1650 and 1850 AD – the glaciers in the Alps regained an extent, estimated in the Glockner region, at about 5 times their Bronze Age Minimum, when all the smaller ones had disappeared.Treeline studies, including Southern Hemisphere sites, paint a similar picture. Quoting a study by Markgraf in 1974, which encompassed the Alps, Carpathians, Rockies, Japan, New Guinea, Australia, New Zealand, East Africa and the Andes, Lamb writes :-Summer temperatures in these regions were 2 C higher than now in the warmest postglacial times (around 5000 BC).He then quotes a similar study by Lamarche in 1973:-Study of the Upper Tree Line on the White Mountains in California, similarly indicates warm season temperatures about 2C higher than today all through the warmest millenia, from before 5500 BC until about 2200 BC.[Many recent studies in Baffin Bay, Greenland and Iceland come to similar conclusions, i.e. that for much of the Holocene, temperatures were higher than now and also that the Little Ice Age was probably the coldest period in the last 10000 years.]What about the cooler periods Lamb mentions?He describes this as the “Sub Atlantic Period” from about 1000 BC.Glacier advances, changes in the composition of the forests, and the retreat of the forest from its previous northern and upper limits, indicate significant cooling of world climates, its start being detectable in some places (e.g. Alaska, Chile, China) from as early as 1500 BC.In Europe, the most marked change seems to have been from 1200-700 BC. By 700-500 BC, prevailing temperatures must have been about 2.0C lower than they had been half a millenium earlier, and there was a great increase of wetness everywhere north of the Alps.Another aspect of the centuries of colder climate around 500 BC in NW Europe was evidently their storminess. There was perhaps a final climax of the first of these epochs of marked storminess in the great North Sea storm, or storms, about 120-114 BC, which altered the coasts of Jutland and NW Germany in a great sea flood, “The Cymbrian Flood”, which set off the migration of the Celtic (Cymbrian) and Teutonic peoples who had been living in these areas.The probable course of prevailing temperatures in Europe and the Far East has been presented in Fig 16.22. [Not shown]. In both regions, the last few centuries BC register some general rise in temperature, representing a recovery from the coldest conditions of the onset of the Sub Atlantic climatic period, which had culminated in great glacier advances in the Alps (HEUBERGER 1968), at various times between about 900 and 300 BC, and apparently a lower snowline in the high mountains of Lebanon and elsewhere in the Near East and Equatorial Africa.Lamb goes on to describe how temperatures recovered in the period leading up to the MWP.There was a gradual fluctuating recovery of warmth in Europe over the 1000 years after 600 BC, particularly after 100 BC, leading to a period of warmth and apparently high sea level around 400 AD. [We would recognise this as the Roman Warming Period].The Roman agricultural writer, Saserna, wrote that in the last century BC, cultivation of the olive and vine were spreading further north in Italy, where in the previous century, winters had been too cold for transplants to survive (WARNER ALLEN 1961).After some reversion to colder and wetter climates in the next 300-400 years, sharply renewed warming from about 800 AD led to an important warm epoch..Medieval Warming PeriodLamb had no doubt that the MWP was real and global.Evidence already cited at various places in this volume suggests that, for a few centuries in the Middle Ages, the climate in most parts of the world regained something approaching the warmth of the warmest postglacial times.He cites many examples in Europe and North America which indicate warmer temperatures than now.The northern limit of vineyards with a long history of cultivation lay some 300-500 km north of the limit of commercial vineyards in the 20thC.In many parts of England there are traces of medieval tillage far above anything attempted in the present century, even in wartime: up to 350 m above sea level on Dartmoor and 320 m in Northumberland.The tree line and upper limits of various crops on the hills of Central Europe were higher than today.Mining operations at high levels in the Alps which had long been abandoned were reopened, and water supply ducts were built to take water from points which were subsequently overrun by glaciers and are in some cases still under ice.In Central Norway the area of farming spread 100-200m up valleys and hillsides from 800 – 1000 AD, only to retreat just as decisively after 1300 AD.The Viking colonies in W and SW Greenland were able to bury their dead sheep in soil that has since been permanently frozen.It was also a warm period generally from N Mexico to N Canada, where forest remnants between 25 and 100 km north of the present limit have been found, radio carbon dated between 880 and 1140 AD.[Recent studies, that have found evidence that Alaskan glaciers were smaller in the MWP than now, tie in with this North American conclusion.]But as Lamb makes clear, the warming was not limited to the Northern Hemisphere.Holloway (1954) has reported evidence from the forest composition of a warmer climate in South Island, New Zealand, between about 700 AD and 1400 AD, than in the centuries before and after.On the coast of East Antarctica, at Cape Hallett, a great modern penguin rookery seems, from radiocarbon dating tests, to have been first colonised between about 400 and 700 AD, presumably during a phase of improving climate, and to have been occupied ever since.Little Ice AgeLamb has this to say about the extent of the LIA.The period we are discussing has been dubbed “The Little Ice Age” because, not only in Europe but in most parts of the world, the extent of snow and ice on land and sea seems to have attained a maximum as great as, or in most cases greater than, at any time since the last major ice age.Lamb also recognises that there were timing differences between the two hemispheres when he points outOn the whole the culmination seems to have come earlier in the NH, particularly in N America, the Arctic and China/Japan, and later in the SH, where the maximum advance of the glaciers in Chile seems to have been in the 18thC and the greatest extent of ice on the Antarctic Ocean may have been as late as around 1900.There was, however, an important late climax of the Arctic sea ice around Iceland between 1780 and 1830, and many glaciers in the Alps reached their greatest extent towards 1850.He sums this period up very well.The course of the climatic deterioration over 500 years from 1200 AD can quite well be traced by its effects under the following headings.Increasing spread of the Arctic sea ice into all the northernmost Atlantic and around Greenland, forcing the abandonment of the old sailing routes to Greenland, which had been used from 1000-1300 AD.Advances of the inland ice and permafrost in Greenland and of glaciers in Iceland, Norway and the Alps.Lowering of the treeline on the heights in Central Europe and the Rockies.Increasing wetness of the ground and spread of lakes and marshes in many places in North, West and Central Europe, and all over Northern Russia and Siberia.Increasing frequency of the freezing of rivers and lakes.Evidence of increasing severity of the windstorms and resulting sea floods and disasters by shifting sand.In the records of harvest failure.In the records and archaeology of abandoning crop growing, tillage and vineyards, abandoned farms and villages.In the incidence of disease and death among human and animal populations.As to the causes, Lamb explainsIt is reasonable to consider the whole sequence, from about the time of Christ, through the early medieval warm centuries and the cold climate that followed, to our own times, as an oscillation on the same time scale, and possibly of basically the same nature, as the Bolling & Allerod oscillations in Late Glacial Times, the Piora oscillation [around 3000 BC], and the Bronze Age and early Iron Age changes in the last 4000 years.[For further information on the LIA, I would recommend Brian Fagan’s excellent book “The Little Ice Age].In Parts II and III, we will look at how climate changed during the 20th Century, what the future had in store, and the impact of man on the climate.I believe that the book is currently out of print, but a new publication is due out in December from Routledge.HH Lamb–“Climate: Present, Past & Future–Vol 2”–In Review–Part IScientists: Greenland Is Now Much Colder With More Advanced Ice Sheet Margins Than 90% Of The Last 7,500 Years3) North AmericaAlpine Tree Lines Offer Clues to MWPTree line studies, as reported by HH Lamb are clear evidence of declining temperatures since around 3000BC in the White Mountains of California.Lamb comments:Study of the Upper Tree Line on the White Mountains in California, similarly indicates warm season temperatures about 2C higher than today all through the warmest millenia, from before 5500 BC until about 2200 BC.It was after 2000-1500 BC that most of the present glaciers in the Rocky Mountains south of 57 o N were formed and that major re-advance of those in the Alaskan Rockies first took place.Significantly Lamb also refers to tree line studies from a variety of regions by Vera Markgraf:Quoting a study by Markgraf in 1974, which encompassed the Alps, Carpathians, Rockies, Japan, New Guinea, Australia, New Zealand, East Africa and the Andes, Lamb writes :-Summer temperatures in these regions were 2 C higher than now in the warmest postglacial times (around 5000 BC).The geographical extent of these findings is particularly significant, and debunks the idea that Holocene warmth was somehow just a regional phenomenon.4) European AlpsAs noted above, tree line studies indicate a much warmer climate, even as recently as the MWP.Again, Lamb believes that:“at their subsequent advanced positions – probably around 500 BC as well as between 1650 and 1850 AD – the glaciers in the Alps regained an extent, estimated in the Glockner region, at about 5 times their Bronze Age Minimum, when all the smaller ones had disappeared.”Lamb’s supposition has been backed up more recently by the discovery of the remains of 4000 year old forests at the leading edge of a Swiss glacier. Dr. Christian Schlüchter, one of the world’s leading experts on geology and paleoclimatology, who made the discovery, stated:“the region had once been much warmer than today, with “a wild landscape and wide flowing river.””the forest line was much higher than it is today; there were hardly any glaciers. Nowhere in the detailed travel accounts from Roman times are glaciers mentioned.”5) Central RussiaNovenko et al, using pollen and macrofossil evidence in the Don Basin region of Central Russia for the time span ranging from the mid-Atlantic period [7.2-5.7 cal. kyr B.P.] to the present, found:temperatures during the mid-Atlantic period “were warmer than the present, mainly due to the higher winter temperatures,” while noting that mean January temperatures were “about 3-5°C higher than the present climatic conditions.” They also state that in the late Atlantic period, “the mean July and the mean annual temperatures rose to about 2°C higher than the present,” after which, in the middle and late Subboreal period, they indicate that summer temperatures were “about 1-3°C higher than present values,” while noting that that period’s “mean annual temperatures could have been 1-2°C higher.”6) South AmericaThompson states that:Ancient plant beds, radiocarbon dated to 5000 years ago, are being uncovered as the Quelccaya glacier recedes in the Peruvian Andes.Thompson again,analysing ice cores from another glacier, the Huascarán in the north-central Andes of Peru, found:“ the climate was warmest from 8400 to 5200 years before present, and that it cooled gradually, culminating with the Little Ice Age (200 to 500 years before present). A strong warming has dominated the last two centuries.”[Also, note the reference to strong warming in the last two centuries – clearly warming 200 years ago had nothing to do with AGW!]Other research from the Missouri Botanical Garden, which studies tree lines in the Andes, came to similar conclusions:During the period from 7500 yr BP to ca. 3000 yr BP temperatures rose about 2°C more, causing another upward shift in the forest line of about 300-400 m higher than today, and thereby reducing the area occupied by páramo. Finally, at about 2900 yr BP, there was a noticeable lowering of the temperature that marked the last downward movement of the forest and páramo belts to their present-day positions.We Live In Cold Times7) New Zealandpastclimate2_1_thumb_thumbFigure 2: New Zealand’s estimated mean yearly temperatures since the last ice age. From Fig 5.6 of Ministry for the Environment (1997), based on Salinger (1988).Past climate variations over New ZealandNIWA (National Institute for Water & Atmospheric Research) have published the above chart, based on cave speleothems, and commented:The warmest conditions of the present cycle occurred between 10,000 and 6,000 B.P with temperatures about 1°C above modern values. This warmer climate was mild, with light winds and lush forests.Last thoughtsThese temperature patterns lasted for centuries and more. It is sometimes claimed that recent warming has already offset some of the difference, but the temperature proxies we have for the early Holocene don’t have the fine resolution to detect such short term fluctuations in temperature. We have, for instance, seen in recent years how much effect ocean cycles, such as PDO and AMO, have on global temperature. Even the 2015/16 El Nino lifted temperatures by nearly half a degree.There have always been these sort of natural cycles. The average temperatures derived from proxies would in reality have included many ups and downs. In short, comparison of current temperatures calculated over the last couple of decades cannot be meaningfully compared with centuries long trends. While we don’t have global coverage, what we do know is that in many parts of the world, temperatures in the mid Holocene were significantly higher than in recent decades.The Holocene Climate Optimum