Manchester Community College Immunization: Fill & Download for Free

Take more care with abbreviationsCMC may refer to:Education[edit]Bangladesh[edit]Chittagong Medical College or Chittagong Medical College Hospital, a public medical college in ChittagongComilla Medical College, a public medical college in ComillaIndia[edit]Government Medical College, Kozhikode, Kerala, Previously known as Calicut Medical CollegeChristian Medical College & Hospital, Vellore, Tamil NaduChristian Medical College Ludhiana, PunjabCoimbatore Medical College, Coimbatore, Tamil NaduNepal[edit]Chitwan Medical College, Bharatpur, ChitwanPakistan[edit]Chandka Medical College, Larkana, SindhContinental Medical College, Lahore, PunjabUnited Kingdom[edit]Cambridge Muslim College, Islamic higher education institution in CambridgeUnited States[edit]Chicago Musical College, a division of Chicago College of Performing Arts at Roosevelt UniversityClaremont McKenna College, a liberal arts college in Claremont, CaliforniaColorado Mountain College, a network of seven community colleges in western ColoradoComputer Music Center, the oldest center for electronic and computer music research in the United StatesCopper Mountain College, a community college in Joshua Tree, CaliforniaClackamas Middle College, a middle school in OregonTelevision[edit]Cable Music Channel, a defunct music television channel from Turner Broadcasting System, U.S.California Music Channel or CMC-TV, an American music video serviceCountry Music Channel, an Australian music television channel provided by FoxtelCroatian Music Channel, a Croatian television channel broadcasting Croatian music and music of Croatian productionCutie Mark Crusaders, a group of 3 fillies searching for their cutiemarks in the show My Little Pony Friendship Is MagicMilitary[edit]Central Military Commission (China)Central Military Commission (DPRK)Command Master Chief, the senior enlisted man aboard a US Navy or US Coast Guard vesselCommandant of the Marine Corps, the highest-ranking officer of the United States Marine CorpsChairman of the NATO Military Committee, Chairman of NATO's Military CommitteeOrganizations[edit]International[edit]Carnegie Moscow Center, a non-profit think tank and regional affiliate of the Carnegie Endowment for International PeaceCluster Munition Coalition, an international civil society movement campaigning against the use of cluster munitionsCMC Markets, an international financial companyCompact Model Council, a working group in the EDA industryCOMSAT mobile communications, a telecommunications companyCanada[edit]Canadian Meat Council, Canada's national trade association for the federally inspected red meat packers and processorsCanadian Meteorological Centre, a provider of forecast guidance to national and regional prediction centresChristian Mennonite Conference, a small body of Mennonites in western CanadaCMC Electronics, a Canadian electronics companyMainland China[edit]China National Machinery Import and Export CorporationChina Media CapitalTaiwan[edit]Central Mint, a subsidiary of the Central Bank of the Republic of ChinaChi Mei Corporation, plastics producer in TaiwanChina Motor Corporation, a Taiwanese manufacturer of automobilesCMC Magnetics, a Taiwanese company, one of world's largest optical disc manufacturersUnited States[edit]Carolinas Medical Center, a hospital in the Charlotte, North Carolina regionCatholic Medical Center, a hospital and heart disease institute located in Manchester, New HampshireCentral Massachusetts Conference, a high school athletic conference in MassachusettsChildren's Museum of ClevelandCivic Media Center, an alternative library and reading room in Gainesville, Florida, United StatesColorado Mountain Club, a nonprofit outdoor recreation and education organizationColt's Manufacturing Company, a United States firearms manufacturerCommercial Metals Company, a steel and metal manufacturer based in Irving, Texas, U.S.Conservative Mennonite Conference, a Christian body of conservative evangelical Mennonite churchesOther countries[edit]Canterbury Mountaineering Club, based in Christchurch, New ZealandCaribbean Media Corporation, a Barbados-based centralised content-providerCatholic Medical Center, the 8 hospitals attached to the Catholic University of KoreaCMC (company), an Indian information technology serviceColombo Municipal Council, the local council for Colombo, Sri LankaCongregation of the Mother Co-Redemptrix, a Vietnamese Roman Catholic religious orderCooper Motor Corporation, a car manufacturer in KenyaCyprus Mines Corporation, an early twentieth century American mining company based in CyprusChemistry[edit]Carboxymethyl cellulose, a cellulose derivative often initialized CMCCeramic matrix composite, a subgroup of composite materials as well as a subgroup of technical ceramicsChemistry, Manufacturing and Control, a drug development processChlormadinone caproate, a progestin that was never marketedCritical micelle concentration, the concentration of surfactants above which micelles are spontaneously formedComputing[edit]CBC-mask-CBC, a block cipher mode of operation for encrypting hard disksCentral Management and Control, enterprise data management software for Cruzer Enterprise secure USB drivesCertificate Management over CMS, an internet standard by the IETFCommon Messaging Calls, an API client for the Messaging Application Programming InterfaceCommunity multimedia center or telecentreComputer-mediated communication, any form of data exchange across two or more networked computersOther uses[edit]CMC Cup, international Go tournamentCalifornia Men's Colony, a male-only state prison in California, USACanadian Music Centre, a music venueCarpometacarpal joint, a joint in the wrist that articulates the carpal bones and the metacarpalsCertified Management Consultant, an international professional certification for professional management consultantsCertified Master Chef, the highest level of culinary certificationCertified mortgage consultant, a professional certification for mortgage professionalsCincinnati Museum Center at Union Terminal, a museum in Cincinnati, Ohio, originally used as a train stationC-M-C', a form of commodity trade in the theory of Karl MarxCMC International, a record label based near London, UKConditional mean closure, a combustion model for CFDConstant mean curvature, a differential-geometric property of some surfacesCrime and Misconduct Commission, an independent entity in Queensland Government, Australia, created to combat major crimeCuban Missile Crisis, a 13-day confrontation between the United States and the Soviet UnionChronic mucocutaneous candidiasis, an immune disorder characterized by chronic infections with CandidaCMC, a one-time alias used by Charlotte Church (b. 1986) on "The Opera Song (Brave New World)"

Who do you trust, Boris Johnson with his fatalistic statement “Many more families are going to lose loved ones”, or 274 leading mathematicians and scientists who are pointing out that the NHS will collapse if we continue with this do-nothing shambles of a public health ‘strategy’?EDIT: the total number of signatories has increased to 541 (16th March 2020, 15:00).Herd immunity achieved by vaccination is clearly a good thing, but herd immunity achieved by thousands of people dying is obviously madness. If 80% of the UK population are infected that’s 52.8 million people, and 0.2% mortality (optimistic!) would be 105,600 deaths. Think of all the people you know with an existing health condition.http://maths.qmul.ac.uk/~vnicosia/UK_scientists_statement_on_coronavirus_measures.pdfHere is the full text of the above document:Public request to take stronger measures of social distancing across the UK with immediate effect14th March 2020(last update: 14th March 2020, 19:30)As scientists living and working in the UK, we would like to express our concern about the course of action announced by the Government on 12th March 2020 regarding the Coronavirus outbreak. In particular, we are deeply preoccupied by the timeline of the proposed plan, which aims at delaying social distancing measures even further. The current data about the number of infections in the UK is in line with the growth curves already observed in other countries, including Italy, Spain, France,and Germany [1]. The same data suggests that the number of infected will be in the order of dozens of thousands within a few days. Under unconstrained growth, this outbreak will affect millions of people in the next few weeks. This will most probably put the NHS at serious risk of not being able to cope with the flow of patients needing intensive care, as the number of ICU beds in the UK is not larger than that available in other neighbouring countries with a similar population [2]. Going for “herd immunity” at this point does not seem a viable option, as this will put NHS at an even stronger level of stress, risking many more lives than necessary. By putting in place social distancing measures now, the growth can be slowed down dramatically, and thousands of lives can be spared. We consider the social distancing measures taken as of today as insufficient, and we believe that additional and more restrictive measures should be taken immediately, as it is already happening in other countries across the world. We urge anyone who has sympathy with our views, and access to the government strategy group, to make our concerns more widely known.Signatories:1. David Arrowsmith, Professor of Mathematics, Complex Systems, Queen Mary University of London2. Christian Beck, Professor of Applied Mathematics, Dynamical Systems, Queen Mary University of London3. Martin Benning, Lecturer in Optimisation, Complex Systems, Queen Mary University of London4. Ginestra Bianconi, Professor of Applied Mathematics, Complex Systems, Queen Mary University of London5. Jamie Griffin, Lecturer in Applied Probability, Queen Mary University of London6. Weini Huang, Lecturer in Mathematical Biology, Complex Systems, Queen Mary University of London7. Vito Latora, Professor of Applied Mathematics, Chair of Complex Systems, Queen Mary University of London8. Vincenzo Nicosia, Lecturer in Networks and Data Analysis, Complex Systems, Queen Mary University of London9. Thomas Prellberg, Professor of Mathematics, Dynamical Systems, Queen Mary University of London10. Nicola Perra, Associate Professor in Network Science, University of Greenwhich11. Giacomo Livan, Lecturer in Computer Science, Financial Computing & Analytics, University College London12. Henrik Jeldtoft Jensen, Professor of Mathematical Physics, Imperial College London13. Benjamin Werner, Lecturer, Centre for Cancer Genomics and Computational Biology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London14. Iacopo Iacopini, PhD Student, Complex Systems, Queen Mary University of London15. Andrea Baronchelli, Reader in Mathematics, City University of London16. Sarah Morgan, Research Fellow, Cambridge University17. Vahid Shahrezaei, Reader in Biomathematics, Imperial College London18. Guven Demirel, Lecturer in Supply Chain Management, Queen Mary University of London19. Arick Shao, Senior Lecturer in Mathematics, Queen Mary University of London20. Erminia Calabrese, Professor in Astronomy, Cardiff University21. Arianna Bottinelli, Associate Editor, Communications Physics, SpringerNature London22. Ivan Tomasic, Senior Lecturer in Pure Mathematics, Queen Mary University of London23. Francesco Coghi, PhD Student in Mathematics, Queen Mary University of London24. Hanlin Sun, PhD student in Mathematics, Queen Mary University of London25. Marta Varela, Research Fellow, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London26. Ronaldo Menezes, Professor of Data and Network Science, University of Exeter27. Kirstie Whitaker, Turing Research Fellow, Alan Turing Institute; Senior research associate in Psychiatry,University of Cambridge28. Naomi Arnold, PhD student in Computer Science, Queen Mary University of London29. Petra Vertes, Lecturer in Psychiatry, Systems and Computational Neuroscience, University of Cambridge30. Dudley Stark, Reader in Mathematics and Probability, Queen Mary University of London31. Thomas W. Mueller, Professor of Mathematics, Queen Mary University of London32. Tiziana Di Matteo, Professor of Econophysics, King’s College London33. Silvia Grigolon, Postdoctoral Fellow, The Francis Crick Institute London34. Francesca Arrigo, Lecturer in Mathematics, University of Strathclyde35. Gianmichele Di Matteo, PhD Student, Queen Mary University of London36. Sasha Sodin, Professor in Analysis and Mathematical Physics, Queen Mary University of London37. Professor Rajendra Bhansali, Emeritus Professor in Mathematics, University of Liverpool and Visiting Pro-fessor in Mathematics, Imperial College London38. Bingzhang Chen, Lecturer in Mathematics, University of Strathclyde39. Demetrios T. Papageorgiou, Professor in Mathematics, Imperial College London40. Stuart Scott, Centre for Human Computer Interaction Design, City University of London41. Deatrice Vincenzi, PhD Student, City University of London42. Vessela Vassileva, Department is Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London43. Bill Jackson, Professor of Mathematical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London44. Yi Sui, Reader in Fluid Mechanics, Queen Mary University of London45. Penny Davies, Senior Lecturer in Mathematics, University of Strathclyde46. Dugald B Duncan, Professor of Mathematics, Heriot-Watt University47. Evangelos Mitsokapas, PhD Student, Dynamical Systems, Queen Mary University of London48. Haris Markakis, Lecturer in Numerical Relativity, Queen Mary University of London49. Michael Grinfeld, Reader in Mathematics and Statistics, University of Strathclyde50. Marco Pietropaoli, Research associate, Imperial College London51. Caterina Gennaioli, Senior Lecturer in Economics, Queen Mary University of London52. Franco Vivaldi, Emeritus Professor in Mathematics, Queen Mary University of London53. Timothy Neate, Researcher, Centre for HCI Design, City University of London54. Silvia Liverani, Reader in Statistics, Queen Mary University of London55. Marcus Waurick, Chancellor’s Fellow, University of Strathclyde56. Ernesto Priego, Centre for Human-Computer Interaction Design, City University of London57. Lidia Gomes Da Silva, PhD Student, Queen Mary University of London58. Silvia Rognone, PhD Student, Complex Systems, Queen Mary University of London59. Radu Cimpeanu, Assistant Professor in Applied Mathematics, University of Warwick60. Aleix Bassolas, Researcher in Complex Systems, Queen Mary University of London61. Stephen J. Cowley, Senior Lecturer in Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics, University of Cambridge62. Esther Mondrag ́on, Lecturer in Artificial Intelligence, City University of London63. Andrea Santoro, PhD in Mathematics, Queen Mary University of London64. Gabriele Di Bona PhD. Student in Complex Systems, Queen Mary University of London65. Juan A. Valiente Kroon, Reader in Applied Mathematics, Queen Mary University of London66. Magnus Haughey, PhD student in Mathematical Biology, Queen Mary University of London67. Giorgio Savini, Director of the University College London Observatory (UCLO), University College London68. Ralph Kenna, Professor of Theoretical Physics, Centre for Fluid and Complex Systems, Coventry University69. Pierpaolo Vivo, Senior Lecturer in Disordered Systems, King’s College London70. Dmitry Savin, Senior Lecturer in Applied Mathematics, Brunel University London71. Luca Maria Aiello, Senior Research Scientist, Nokia Bell Labs, Cambridge.72. Zacharoula Nikolakopoulou, Research Associate, Department of Immunology and Inflammation, ImperialCollege London73. Pawel Dlotko, Senior Lecturer in Mathematics, Swansea University74. Michael Garcia Ortiz, Lecturer, City University of London75. Biagio Lucini, Royal Society Wolfson Merit Award Holder, Head of Mathematics, College of Science, SwanseaUniversity76. Ernesto Jimenez-Ruiz, Lecturer in Artificial Intelligence, City University of London77. Peter Bishop, Professor of Systems and Software Dependability, City University of London78. Alberto Bracci, Phd Student, City University of London79. Carla Molteni, Professor of Physics, Director of Thomas Young Centre, King’s College London80. Jeffrey Giansiracusa, Professor of Mathematics, Swansea University81. Dmitri Panov, Reader in Geometry, King’s College London82. Vaibhav Kumar Jena, PhD student in Mathematics, Queen Mary University of London83. Rebecca Clifford, DPhil, FRHistS, FHEA, Associate Professor of Modern History, Swansea University84. Luka Ilic, PhD student in Mathematics, Queen Mary University of London85. Hermes Gadelha, Senior Lecturer in Applied Mathematics and Data Modelling, University of Bristol86. Pietro Li ́o, Professor, University of Cambridge87. Eduardo Alonso, Reader in Computing, City University of London88. Salvatore Danilo Riccio, PhD Student in Complex Systems, Queen Mary University of London89. Andrea Tangherloni, Research Associate at the Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge90. Salpie Nowinski, Postdoctural research assistant in computational biology and tumour evolution, BartsCancer Institute91. Marco Gramatica, PhD student in Mathematics, Queen Mary University of London92. Pierre Degond, Chair Professor in Applied Mathematics, Imperial College London93. Michael Bronstein, PhD, FIEEE, FIAPR, Professor of Computing, Imperial College London94. Dr Georgios Nteliopoulos, Senior research associate, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial CollegeLondon95. Daniele Quercia, Department Head, Nokia Bell Labs, Cambridge96. Oliver Ratmann, Lecturer in Statistics, Imperial College London97. Tiago Azevedo, PhD student in Computer Science, University of Cambridge98. Veronica Vinciotti, Reader in Mathematics, Brunel University London99. Vitaliy Kurlin, Senior Lecturer in Computer Science, University of Liverpool.100. Martin Weigel, Reader in Theoretical Physics, Centre for Fluid and Complex Systems, Coventry University101. Thomas P. Sotiriou, Professor of Gravitational Physics, School of Mathematical Sciences & School of Physicsand Astronomy, University of Nottingham102. Francesca Baletto, Reader in Physics, King’s College London103. Istv ́an Z. Kiss, Professor of Mathematics, University of Sussex104. John Harvey, Daphne Jackson Research Fellow, Department of Mathematics, Swansea University105. Sarah Barry, Lecturer in Statistics, University of Strathclyde106. Sandro Sousa, PhD Student, Complex Systems, Queen Mary University of London107. Antonino Iannazzo, PhD student, Queen Mary University of London108. Luc Berthouze, Professor of Complex Systems, University of Sussex109. Mirna Dzamonja, Professor of Mathematics, University of East Anglia110. Pablo Lamata, Wellcome Trust Senior Research Fellow in Basic Biomedical Science111. Jean-Marc Vanden-Broeck, Professor of Applied Mathematics, University College London112. Ben Murray, Senior Research Associate, King’s College London113. Aleksandra Ivovic, PhD student in Biological Sciences, University of Cambridge114. Andreas Fring, Professor of Mathematical Physics, City University of London115. Cristina Inversi, Lecturer in Employment Law, The University of Manchester116. Luigi Margiotta-Casaluci, Lecturer in Pharmacology and Toxicology, Brunel University London117. Maria Laura Greco , PhD student in Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical sciences, University of Manchester118. Paul Expert, Research Associate, Global Digital Health unit, Imperial College London119. Ignazio Puccio, Honorary Research Associate, University College London120. Dr. Giovanna Campopiano, Senior Lecturer, Lancaster University Management School121. Anita Lavorgna, Associate Professor, University of Southampton122. Richard A.I. Bethlehem, Post-Doctoral Fellow Research Associate, British Academy and University of Cambridge123. Anna Pacelli, Postdoctoral Researcher, University of Oxford124. Ramona Lattao, Postdoctoral Research Associate in Genetics, University of Cambridge125. Francesca Dal Mas, Lecturer in Strategy & Enterprise, The University of Lincoln126. William Schafer, Programme Leader in Neurobiology, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, University of Cambridge; Professor of Animal Physiology and Neurobiology, KU Leuven127. Shahn Majid, Professor of Mathematics, Queen Mary University of London128. Sarah K. Buddenborg, Postdoctoral Fellow, Wellcome Sanger Institute129. Dr Chris Cantwell, Senior Lecturer in Aeronautics, Imperial College London130. Daniele Petrone PhD student in Mathematics, Queen Mary University of London131. Yue Ren, UKRI Future Leaders Fellow and Senior Lecturer, Swansea University132. Igor Smolyarenko, Lecturer in Applied Mathematics, Brunel University London133. Alessia Annibale, Senior Lecturer in Disordered Systems, King’s College London134. Denise Walker, Senior Scientist, Neurobiology, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge135. Dr Demetra Andreou, Principal Academic in Environmental Science, Bournemouth University136. Professor Aris Katzourakis, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford; Co-President of Oxford UCU137. Giorgio Jansen, Research Assistant, University of Cambridge138. Dario Leonardo Balacco, Posdoctoral Research Fellow, Institute of Clinical Sciences, University of Birmingham139. Jasna Urbancic, PhD Student in Mathematics, Queen Mary University of London140. Francesco Mezzadri, Professor of Mathematical Physics, University of Bristol141. James A. R. Marshall, Professor of Theoretical and Computational Biology, University of Sheffield142. Daria Santone, PDRA, Physics Department, Royal Holloway, University of London143. Lucia Sivilotti, AJ Clark Professor of Pharmacology, University College London144. Matteo Salvalaglio, Lecturer, Department of Chemical Engineering, University College London145. Henri Huijberts PFHEA FIMA, Professor of Engineering Science and Education, Deputy Dean for Education,Queen Mary University of London146. Giorgia Dalla Libera Marchiori, Research assistant in Infectious Diseases, London School of Hygiene &Tropical Medicine147. Anja Meyer, PhD student in Pure Mathematics, University of Manchester148. Rui Carvalho, Assistant Professor, Department of Engineering Durham University149. Cesare Giulio Ardito, PhD Student in Mathematics, University of Manchester150. Luca Cocconi, PhD student, Imperial College London and Francis Crick Institute151. Kane Smith, Research Technician, Queen Mary University of London152. Laura Coroneo, Senior Lecturer, Department of Economics and Related Studies University of York153. Dragana Vuckovic, PostDoctoral Fellow in Biostatistics, Sanger Institute, Cambridge154. Sebastian Ahnert, Cavendish Laboratory and Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge155. Leslie Turner, Lecturer in Evolution, Milner Centre for Evolution, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath156. Francesca Di Lodovico, Professor of Physics, King’s College London157. Francesco Di Lauro, PhD student in Mathematics, University of Sussex158. Katerina Zahradova, PhD student in Mathematics, University of London159. Lavinia Rognone, PhD student, University of Manchester160. Ana Jimena Pacheco Gutierrez, PhD student, Queen Mary University of London161. Virginia M Howick, Wellcome Sanger Institute162. Ana Riesgo, The Natural History Museum163. Rainer Klages, Reader in Applied Mathematics, Queen Mary University of London164. Gianluca Inverso, Marie Curie Fellow, Centre for Research in String Theory, Queen Mary University ofLondon165. Gioia Boschi, PhD student, King’s College London166. Karin van Veldhoven, Assistant professor in Molecular Epidemiology London School of Hygiene & TropicalMedicine167. Stephanie Lo, Principal Bioinformatician & Project Manager, Wellcome Sanger Institute168. Riccardo Guareschi, Computational Chemist in Drug Design, University of Dundee, registered Scottish Charity, No: SC015096169. Jimmy Lee, Postdoctoral Fellow, Wellcome Sanger Institute170. Giorgio Carugno, PhD Student, King’s College London171. Gos Micklem, Reader, Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge172. Chris Micklem, PhD Student, Sainsbury Laboratory/Department of Physics, University of Cambridge173. Peng He, Postdoctoral Fellow, Sanger Institute174. Stanley Wai-Kwong Ng, Postdoctoral Fellow, Cancer, aging, and somatic mutations programme, Cancer genome project, Wellcome Sanger Institute175. Max Falkenberg, PhD Student, Center for Complexity Science, Imperial College London176. Hui Zhang, Post-doctoral Researcg Assistant, Queen Mary University of London177. Kirsty Wanm, Senior Research Fellow/Senior Lecturer, Living Systems Institute & Department of Mathematics, University of Exeter178. Rosana Collepardo-Guevara, Winton Advanced Research Fellow (Group Leader) Departments of Physics,Chemistry and Genetics, University of Cambridge179. Anne Bishop, Post-doctoral Research Fellow, Welcome Sanger Institute, Cambridge180. Martin Lopez-Garcia, Lecturer in Mathematical Epidemiology, University of Leeds181. Liam Nagle-Cocco, PhD Student in Condensed Matter Physics, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge182. Riccardo Di Clemente, Lecturer in data Science, Network Theory, Exeter University183. Klara Kulenkampff, PhD candidate in Biophysics, University of Cambridge184. Daan Frenkel, Emeritus Professor, University of Cambridge185. Gabriele Gradoni, Associate Professor, School of Mathematical Sciences, University of Nottingham186. Gerardo Adesso, Professor in Mathematics, University of Nottingham187. Alessia Lepore, Postdoctoral Research Associate, Institute of Cell Biology, University of Edinburgh188. Tom Clayton RSci MRSC, GSK Centre for Sustainable Chemistry, Nottingham189. Jacob Cable, PhD student, University of Manchester190. Mattia Ghirardello, Postdoctoral research associate, University of Bristol191. Clare P Grey, Professor of Chemistry, Cambridge University192. David Peinador, PhD student, School of Physics and Astronomy, Queen Mary University of London193. Andrew Mason BSc., NMR Facility co-ordinator, Chemistry, University of Cambridge194. Sondess Missaoui, Postdoctoral Research Fellow in Information Retrieval, City University of London195. Zaniar Ghadernezhad, Research Associate in Mathematics, Imperial College London196. Minoo Tayebinia, PhD student in Biological sciences, Queen Mary University of London197. Floriana Misceo, Research Group Coordinator, University of Cambridge198. Francesco Nicola Carelli, Gurdon Institute, University of Cambridge199. Sophie King, Post-doctoral research assistant in Particle physics, King’s College London200. Arushi G K Majha, PhD Student, University of Cambridge201. Alvin Ng, Research Associate, University of Cambridge202. Jack Shergold, Postgraduate Researcher, Institute of Particle Physics Phenomenology, Durham University203. Ryan Moodie, PhD student, Institute of Particle Physics Phenomenology, Durham University204. Chiara Barberio, PhD student, Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge205. Radha Kopparti, PhD student, City University of London206. Theophile Thiery, PhD Student in Combinatorics, Queen Mary University of London207. Alzbeta Roeselov ́a, MSc Student in Biochemistry, University of Cambridge208. Roberto Trotta, Professor of Physics, Imperial College London209. Emilie Wigdor, PhD student, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute & University of Cambridge210. Chiara Cammarota, Senior Lecturer in Disordered Systems, King’s College London211. Dominik Kubicki, Postdoctoral Fellow, University of Cambridge212. Geertje van Keulen, Associate Professor in Biochemistry, Swansea University Medical School213. Peter D. Young MBE, Ethox Centre and Wellcome Centre for Ethics and Humanities, Nuffield Departmentof Population Health, University of Oxford214. Benedetta Mannini, Visiting Scientist, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge215. Tom Williams, Royal Society University Research Fellow/Senior Lecturer, School of Biological Sciences,University of Bristol7216. Tanya Ronson, Senior Research Associate, University of Cambridge217. Giampaolo Pitruzzello, Post Doctoral Research Assistant, Department of Physics, University of York218. Mirko Pasquini, PhD Student in Control Engineering, Imperial College London219. Andrea Caputo, Associate Professor of Strategy & Entrepreneurship, University of Lincoln220. Silvia Bartolucci, Research Associate, Department of Finance, Imperial College London221. Domenico Cappello, PhD student in Aeronautics, Imperial College London222. Valeria Russo, Visiting PhD student, University of Westminster223. Giacomo Marzi, Lecturer in Strategy and Enterprise, University of Lincoln224. Akhila K Jayaram, PhD Student, University of Cambridge225. Gabor Csanyi, Professor of Molecular Modelling, University of Cambridge226. Isabel Barth, University of York227. Leila Simona Talani, Chair in International Political Economy, King’s College London228. Nina Warner, PhD Student, University of Cambridge229. Doug Benn, Professor of Environmental Change, University of St. Andrews230. Francesco Sarandrea, PhD student in Theoretical Particle Physics, Durham University231. Danilo Basili, Postdoctoral Research Associate, University of Cambridge232. Stephen J. Jenkins, Professor of Physical & Computational Surface Chemistry, University of Cambridge233. Gabriella Heller, Rosalind Franklin Research Fellow, Newnham College, Department of Chemistry, Universityof Cambridge234. Tavi Murray, Teaching Fellow, Swansea University235. Young-Ho Eom/Chancellor’s Fellow/Dept. of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Strathclyde236. Anika Liu, PhD student in Computational Toxicology, University of Cambridge237. Qian Zhang, Postdoctoral fellow, Sanger Institute238. Clara Wanjura, PhD student in Physics, University of Cambridge239. Glenn Vinnicombe, Reader in Control Engineering, University of Cambridge240. Federica Bellizio, PhD Student in Control & Power Engineering, Imperial College London241. Maria Lillina Vignola, PhD student in Medical & Molecular Genetics, King’s College London242. Garnett, Senior Lecturer in Systems and Organisation, York Cross-disciplinary Centre for Systems Analysis& School of Management, University of York243. Saiam Ahmed, Research Fellow and Statistician, Medical Research Council Clinical Trials Unit, UniversityCollege London244. Fan Feng, Research Associate, University of Cambridge245. Alex Shenfield, Senior Lecturer in Embedded Systems Engineering and AI, Sheffield Hallam UniversityDistinguished international signatories:1. Steven H. Strogatz, Jacob Gould Schurman Professor of Applied Mathematics, Cornell University2. Albert-Laszlo Barabasi, Robert Gray Dodge Professor of Network Science, Northeastern University, USA;Department of Medicine at Harvard Medical School83. Shlomo Havlin, Professor of Physics, Bar-Ilan University, Israel4. Yamir Moreno, Director of the Institute for Biocomputation and Physics of Complex Systems, Zaragozza; President of the Network Science Society; Past-President of the Complex Systems Society;5. Guido Caldarelli, London Institute of Mathematical Science; Full Professor of Theoretical Physics at IMT School for Advanced Studies Lucca; President of the Complex Systems Society6. Alain Barrat, Research Director, Centre de Physique Th ́eorique, Marseille, and Turing Center for Living Systems, Marseille, France7. Reka Albert, Distinguished Professor of Physics and Biology, Pennsylvania State University8. Mason A. Porter, Professor in Mathematics, University of California, Los Angeles, USA9. Danielle S. Bassett, J Peter Skirkanich Professor, University of Pennsylvania, USA10. Andrea Bertozzi, Professor of Mathematics and Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Cali-fornia Los Angeles; Member US National Academy of Sciences11. Rosario Nunzio Mantegna, Professor of Physics, University of Palermo, Italy12. Ernesto Estrada, Professor of Mathematics, University of Zaragoza, Spain13. Marc Barthelemy, Director of Research, Institute de Physique Theorique, CEA, Saclay, France14. Hawoong Jeong, Professor of Physics, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology15. Stefan Thurner, Professor of Science of Complex Systems, Medical University of Vienna, Austria16. Marta Gonzalez, Associate Professor of City and Regional Planning, University of California, Berkeley, USA17. Yaneer Bar-Yam, Professor and President, New England Complex Systems Institute, USA18. Jesus Gomez-Garde ̃nes, Associate professor of Physics, University of Zaragoza, Spain19. Albert Diaz-Guilera, Professor of Physics, University of Barcelona, Spain20. Vittorio Loreto, Professor of Physics, University of Rome, Italy; Director, SONY Computer Science Labo-ratories, Paris21. Nassim Nicholas Taleb, Distinguished Professor of Risk Engineering, New York University22. Jose Ramasco, Reseacher, Insitute for Cross-Disciplinary Physics and Complex Systems, Palma de Mallorca,Spain23. Martin Rosvall, Professor of Physics, University of Umea, Sweden24. Sandro Meloni, Researcher, Insitute for Cross-Disciplinary Physics and Complex Systems, Palma de Mallorca,Spain25. Fabrizio De Vico Fallani, Research Scientist, Brain and Spine Institute, Paris26. Daniele Marinazzo, Professor of Data Analysis, University of Ghent, Belgium27. Javier M. Buld ́u, Professor of Electromagnetism, King Juan Carlos University, Spain28. Alessio Papini, Professor of Biology, University of Florence, Italy29. Joel Miller, Senior Lecturer in Applied Mathematics, La Trobe University, AustraliaReferences[1] Coronavirus: Why You Must Act Now[2] Covid_19: Open letter from Italy to the international scientific community | Left

Let’s start with my favourite ones : Engineers1. Leonardo da Vincida Vinci, by all accounts, was good at a few things - painting, sculpting, architecture, science, music, mathematics, engineering, invention, anatomy, geology, astronomy, botany, writing, history, and cartography. The usual. His engineering concepts were unfathomable at the time and still carry about an air of magic with them today - flying machines, a type of armoured fighting vehicle, concentrated solar power, an adding machine, and the double hull. Few of which were feasible then, but which are central to how we live today.2. Isambard Kingdom Brunel"One of the most ingenious and prolific figures in engineering history"; "one of the 19th century engineering giants"; and "one of the greatest figures of the Industrial Revolution" - it's hard to overestimate the impact Brunel had on the infrastructure of modern Britain. It's appropriate he's on a list on this site too, having given his name to a modern day university. His greatest achievement is the Great Western Railway, which operates to this day.3. ArchimedesThe greatest of all the classical engineers, Archimedes has influenced for all time the fields of maths, physics, engineering and astronomy. Though little is known about the precise details of his life, what he invented and discovered is not in doubt - the screw pump and compound pulleys can be attributed to him. The island of Syracuse, where he lived all his life, were also protected by various defense mechanisms of his design.4. George StephensonBorn in Wylam, Northumberland, we could easily have included his son Robert on this list, who was called the greatest engineer of the 19th Century and rests at Westminister Abbey. Stephenson senior gets the nod, however, for doing it all first - he built the first public inter city railway line between Liverpool and Manchester in 1830. His rail gauge is also still used the world over as the standard measurement for rail tracks, which will no doubt be of interest to some of you.5. Gustave EiffelCan you guess what landmark world structure this chap is famous for? Aside from the eponymous Parisian tower, Eiffel built various bridges for the French railway network before being commissioned to built the centrepiece for the 1889 Universal Exposition. After this, Eiffel didn't just let his good name carry him through life - he helped design the Statue of Liberty, and contributed greatly to the fields of meteorology and aerodynamics.6. Henry FordNot the inventor of the modern car, but one of the most astute engineers and industrialists of all time who founded the Ford Motor Company and the assembly line method of mass production. This meant that Ford was, to all intents and purposes, the founder of the first motor car that the average person could afford, turning automobiles from a curiosity into a necessity. It's a shame that he was also a publisher of anti-semitic material, otherwise he would be hugely admirable.7. Elon MuskEngineer, businessman, inventor, genius - four of the many labels oft attached to South African-born Canadian Musk. Founder of SpaceX - which will almost certainly be taking the average joe on holiday to space sooner rather than later - Tesla Motors - electric cars that actually, you know, work - and SolarCity, which provide solar panels for businesses all over the world. Remember the name, but then again, how could you forget one as unusual as that?8. Burt RutanAerospace engineering now, and one of the most original modern engineers. Rutan's aircraft were often peculiar looking, but have always proven light, strong, and energy efficient. His greatest achievements number Voyager - the first plane to fly non-stop around the world - and SpaceShipOne - the first privately funded spacecraft to make regular and succesful trips into sub-orbit. Honoured in the National Air and Space Museum, he is also honoured on our list.9. Steve WozniakFrom structural to electronic engineering, from the biggest buildings on earth to some of the smallest but most revolutionary technology of the past few decades. Wozniak, along with Steve Jobs, pioneered the 1970s personal computer revolution. He single handedly developed the Apple I, and was arguably the main component in the development of the truly revolutionary Apple II - he did the programming, Jobs did the case it came in.10. Fazlur Rahman KhanBorn in Dhaka - then of the British Raj, today capital of Bangladesh - can claim the title of father of the modern skyscraper. This structural engineer and architect came up with tubular designs that allowed for the easier constructions of the high rise structures we know today. Also one of the first to utilise computer aided design techniques, his gifts to the US include their second tallest building, the Willis Tower, and the John Hancock Centre (pictured) - sorry, Center. It is American after all.The most celebrated astronauts :1. Yuri GagarinAs the first man to space, no list of famous astronauts would be complete without the Soviet/ Russian born cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin. In 1955, he was drafted into the Soviet Air Force and then landed to the Soviet Space Program due to his excellent flying record. He was soon selected for a special group known as the Sochi Six, from which the country would choose its first cosmonaut.2. Alan ShepardEdgar D. Mitchell, Alan B. Shepard Jr. (center), and Stuart A. RoosaIn the midst of the Cold War, Russia’s Sputnik 1 launch in 1957, shook the America’s confidence in its space and tech superiority over the Soviets. This was the first major move from either side during the Space Race. In response, the then U.S President Eisenhower formed NASA and gave them the go ahead to recruit their first astronauts from military ranks.Alan Bartlett Shepard Jr. was one of the first naval aviators who were recruited by NASA under the name of the Mercury Seven in 1959. In May 1961 he made the first manned Project Mercury flight, in flight Freedom 7. He became only the second person in the world, and the first American, to travel in space.3. Valentina TereshkovaValentina Tereshkova with Nikita Khrushchev, Pavel Popovich and Yury Gagarin at Lenin’s MausoleumAt the age of 80, the Russian born Valentina Tereshkova is the oldest astronaut alive on the Earth. She was also the first women into space, two years after Yuri Gagarin. Before becoming a cosmonaut, Tereshkova worked as an assembly worker in a local textile factory.She left the Soviet Space agency and became one of the well known faces of the Communist Party in the Soviet regime. From 1966 to 1991 she held various important legal offices. She remained politically active years after the collapse of the USSR and is regarded as a hero in Russia.4. Neil ArmstrongNeil Armstrong stands alongside X-15 -1Does this person need any formal introduction? I guess not. He is arguably the most famous astronauts, especially to kids who someday wants to become an astronaut. Born in 1930, in Wapakoneta, Ohio, Armstrong graduated from Purdue University and became a member of the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics before becoming an astronaut.After the Mercury 7 program, NASA wanted to recruit a fresh line of astronauts, and that’s when Armstrong joined and became part of the Gemini program. On July 16th, 1969, Armstrong alongside “Buzz” Aldrin and Michael Collins, became the first astronauts to walk on the moon’s surface (except Michael Collins).5. Buzz AldrinBuzz Aldrin made a history in the field of human space exploration after becoming a part of the first crew to land on the Moon in 1969. As the Module Pilot on Apollo 11, he was the second person to walk on it after the commander Neil Armstrong.Before joining NASA, he was enlisted as a second lieutenant in the U.S Air Force and was deployed in the Korean peninsula during the Korean War. Three years before, the Lunar mission Aldrin went into orbit for the first time during the Gemini 12 mission, and achieved the first successful EVA without mishap.6. Sally Kristen RideSally Ride communicates with controllers from the Challenger’s flight deckSally Kristen Ride was born in Los Angeles, Southern California in 1951. She joined the National Aeronautics and Space Administration at the age of 27 and soon became the first women from the United States in space. Internationally, Sally Ride was only the third female astronaut in space after two Russian (USSR) cosmonauts Valentina Tereshkova and Svetlana Savitskaya.7. John Herschel Glenn Jr.John Herschel Glenn was an engineer, U.S Marine Corps pilot, astronaut, and later Senator from the state of Ohio. In 1962, he became the first U.S national to orbit the Earth following his Mercury-Atlas 6 mission. Before being selected by NASA, Glenn was a prolific fighter pilot who served in various wars, including the World War II, China and Korean War.As a fighter pilot, he received various medals and honors, including the Distinguished Flying Cross and more than a dozen AIr medals. In 1957, he became the first person to perform a supersonic transcontinental flight across the country, while his on-board camera took the first ever panoramic photograph of the entire United States.8. Chris HadfieldChris Hadfield is one of the prominent Canadian astronauts, who became the first national to perform a space walk. Born and raised on a farm in southern Ontario, Hatfield’s biggest inspiration while growing up was watching the Apollo 11 landing on his T.V set. After graduation, he joined national Armed Forces, and was eventually accepted into the Canadian astronaut program in 1992.In 2013, during his third and last expedition to ISS, as a commander of the mission, Hadfield was responsible for various important tasks. During this mission, he captured various space images and posted on different social media platforms which earned him a great deal of popularity from around the world.9. Pete ConradCharles “Pete” Conrad Jr., was one of the highly respected American astronauts in the world. He was an American NASA astronaut, naval officer and aviator, test pilot, and during the Apollo 12 mission, he became the third man to walk on the Moon. He joined NASA as a part of a special group called New Nine in 1962.For his first mission, he was assigned to Gemini 5, where along with his mission commander Gordon Cooper, broke the previous space endurance record of five days. After Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin, Conrad and Alan L. Bean became the second NASA pair to perform Moon expedition in 1969.10. Alexey LeonovAlexey Leonov (on the right) with Anton ShkaplerovThe Soviet born Alexey Leonov was the first person to perform a spacewalk or more formally an Extravehicular activity (EVA) during the Voskhod 2 mission. Actually, his spacewalk was scheduled to be taken place during the Voskhod 1 mission, but was cancelled and was scheduled a year later.During this historic event, a severe malfunction in Leonov’s spacesuit almost caused his life. Due to a minor defect, his pressurized suit began to inflate during his space walk. The inflation quickly escalated to the levels that he couldn’t even re-enter the spacecraft. To gain flexibility, he released a valve of his suit to release the pressure to bleed off, but this resulted in a quick loss of oxygen, which nearly killed him.11. Scott KellyScott Kelly with Former U.S President Barack ObamaThe retired American astronaut, engineer and a former Navy captain Scott Kelly is perhaps one of the popular modern personality among the space lovers. The veteran NASA astronaut commanded a total of three International Space Station expeditions and been in space for four different occasions.Scott Kelly made it to orbit very quickly after becoming an astronaut. Only three years later, he was the pilot for STS-103, a shuttle mission that upgraded the Hubble Space Telescope. His crew spent eight days in December 1999 in space (including celebrating Christmas there), where their main duties were to install instruments and upgrade systems on Hubble.In 2015, Kelly achieved a milestone after he spent a record 520 days in space. The record was later broken by astronaut Jeff Williams in 2016 and astronaut Peggy Whitson year after.12. Guion BlufordOn August 30, 1983, for the first time in human space exploration history, astronaut Guion Bluford of African-American heritage went to the outer space. Before starting a career with NASA, Bluford was a ranked officer in the U.S Air Force, where he continued to serve even after his initial recruitment in the space agency.At NASA, he became part of a total of four different space missions from 1983 to 1992. For his services, Bluford was inducted into the International Space Hall of Fame in 1997, and the U.S Astronaut Hall of Fame in 2010.13. Marc GarneauImage Courtesy: NASAMarc Garneau became the first Canadian astronaut to the outer space, while he was assigned as one of the crew members to the STS-41-G in 1984. Like most of the early astronauts, Garneau also started in the military, as an engineer in the Royal Canadian Navy in 1974, before being promoted to Captain. He left Navy ranks in 1989 to become the deputy Director of the newly formed CAP (now Canadian Astronaut Corps).Here, he gained further experience and became a mission specialist. After working as a ground flight controller for couple of space missions, he himself went to outer space two times in 1984 and 1966. During his entire career, Garneau registered more than 670 space hours under his belt.14. Mae Carol JemisonJemison aboard the Spacelab JapanNot many in their life can achieve everything they crave for, but she sure did. Working with NASA, Mae Jemison became the first African American female into the outer space on-board the Endeavour space shuttle in 1992. Before NASA, she was selected in the Peace Corps in 1985 following her medical degree and a brief period of medical practice.At NASA, she administered various tasks in the Kennedy Space Center, Florida before going to space. She, however left NASA to form her own research firm. She is also famous among sci-fi fans for appearing in an episode of Star Trek. And that’s not all, Jemison currently holds nine honorary doctorates in engineering, science and humanities.And finally Physicians:1- Hippocrates( father of Western medicine)Hippocrates, about 460 BC – 377 BC, is a famous doctor and the father of Western medicine. As a physician practicing and teaching in Classical Greece, he made medicine a discipline separate from theology and philosophy. Hippocrates founded a school for medicine on the island of Cos, Greece, where he taught that thoughts, ideas and feelings come from the brain, rather than the heart. He described the symptoms of many diseases like pneumonia and epilepsy. The Hippocratic Corpus is a collection of early medical works from ancient Greece, a summary of the medical knowledge of the time, attributed to him and his students. Hippocrates introduced the Hippocratic Oath, a promise physicians make to practice medicine ethically, that is still used today in revised form.2- Edward JennerEdward Anthony Jenner, 1749 – 1823, was a famous English doctor and scientist who worked in immunology and developed the smallpox vaccine. His discovery has eradicated the dreaded disease of smallpox and saved more lives than the work of any other doctor. To this day, smallpox is the only human infectious disease to have been eradicated.Smallpox was an infectious disease since prehistoric time, killing, blinding and disfiguring its victims. The concept of variolation, using the smallpox virus itself for a risky inoculation, was introduced in England from Turkey by Lady Mary Wortley Montagu. A few individuals had already used the cowpox vaccine to try to vaccinate against smallpox. Jenner knew that milkmaids who worked with cows got the milder cowpox disease from cows, but did not contract smallpox. Jenner hypothesized that the pus from cowpox would provide immunity from smallpox. He successfully tested his hypothesis and published papers on vaccination. He opened the field of immunology, with the possibility of curing many more diseases. Jenner died at the age of 73 after several strokes.3-Rene LaennecRene Laennec, 1781 – 1826 was a famous French doctor and physician who invented the stethoscope, used for auscultation, that is, listening to the sounds in the lungs and heart. It became the primary medical diagnostic tool. Doctors of today still rely on his invention.The idea for the stethoscope came while he watched children playing with hollow sticks, which translated and amplified sounds. His skill as a flautist may have contributed to his invention. He authored many articles in the field of auscultation. Laennec was known for his charity to the poor during the French Revolution.4-Henry GrayHenry Gray, 1827-1861, was a famous English doctor and surgeon and author of the book Anatomy, also known as Gray's Anatomy, an authoritative textbook for medical students that is still published today. In 1858 Doctor Gray published the first edition of Anatomy, with 750 pages and and 363 drawings. The success of the book is partly due to the skilled illustrations made by his friend Henry Vandyke Carter.Learning anatomy from surgery on cadavers, he submitted outstanding student work. Henry Gray was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society at the age of 25. He became a Lecturer of Anatomy at St. George's Hospital, and published the book he is known for at the age of 31. His promising career was interrupted by his untimely death from smallpox at the age of 34.5- Ignaz SemmelweisIgnaz Semmelweis, 1818-1865, was a famous Hungarian doctor. He dramatically reduced the death rate of new mothers from childbed fever. At this time the germ theory of infection was unknown in medicine. From 10% to 35% of all women died after childbirth from puerperal fever. Doctor Semmelweis worked at one of two Obstetrical Clinics of the Vienna General Hospital.These were charitable maternity clinics where illegitimate babies were delivered. Here surgeons staffed the first maternity clinic, and midwives staffed the second maternity clinic. The clinic staffed by surgeons had a death rate 3 times higher than the midwives' clinic. Semmelweis's careful study found that the only difference between the clinics was that midwives regularly washed their hands. He required doctors to wash their hands in a disinfectant solution of chlorinated lime and thus greatly improved the survival rate of women in childbirth.His published conclusions were widely ridiculed by his peers. Suffering from a nervous breakdown, possibly Alzheimer's or syphilis, Semmelweis was confined to an asylum, beaten by guards and died from his wounds two weeks after admission. His work gained acceptance only after his death.6-Louis pasteurLouis Pasteur. 1822 - 1895, was a French chemist and one of the founders of microbiology. He was not a licensed doctor, but he improved the health of everyone. His work proved the theory that germs cause disease. He was a professor of physics and then a professor of chemistry at the University of Strasbourg.The death of two of his five children from typhoid fever motivated him to study disease and medicine. In his breakthrough work Pasteur demonstrated that fermentation is caused by the growth of microorganisms. He discovered the pasteurization process to kill the bacteria and molds that spoil milk and wine. He created a rabies vaccine and a vaccine for chicken cholera. He also disproved the theory of spontaneous generation of life forms by showing the "life comes from other life," which is called the Law of Biogenesis. This law means that maggots come from maggots and bacteria from bacteria, rather than via spontaneous generation out of nothingness.Pasteur received many honors, including a Grand Croix of the Legion of Honor from France. His death came in 1895 after a series of strokes. His remains have been placed in a crypt in the Institut Pasteur, Paris.7-Joseph ListerJoseph Lister, 1827 - 1912 was a famous English doctor, surgeon and the father of antiseptic, that is, sterile surgery. He introduced carbolic acid to sterilize surgical instruments, to clean wounds, and to clean the hands of the surgeon. His work reduced gangrene and other infections and made surgery safer for patients.At this time wounds often became infected after surgery, which led to death. French chemist Louis Pasteur had proved that rotting and fermentation were caused by microorganisms. While professor of surgery at the University of Glasgow, Scotland, Doctor Lister showed that gangrene, the rotting of human flesh, could be prevented by cleaning wounds with carbolic acid. This was the first antiseptic treatment for wounds. Like Ignaz Semmelweis, Doctor Lister noticed that babies delivered by midwives had a better survival rate than babies delivered by surgeons, because midwives washed their hands often. He also had surgeons wash their hands before and after a surgery using a solution of carbolic acid, and wear clean gloves. He used carbolic acid to sterilize medical instruments and the surgery. Lister made surgery safer and improved the infant survival rate. His work finally convinced the worldwide medical community of the germ theory of infection, discovered by Ignaz Semmelweis.Doctor Lister showed that aseptic surgery made many types of operations successful. He operated on a brain tumor, repaired kneecaps with metal wire and improved mastectomies. He was a popular lecturer and president of the Royal Society. After the death of his wife Agnes, who was his lifetime partner in his laboratory, Lister retired from medicine. In 1879 Listerine mouthwash was named after him for his work in antisepsis. Also named in his honour is the bacterial genus Listeria. He received fame and honor during his lifetime, and was made a baron. He died in his home at the age of 84.8-Elizabeth BlackwellElizabeth Blackwell, 1821 – 1910, was the first female doctor in the United States. She founded medical schools and supported women in medicine, the anti-slavery movement and the women's rights movement. Blackwell was born in England, one of nine children in a Quaker family where the daughters received a good education at home. After the family emigrated to the United States, she taught school in Kentucky to pay for medical training. She studied medicine privately under several physicians, and was admitted, by mistake, to Geneva College in New York. In spite of much prejudice, in 1849 she became the first woman to earn a medical degree in the United States, and graduated first in her class.In 1857, Doctor Blackwell along with her sister Emily and Dr. Marie Zakrzewska, founded the New York Infirmary for Indigent Women and Children. During the American Civil War, Blackwell trained many women to be nurses for the Union Army. In 1868 she established a Women's Medical College for women, physicians, and doctors. She opened the first training school for nurses in the United States in 1873. She also was the first woman to be registered in England as a doctor. Returning to England, she founded the Women's Medical College with Florence Nightingale. Doctor Blackwell remained an active teacher, lecturer and author until she died in 1910 at her home in England after a stroke.9-Frederick BantingFrederick Banting, 1891-1941, was a Canadian doctor and scientist. Working with Dr. John Macleod, he discovered insulin, which is used to treat diabetes.At college, he transferred from divinity studies to medicine. After graduation he served with the Canadian Army Medical Corps in France in WWI. He was wounded and received the Military Cross for heroism under fire. Back in Toronto, Doctor Banting set up a general practice, and also taught medicine.It was generally known that diabetes was the buildup of sugar in the blood caused by the lack of insulin, a protein secreted by the pancreas. Banting devised a successful procedure to extract insulin from the pancreas. In 1923, he received the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for this work, which he shared with Dr. Macleod.In Toronto, he founded the Banting and Best Institute, where he studied silicosis, cancer, drowning and blackout of high-altitude airplane pilots. He has received many awards and honors, including knighthood. The Banting crater on the moon was named for him. Banting was portrayed by Jason Priestley in the film Above and Beyond.Twice married, father of one child and an enthusiastic painter, Doctor Banting died in a plane crash. A CBC public survey in 2004 named him one of the top 10 "Greatest Canadians."10-Charles DrewCharles R. Drew, 1904 - 1950, was a prominent African American doctor during the period of segregation in the United States. He is recognized for his work in the field of blood transfusions.The death of his sister Elsie during a flu pandemic influenced his decision to study medicine. Doctor Drew received his MD degree in 1933 and became instructor in pathology, then an instructor in surgery and an assistant surgeon. He studied blood preservation techniques, and received his Doctor of Science in Surgery from Columbia University, New York.During World War II, Doctor Drew organized the Blood for Britain project, a prototype blood bank to collect, test, store and send U.S. blood plasma to aid Britain. The successful program continued for five months and recruited 15,000 donors. Drew opposed the practice of segregating blood by the race of the donor, on the basis of scientific search. As a result, he lost his job. However, in 1943, he was appointed to serve as an examiner on the American Board of Surgery, the first black surgeon to do so.Doctor Drew worked in research and teaching at Freedman's Hospital, Morgan State University, Montreal General and Howard University. He died in 1946 from injuries sustained in an automobile accident, leaving behind his wife and four children.11- Alexander FlemingAlexander Fleming, 1881 – 1955, was a Scottish biologist and pharmacologist. He is famous for his discovery of the antibiotic penicillin. Penicillin changed the course of medicine. It was the life-saving drug that conquered syphilis, gangrene and tuberculosis.By chance, Fleming discovered the anti-bacterial lysozyme, a natural substance found in tears and the nose that helps the body fight germs. He noticed that his own nasal mucus dripped onto a petri dish and killed the bacteria. Penicillin, the most effective life-saving drug in the world, was also discovered accidentally. While Fleming was on vacation, a mold had grown and destroyed the bacteria on a Petri dish in his lab. Fleming's discoveries are substances that can kill bacteria but not adversely affect the human body. Fleming was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1945.12-Virginia ApgarVirginia Apgar, 1909 – 1974, was a famous American doctor who founded the field of neonatology for the care of newborn infants, especially the ill or premature newborn. She was a leader in the fields of anesthesiology and teratology, the study of developmental defects. She developed the Apgar test to assess the health of babies immediately at birth and to study the effects of obstetric anesthesia on babies. Her work reduced worldwide infant mortality.Doctor Apgar graduated from Columbia University College of Physicians & Surgeons. After her residency in surgery, she trained in anesthesia and became director of the division of anesthesia at Columbia. At a time when she and women in general were discouraged from a career as a physician, she was the first woman in the positions she held. She published more than 60 scientific papers and articles and books for the general public.The Apgar test she invented was the first test made for newborn health. The test scores the health of the newborn baby on the basis of 5 observable criteria, Appearance, Pulse, Grimace, Activity, and Respiration. Her name Apgar also became a mnemonic word based on these five criteria. The Apgar score indicates if a newborn needs immediate medical care. It is easily administered by trained observation.