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Q. Would people become evil without religion or laws to control them?-In very short answer, majority of human beings are inherently born good even without religion or laws to control them, according to Theravada Buddhism.-Short Answer-If all human beings are inherently good, there is no question for inherently good or inherently bad (evil) because everyone will observe all human beings as inherently good since young.-If all human beings are inherently bad (evil), there is no question for inherently good or inherently bad (evil) because everyone will observe all human beings as inherently bad (evil) since young.-So some human beings are inherently good and some human beings are inherently bad because people observe as such.-So what's the cause of inherently good or bad?-It is not genetic because if it is genetic, science will have discovered by now.-It is not genetic because one can observe that both inherently good parents can have inherently bad children. Likewise, both inherently bad parents can have inherently good children.-It is not environment because even the extremely poor parents with extremely bad environment can have inherently good children. Likewise, even the extremely rich family with extremely good environment can have inherently bad children.-But during the individual growth process (after birth), inherently good children are easier to become bad if they meet bad environment and bad influence. Inherently bad children are not easy to become good even if they meet good environment and good influence.-It is easier to become bad during the growth of children because it does not need much effort to do bad things and it needs much effort to do good.-It is harder to become good during the growth of children because it needs much effort to restrain from doing bad.--Human beings are not blank slate at birth. According to philosophy of Theravada Buddhism, some (or majority of) people are born good regardless of their good or bad environment or good or bad behaviors of their parents. Some (or small number of) people are born bad regardless of their good or bad environment or good or bad behaviors of their parents, too.-That does not mean their good or bad behaviors, attitudes are fixed since birth. They can change from good to bad or bad to good during their lifetime. During the growing period from childhood to adulthood, they can become good or bad (especially bad if environment encourages) according to influence of environment (parents, teachers, surrounding people, etc.). But it is easier to change from good to bad than bad to good. It takes more effort to change from bad to good than vice versa.-According to philosophy of Theravada Buddhism, personality is learned as it was acquired from previous life (his/her repeated actions at that life). In one person's life, his/her actions, which he/she repeatedly does, become his/her habits, behaviors, and then become personality.---(Very) Long Answer (or explanation)Tabula rasa (Children are blank slate)-Tabula rasa, means "blank slate" in Latin and originates from the Roman tabula-The term also is used as the name of an epistemological theory that individuals are born without built-in mental content and that all of their knowledge comes from experience and perception.Human intellect at birth resembled a tabula rasa, a pure potentiality that is actualized through education and comes to know. Persian philosopher Ibn SinaAt birth the (human) mind is a "blank slate" without rules for processing data, and that data is added and rules for processing are formed solely by one's sensory experiences. John Locke-Generally, the tabula rasa thesis favour the "nurture" side of the nature versus nurture debate, when it comes to aspects of one's personality, social and emotional behaviour, and intelligence.-Scholarly and popular discussion about nature and nurture relates to the relative importance of an individual's innate qualities (nature) as compared to an individual's personal experiences (nurture) in causing individual differences in physical and behavioral traits.FromTabula rasa - WikipediaNature versus nurture - Wikipedia-Fall of the Tabula rasa (Blank slate) concept-Generations later, people questioned about the blank state theory of mind. When observating the children, they found out that the children had distinct personalities, characters, talent since young. Within same culture, within same environment and even within same big families, some children were introvert, some were extrovert, some were easily angry, some had sence of humor, some learnt easily in studying, some had talents in arts, music, dancing, playing piano, etc, some had talent in different sports since young, majority of children had sense of morality since young (they knew what is good, what is bad without learning from adults).-Some researchers even found out that they could predict which children will be succesful in later life, who would complete university education by doing so simple experiment to the children.(The Stanford marshmallow experiment was a series of studies on delayed gratification in the late 1960s and early 1970s led by psychologist Walter Mischel, then a professor at Stanford University. In these studies, a child (4-7 years of age) was offered a choice between one small reward (sometimes a marshmallow, but often a cookie or a pretzel, etc.) provided immediately or two small rewards if he or she waited until the tester returned (after an absence of approximately 15 minutes). In follow-up studies, the researchers found that children who were able to wait longer for the preferred rewards tended to have better life outcomes, as measured by SAT scores, educational attainment, body mass index (BMI) and other life measures.From Stanford marshmallow experiment)-The children are morally good at birth-Regarding the morality, even children under 2 yars old can tell, to an extent, what is good and bad, and often act in an altruistic fashion.(The last few years produced a spate of related studies hinting that, far from being born a “perfect idiot,” as Jean-Jacques Rousseau argued, or a selfish brute, as Thomas Hobbes feared, a child arrives in the world provisioned with rich, broadly pro-social tendencies and seems predisposed to care about other people. Children can tell, to an extent, what is good and bad, and often act in an altruistic fashion. “Giving Leads to Happiness in Young Children,” a study of under-2-year-olds concluded. “Babies Know What’s Fair” was the upshot of another study, of 19- and 21-month-olds. Toddlers, the new literature suggests, are particularly equitable. They are natural helpers, aiding distressed others at a cost to themselves, growing concerned if someone shreds another person’s artwork and divvying up earnings after a shared task, whether the spoils take the form of detested rye bread or precious Gummy Bears.From https://www.smithsonianmag.com/s... )--(The Genesis of Justice-Before all learning, an infant’s mind has a sense of right and wrongEvidence that these moral emotions are deeply entrenched in human nature may be found in a series of experiments with babies, brilliantly synthesized in the book Just Babies: The Origins of Good and Evil (Crown, 2013) by Yale University psychologist Paul Bloom.In Bloom’s laboratory, a one-year-old baby watched puppets enact a morality play. One puppet rolled a ball to a second puppet, who passed the ball back. The first puppet then rolled the ball to a different puppet, who ran off with the ball. The baby was next given a choice between taking a treat away from the “nice” puppet or the “naughty” one. As Bloom predicted, the infant removed the treat from the naughty puppet—which is what most babies do in this experiment. But for this little moralist, removing a positive reinforcement (the treat) was not enough. “The boy then leaned over and smacked this puppet on the head,” Bloom recounts. In his inchoate moral mind, punishment was called for.From https://michaelshermer.com/2014/... )--So we can conclude that the children are good in nature since birth.-Or is it?--(The psychopath since youngThe psychopaths have developmentally problems in their brain structure since young and it is not their fault to become a psychopath.This weekend, The New York Times Magazine's powerful cover story, "Can You Call a 9-Year-Old a Psychopath?," explored the experience of a Florida family whose son, Michael, was found to be "two standard deviations outside the normal range for callous-unemotional behavior" -- possibly “prepsychopathic."From https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2... )-(……. Michael’s problems started, according to his mother, around age 3, shortly after his brother Allan was born. At the time, she said, Michael was mostly just acting “like a brat,” but his behavior soon escalated to throwing tantrums during which he would scream and shriek inconsolably. These weren’t ordinary toddler’s fits. “It wasn’t, ‘I’m tired’ or ‘I’m frustrated’ — the normal things kids do,” Anne remembered. “His behavior was really out there. And it would happen for hours and hours each day, no matter what we did.” For several years, Michael screamed every time his parents told him to put on his shoes or perform other ordinary tasks, like retrieving one of his toys from the living room. “Going somewhere, staying somewhere — anything would set him off,” Miguel said. These furies lasted well beyond toddlerhood. At 8, Michael would still fly into a rage when Anne or Miguel tried to get him ready for school, punching the wall and kicking holes in the door. Left unwatched, he would cut up his trousers with scissors or methodically pull his hair out. He would also vent his anger by slamming the toilet seat down again and again until it broke.From Can You Call a 9-Year-Old a Psychopath? By JENNIFER KAHN, May 11, 2012 The New York Times Magazine)--So we can conclude that the psychopath have developmental problems in their brain structure since young or once they are born.-( Psychopaths are unable to show empathy toward others because their brains aren't wired to do so, according to a new study in JAMA Psychiatry.Researchers found that those who scored higher on the psychopathy test experienced less activation in the amygdala, ventromedial prefrontal cortex, lateral orbitofrontal cortex, and periaqueductal gray brain regions, compared with those who scored lower on the test. Those who scored higher on the psychopathy test had more activation of the striatum and insula brain regions -- the insula brain region is known to play a role in emotion, researchers noted.From Psychopaths' Brains Aren't Wired To Show Empathy, Study Finds )--So it is not their fault that they become criminals because they can't control their brain.-Or is it?--Psychopath brain or Psychopath personality with ?? successful people(In 2005, James Fallon's life started to resemble the plot of a well-honed joke or big-screen thriller: A neuroscientist is working in his laboratory one day when he thinks he has stumbled upon a big mistake. He is researching Alzheimer's and using his healthy family members' brain scans as a control, while simultaneously reviewing the fMRIs of murderous psychopaths for a side project. It appears, though, that one of the killers' scans has been shuffled into the wrong batch.The scans are anonymously labeled, so the researcher has a technician break the code to identify the individual in his family, and place his or her scan in its proper place. When he sees the results, however, Fallon immediately orders the technician to double check the code. But no mistake has been made: The brain scan that mirrors those of the psychopaths is his own.From https://www.theatlantic.com/heal... )--Suddenly there are a lot of articles about psychopathic personality traits with successful people.-( Can Psychopathic Personality Traits Predict Successful Presidents?Could psychopathic personality traits be a sign of a good leader?by Romeo Vitelli, Ph.D. in Media SpotlightFrom Can Psychopathic Personality Traits Predict Successful Presidents?-Psychopathic Traits: What Successful Presidents Have in CommonPresidential success is linked with fearless dominance, a psychopathic trait of boldness that can sometimes turn recklessBy Maia Szalavitz @maiaszFrom Psychopathic Traits: What Successful Presidents Have in Common | TIME Homepage-Cool under pressure? Easy social charm? You might just be a psychopath. A new book says that most of the world’s most successful people—presidents, doctors, CEOs—are just that. Robert Herritt on how you too can unlock your inner psychopath.Unlock Your Inner Psychopath: Kevin Dutton’s ‘The Wisdom of Psychopaths’From http://kevindutton.co.uk/wisdom-... )--And what about genetic inheritance from ancestors with bad characters?-Once, Australia, especially Tasmania, was a place to send convicts from British Colony. An estimated one in five Australians has convict ancestry. In Tasmania, the figure is even higher. In 2009, 74% of Tasmania’s population was estimated to be descended from convicts. A 2001 Victorian parliamentary report on crime in Australia found that Tasmania had the second-lowest crime rate in the nation.--(From Companion to Tasmanian historyBetween 1803 and 1853 approximately 75,000 convicts served time in Van Diemen's Land. Of these 67,000 were shipped from British and Irish ports and the remainder were either locally convicted, or transported from other British colonies. This represents about 45 percent of all convicts landed in Australia and 15–20 percent of all those transported within the British Empire in the period 1615–1920.From http://www.utas.edu.au/library/c... )--(From The story of Australia’s last convictsJanuary 9, 2018The Hougoumont, the last ship to take convicts from the UK to Australia, docked in Fremantle, Western Australia, on January 9, 1868 – 150 years ago. It brought an end to a process which deposited about 168,000 convicted prisoners in Australia after it began in 1788.Convicts had ceased to be sent to New South Wales and Van Diemen’s Land (Tasmania) decades earlier, but Western Australia still wanted convict labour to help with building projects. By the time the Hougoumont landed its shipment of 281 convicts, the Swan River penal colony in Western Australia had been reliant on convict labour for 18 years, and received almost 10,000 male prisoners from Britain.http://theconversation.com/the-s... )--(From Stain or badge of honour? Convict heritage inspires mixed feelingsJune 8, 2015A recent report in Molecular Psychiatry identified a “warrior gene” connected to criminal behaviour. This inspired renewed speculation that a convict ancestry might make Australians more predisposed to violent crime.This fear of genetic contamination from convict ancestors has existed in Australia since early settlement. Between 1788 and the end of transportation in 1868, around 162,000 convicts were sent to the colonies of New South Wales, Van Diemen’s Land and Western Australia.An estimated one in five Australians has convict ancestry. In Tasmania, the figure is even higher. In 2009, 74% of Tasmania’s population was estimated to be descended from convicts.In 1856, Van Diemen’s Land was renamed Tasmania in an attempt to purge its convict past.And the fear that we might be cursed with a genetic predisposition towards criminal behaviour? A 2001 Victorian parliamentary report on crime in Australia found that, adjusted for population, Tasmania – with the highest proportion of convict descendants – had the second-lowest crime rate in the nation.https://theconversation.com/stai... )--So according to science, human life becomes more and more complex and confused. There are a lot of contradictions.-Human beings are born blank in brain and learn from environment they are raised to become what they are in adult, it is thought at first.-Later human beings are set in characters, personalities, intelligence since birth and they have no free will, it is thought like that later.-Human beings may or may not be successful in spite of their psychopath brain.----According to evolution, all the life in earth were arise from simple DNA. First it started as a single cell as an unicellular organism and later evolved into complex multicellular organism. All those organisms are related and evolved by the simple DNA instruction. Charles Darwin was the first to formulate a scientific argument for the theory of evolution by means of natural selection.-So DNA is the life of organism. No DNA, no life.-In human being, DNA of the child of is given by mother and father. The child's external features (physical characteristics) are built up according to those shared DNA. So scientists figure that the internal characteristics (Personalities, intelligence quotient, Emotional Intelligence, etc) of the child must be also derived from the parents.-When DNA makes a human being, mind spontaneously occur in that human and it permanently disappear when that living being dies.--According to philosophy of Theravada Buddhism, each and every human being has own unique soul and when that human being dies, most of the souls has continual repetitive cycle of birth and death called samsara (not just in human world, also in other living worlds) according to his karma. In Buddhism, karma specifically refers to those actions of body, speech or mind that spring from mental intent ("cetana"), and bring about a consequence or fruit, (phala) or result (vipāka).-If that particular soul comes back to human world as rebirth, that particular human being will have distinct personality, I.Q, E.Q, behaviors, etc., according to his daily routine doings, habits. Those characters are not derived from his own parents, according to philosophy of Theravada Buddhism.-So one human being will have personality, intelligence distinct from his father and mother. In other words, if one pair of parents produces a lot, a lot of children, the parents will find that their children will have so many distinct personalities and intelligences different not only from the parents but also among the siblings.--In present day science of genetics and evolution concept, it cannot explain how the identical twins have different personalities, different I.Qs, different characters, different interests, different habits, different behaviors, different thinking processes, etc. Some one will see a lot of explanations with different mechanisms. But those different mechanisms can't explain the initial differences during the first 3- 5 years of ages. Genetics can only give identical external physical appearances. Genetics cannot determine so called internal characters. Those internal characters are determined (inherited) by different unique soul or spirit.-Although science cannot explain the cause of differences in internal characters between identical twins, extreme differences between children and their parents (i.e very, very far from the tree), those differences can be explained by rebirth concept.-According to philosophy of Theravada Buddhism, although the identical twins have identical physical appearances due to identical genes, each has different intelligence (I.Q), personality, character according to actions and habits, etc from previous individual's lifetime. So one will see different personality, character, intelligence and talent between identical twins. It must be miracle to see those identical twins have same or identical so-called internal characters between them because they have different souls. But science will not accept that kind of answer because science has no concept of soul and science denies concept of rebirth.-And those extreme differences will be more and more common in society like USA because USA is the land of immigrants and rebirths may (or may not) occur in family of different cultures, different concepts, different values, etc, because one cannot select to rebirth in family with same culture, race with previous one.-Which concept is right? One needs to look into identical twins studies without bias. Thousands of twins pairs were studied by scientists in the past. Or one can ask directly to those twins or their parents if you have friends with them.--On Same psychopath trait with different futuresIt is better to make enemy with a wise man than to make a friend with a fool. A wise man will not harm other people for the fear of bad consequence to himself.-Some people have psychopath brain change and personality and they develop into criminals in later life. But some people have psychopath brain change and personality and they develop into successful people in late life. Why?-Because they have different intelligence, wisdom.-If a person with psychopath personality has high I.Q, he will control his impulse because he the bad consequence and he will develop his personality as a advantage to be successful in his career.-If a person with psychopath personality has low I.Q, he cannot control his impulse and he will become a bad guy in later life.-So where does that high I.Q come from? If a person made a lot of learning, studying in previous life, he will find that it is easy to learn, easy to study in later life and he can have high I.Q. (If you find a person with much higher I.Q than you, he may work harder, learn harder, study harder than you in at least one lifetime ahead of you.--So,-Human beings are not blank slate at birth. According to philosophy of Theravada Buddhism, some (majority of) people are born good regardless of their good or bad environment or good or bad behaviors of their parents. Some (small number of) people are born bad regardless of their good or bad environment or good or bad behaviors of their parents, too.-According to philosophy of Theravada Buddhism, personality is learned as it was acquired from previous life (his/her repeated actions at that life). In one person's life, his/her actions, which he/she repeatedly does, become his/her habits, behaviors, and then become personality.-That does not means their good or bad behaviors, attitudes are fixed since birth. they can change from good to bad or bad to good during their lifetime. During the growing period from childhood to adulthood, they can become good or bad (especially bad if environment encourages) according to influence of environment (parents, teachers, surrounding people, etc). But it is easier to change from good to bad. It takes more effort to change from bad to good.---From the perspective of Theravada Buddhism on why majority of people are born good and small number of people are born bad-If all human beings are inherently good, there is no question for inherently good or inherently bad because everyone will observe all human beings as inherently good since young.-If all human beings are inherently bad, there is no question for inherently good or inherently bad because everyone will observe all human beings as inherently bad since young.-So some human beings are inherently good and some human beings are inherently bad because people observe as such.-So what's the cause of inherently good or bad?-It is not genetic because if it is genetic, science will have discovered by now.-It is not genetic because one can observe that both inherently good parents can have inherently bad children. Likewise, both inherently bad parents can have inherently good children.-It is not environment because even the extremely poor parents with extremely bad environment can have inherently good children. Likewise, even the extremely rich family with extremely good environment can have inherently bad children.-But during the individual growth process (after birth), inherently good children are easier to become bad if they meet bad environment and bad influence. Inherently bad children are not easy to become good even if they meet good environment and good influence.-It is easier to become bad during the growth of children because it does not need much effort to do bad things and it needs much effort to do good.-It is harder to become good during the growth of children because it needs much effort to restrain from doing bad.-According to this philosophy, more and more bad people should appear in the world. Nature favors to appear the bad behaviors. If inherently good and inherently bad behaviors appear randomly, people would see inherently good and bad children in one to one ratio (half and half in population) in their childhood before the influence of environment. Or one should see more inherently bad children than good children in their childhood because nature appears to favor bad behaviors.-According to philosophy of Theravada Buddhism (If one accepts Buddhism as truth, not as a religion), human life is hard to get. Those with good behaviors in past life can return to human life if they are not released from cycles of life because human life is one of good destination and one can work hard to release from cycle of life in human life. Those with bad behaviors in past life rarely come back to human life because human life is one of good destination. So if one who has previous life with good behaviors and the other who has previous life with bad behaviors competes for one human life, one who has previous life with good behaviors has more chance to come back to human life again. If he comes back to human life again, he will be inherently good because of previous habits. So according to philosophy of Theravada Buddhism, people will see more inherently good children than inherently bad ones because human life is one of the good destinations.-…….. "Suppose a man were to throw a large boulder into a deep lake of water, and a great crowd of people, gathering & congregating, would pray, praise, & circumambulate with their hands palm-to-palm over the heart [saying,] 'Rise up, O boulder! Come floating up, O boulder! Come float to the shore, O boulder!' What do you think: would that boulder — because of the prayers, praise, & circumambulation of that great crowd of people — rise up, come floating up, or come float to the shore?""No, lord.""So it is with any man who takes life, steals, indulges in illicit sex; is a liar, one who speaks divisive speech, abusive speech, & idle chatter; is covetous, malevolent, & holds to wrong views. Even though a great crowd of people, gathering & congregating, would pray, praise, & circumambulate with their hands palm-to-palm over the heart — [saying,] 'May this man, at the break-up of the body, after death, reappear in a good destination, the heavenly world!' — still, at the break-up of the body, after death, he would reappear in destitution, a bad destination, the lower realms, hell. ……………….. "Now, suppose a man were to throw a jar of ghee or a jar of oil into a deep lake of water, where it would break. There the shards & jar-fragments would go down, while the ghee or oil would come up. Then a great crowd of people, gathering & congregating, would pray, praise, & circumambulate with their hands palm-to-palm over the heart [saying,] 'Sink, O ghee/oil! Submerge, O ghee/oil! Go down, O ghee/oil!' What do you think: would that ghee/oil, because of the prayers, praise, & circumambulation of that great crowd of people sink, submerge, or go down?""No, lord.""So it is with any man who refrains from taking life, from stealing, & from indulging in illicit sex; he refrains from lying, from speaking divisive speech, from abusive speech, & from idle chatter; he is not covetous, not malevolent, & holds to right view. Even though a great crowd of people, gathering & congregating, would pray, praise, & circumambulate with their hands palm-to-palm over the heart — [saying,] 'May this man, at the break-up of the body, after death, reappear in a destitution, a bad destination, the lower realms, hell!' — still, at the break-up of the body, after death, he would reappear in a good destination, the heavenly world."From SN 42.6 Paccha-bhumika Sutta---According to Philosophy of Theravada Buddhism, morality is better (less difficult and less troublesome, of greater fruit and of greater advantage) than becoming a Buddhist.-In some Suttas from Theravada Buddhism, Gotama Buddha said that undertaking five precepts is less difficult and less troublesome, of greater fruit and of greater advantage than accepting guidance from Buddha (He who with trusting heart takes a Buddha as his guide, and the truth, and the Order). In other words, The reason Buddhism appears among human beings is just to remind people about the law of nature.-…. "Venerable Sir, I have heard this: 'The recluse Gotama claims to be omniscient and all seeing, to have complete knowledge and vision thus: "Whether I am walking or standing or sleeping or awake, knowledge and vision are continuously and uninterruptedly present to me."'"Vaccha, those who say thus do not say what has been said by me but misrepresent me with what is untrue and contrary to fact.""Vaccha, if you answer thus: 'The recluse Gotama has the threefold true knowledge,' you will be saying what has been said by me and will not misrepresent me with what is contrary to fact. You will explain in accordance with the Dhamma in such a way that nothing which provides a ground for censure can be legitimately deduced from your assertion."For in so far as I wish, I recollect my manifold past lives, that is, one birth, two births, three births,… a hundred births, … a hundred thousand births, … And in so far as I wish, with the divine eye, which is purified and surpasses the human, I see beings passing away and reappearing, inferior and superior, fair and ugly, fortunate and unfortunate, and I understand how beings pass on according to their actions thus: 'These worthy being as who are ill-conducted in body, speech, and mind, revilers of noble ones, wrong in their views, giving effect to wrong view in their actions, on the dissolution of the body, after death, have reappeared in a state of deprivation, in a bad destination, in perdition, even in hell; but these worthy being as who are well-conducted in body, speech, and mind, not revilers of noble ones, right in their views, giving effect to right view in their actions, on the dissolution of the body, after death, have reappeared in a good destination, even in the heavenly world.' And by realizing for myself with direct knowledge, I here and now enter upon and abide in the deliverance of mind and deliverance by wisdom that are taintless with the destruction of the taints.From http://tipitaka.wikia.com/wiki/Tevijja-Vacchagotta_Sutta-……………….. 'Is there, O Gotama, any other sacrifice less difficult and less troublesome, with more fruit and more advantage still than this?''Yes, O Brahman, there is.'‘The perpetual gifts kept up in a family where they are given specifically to virtuous recluses.‘To the latter sort of sacrifice, O Brahman, neither will the Arahats go, nor such as have entered on the Arahat way. And why not? Because at it beating with sticks takes place, and seizing by the throat. But they will go to the former, where such things are not. And therefore are such perpetual gifts above the other sort of sacrifice.''And is there, O Gotama, any other sacrifice less difficult and less troublesome, of greater fruit and of greater advantage than either of these?'"the putting up of a dwelling place (Vihara) on behalf of the Order in all the four directions.''And is there, O Gotama, any other sacrifice less difficult and less troublesome, of greater fruit and of greater advantage than each and all of these three?'‘He who with trusting heart takes a Buddha as his guide, and the truth, and the Order -- that is a sacrifice better than open largesse, better than perpetual alms, better than the gift to a dwelling place.''And is there, O Gotama, any other sacrifice less difficult and less troublesome, of greater fruit and of greater advantage than all these four?''When a man with trusting heart takes upon himself the precepts -- abstinence from destroying life; abstinence from taking what has not been given abstinence from evil; conduct in respect of lusts; abstinence from lying words; abstinence from strong, intoxicating, maddening drinks, the root of carelessness -- that is a sacrifice better than open largesse, better than perpetual alms, better than the gift of dwelling places, better than accepting guidance.'From http://tipitaka.wikia.com/wiki/K...-…….. "If one with a confident mind were to go to the Buddha, Dhamma, & Sangha for refuge, that would be more fruitful than...the gift, the great gift, that Velama the brahman gave, and (in addition to that) if one were to feed one person... 100 people consummate in view, and were to feed one once-returner... 100 once-returners, and were to feed one non-returner... 100 non-returners, and were to feed one arahant... 100 arahants, and were to feed one Private Buddha... 100 Private Buddhas, and were to feed a Tathagata(Buddha) — a worthy one, rightly self-awakened — and were to feed a community of monks headed by the Buddha, and if one were to have a dwelling built and dedicated to the Community of the four directions."If one with a confident mind were to undertake the training rules — refraining from taking life, refraining from taking what is not given, refraining from illicit sex, refraining from lying, refraining from distilled & fermented drinks that cause heedlessness — that would be more fruitful than the gift, the great gift, that Velama the brahman gave, and (in addition to that) if one were to feed one person... 100 people consummate in view, and were to feed one once-returner... 100 once-returners, and were to feed one non-returner... 100 non-returners, and were to feed one arahant... 100 arahants, and were to feed one Private Buddha... 100 Private Buddhas, and were to feed a Tathagata(Buddha) — a worthy one, rightly self-awakened — and were to feed a community of monks headed by the Buddha, and were to have a dwelling built and dedicated to the Community of the four directions, and if one with a confident mind were to go to the Buddha, Dhamma, & Sangha for refuge."If one were to develop even just one whiff of a heart of good will, that would be more fruitful than... if one with a confident mind were to undertake the training rules..."If one were to develop even for just a finger-snap the perception of inconstancy, that would be more fruitful than the gift, the great gift, that Velama the brahman gave, and (in addition to that) if one were to feed one person... 100 people consummate in view, and were to feed one once-returner... 100 once-returners, and were to feed one non-returner... 100 non-returners, and were to feed one arahant... 100 arahants, and were to feed one Private Buddha... 100 Private Buddhas, and were to feed a Tathagata(Buddha) — a worthy one, rightly self-awakened — and were to feed a community of monks headed by the Buddha, and were to have a dwelling built and dedicated to the Community of the four directions, and with a confident mind were to go to the Buddha, Dhamma, & Sangha for refuge, and with a confident mind were to undertake the training rules — refraining from taking life, refraining from taking what is not given, refraining from illicit sex, refraining from lying, refraining from distilled & fermented drinks that cause heedlessness — and were to develop even just one whiff of a heart of good will."From http://tipitaka.wikia.com/wiki/A...---Should you accept that kind of explanation?…… Then the Kalamas said to the Blessed One:“There are, Lord, some ascetics and brahmins who come to Kesaputta. They explain and elucidate their own doctrines, but disparage, debunk, revile and vilify the doctrines of others. But then some other ascetics and brahmins come to Kesaputta, and they too explain and elucidate their own doctrines, but disparage, debunk, revile and vilify the doctrines of the others. For us, Lord, there is perplexity and doubt as to which of these good ascetics speak truth and which speak falsehood.” ……….From 65. To the Kalamas

Q. Is intelligence decreasing or increasing with each generation?The Flynn effect is the substantial and long-sustained increase in both fluid and crystallized intelligence test scores that were measured in many parts of the world over the 20th century. When intelligence quotient (IQ) tests are initially standardized using a sample of test-takers, by convention the average of the test results is set to 100 and their standard deviation is set to 15 or 16 IQ points. When IQ tests are revised, they are again standardized using a new sample of test-takers, usually born more recently than the first. Again, the average result is set to 100. However, when the new test subjects take the older tests, in almost every case their average scores are significantly above 100.Test score increases have been continuous and approximately linear from the earliest years of testing to the present. For the Raven's Progressive Matrices test, a study published in the year 2009 found that British children's average scores rose by 14 IQ points from 1942 to 2008. Similar gains have been observed in many other countries in which IQ testing has long been widely used, including other Western European countries, Japan, and South Korea.There are numerous proposed explanations of the Flynn effect, as well as some skepticism about its implications. Similar improvements have been reported for other cognitions such as semantic and episodic memory. Research suggests that there is an ongoing reversed Flynn effect, i.e. a decline in IQ scores, in Norway, Denmark, Australia, Britain, the Netherlands, Sweden, Finland, France and German-speaking countries, a development which appears to have started in the 1990s.From Flynn effect - Wikipedia-Very Very Long Answer(Note: Short answer is at the end of this answer in bold italic words.)1. Genetics and intelligenceResearchers Identify Intelligence Gene NetworksDec 22, 2015 by EditorsA group of scientists led by Imperial College London researcher Michael Johnson has identified two ‘gene networks’ associated with human cognitive abilities.The newly identified gene-regulatory networks, named M1 and M3, appear to influence cognitive function.The M3 network consists of 150 genes, and M1 has more than 1,100 genes. The networks are likely to be under the control of master regulator switches.“We know that genetics plays a major role in intelligence but until now haven’t known which genes are relevant. This research highlights some of genes involved in human intelligence, and how they interact with each other,”“What’s exciting about this is that the genes we have found are likely to share a common regulation, which means that potentially we can manipulate a whole set of genes whose activity is linked to human intelligence.”From http://www.sci-news.com/…/intelligence-gene-networks-03530.…From http://www.nature.com/…/jou…/vaop/ncurrent/full/nn.4205.html-2. Genetics and intelligence - Luck and random accidents make genes to develop intelligence..... new studies looking for small effects of thousands of genes in large samples have pinpointed a few genetic loci that each accounts for a fraction of an IQ point. More studies are in the pipeline and will link those genes to brain development, showing that they are not statistical curiosities. The emerging picture is that most behavioral traits are affected by many, many genes, each accounting for a tiny percentage of the variance.What is the additional factor shaping us that cannot be identified with our genes or families? The answer may be luck. We’ve long known that the genome can’t wire the brain down to the last synapse, so there is tremendous room for unpredictable zigzags in development.Random accidents also shape the genome itself. Each of us inherits about 60 new mutations, and as we live our lives, our neurons fill up with still more mutations, which can affect how our brains work. We are all mutants, so our genes may have an even bigger role in shaping us and our children than we thought.FromSteven Pinker on New Advances in Behavioral GeneticsFrom http://graphics.wsj.com/…/steven-pinker-on-new-advances-in-…-3. Genetics and intelligence-In Western philosophy of science, all is based on materialism. All about living materials are based on genetics. Evolution of living organisms from simple unicellular organisms into complex multicellular animals (including human beings) is under the influence of genes. What makes those genes evolve like that? Genes themselves make it. If one gives enough time, continuous combination of genes (causing different arrangements of sequences of genes) will make evolution complete. So genes are everything. All the living things including human beings are under the influence of genes.-What makes human beings distinct from other animals? Intelligence. What makes human beings have that unique intelligence? Give genes enough time to have random different combination of genetic sequence, some sequences of genetic arrangement will make some kind of change in neuronal network in brain causing intelligence!-So all the differences of human beings from other animals including intelligence are due to random effect of genes.-So all the innate behaviors of human beings are due to luck, due to random sequence of genetic combination.-So scientists are looking for the genetic information for intelligence because it is the shortcut for further advancement of human beings. If one finds the sequence of genes for intelligence, and if one can manipulate and insert that sequence into future generation, those people will become super-intelligent ones without any other effort.-4. Genetics and intelligenceZhao’s goal is to use those machines to examine the genetic underpinnings of genius like his own. He wants nothing less than to crack the code for intelligence by studying the genomes of thousands of prodigies, not just from China but around the world. He and his collaborators, a transnational group of intelligence researchers, fully expect they will succeed in identifying a genetic basis for IQ. They also expect that within a decade their research will be used to screen embryos during in vitro fertilization, boosting the IQ of unborn children by up to 20 points. In theory, that’s the difference between a kid who struggles through high school and one who sails into college.From https://www.wired.com/2013/07/ge...-Now, researchers at BGI (formerly the Beijing Genomics Institute) in Shenzhen, China, the largest gene-sequencing facility in the world, are searching for the quirks of DNA that may contribute to such gifts. Plunging into an area that is littered with failures and riven with controversy, the researchers are scouring the genomes of 1,600 of these high-fliers in an ambitious project to find the first common genetic variants associated with human intelligence.FRom https://www.nature.com/news/chin...--Problem with geneticsTransmission of intelligence-Intelligence Is in the Genes, but Where? Most Genes Thought to Be Linked to Intelligence Probably Have No Bearing On IQOct. 2, 2012 — You can thank your parents for your smarts -- or at least some of them. Psychologists have long known that intelligence, like most other traits, is partly genetic. But a new study led by psychological scientist Christopher Chabris of Union College reveals the surprising fact that most of the specific genes long thought to be linked to intelligence probably have no bearing on one's IQ. And it may be some time before researchers can identify intelligence's specific genetic roots.Chabris and David Laibson, a Harvard economist, led an international team of researchers that analyzed a dozen genes using large data sets that included both intelligence testing and genetic data.In nearly every case, the researchers found that intelligence could not be linked to the specific genes that were tested. The results are published online in Psychological Science, a journal of the Association for Psychological Science."In all of our tests we only found one gene that appeared to be associated with intelligence, and it was a very small effect. This does not mean intelligence does not have a genetic component. It means it's a lot harder to find the particular genes, or the particular genetic variants, that influence the differences in intelligence," said Chabris.It had long been believed, on the basis of studies of identical and fraternal twins, that intelligence was a heritable trait. The new research affirms that conclusion. But older studies that picked out specific genes had flaws, Chabris said, primarily because of technological limits that prevented researchers from probing more than a few locations in the human genome to find genes that affected intelligence."We want to emphasize that we are not saying the people who did earlier research in this area were foolish or wrong," Chabris said. "They were using the best technology and information they had available. At the time, it was believed that individual genes would have a much larger effect -- they were expecting to find genes that might each account for several IQ points."Chabris said additional research is needed to determine the exact role genes play in intelligence."As is the case with other traits, like height, there are probably thousands of genes and their variants that are associated with intelligence," he said. "And there may be other genetic effects beyond the single gene effects. There could be interactions among genes, or interactions between genes and the environment. Our results show that the way researchers have been looking for genes that may be related to intelligence -- the candidate gene method -- is fairly likely to result in false positives, so other methods should be used."ReferenceC. F. Chabris, B. M. Hebert, D. J. Benjamin, J. Beauchamp, D. Cesarini, M. van der Loos, M. Johannesson, P. K. E. Magnusson, P. Lichtenstein, C. S. Atwood, J. Freese, T. S. Hauser, R. M. Hauser, N. Christakis, D. Laibson. Most Reported Genetic Associations With General Intelligence Are Probably False Positives. Psychological Science, 2012; DOI: 10.1177/0956797611435528--Tabula rasa (Children are blank slate)-Tabula rasa, means "blank slate" in Latin and originates from the Roman tabula.-The term also is used as the name of an epistemological theory that individuals are born without built-in mental content and that all of their knowledge comes from experience and perception.Human intellect at birth resembled a tabula rasa, a pure potentiality that is actualized through education and comes to know. Persian philosopher Ibn SinaAt birth the (human) mind is a "blank slate" without rules for processing data, and that data is added and rules for processing are formed solely by one's sensory experiences. John Locke-Generally, the tabula rasa thesis favour the "nurture" side of the nature versus nurture debate, when it comes to aspects of one's personality, social and emotional behaviour, and intelligence.-Scholarly and popular discussion about nature and nurture relates to the relative importance of an individual's innate qualities (nature) as compared to an individual's personal experiences (nurture) in causing individual differences in physical and behavioral traits.FromTabula rasa - WikipediaNature versus nurture - Wikipedia-Fall of the Tabula rasa (Blank slate) concept-Generations later, people questioned about the blank state theory of mind. When observating the children, they found out that the children had distinct personalities, characters, talent since young. Within same culture, within same environment and even within same big families, some children were introvert, some were extrovert, some were easily angry, some had sence of humor, some learnt easily in studying, some had talents in arts, music, dancing, playing piano, etc, some had talent in different sports since young, majority of children had sense of morality since young (they knew what is good, what is bad without learning from adults).-Some researchers even found out that they could predict which children will be succesful in later life, who would complete university education by doing so simple experiment to the children.-(The Stanford marshmallow experiment was a series of studies on delayed gratification in the late 1960s and early 1970s led by psychologist Walter Mischel, then a professor at Stanford University. In these studies, a child (4-7 years of age) was offered a choice between one small reward (sometimes a marshmallow, but often a cookie or a pretzel, etc.) provided immediately or two small rewards if he or she waited until the tester returned (after an absence of approximately 15 minutes). In follow-up studies, the researchers found that children who were able to wait longer for the preferred rewards tended to have better life outcomes, as measured by SAT scores, educational attainment, body mass index (BMI) and other life measures.From Stanford marshmallow experiment)-Fall of the Blank slate and rise of the role of genes-Some researchers even said that whether the children will be successful in later life was already determined by the time they were born.(In late 1990s, US department of Education undertook a project called the early childhood longitudinal study (ECLS). It sought to measure the academic progress of more than 20000 children from kindergarden through the fifth grade. The subjects were chosen from across the country to represent an accurate cross section of American schoolchildren. The result is an incredibly rich set of data which tells some surprising stories.--Following factors are strongly correlated with test scores.The child has highly educated parents.The child’s parents have high socioeconomic status.The child’s mother was thirty or older at the time of her first child’s birth.The child had low birthweight. (Negative correlation)The child is adopted. (Negative correlation)The child’s parents are involved in the PTAThe child has many books in his home.--Following factors are not correlated with test scores.The child’s family is intact.The child’s parents recently moved into a better neighbourhood.The child’s mother didn’t work between birth and kindergarten.The child attended Head Start. (Federal preschool program for poor children)The child’s parents regularly take him to museums.The child is regularly spanked.The child frequently watches television.In addition, ECLS data show no correlation between computer use and school test scores.The child’s parents read to him nearly everyday.-To overgeneralize a bit, the strongly correlated factors describe things that parents are. The non correlated factors describe things that parents do.-By the time most people pick up a parenting book, it is far too late. Most of the things that matter were decided long ago – who you are, whom you married, what kind of life you lead. If you are smart, hardworking, well educated, well paid, and married to someone equally fortunate, then you children are likely to succeed. But it isn’t so much a matter of what you do as a parent; it’s who you are.-So how much do parents really matter?-The previous data have made it clear that parents matter a great deal in some regards (most have been determined by the time a child is born.) and not at all in others (the one we obsess about).-But there is also a huge random effects. You may have known some intelligent and devoted parents who child went badly off the rails. You may have also known of the opposite instance, where a child succeeds despite his parents’ worst intention and habits.From What makes a perfect parent?Excerpt from Freakonomics)--So children's success in later life are set by their parents' genes. The parents with good genes determine the fate of their children. Or is it?--The higher IQs the parents have, the more likely the children have ????--Autism Clusters Found in California's Major CitiesCalifornia scientists have identified autism clusters where children are twice as likely to have autism and mostly have highly educated parentsJan 6, 2010 |By Marla Cone and Environmental Health NewsFrom scientificamerican.co...--Are Geeky Couples More Likely to Have Kids with Autism?Children of scientists and engineers may inherit genes that not only confer intellectual talents but also predispose them to autism-By Simon Baron-CohenIn 1997 my colleague Sally Wheelwright and I conducted a study involving nearly 2,000 families in the U.K. We included about half these families because they had at least one child with autism, a developmental condition in which individuals have difficulty communicating and interacting with others and display obsessive behaviors. The other families had children with a diagnosis of Tourette's syndrome, Down syndrome or language delays but not autism. We asked parents in each family a simple question: What was their job? Many mothers had not worked outside the home, so we could not use their data, but the results from fathers were intriguing: 12.5 percent of fathers of children with autism were engineers, compared with only 5 percent of fathers of children without autism.From Are Geeky Couples More Likely to Have Kids with Autism?--Rise in autism 'may be linked to clever parents'Scientists are testing the theory that intelligent parents are fuelling the rise in the number of autistic children.Nov 2011A team of researchers at Cambridge University is exploring the link between high-achieving parents, such as engineers, scientists and computer programmers, and the development of their children.Professor Simon Baron-Cohen, director of the Autism Research Centre at the university, said there were signs that adults who work in science and maths-based jobs were more likely to have autistic children."A clear test of the hypothesis will enable us to test if couples who are both strong systemisers, for example, those who studied and works in STEM subjects (science, technology, engineerings and maths) and other fields related to systemising, are more likely to have a child with an autism spectrum diagnosis than couples where only one is a strong systemiser, or where neither is," he said.The study will involve recruiting graduates to survey the development of their children along with the subject studied at university to test the theory, which has already been highlighted in other research.In 2001, a report found mathematicians had higher rates of autism than other professions. A study in 1997 found the children and grandchildren of engineers were more likely to be autistic.From Rise in autism 'may be linked to clever parents' - Telegraph--What Genius and Autism Have in CommonA study of eight child prodigies finds that share some striking characteristics, most notably high levels of autistic traits and an overrepresentation of autism in their close family membersBy Maia Szalavitz @maiaszJuly 10, 2012From 2012 | TIME.com...--????????????????????----According to evolution, all the life in earth were arise from simple DNA. First it started as a single cell as an unicellular organism and later evolved into complex multicellular organism. All those organisms are related and evolved by the simple DNA instruction. Charles Darwin was the first to formulate a scientific argument for the theory of evolution by means of natural selection.-So DNA is the life of organism. No DNA, no life.-At first (before DNA was discovered), people thought that the (human) mind at birth is a "blank slate" without rules for processing data, and that data is added and rules for processing are formed solely by one's sensory experiences in later life.-Later people found out that they could predict which children will be succesful in later life, who would complete university education by doing so simple experiment to the children.-Some researchers even said that whether the children will be successful in later life was already determined by the time they were born.-(After DNA was discovered) in human being, DNA of the child of is given by mother and father. The child's external features (physical characteristics) are built up according to those shared DNA. So scientists figure that the internal characteristics (Personalities, intelligence quotient, Emotional Intelligence, etc) of the child must be also derived from the parents.-So it seeemed like that children's success in later life are set by their parents' genes. The parents with good genes determine the fate of their children.-Then it was found that intelligent parents (scientists and engineers) had more autistic children than general population.---According to philosophy of Theravada Buddhism, each and every human being has own unique soul and when that human being dies, most of the souls has continual repetitive cycle of birth and death called samsara (not just in human world, also in other living worlds) according to his karma. In Buddhism, karma specifically refers to those actions of body, speech or mind that spring from mental intent ("cetana"), and bring about a consequence or fruit, (phala) or result (vipāka).-If that particular soul comes back to human world as rebirth, that particular human being will have distinct personality, I.Q, E.Q according to his daily routine doings, habits. Those characters are not derived from his own parents, according to philosophy of Theravada Buddhism.-So one human being will have personality, intelligence distinct from his father and mother. In other words, if one pair of parents produces a lot, a lot of children, the parents will find that their children will have so many distinct personalities and intelligences different not only from the parents but also among the siblings.-In science, it does not accept the concept of soul. When DNA makes a human being, mind spontaneously occur in that human and it permanently disappear when that living being dies.--And also, one can know the impact of genetics on one's intelligence by studying the identical twins.-According to present day science, identical twins must have very similar or same intelligence due to same DNAs in their bodies.-In present day science of genetics and evolution concept, it cannot explain how the identical twins have different personalities, different I.Qs, different characters, different interests, etc. Someone will see a lot of explanations with different mechanisms. But those different mechanisms can't explain the initial differences during the first 3- 5 years of ages. Genetics can only give identical external physical appearances. Genetics cannot determine so called internal characters. Those internal characters are determined (inherited) by different unique soul or spirit.-Although science cannot explain the cause of differences in internal characters between identical twins, extreme differences between children and their parents (i.e very, very far from the tree), those differences can be explained by rebirth concept.-According to philosophy of Theravada Buddhism, although the identical twins have identical physical appearances due to identical genes, each has different intelligence (I.Q), personality, character according to actions and habits, etc from previous individual's lifetime. So one will see different personality, character, intelligence and talent between identical twins. It must be miracle to see those identical twins have same or identical so-called internal characters between them because they have different souls. And those extreme differences will be more and more common in society like USA because USA is the land of immigrants and rebirths may occur in family of different cultures, different concepts, different values, etc. One cannot select to rebirth in family with same culture, race with previous one.-But science will not accept that kind of answer because science has no concept of soul and science denies concept of rebirth.-Which concept is right? One needs to look into identical twins studies. Thousands of twins pairs were studied by scientists in the past. Or one can ask directly to those twins or their parents if you have friends with them.-"But here some woman or man when visiting a monk or brahman, asks: 'What is wholesome, venerable sir? What is unwholesome? What is blamable? What is blameless? What should be cultivated? What should not be cultivated? What, by my doing it, will be long for my harm and suffering? Or what, by my doing it, will be long for my welfare and happiness?' Due to having performed and completed such kammas, on the dissolution of the body, after death, he reappears in a happy destination... If instead he comes to the human state, he is wise wherever he is reborn. This is the way that leads to wisdom, that is to say, when visiting a monk or brahman, to ask: 'What is wholesome, venerable sir?... Or what, by my doing it, will be long for my welfare and happiness?'"Beings are owners of kammas, student, heirs of kammas, they have kammas as their progenitor, kammas as their kin, kammas as their homing-place. It is kammas that differentiate beings according to inferiority and superiority."From Majjhima Nikaya 135 Cula-kammavibhanga Sutta--Child prodigy in piano playing-In psychology research literature, the term child prodigy is defined as person under the age of ten who produces meaningful output in some domain to the level of an adult expert performer. Child prodigies are rare, and in some domains there are no child prodigies at all. Prodigiousness in childhood does not always predict adult eminence. (From Wikipedia)-Some researchers believe that prodigious talent tends to arise as a result of the innate talent of the child, and the energetic and emotional investment that the child ventures. Others believe that the environment plays the dominant role, many times in obvious ways.-In child prodigy, there were many children talented in piano playing. They were recognized for piano playing ability since very young. Among them, many of them lost interest in piano playing in adulthood. Some of them continued to play in concert and are still famous as gifted piano players in later life. A small portion of them became famous composers in addition to gifted piano playing. What is certain is that those who continue to become musicians are devoting significant amount of time in practicing piano playing besides their in born talent of piano playing. It means they need a lot of practice to maintain the piano playing ability.-If someone is not a piano prodigy and if he is interested in playing piano, he has to do a lot of practice and needs a lot of years to become a professional piano player.-So what is the nature of child prodigy in piano playing? It is not due to inheritance from genetic traits because many of them have no talented piano players in their previous generations. Some said it is due to in-born trait (like just lucky brain development which makes one easy in learning piano playing).-In a book called the power of habit written by Charles Duhigg, there is a chapter about a man called Eugene Pauly who got viral encephalitis and it destroyed part of brain and made him permanent loss of the recent memory. He could remember his past, his previous experiences very well. But he could not remember what happened each and every moment after viral encephalitis. When he met a stranger and he was introduced to that man and made conversation with him for a time, he couldn't remember that particular man when he met again him later that day. He didn't even remember what he did an hour ago. After watching a particular TV program, when someone made him watch that again, he would watch that program as if entirely new to him. So he could not form recent memory and remote memory starting from the time of viral encephalitis.-When he was discharged from hospital, he and his wife moved into a new house with new environment. His doctors warned his wife not to get lose him. His wife took him on a walk outside their home, always together and always along the same route everyday for a period of time. But one day, Eugene went out without his wife and he returned safely later. When he was asked, he didn’t know whether he went out along and how he walked back home without losing his way.(……. It was clear to Squire (The scientist who made research on Eugene) that Eugene was absorbing new information. But where inside his brain was that information residing? How could someone find his way home when he had no idea which house was his? How were new patterns forming inside Eugene’s damaged brain?To test if Eugene was forming new habits, Squire devised an experiment. He took sixteen different objects—bits of plastic and brightly colored pieces of toys—and glued them to cardboard rectangles. He then divided them into eight pairs: choice A and choice B. In each pairing, one piece of cardboard, chosen at random, had a sticker placed on the bottom that read “correct.”Eugene was seated at a table, given a pair of objects, and asked to choose one. Next, he was told to turn over his choice to see if there was a “correct” sticker underneath. This is a common way to measure memory. Since there are only sixteen objects, and they are always presented in the same eight pairings, most people can memorize which item is “correct” after a few rounds.Eugene couldn’t remember any of the “correct” items, no matter how many times he did the test. He repeated the experiment twice a week for months, looking at forty pairings each day.But as the weeks passed, Eugene’s performance improved. After twenty-eight days of training, Eugene was choosing the “correct” object 85 percent of the time. At thirty-six days, he was right 95 percent of the time. After one test, Eugene looked at the researcher, bewildered by his success.“How am I doing this?” he asked her.The experiments demonstrated that Eugene had the ability to form new habits, even when they involved tasks or objects he couldn’t remember for more than a few seconds. This explained how Eugene managed to go for a walk every morning. …..Excerpt from the power of habit by Charles Duhigg)--Suppose that Eugene is able to remember what he does for one day and forgets on the second day. Suppose he has never used bow and arrow in his whole life. Suppose we train him to shoot a target with bow and arrow everyday. He will wake up everyday and he will feel that he has never practiced shooting a target with bow and arrow previously, his arrow shooting skill will get better and better day by day. And finally one day, he will very surprised to find himself that although he feels that he has never shot and practiced arrow shooting in the past, he can shoot straight into target nearly every time he makes attempts. He will be surprised and satisfied about his in-born skill (so he thought) of arrow shooting.-Just like above example, suppose that we train Eugene to play piano likewise, ..................……………………………………………………….-And finally one day, he will very surprised to find that although he has never learned to play the piano in the past (so he thought), he finds out that he can play the piano very well. He will be surprised and satisfied about his in-born skill (so he thought) of piano playing.-Just like above example, suppose a human being is interested in music and learns to play the piano his/her whole life and he/she can play the piano very well finally. He/She grows old and dies one day. Suppose that philosophy of Theravada Buddhism is true and each and every so-called soul or spirit or mind or consciousness will come into cycles of life unless he/she becomes liberated (reach Nirvana). Suppose that particular he/she comes back to human life. Suppose that although he/she cannot remember previous life, he/she will find out he/she can play piano very well since very young. People will be surprised about his/her in-born skill in piano playing. …………-Just like above example, suppose a human being is interested in (one particular subject) and learns and study (one particular subject) his/her whole life and he/she knows, understand (one particular subject) very well finally. He/She grows old and dies one day. Suppose that philosophy of Theravada Buddhism is true and each and every so-called soul or spirit or mind or consciousness will come into cycles of life unless he/she becomes liberated (reach Nirvana). Suppose that particular he/she comes back to human life. Suppose that although he/she cannot remember previous life, he/she will find out he/she can learn, know, understand (one particular subject) very well since very young. People will be surprised about his/her in-born skill in (one particular subject). ……-Just like above example, suppose a human being has inquisitive mind and he/she always asks questions to concerning persons, teachers, elderly, specialists, wise people and learns, studies, practices, memorizes things constantly. He/She grows old and dies one day. Suppose that philosophy of Theravada Buddhism is true and each and every so-called soul or spirit or mind or consciousness will come into cycles of life unless he/she becomes liberated (reach Nirvana). Suppose that particular he/she comes back to human life. Suppose that although he/she cannot remember previous life, he/she will find out he/she is a quick learner and more intelligent compared other people. People will be surprised about his/her high intelligence and wonder why ……-Just like above example, suppose a society in certain part of the world makes plan to teach all children in that society up to a certain age compulsorily by invent school, makes those children study, learn, practice, and memorize common knowledge and some special subjects. Later, they grow old and die one day. Suppose that philosophy of Theravada Buddhism is true and each and every so-called soul or spirit or mind or consciousness will come into cycles of life unless those become liberated (reach Nirvana). Suppose that those people come back to human life. Suppose that although they cannot remember previous life, they will find out they are quick learners and more intelligent compared to other people. Other people will be surprised about their high intelligence and wonder why ……-Just like above example, suppose the human beings of the world make plan to teach all children up to a certain age compulsorily by inventing school, makes those children study, learn, practice, and memorize common knowledge and some special subjects. Later, they grow old and die one day. Suppose that philosophy of Theravada Buddhism is true and each and every so-called soul or spirit or mind or consciousness will come into cycles of life unless those become liberated (reach Nirvana). Suppose that those people come back to human life. Suppose that although they cannot remember previous life, they will find out they are quick learners and more intelligent compared to previous generations. People who compared those late generation people with previous generations will be surprised about later generation’s higher intelligence and wonder why …….-And then generations later, this kind of increase in intelligence in much later generations is stopped due to education in schooling’s effect on intelligence is limited to certain extent. People will wonder why much later generation’s intelligence is not increased more ............

Q. Is psychopathy genetic? Can a son inherit it from his father, or is it a learned behaviour?Study: No Clear Relationship Between Twins & PsychopathyA new case study explains the case of a 18-year old twin diagnosed with psychopathy.-27. July 2017-By Kate Phillipa ClarkIt’s been established for some time that genes play a significant role in the makeup of those people who are eventually labelled psychopaths. But where does that leave identical twins who are very similar genetically? A new case study published in European Psychiatry,* explains the case of a 18-year old twin diagnosed with psychopathy. The 18-year-old twin was in prison for several crimes such as drug dealing, violent theft and multiple aggressions.The 18-year old male twin caught early psychological and psychiatric attention for disruptive behavior as a child. His behavior was described as aggressive, he lied repeatedly, seemed low on empathy and showed indifference to punishment. He tried escaping from home, defied his parents and teachers, exhibited cruelty against animals, committed robbery, vandalism and had drug abuse issues. The researchers used the Psychopathy Checklist (PCL) to evaluate his psychopathology. Out of a maximum score of 40, the cutoff for psychopathy is 30. The 18-year old twin got 34 points.The researches concluded that the 18-year old twin is a psychopath. His twin brother, on the other hand, is described as having a normal personality and as being a brilliant student.The twin boys came from a well-structured family, none of them with criminal history or mental disorders. The researches concluded based on the case study that there is no clear relationship between twins and psychopathy.From Study: No Clear Relationship Between Twins & Psychopathy - About Twins--Short answer• 1. According to historyFrom Companion to Tasmanian historyBetween 1803 and 1853 approximately 75,000 convicts served time in Van Diemen's Land. Of these 67,000 were shipped from British and Irish ports and the remainder were either locally convicted, or transported from other British colonies. This represents about 45 percent of all convicts landed in Australia and 15–20 percent of all those transported within the British Empire in the period 1615–1920.From http://www.utas.edu.au/library/c...-• From The story of Australia’s last convicts• January 9, 2018The Hougoumont, the last ship to take convicts from the UK to Australia, docked in Fremantle, Western Australia, on January 9, 1868 – 150 years ago. It brought an end to a process which deposited about 168,000 convicted prisoners in Australia after it began in 1788.Convicts had ceased to be sent to New South Wales and Van Diemen’s Land (Tasmania) decades earlier, but Western Australia still wanted convict labour to help with building projects. By the time the Hougoumont landed its shipment of 281 convicts, the Swan River penal colony in Western Australia had been reliant on convict labour for 18 years, and received almost 10,000 male prisoners from Britain.From http://theconversation.com/the-s...-• From Stain or badge of honour? Convict heritage inspires mixed feelings• June 8, 2015A recent report in Molecular Psychiatry identified a “warrior gene” connected to criminal behaviour. This inspired renewed speculation that a convict ancestry might make Australians more predisposed to violent crime.This fear of genetic contamination from convict ancestors has existed in Australia since early settlement. Between 1788 and the end of transportation in 1868, around 162,000 convicts were sent to the colonies of New South Wales, Van Diemen’s Land and Western Australia.An estimated one in five Australians has convict ancestry. In Tasmania, the figure is even higher. In 2009, 74% of Tasmania’s population was estimated to be descended from convicts.In 1856, Van Diemen’s Land was renamed Tasmania in an attempt to purge its convict past.And the fear that we might be cursed with a genetic predisposition towards criminal behaviour? A 2001 Victorian parliamentary report on crime in Australia found that, adjusted for population, Tasmania – with the highest proportion of convict descendants – had the second-lowest crime rate in the nation.From https://theconversation.com/stai...-• 2.• -According to the philosophy of Theravada Buddhism.(All the livings cannot take their belongings, wealth, servants with them when dead. The only thing they can take is the good or bad deeds done by themselves physically, mentally or verbally. Gotama Buddha)• -According to the philosophy of Theravada Buddhism, the actions which one person repeatedly did (physically, verbally or mentally) during previous lifetime can be transferred to next lifetime as behavior, habit or personality.• -According to philosophy of Theravada Buddhism, each and every human being has own unique soul and when human beings dies, most of the souls has continual repetitive cycle of birth and death called samsara (not just in human world, also in other living worlds) according to his karma unless one is liberated from that cycle of life (Nirvana).• -If that particular soul comes back to human world as rebirth, that particular human being will have distinct behavior, habit, personality, Intelligence Quotient, Emotional Intelligence, etc according to his daily routine doings, habits in one’s past life. Those characters are not derived from different unique sequences of DNA, according to philosophy of Theravada Buddhism.• -So one human being will have behavior, habits, personalities, Intelligence Quotient, Emotional Intelligence distinct from his father and mother because those are not inherited from genes. In other words, if one pair of parents produces a lot, a lot of children, the parents will find that their children will have so many distinct behaviors, habits, personalities, Intelligence Quotients, Emotional Intelligence different not only from the parents but also among the siblings. So behavior is not passed down genetically, according to the philosophy of Theravada Buddhism.--Long answer• Tabula rasa (Children are blank slate)-Tabula rasa, means "blank slate" in Latin and originates from the Roman tabula.-The term also is used as the name of an epistemological theory that individuals are born without built-in mental content and that all of their knowledge comes from experience and perception.-(Human intellect at birth resembled a tabula rasa, a pure potentiality that is actualized through education and comes to know. Persian philosopher Ibn Sina)(At birth the (human) mind is a "blank slate" without rules for processing data, and that data is added and rules for processing are formed solely by one's sensory experiences. John Locke)-• -Generally, the tabula rasa thesis favour the "nurture" side of the nature versus nurture debate, when it comes to aspects of one's personality, social and emotional behaviour, and intelligence.-Scholarly and popular discussion about nature and nurture relates to the relative importance of an individual's innate qualities (nature) as compared to an individual's personal experiences (nurture) in causing individual differences in physical and behavioral traits.From Tabula rasa - WikipediaFrom Nature versus nurture - Wikipedia-Fall of the Tabula rasa (Blank slate) concept-Generations later, people questioned about the blank state theory of mind. When observing the children, they found out that the children had distinct personalities, characters, talent since young. Within same culture, within same environment and even within same big families, some children were introvert, some were extrovert, some were easily angry, some had sense of humor, some learnt easily in studying, some had talents in arts, music, dancing, playing piano, etc, some had talent in different sports since young, majority of children had sense of morality since young (they knew what is good, what is bad without learning from adults).-The children are morally good at birth-Regarding the morality, even children under 2 years old can tell, to an extent, what is good and bad, and often act in an altruistic fashion.-(The last few years produced a spate of related studies hinting that, far from being born a “perfect idiot,” as Jean-Jacques Rousseau argued, or a selfish brute, as Thomas Hobbes feared, a child arrives in the world provisioned with rich, broadly pro-social tendencies and seems predisposed to care about other people. Children can tell, to an extent, what is good and bad, and often act in an altruistic fashion. “Giving Leads to Happiness in Young Children,” a study of under-2-year-olds concluded. “Babies Know What’s Fair” was the upshot of another study, of 19- and 21-month-olds. Toddlers, the new literature suggests, are particularly equitable. They are natural helpers, aiding distressed others at a cost to themselves, growing concerned if someone shreds another person’s artwork and divvying up earnings after a shared task, whether the spoils take the form of detested rye bread or precious Gummy Bears.From Are Babies Born Good?)-(The Genesis of JusticeMay 2014 |Before all learning, an infant’s mind has a sense of right and wrongEvidence that these moral emotions are deeply entrenched in human nature may be found in a series of experiments with babies, brilliantly synthesized in the book Just Babies: The Origins of Good and Evil (Crown, 2013) by Yale University psychologist Paul Bloom.In Bloom’s laboratory, a one-year-old baby watched puppets enact a morality play. One puppet rolled a ball to a second puppet, who passed the ball back. The first puppet then rolled the ball to a different puppet, who ran off with the ball. The baby was next given a choice between taking a treat away from the “nice” puppet or the “naughty” one. As Bloom predicted, the infant removed the treat from the naughty puppet—which is what most babies do in this experiment. But for this little moralist, removing a positive reinforcement (the treat) was not enough. “The boy then leaned over and smacked this puppet on the head,” Bloom recounts. In his inchoate moral mind, punishment was called for.From The Genesis of Justice)--So we can conclude that the children are good in nature since birth. Or is it?-(The psychopath since youngThe psychopaths have developmentally problems in their brain structure since young and it is not their fault to become a psychopath.This weekend, The New York Times Magazine's powerful cover story, "Can You Call a 9-Year-Old a Psychopath?," explored the experience of a Florida family whose son, Michael, was found to be "two standard deviations outside the normal range for callous-unemotional behavior" -- possibly “prepsychopathic."From http://www.huffingtonpost.com/20...)-(Michael’s problems started, according to his mother, around age 3, shortly after his brother Allan was born. At the time, she said, Michael was mostly just acting “like a brat,” but his behavior soon escalated to throwing tantrums during which he would scream and shriek inconsolably. These weren’t ordinary toddler’s fits. “It wasn’t, ‘I’m tired’ or ‘I’m frustrated’ — the normal things kids do,” Anne remembered. “His behavior was really out there. And it would happen for hours and hours each day, no matter what we did.” For several years, Michael screamed every time his parents told him to put on his shoes or perform other ordinary tasks, like retrieving one of his toys from the living room. “Going somewhere, staying somewhere — anything would set him off,” Miguel said. These furies lasted well beyond toddlerhood. At 8, Michael would still fly into a rage when Anne or Miguel tried to get him ready for school, punching the wall and kicking holes in the door. Left unwatched, he would cut up his trousers with scissors or methodically pull his hair out. He would also vent his anger by slamming the toilet seat down again and again until it broke.From Can You Call a 9-Year-Old a Psychopath?By JENNIFER KAHNMay 11, 2012 631 The New York Times Magazine)--So we can conclude that the psychopath have developmental problems in their brain structure since young or once they are born.-(Psychopaths are unable to show empathy toward others because their brains aren't wired to do so, according to a new study in JAMA Psychiatry.Researchers found that those who scored higher on the psychopathy test experienced less activation in the amygdala, ventromedial prefrontal cortex, lateral orbitofrontal cortex, and periaqueductal gray brain regions, compared with those who scored lower on the test. Those who scored higher on the psychopathy test had more activation of the striatum and insula brain regions -- the insula brain region is known to play a role in emotion, researchers noted.From Psychopaths' Brains Aren't Wired To Show Empathy, Study Finds)-- So it is not their fault that they become criminals because they can't control their brain.Or is it?--Psychopath brain or Psychopath personality with ?? successful people-(In 2005, James Fallon's life started to resemble the plot of a well-honed joke or big-screen thriller: A neuroscientist is working in his laboratory one day when he thinks he has stumbled upon a big mistake. He is researching Alzheimer's and using his healthy family members' brain scans as a control, while simultaneously reviewing the fMRIs of murderous psychopaths for a side project. It appears, though, that one of the killers' scans has been shuffled into the wrong batch.The scans are anonymously labeled, so the researcher has a technician break the code to identify the individual in his family, and place his or her scan in its proper place. When he sees the results, however, Fallon immediately orders the technician to double check the code. But no mistake has been made: The brain scan that mirrors those of the psychopaths is his own.From Life as a Nonviolent Psychopath)--Suddenly there are a lot of articles about psychopathic personality traits with successful people.-(Can Psychopathic Personality Traits Predict Successful Presidents?Could psychopathic personality traits be a sign of a good leader?Published on September 16, 2012 by Romeo Vitelli, Ph.D. in Media SpotlightFrom Can Psychopathic Personality Traits Predict Successful Presidents?)-( Psychopathic Traits: What Successful Presidents Have in CommonPresidential success is linked with fearless dominance, a psychopathic trait of boldness that can sometimes turn recklessBy Maia Szalavitz @maiaszSept. 11, 2012From Psychopathic Traits: What Successful Presidents Have in Common | TIME Homepage)-( Cool under pressure? Easy social charm? You might just be a psychopath. A new book says that most of the world’s most successful people—presidents, doctors, CEOs—are just that. Robert Herritt on how you too can unlock your inner psychopath.From Unlock Your Inner Psychopath: Kevin Dutton’s ‘The Wisdom of Psychopaths’ http://kevindutton.co.uk/wisdom-...)--So according to science, human life becomes more and more complex and confused. There are a lot of contradictions.-Human beings are born blank in brain and learn from environment they are raised to become what they are in adult, it is thought at first.-Later human beings are set in characters, personalities, intelligence since birth and they have no free will, it is thought like that later.-Human beings may or may not be successful in spite of their psychopath brain.-• -According to evolution, all the life in earth were arise from simple DNA. First it started as a single cell as an unicellular organism and later evolved into complex multicellular organism. All those organisms are related and evolved by the simple DNA instruction. Charles Darwin was the first to formulate a scientific argument for the theory of evolution by means of natural selection.-So DNA is the life of organism. No DNA, no life.-In human being, DNA of the child of is given by mother and father. The child's external features (physical characteristics) are built up according to those shared DNA. So scientists figure that the internal characteristics (Personalities, intelligence quotient, Emotional Intelligence, etc) of the child must be also derived from the parents.-In science, it does not accept the concept of soul. When DNA makes a human being, mind spontaneously occur in that human and it permanently disappear when that living being dies.-According to philosophy of Theravada Buddhism, each and every human being has own unique soul and when that human being dies, most of the souls has continual repetitive cycle of birth and death called samsara (not just in human world, also in other living worlds) according to his karma. In Buddhism, karma specifically refers to those actions of body, speech or mind that spring from mental intent ("cetana"), and bring about a consequence or fruit, (phala) or result (vipāka).-If that particular soul comes back to human world as rebirth, that particular human being will have distinct personality, I.Q, E.Q according to his daily routine doings, habits. Those characters are not derived from his own parents, according to philosophy of Theravada Buddhism.-So one human being will have personality, intelligence distinct from his father and mother.-(The only thing that goes with one when one goes to next life is what one does in previous life, i.e. the good deed or the bad deed. Gotama Buddha)-• -Human beings are not blank slate at birth. According to philosophy of Theravada Buddhism, some people are born good regardless of their good or bad environment or good or bad behaviors of their parents. Some people are born bad regardless of their good or bad environment or good or bad behaviors of their parents, too.• -That does not means their good or bad behaviors, attitudes are fixed since birth. they can change from good to bad or bad to good during their lifetime. During the growing period from childhood to adulthood, they can become good or bad (especially bad if environment encourages) according to influence of environment (parents, teachers, surrounding people, etc). But it is easier to change from good to bad than bad to good. It takes more effort to change from bad to good than vice versa.• -According to philosophy of Theravada Buddhism, personality is learned as it was acquired from previous life (his/her repeated actions at that life). In one person's life, his/her actions, which he/she repeatedly does, become his/her habits, behaviors, and then become personality.• -But science will not accept above concept, because science dost not accept concept of soul.• -So which concept is right?-About People with same psychopath trait with different futures-Some people have psychopath brain change and personality and they develop into criminals in later life. But some people also have same psychopath brain change and personality and they develop into successful people in late life. Why?-Because they have different intelligence, wisdom.-If a person with psychopath personality has high I.Q, he will control his impulse because he the bad consequence and he will develop his personality as a advantage to be successful in his career.-If a person with psychopath personality has low I.Q, he cannot control his impulse and he will become a bad guy in later life.-So where does that high I.Q come from? If a person had a curious mind and asked a lot of questions, made a lot of learning, studying in previous lifetime, he will find that it is easy to learn, easy to study in later lifetime and he can have high I.Q according to the philosophy of Theravada Buddhism. (If you find a person with much higher I.Q than you, he may work harder, learn harder, study harder than you in at least one lifetime ahead of you.)-("But here some woman or man when visiting a monk or brahman, asks: 'What is wholesome, venerable sir? What is unwholesome? What is blamable? What is blameless? What should be cultivated? What should not be cultivated? What, by my doing it, will be long for my harm and suffering? Or what, by my doing it, will be long for my welfare and happiness?' Due to having performed and completed such kammas, on the dissolution of the body, after death, he reappears in a happy destination... If instead he comes to the human state, he is wise wherever he is reborn. This is the way that leads to wisdom, that is to say, when visiting a monk or brahman, to ask: 'What is wholesome, venerable sir?... Or what, by my doing it, will be long for my welfare and happiness?'"Beings are owners of kammas, student, heirs of kammas, they have kammas as their progenitor, kammas as their kin, kammas as their homing-place. It is kammas that differentiate beings according to inferiority and superiority."• From Majjhima Nikaya 135 Cula-kammavibhanga Sutta)-( …….. Then the Kalamas said to the Blessed One:“There are, Lord, some ascetics and brahmins who come to Kesaputta. They explain and elucidate their own doctrines, but disparage, debunk, revile and vilify the doctrines of others. But then some other ascetics and brahmins come to Kesaputta, and they too explain and elucidate their own doctrines, but disparage, debunk, revile and vilify the doctrines of the others. For us, Lord, there is perplexity and doubt as to which of these good ascetics speak truth and which speak falsehood.” ……….• From http://tipitaka.wikia.com/wiki/6...)