Strata Plan Form 3 (Part 1). Form 29 - Trade Experience: Fill & Download for Free

Remember the teacher-writer in most Amitabh Bachchan movies? Usually killed by goons. Now YOU CAN change the narrative! That honest, insightful, dedicated one, contests the elections and wins!Social activist Sarah Joseph, popularly known as Sarah Teacher, is an award winning novelist and short story writer. She was the harbinger of feminist movement in Kerala and the founder of ‘Manushi – organisation of thinking women’, the first of its kind. She is the AAP candidate from Thrissur, Kerala.She believes that AAP is the party of the future and has opened a new path, the potential of which should be fully used.Pioneer of the prestigious National Law School in Bangalore is AAP candidate from Bangalore North... A track record of delivery, institution building and fighting for justice, & labour reforms....Name- Prof. Babu MathewConstituency- Bangalore NorthEducation- BSc, LLB,LLM, M.Phil from National Law School of India, Bangalore, gold medallistAge- 64Occupation- Former Law ProfessorFormer Professor of LawChair, Juvenile Justice, Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment, Government of India,Former Registrar of National Law School of India University, BangaloreBabu Mathew was one of the pioneers of NLSIU, the premier Law School of India. This professor of law quit his job at National Law University in New Delhi recently to work for AamAadmi Party fulltime. He is a Nehru Fellow at the Nehru Memorial Museum & Library and a noted philanthropist – he is the former Country Director of ActionAid India. He has been the Vice President of the Trade Union International affiliated to the World Federation of Trade Unions. Babu has contributed immensely to Labour Law reforms, Child Rights, Human Rights, Legal Reforms and in protecting the rights of working people and provided his expertise as a subject expert to several international universities. He has also been a negotiator to settle several disputes under the Industrial Disputes Act 1947...Babu Mathew is committed to provide his expertise to citizens of Bangalore to reclaim their city, make it safe and address (and solve India’s third largest city’s) civic, social, developmental and human rights related issues.For the first time in many years, someone has had the courage to confront and put up a strong challenge against Gandhis in their strong hold. That is Dr. Kumar Vishwas, AAP Amethi candidate who is taking the fight against dynasty politics head-on. While other parties raise up the issue of Congress's dynasty politics which has eroded our democracy, but no leader of other major parties challenges Congress dynasts directly.Shefali Misra, human rights activist and development specialist, a former UN employee, who has studied at Delhi University, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and London School of Economics, is the AAP candidate from Sitapur, UP.Shefali believes that planning with people is the first step towards empowerment.Born as a bonded labour slave, married at 14, nominated for the Nobel Peace Prize in 2005, Tiliya Devi is the candidate for Lok Sabha by Aam Aadmi Party from Jhajharpur, Bihar in 2014.The extra-ordinary story of a courageous Dalit worker, who the Nobel Peace committee could spot, but not India's mainstream parties. It took an AAP. These people have EXPERIENCE, TRACK RECORD, plus HEART, CARE HONESTY & COURAGE.Read her extra-ordinary story here - PeaceWomen Across the GlobeAlok Agrawal, AAP Candidate from Khandwa, MP is an IITK Alumnus, Chief activist working since 25 years for Narmada Bachao Andolan (NBA) in Khandwa.From 1990 to 2000, Alok along with the people of Nimar plains has mobilized numerous peaceful protests against the construction of Sardar Sarovar Dam. Due to stiff resistance from Narmada Bachao Andolan led by MedhaPatkar and Alok Agarwal against the construction of Sardar Sarovar Dam, World Bank undertook an independent review of the project plan. The review concluded the project to be falling short of World Bank policies and guidelines of Government of India. Subsequently, in 1994 World Bank's participation was cancelled by the Government of India.In 2002, Alok along with Narmada Bachao Andolan team was instrumental in procuring a compensation of ₹ 10 crore for the families displaced by the Maandam project. In 2005, Alok and his team won a High Court ruling against the state government which prevented the latter from using the police force and bulldozers in the Indira Sagar Dam area for the displacement of people. The Court ruling also granted a compensation amounting to ₹ 11 crore for the displaced people.Alok initiated Jal Satyagraha, a novel form of peaceful resistance where protesters stand in water, to demand proper compensation and rehabilitation of the families displaced by the Omkareshwar and Indira Sagar dam. These protests bore fruit when the Supreme Court of India, in the year 2011-12, ruled in favor of the displaced people and ordered the government to give "land for land".and the list goes on........................... :))Here are the lists in detailFIRST LISTAshutosh – AAP Candidate, Chandni ChowkOne of the best known faces of the Hindi News Television Ashutosh was deeply influenced by agitation for Janlokpal under Anna Hazare’s leadership. While extensively covering the agitation Ashutosh wrote a book “Anna: 13 days that awakened India”. He’s the only non English TV journalist to get prestigious UN scholarship. Ashutosh will take on Union Minister Kapil Sibal, who represents Chandni Chowk in Lok Sabha.Mukul Tripathi – AAP Candidate, FarrukhabadMukul Tripathi is a specially-abled activist and journalist from Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh. He’s been fighting for the cause of physically impaired people. He’s been awarded with “Shreshth Viklang Karmi Award” in 2009. Mukul will take on Union Minister Salman Khurshid.Baba Hardev Singh – AAP Candidate, MainpuriBaba Hardev Singh retired from Indian Administrative Service IAS. He was one of the most popular and upright civil servants of Uttar Pradesh. He was also President of UP PCS Officers Association. Baba Hardev Singh will take on Samajwadi Party supremo Mulayam Singh.Subhash Ware - AAP Candidate PuneSubhash Ware, a member of the AAP National Executive is one of the most respected names amongst activists and intellectuals in the State. Former Maharshtra president of the Chatrrs Bharati movement, he has been an active participant in numerous agitations both as a student leader and as a member of the Rashtriya Seva Dal. A staunch supporter of the India Against Corruption movement, Subhash believes that public representatives must focus attention on transforming the manner in which public policies are frames and delivered in this nation. Subhash Ware will take on CWG scam accused Suresh Kalmadi in Pune.Dr. Kumar Vishwas, AAP Candidate, AmethiHe is a well-known poet. He has recited his poetry both in India and abroad. Through his poetry he is known as one of the most popular poets of the country. Kumar Vishwas is very popular amongst the youth. He makes some bold and scathing remarks on the social issue through the medium of his poetry. He is associated with the Janlokpal movement right from the very beginning. Dr. Vishwas will take on Gandhi family scion Rahul Gandhi.Anjali Damania - AAP Candidate, NagpurConvenor of AAP Maharashtra, Anjali blew the lid off the 70000 crore perpetrated by the NCP led Irrigation Ministry. She then exposed the complicity Nitin Gadkari, RSS strongman and BJP party president with other parties and their business interests. 45 year old Patholgist, Anjali born and brought up in Mumbai, married and has two children. She is confident that the poster boys of corruption will see their downfall in Maharashtra. This Maharshtrian 'mulgi ' has toured the state extensively in the past year, drawing huge crowds at rallies in every district and it is her efforts that AAP has become a household name in the state. Anjali will take on former BJP President Nitin GadkariSoumendra Dhaka – AAP Candidate, BaghpatA masters in law, will contest from Bagpat, Uttar Pradesh.. His livelihood comes from Law practice and agriculture. He is working for AAP from December 2012. He is involved in resolving the social issues and believes he can be the voice of the people from his constituency. He is inspired by the idea of Swaraj and wishes to make it a reality. Soumendra will take on RLD supremo Ajit Singh.Jarnail Singh- AAP Candidate, West DelhiJarnail Singh is a tireless crusader for the rights of the 1984 anti-sikh riot victims. He was a journalist before joining the movement to get justice for the riot victims. Jarnail will take on Congress MP Mahabal Mishra.Dr. Jiyalal – AAP Candidate, LalganjSr Prinicipal Scientist, 1984 Bhopal men remaining gas men controlling, was rewarded, Maharashtra Sarkar. Mharashtra Sarkar diya tha. 1989 men South Pole par gaye the. Antartic award was there for six month. World Confence for Global warming 71. Unicellular plantsYogendra Yadav – AAP Candidate, Gurgaon.He is a well-known social scientist and Political analyst of the country. He is the Senior Fellow of the Centre for the Study of Developing Societies. Yogendra Yadav is also associated with many National and International forums. For rolling out law for Right to Education, Yogendra Yadav was made a member of National Advisory Council in the year 2010. Yogendra Yadav will take on Congress MP Rao Inderjeet Singh, who’s contesting on a BJP ticket this time.Mayank Gandhi – Aap Candidate Mumbai North WestMayank has been the founder of the India Against Corruption movement and the leader of AAP in Maharashtra. An activist for over 10 years he has regularly confronted local administration on civic issues, an expert on infrastructure issues, he was a member the team that drafted the Nagar Raj Bill and has also contributed in large measure to the formation of the RTI Act. A member of the National Executive of the Aam Aadmi Party, Mayank is spearheading the Lok Sabha campaign in the State and is proving to be a veritable crowd puller, with his gentle demeanour and profound insights on life and on the lack of conviction in public representation. Mayank Gandhi will take on Congress MP Gurudas Kamat.Medha Patkar – AAP Candidate, Mumbai North EastMedha Patkar is a name that needs no introduction, a social activist who has led the struggle for the people affected by the controversial Sardar Sarovar Project on the Narmada River in Gujarat, India. She founded the Narmada Bachoao Andolan and National Alliance of People's Movements and is the recipient of numerous awards, including the Goldman Environmental Prize, Amnesty International's Human Rights Defender's Award and the BBC's Green Ribbon Page on award.an advocate of human rights, Patkar founded her campaigns on two basic tenets in the Indian constitution: the rights to life and to livelihoodMeera Sanyal – AAP Candidate Mumbai SouthWith a distinguished career that ranges from investment banking and micro finance, Meera recently quit her assignment as CEO and Chairperson with the Royal Bank of Scotland to join politics and work towards the best practices and policies that India should adopt to alleviate many of it's problems and challenges. She has formerly worked with ABN Amro, Lazards and Grindlays and in each of her stints, she found herself engaging actively with community programmes. Her work with children and disadvantaged communities she says, has given her valuable insights into lapses in policy and she is hopeful her experience in banking and finance will find expression as a solution provider for the nation. Meera will take on Union Minister Milind Deora.Habung Payeng – AAP candidate, West ArunachalHe is an information commissioner in Arunachal Pradesh and a member of the National Executive of AAP will contest from Arunachal West constituency. He is counted as one of the most strict and adept information officers in the country. Before becoming the Information Commissioner Habung Pyang was actively contributing to social work.Vijay Pandhare – AAP Candidate, NashikAn engineer, former bureaucrat and member of the state level technical advisory committee on irrigation, who has raised several pertinent questions about irregularities in the use of public funds in this sector, Vijay Pandhare has repeatedly locked horns with the establishment over the lack of transparency in modalities, in a career spanning 32 years defined by the highest standards of integrity in public service.In 2013, Vijay blew the lid off an irrigation scam in Maharashtra that is estimated to be about 70,000 crore rupees if not more, leading to the resignation of Deputy CM Ajit Pawar who had held the irrigation portfolio for a decade. His revelations focussed attention on the norms flouted in the grant and administrative approvals of thousands of crores for irrigation projects, the poor quality of delivery by contractors, inflated budgets and irregularities in purchase of materials. Spiritual, his early influences include Sant Tukaram and Dyaneshwar and he hopes to rekindle commitment and integrity in public systems.Alok Agarwal – AAP Candidate, KhandwaA veteran activist of the “Narmada Bachao Andolan” (1990-2014) will contest from Khandwa, Madhya Pradesh. He completed B.Tech from IIT Kanpur. His dream is to provide empower the common man so that no political party may be able to exploit them anymore. He is inspired by the idea of Swaraj. His active involvement in the Narmada Bachao Andolan has helped him realize the struggles of the aam aadmi and encouraged him to dedicate himself to serve the nation through active involvement in politics. He believes that the Andolan must go beyond their present definitions and we must work together with other similar forces to bring about a change in the system.Lingraj – AAP Candidate, BargarhFormer National President of the Samajwadi Jan Parishad will contest from Bargarh, Odisha. He has been a socio-political activist since 1996 and worked for alternate politics. He was part of various farmer related activities and people’s movements in the state. In his words, “I am seeing the anti-corruption aggressiveness and the idea of decentralization as a situation full of possibilities for agitation based parties like ours”.H S Phulka – AAP Candidate, LudhianaAn eminent lawyer who has been handling cases pertaining to the 1984 riots and has been fighting for justice for the victims for the last 30 years will contest from Ludhiana, Punjab. He is strongly committed to free, fair and transparent elections and governance. Union Minister and Congress leader Manish Tewari is the sitting MP from the constituency. Mr. Phulka will take on Manish Tewari in Ludhiana.Khalid Parvez – AAP Candidate, MoradabadKhalid Parvez is a social entrepreneur. He’s been active in the field of education. He will take on Congress MP Mohammed Azharuddin.Yogesh Dahiya- AAP Candidate, SaharanpurYogesh Dahiya is a member of the National Executive of the party. He’s been actively involved in farmers’ movement.SECOND LIST1. Rajmohan Gandhi - AAP candidate from East Delhi, DelhiRajmohan Gandhi is an eminent scholar and journalist. Grandson of Mahatma Gandhi and C. Rajgopalachari, Shri Gandhi is a biographer and a research professor at the Center for South Asian and Middle Eastern Studies, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, USA. He is also a Scholar in residence at Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar. He was also the convener of the all-party joint committee of both houses addressing the condition of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes in Parliament.2. Shekhada Atulbhai Govindbhai - AAP candidate from Junagrah, GujaratShekhada Atulbhai Govindbhai is an engineer by training. He is an active Janlokpal campaigner and leader of Farmers' Land Acquisition Andolan in Junagarh. He is a strong proponent of good governance.3. Naveen Jaihind - AAP candidate from Rohtak, HaryanaAn eminent social worker, Naveen led the movement for Right to Information Act in Haryana and campaigned for Swaraj in the state. He has been organising blood donation camps and body organ donation pledge camps. Under the name “Jaihind” he formed an organisation of students on 15th. August 2006. Naveen has been associated with Janlokpal movement right from the beginning.4.Balwinder Kaur - AAP candidate form Kurukshetra, HaryanaShe is a member of Bhartiya Kisan Union. She was lodged in jail for eight days for her struggle for farmers rights. She is also president of Pharunijattan Mahila Mandal.5. Poonam Chand Ratti - AAP candidate form Sirsa, HaryanaShri Ratti retired from fire brigade department in 2013. He's a well known social worker. He worked tirelessly for the cause of pensioners and safai karmcharis.6. Yudhbir singh Khyalia - AAP candidate from Hisar, HaryanaA retired IAS officer, Sh Khyalia, has done his PhD on "Management of safe blood transfusion" and MA in public administration His name was listed in Limca Book of Records, 1998 edition for organizing “Rakt Daan Jaagran Mela". He was also awarded with "Mother Teresa Memorial Award" and was lected President of Indian Society of Blood Transfusion & Immunohaematology (ISBTI), India in the year 2009.He has been actively involved in total sanitation and literacy campaign.7. Jaisingh Thekedar – AAP candidate from Sonipat, HaryanaHe is an advocate by profession and president of BAR association for last two years. He is an active social worker for last 8 years. He was secretary of Arya Pratinidhi Sabha. He was sarpanch of kasanda village and president of gaushala. He has been involved in the movement against land acquisition.8. Dr. Rajan Sushant - AAP candidate from Kangra, Himachal PrasadHe is ex MP from kangra. He played an active role in Jaypee Pond Dam rehablitation, farmer and worker movements and has been jailed many times during public movements. He was youngest legislature in 1982. He was elected as MP for four times from Himachal Pradesh.9. Bhawna Bhavesh VasnikBhawna Wasnik is a professor of home economics in Amravati and soon this young mother of two will be an inspiration to women in this country, as she takes on the challenge of contesting against established names in the Shiv Sena bastion. Bhavna has worked towards creating awareness about AIDS and conducted programmes for special children. The cause of the nomadic and much maligned Pardhi tribes is close to her heart and she has been working with social workers in the area to design programmes, that will help them generate income and sustained livelihood.10. Sameena Abdulmajid KhanRaising pertinent questions about the abysmal performance of public representatives is a young lady in black robes, Sameena Khan. A lawyer who represents labour unions and others in the labour and industrial courts of Sangli, Sameena is exposed to many of the crucial issues in the area and articulates them vociferously. Born and brought up in Miraj, Sameera believes the youth of this nation must don the mantle of representation and work towards inclusive growth and development , to oppose the indifference and arrogance of established political scions.11. Maruti Sahebraw BhapkarA lone crusader who has long protested against the inability of the government to provide housing for slum dwellers, Maruti Bhapkar is one of the strongest voices against corruption in Maharashtra. A former independent municipal councillor, Maruti has been a vociferous RTI activist who has raised several pertinent questions on the SEZs in the Ratnagiri and Maval regions and led agitations by people displaced and affected by Lavasa. Maruti Bhapkar is the voice of hope that this nation needs, in an era when the nexus between the politicians and the land mafia threatens the life and livelihood of the rural populace.12. Wamanrao SudaishiraoAll are equal but some are more equal observes Wamanrao. A lawyer and relentless crusader against the inequalities of the system and lack of focus on alleviation of inequities, Wamanrao is in the forefront of grass roots movements in Maharashtra. A former member of the Maharashtra assembly, he has strived for better governance and raised the bar in public representation.13. Lalit BabarA strong and resilient figure espousing the socialist cause in Maharashtra is Lalit Babar. Born to agricultural workers in Sangola village of Sholapur, Lalit has a degree in political science and a diploma in journalism. He was deeply influenced by the JP movement and has worked tirelessly to create water resources in the drought prone areas of Maharashtra. Formerly employed with the State Bank Of India, Lalit has always remained connected with community development initiatives and has presented a paper at the World Social Forum in Brazil. As founding member of a dalit organisation that engages with communities in seven states of India, he has focussed attention on developing livelihood for deprived sections especially women, farmers and youth . His vision seeks an awakening among people, through a developmental process based on the founding principles of equality, liberty and social justice.14. Subahsh LomteThe unorganized sector in India continues to be the most vulnerable, devoid of any social security or benefit . Spearheading the movement for rethink and focus on the issues concerning this sector is Subhas Lomte. An activist based in Aurangabad, Subhash has led organisations that work towards mobilising agricultural workers, hamals ( coolies) ,construction workers and domestic workers against social and economic exploitation. He has agitated relentlessly for minimum wages, insurance and financial support from governments for labour in this sector so that they can access the primary needs of livelihood, education and health and ensure a better environment for future generations. Subhash has been a part of the Marathwada Vikas Andolan, Land to the Tiller movement and Dalit Shishyavrutty Wadh Andolan. He has a post graduate degree in biochemistry and is based in Aurangabad.15. Sanjeev SaneLong associated with veteran socialist leader Bhai Vaidya and the Samajvadi Janparishad , Sanjeev Sane is a popular and respected mass leader of Maharashtra. He has over the years,been a part of and led several agitations against systemic malpractices and indifference of local governance to needs of the disadvantaged. He was an active associate of the Jan Lokpal movement and was among the few who believed that the movement needs to find resonance within the political space if it has to be an agent of change and transform Indian polity.16. Nandu MadhavAn acclaimed theatre and film artiste, Nandu Madhav is known for his well defined views on governance and policy. Nandu recently donned the lead role in 'Harishachandrachi factory', India's official entry to the Osacrs in 2010. In the two decades spent in the Marathi theatre milieu and in his travels across Maharashtra, he has experienced the struggles and helplessness of the populace as they struggled to avail of basic livelihood and opportunities and been fuelled by the desire to contribute to systemic change and improving delivery mechanisms. Nandu is best known for ' Shivaji Underground in Bhimnagar Mohalla ' , a play directed by him and which won commercial and critical acclaim . The play busted many myths and is no less than a revelation of the true spirit and values of Shivaji Maharaj as a leader of every community and segment of society, be it the Dalits, Muslims or Hindus.17. Deelip MhaskeA resident of Kandivali in Mumbai, Dilip lost his home, a 10 x 10 tenement in a slum demolition drive several years ago. Since then, this industrious young man has acquired degrees in law, social work and a doctorate from the USA. Born to parents who farmed in Jalna , Deelip's commitment to developing solutions in healthcare and education for the most disadvantaged strata of society is reflected in his work and engagements with civil society . Nominated for the Mann Award , which recognizes innovations in health and human rights, Deelip has transformed the lives of several communities living in five slum tenements of Mumbai. He has also instrumental in advocating land for 18 lakh landless farmers in Maharashtra under the Swabhiman Yojana in 2005. Deelip hopes to raise a generation of Indians who will be equipped to fight for their rights and usher in systemic change.18. Prashant MishraLong troubled by the state of the nation, Prashant is a software professional who has charted a career in software services and management and is now set to apply his skill sets in public representation. Prashant grew up in Vidharbha, studying in local government schools and later acquired a bachelors degree in electrical engineering in India and a masters in electronics engineering in the USA. He and his spouse manage software businesses, with offices in the USA and Nagpur. Prashant has been closely involved in several endeavours in the social development sector and was a part of the Anna movement.19. Aneeta HindoliyaAnita is a dynamic lady in Ujjain. She has a sound family background. She also runs a pertol pump. She has been fighting for poors and women related issues.20. Kailash AwasyaLocal, well educated aadiwaasi community leader; did an MA, tought in a government school and left his job in a couple of years to get involved in anti displacement movement(Narmada Bachao Aandolan). Very highly regraded in his community. It's a rare find because it has not been easy to find community leaders and candidates from ST seats.21. Capt. Abdul Nasir HanfeeHe is a retd. Vir Chakra Prapt Wing Commander. He is originally from Mhow (Indore). He has good management capabilities22. Paras SaklechaParas is a Ex-MLA (Independent). He has raised maximum questions in MP assembly. He has raised VYAPAM issue and malnutrition issue in MP. Has an extremely clean image.23. Khuman Singh ArmoHe is a retd. DSP belonging to Mandla, Who is willingly working as a farmer. He has been very sympathatic to the plight and concerned of his fellow farmers, tribal children and women. He has traveled extensively in rural Mandla district. He is working towards health and education of the poor and tribals.24. Bhagawat Singh RajputB S Rajput has been associated with Party/IAC since beginning. He has a good network with many veteran politicians of MP. He is politically mature and has been working in Vidisha constituency from very long time.25. Dr. Dharamvira GandhiHe is a famous cardiologist in punjab and much appreciated in rural areas. He has been a student activist and been jailed for opposing emergency. He has been a founder and active member of human and democratic rights bodies, while in government services he developed rural health care model and ensured public participation in running hospitals and health care programmes in rural areas.26. Major Surendra Kumar PuniaThe youngest recipient of the President’s award - Vishist Seva Medal in 2013 and a qualified doctor, he will contest from Sikar constituency in Rajasthan. He was involved in counter-insurgency operations in Kashmir and had first hand exposure to the happenings in Kashmir. He was inspired by the Jan Lokpal Andolan and retired from the army to dedicate himself to the service of the nation.27. Ashok kumar JainAshok Kumar Jain is AAP Convener in Rajasthan and is a founder member of the party. He is the first person to implement the Right to Recall in India (in a municipal body in Rajasthan)28. Raj KadyanRetired as Lt General (deputy chief of Army staff) from Indian army. Worked for welfare of Ex servicemen. Formed an organization ISEM for ex servicemen. Fought a battle for one rank one pension for ex servicesmen. Stays in Gurgaon.29. Dr. Muzaffar Bhatt:He is an eminent Right to Information activist, who’s been fighting for the rights of the people of J&K.

Q : What was Germany's growth rate during Hitler's reign after World War 2?Thanks to Wiki.Economy of Nazi GermanyHitler at a ground breaking ceremony for the completed Reichsautobahn highway sectionPrisoner work–force in the construction of the Valentin submarine pens for U-boats, 1944LocationThe Third Reich and German-occupied Europe; forced labour predominantly from Nazi occupied Poland and the Soviet UnionPeriodGreat Depression and World War II (1933–1945)The German's economy, like those of many other western nations, suffered the effects of the Great Depression with unemployment soaring around the Wall Street Crash of 1929.[1] When Hitler became Chancellor in 1933, he introduced policies aimed at improving the economy of Nazi Germany. The changes included nationalization of key industries, autarky, and the tariffs on imports. Wages increased by 10.9% in real terms during this period.[2] However, nationalization and a cutting off of trade meant rationing in key resources like poultry, fruit, and clothing for many Germans.[3]In 1934 Hjalmar Schacht, the Reich Minister of Economics, introduced the Mefo bills, allowing Germany to rearm without spending Reichsmarks but instead paying industry with Mefo bills (Government IOU's) which they could trade with each other.[4] Between 1933 and 1939 the total revenue amounted to 62 billion marks, whereas expenditure (at times comprising up to 60% rearmament costs) exceeded 101 billion, thus causing a huge deficit and national debt (reaching 38 billion marks in 1939 and coinciding with Kristallnacht (November 1938) and with intensified persecutions of Jews and the outbreak of World War II.)[5][6] By 1938 unemployment was practically extinct.[7]Contents1 Political economy of Nazi Germany2 Hitler's views on economics3 Pre-war economy: 1933–19393.1 Record-high military spending3.2 Assessments of historical knowledge4 Wartime policies: 1939–19454.1 Forced labour4.2 Wartime production5 See also6 References7 Bibliography8 Further readingPolitical economy of Nazi GermanyEarly in his political career, Adolf Hitler regarded economic issues as relatively unimportant. In 1922, Hitler proclaimed[how?][to whom?20 Reichsmark notethat "world history teaches us that no person has become great through its economy but that a person can very well perish thereby", and later concluded that "the economy is something of secondary importance".[8] Hitler and the Nazis held a very strong idealist conception of history, which held that human events are guided by small numbers of exceptional individuals following a higher ideal. They believed that all economic concerns, being purely material, were unworthy of their consideration. Hitler went as far as to blame all previous German governments since Bismarck of having "subjugated the nation to materialism" by relying more on peaceful economic development than on expansion through war.[9]For these reasons, the Nazis never had a clearly defined economic programme. The original "Twenty-Five Point Programme" of the party, adopted in 1920, listed several economic demands (including "the abolition of all incomes unearned by work," "the ruthless confiscation of all war profits," "the nationalization of all businesses which have been formed into corporations," "profit-sharing in large enterprises," "extensive development of insurance for old-age," and "land reform suitable to our national requirements"),[10] but the degree to which the Nazis supported this programme in later years has been questioned. Several attempts were made in the 1920s to change some of the program or replace it entirely. For instance, in 1924, Gottfried Feder proposed a new 39-point program that kept some of the old planks, replaced others and added many completely new ones.[11] Hitler refused to allow any discussion of the party programme after 1925, ostensibly on the grounds that no discussion was necessary because the programme was "inviolable" and did not need any changes. At the same time, however, Hitler never voiced public support for the programme and many historians[who?] argue that he was in fact privately opposed to it. Hitler did not mention any of the planks of the programme in his book, Mein Kampf, and only talked about it in passing as "the so-called programme of the movement".[12]Hitler's views on economicsHitler's views on economics, beyond his early belief that the economy was of secondary importance, are a matter of debate. On the one hand, he proclaimed in one of his speeches that "we are socialists, we are enemies of today's capitalistic economic system",[13] but he was clear to point out that his interpretation of socialism "has nothing to do with Marxian Socialism," saying that "Marxism is anti-property; true Socialism is not."[14] At a later time, Hitler said: "Socialism! That is an unfortunate word altogether... What does socialism really mean? If people have something to eat and their pleasures, then they have their socialism."[12] In private, Hitler also said that "I absolutely insist on protecting private property... we must encourage private initiative".[15] On yet another occasion he qualified that statement by saying that the government should have the power to regulate the use of private property for the good of the nation.[16] Shortly after coming to power, Hitler told a confidant: "There is no license any more, no private sphere where the individual belongs to himself. That is socialism, not such trivial matters as the possibility of privately owning the means of production. Such things mean nothing if I subject people to a kind of discipline they can't escape...What need have we to socialize banks and factories? We socialize human beings".[17] He clearly believed that the lack of a precise economic programme was one of the Nazi Party's strengths, saying: "The basic feature of our economic theory is that we have no theory at all."[18] While not espousing a specific economic philosophy, Hitler employed anti-semitic themes to attack economic systems in other countries, associating ethnic Jews with both communism ("Jewish Bolsheviks") and capitalism, both of which he opposed.[19][20] Hitler also believed that individuals within a nation battled with each other for survival, and that such ruthless competition was good for the health of the nation, because it promoted "superior individuals" to higher positions in society.[21] At Berchtesgadenin July of 1944, Hitler gave his final speech in front of an audience. Drafted by Albert Speer, he emphasised the "self-responsibility of industry". After the war was won "private initiative of German business will experience its greatest moment". Hitler also expressed his belief in "the further development of humanity through the promotion of private initiative, in which alone I see the precondition for all real progress."[22]Pre-war economy: 1933–1939The Nazis came to power in the midst of Great Depression. The unemployment rate at that point in time was close to 30%.[23] Hitler appointed Hjalmar Schacht, a former member of the German Democratic Party, as President of the Reichsbank in 1933 and Minister of Economics in 1934.[23] At first, Schacht continued the economic policies introduced by the government of Kurt von Schleicher in 1932 to combat the effects of the Great Depression. The inherited policies included a large public works programs supported by deficit spending – such as the construction of the Autobahn network – to stimulate the economy and reduce unemployment.[24]Gross national product and GNP deflator, year on year change in %, 1926 to 1939,in Germany. Source: From data of Statistisches Bundesamt publication Pdf-file of German publication.The Great Depression had spurred state ownership in most Western capitalist countries. This also took place in Germany in the years prior to the Nazi political takeover. The Nazi Party election programs supported nationalization of major industries, though the Nazi government included a few actual policies of privatization in the 1930s.[25] Between the fiscal years 1934/35 and 1937/38, privatization was a small source of revenue for Germany’s Treasury, representing only 1.4 percent of total fiscal revenues.[26]Among companies that were privatized, were the four major commercial banks in Germany that had all come under public ownership during the prior years; Commerz– und Privatbank, Deutsche Bank und Disconto-Gesellschaft, Golddiskontbank and Dresdner Bank. Instead of making important investment decisions, and determining the use to which their funds were to be put, the private banks merely had to provide the technical facilities for covering government expenditure or financing new investment—the volume and composition of which had been previously settled by the government.[27]Also privatized were the Deutsche Reichsbahn (German Railways), at the time the largest single public enterprise in the world, the Vereinigte Stahlwerke A.G. (United Steelworks), the second largest joint-stock company in Germany (the largest was IG Farben) and Vereinigte Oberschlesische Hüttenwerke AG, a company controlling all of the metal production in the Upper Silesian coal and steel industry. The government also sold a number of shipbuilding companies, and enhanced private utilities at the expense of municipally owned utilities companies.[28]Meanwhile, the Nazis replaced the existing trade unions with the German Labour Front, controlled by the Party. It banned strikes, sacks and lockouts. The Chamber of Economics (whose president was appointed by the Reich minister of economics) absorbed all existing chambers of commerce. By 1934 these two groups merged somewhat when the Chamber of Economics also became the economics department of the Labour Front. To aid this, a board of trustees run by representatives of the party, Labour Front and Chamber of Economics was set up to centralize economic activity.[29]When it came to retail and small business, in order to coordinate workers and small businessmen, shop councils and the so-called Courts of Honour were set up to monitor retail units. Unlike Italian Fascism, Nazism perceived workers and employers in each enterprise as families; each with different roles. In real terms this meant that wages, working hours and general business practices were determined by worker councils (whose members ranged from 2 - 10) and employers, seeking a compromise.[30]In June 1933, the "Reinhardt Program" for infrastructure development was introduced. It combined indirect incentives, such as tax reductions, with direct public investment in waterways, railroads and highways.[31] It was followed by similar initiatives resulting in great expansion of the German construction industry. Between 1933 and 1936, employment in construction rose from only 666,000 to over 2,000,000.[32]Cars and other forms of motorized transport became increasingly attractive to the population, and the German motor industry boomed.[33] However, the government in Berlin banned many types of vehicles and allowed the production of only 19 different models of cars and trucks.[34] Combined with rubber shortages it created by 1939 a “drastic restrictions on the use of motor vehicles”.[35]Record-high military spendingIn 1936, military spending in Germany exceeded 10% of GNP, higher than any other European country at the time, after years of limitations imposed by the Versailles Treaty. Military investment also exceeded civilian investment from 1936 onwards.[36] Hitler faced the choice between conflicting recommendations. On one side a "free market" technocratic faction within the government, centered around Reichsbank President Hjalmar Schacht, Minister of Economics Walther Funk and Price Commissioner Dr. Carl Friedrich Goerdeler calling for decreased military spending, free trade, and a moderation in state intervention in the economy. This faction was supported by some of Germany's leading business executives, most notably Hermann Duecher of AEG, Robert Bosch of Robert Bosch GmbH, and Albert Voegeler of Vereinigte Stahlwerke AG.[37] On the other side the more politicized faction favored autarkic policies and sustained military spending.[38] Characteristically, Hitler hesitated before siding with the latter, and in August issued the "Four-Year Plan Memorandum" ordering Hermann Göring to have the German economy ready for war within four years.[39][40]The “Four-Year Plan” increased state intervention in the economy and siphoned off resources from the private sector for rearmament. Rearmament fell short of Goering’s goals, and the plan resulted in shortages and rationing for most German citizens.Historians such as Richard Overy have argued that the importance of the memo, which was written personally by Hitler, can be gauged by the fact that Hitler, who had something of a phobia about writing, hardly ever wrote anything down, which indicates that Hitler had something especially important to say.[41] The "Four-Year Plan Memorandum" predicated an imminent all-out, apocalyptic struggle between "Judeo-Bolshevism" and German National Socialism, which necessitated a total effort at rearmament regardless of the economic costs.[42]In the memo, Hitler wrote:Since the outbreak of the French Revolution, the world has been moving with ever increasing speed toward a new conflict, the most extreme solution of which is called Bolshevism, whose essence and aim, however, are solely the elimination of those strata of mankind which have hitherto provided the leadership and their replacement by worldwide Jewry. No state will be able to withdraw or even remain at a distance from this historical conflict...It is not the aim of this memorandum to prophesy the time when the untenable situation in Europe will become an open crisis. I only want, in these lines, to set down my conviction that this crisis cannot and will not fail to arrive and that it is Germany's duty to secure her own existence by every means in face of this catastrophe, and to protect herself against it, and that from this compulsion there arises a series of conclusions relating to the most important tasks that our people have ever been set. For a victory of Bolshevism over Germany would not lead to a Versailles treaty, but to the final destruction, indeed the annihilation of the German people...I consider it necessary for the Reichstag to pass the following two laws: 1) A law providing the death penalty for economic sabotage and 2) A law making the whole of Jewry liable for all damage inflicted by individual specimens of this community of criminals upon the German economy, and thus upon the German people.[43]Hitler called for Germany to have the world's "first army" in terms of fighting power within the next four years and that "the extent of the military development of our resources cannot be too large, nor its pace too swift" [italics in the original] and the role of the economy was simply to support "Germany's self-assertion and the extension of her Lebensraum".[44][45] Hitler went on to write that given the magnitude of the coming struggle that the concerns expressed by members of the "free market" faction like Schacht and Goerdeler that the current level of military spending was bankrupting Germany were irrelevant. Hitler wrote that: "However well balanced the general pattern of a nation's life ought to be, there must at particular times be certain disturbances of the balance at the expense of other less vital tasks. If we do not succeed in bringing the German army as rapidly as possible to the rank of premier army in the world...then Germany will be lost!"[46] and "The nation does not live for the economy, for economic leaders, or for economic or financial theories; on the contrary, it is finance and the economy, economic leaders and theories, which all owe unqualified service in this struggle for the self-assertion of our nation".[46]World prices for raw materials (which constituted the bulk of German imports) were on the rise. At the same time, world prices for manufactured goods (Germany's chief exports) were falling. The result was that Germany found it increasingly difficult to maintain a balance of payments. A large trade deficit seemed almost inevitable. But Hitler found this prospect unacceptable. Germany began to move away from partially free trade in the direction of economic self-sufficiency.[47] Hitler was aware of the fact that Germany lacked reserves of raw materials, and full autarky was therefore impossible. Thus he chose a different approach. The Nazi government tried to limit the number of its trade partners, and, when possible, only trade with countries within the German sphere of influence. A number of bilateral trade agreements were signed between Germany and other European countries (mostly countries located in Southern and South-Eastern Europe) during the 1930s. The German government strongly encouraged trade with these countries but strongly discouraged trade with any others.[48]Main article: Adolf Hitler § Rearmament and new alliancesBy the late 1930s, the aims of German trade policy were to use economic and political power to make the countries of Southern Europe and the Balkans dependent on Germany. The German economy would draw its raw materials from that region, and the countries in question would receive German manufactured goods in exchange.[49] Germany would also leverage productive trade relationships with Spain, Switzerland and Sweden in areas ranging from iron ore imports and clearing and payment services.[50] Throughout the 1930s, German businesses were also encouraged to form cartels, monopolies and oligopolies, whose interests were then protected by the state.[51]Assessments of historical knowledgeA major historiographical debate about the relationship between the German prewar economy and foreign policy decision-making was prompted in the late 1980s, when the British Marxist historian Timothy Mason claimed that an economic crisis had caused a "flight into war" in 1939. Mason argued that the German working-class was opposed to the Nazi dictatorship in the over-heated German economy of the late 1930s.[52] However, Mason’s thesis was debunked by historian Richard Overy who wrote that Germany's economic problems could not explain aggression against Poland and that the reasons for the outbreak of war were due to the ideological choices made by the Nazi leadership. For Overy, the problem with Mason's thesis was that it rested on the assumptions not shown by records.[53] Overy argued that there was a difference between economic pressures induced by the problems of the Four Year Plan, and economic motives to seize foreign industry, materials and reserves of neighboring states.[54] Meanwhile, Adam Tooze argued that from 1939 onwards, in spite of the military successes in the West, the German economy became dependent on vital imports from the East.[55] Tooze saw this as a reason for Hitler to attack the Soviet Union, because "[t]he Third Reich had no intention of slipping into that kind of humbling dependence that Britain now occupied in relation to the United States, mortgaging its assets and selling its secrets, simply to sustain its war effort".[56] Up to Operation Barbarossa the German economy could not "do without Soviet deliveries of oil, grain, and alloy metals."[57] The Four-Year Plan was discussed in the controversial Hossbach Memorandum, which provides the "minutes" from one of Hitler's briefings. The Four-Year Plan technically expired in 1940.[58]Wartime policies: 1939–1945Main articles: SS-Wirtschafts-Verwaltungshauptamt, DEST, Deutsche Wirtschaftsbetriebe, and ArbeitseinsatzMonowitz concentration camp Buna-Werke (Auschwitz III)Hermann Göring had built up a power base that effectively controlled all German economic and production matters from the invasion of Poland in 1939. In 1942 the growing burdens of the war and the death of Fritz Todt in 1942 saw the economy move to a full war economy under the efficient[59] leadership of Albert Speer. Due to state control, business had little entrepreneurial freedom[34] in a regime that has been described as "command-capitalism".[60] In place of ordinary profit incentives guiding the economy, financial investment was regulated as per the needs of the state. The profit incentive for businessmen remained, but was greatly modified; Nazi agencies replaced the profit motive that automatically allocated investment, and the course of the economy.[61] Rationing was introduced in 1939. Britain immediately put their economy on a war footing, Germany resisted equivalent measures until later in the war. They were ideologically opposed to women participating in the work force. The top personal income tax rate in 1941 was 13.7% in Germany as opposed to 23.7% in Great Britain.[62]The beginning of the Hitler's war resulted in a British blockade which seriously restricted German access to world markets. Petroleum, sugar, coffee, chocolate and cotton were all extremely scarce. Germany used coal gasification to replace petroleum imports to a limited extent, and relied on Romanian oilfields at Ploiesti. Germany was dependent on Sweden for the majority of their iron ore production, and relied on Spain and Portugal to provide tungsten. Switzerland continued to trade with Germany, and was very useful as a friendly neutral to Germany. Until the declaration of war of the Soviet Union, the Third Reich received massive supplies of grain and raw materials from the USSR, which they paid for with industrial machinery, weapons and they even sold German designs for a battleship. This economic dependence on the Soviet Union was exemplified when in spring 1940 the Soviet Union asked for two chemical plants as compensation for raw materials. The Germans declined after intervention of the military.[56]Cherkashchyna Ukrainians being deported to Germany to serve as slave labor (OST-Arbeiter), 1942During the war, as Germany acquired new territories (either by direct annexation or by installing puppet governments in defeated countries), these new territories were forced to sell raw materials and agricultural products to German buyers at extremely low prices. Hitler's policy of lebensraum strongly emphasized the conquest of new lands in the East, and the exploitation of these lands to provide cheap goods to Germany. In practice, however, the intensity of the fighting on the Eastern Front and the Soviet scorched earth policy, meant that the Germans found little they could use and, on the other hand, a large quantity of goods flowed into Germany from conquered lands in the West. For example, two-thirds of all French trains in 1941 were used to carry goods to Germany. Norway lost 20% of its national income in 1940 and 40% in 1943.[63]Fiscal policy was also directed towards exploitation of conquered countries, from which capital was to be gathered for German investments. Banks, such as Bank Emisyjny w Polsce, were created to manage local economies.[64]Forced labourMain articles: Forced labour under German rule during World War II and OST-ArbeiterEven before the war, Nazi Germany maintained a supply of slave labour. "Undesirables" (German: unzuverlässige Elemente), such as the homeless, homosexuals, and alleged criminals as well as political dissidents, communists, Jews, and anyone else that the regime wanted out of the way were imprisoned in labour camps. Prisoners of war and civilians were brought into Germany from occupied territories after the German invasion of Poland. The necessary labour for the German war economy was provided by the new camp system, serving as one of the key instruments of terror. Historians estimate that some 5 million Polish citizens (including Polish Jews) went through them.[65]Polish-forced-workers' badgeIn German-occupied Poland, the network of slave labor camps contained 457 complexes with dozens of subsidiary camps scattered over a broad area. At the Gross-Rosen concentration camp (to which Polish nationals were brought in from the annexed part of Poland) the number of subcamps was ninety seven (97).[66] Under Auschwitz, Birkenau, and Auschwitz III (Monowitz) with thousands of prisoners each, the number of satellite camps was forty-eight (48).[67][68] Stutthof concentration camp had forty (40) subcamps officially and as many as 105 subcamps in operation,[69] some as far as Elbląg, Bydgoszcz and Toruń, 200 kilometres (120 mi) from the main camp.[70][71] The Deutsche Reichsbahn acquired new infrastructure in Poland worth in excess of 8,278,600,000 złoty,[72] including some of the largest locomotive factories in Europe, the H. Cegielski – Poznań renamed DWM, and Fablok in Chrzanów renamed Oberschlesische Lokomotivwerke Krenau as well as the locomotive parts factory Babcock-Zieleniewski in Sosnowiec renamed Ferrum AG later tasked with making parts to V-1 i V-2 rockets also.[73] Under the new management, formerly Polish companies began producing German engines BR44, BR50 and BR86 as early as 1940 with the use of slave labor.[74]Hundreds of thousands of people in occupied territories were used as slave labour by leading German corporations including Thyssen, Krupp, IG Farben, Bosch, Blaupunkt, Daimler-Benz, Demag, Henschel, Junkers, Messerschmitt, Philips, Siemens, and Volkswagen,[75] on top of Nazi German startups which ballooned during this period,[76] and all German subsidiaries of foreign firms including Fordwerke (Ford Motor Company) and Adam Opel AG (a subsidiary of General Motors).[66] By 1944, slave labour made up one quarter of Germany's entire work force, and the majority of German factories had a contingent of prisoners.[77] In rural areas the shortage of agricultural labour was filled by forced laborers from the occupied territories of Poland and the Soviet Union. The children of these workers were unwanted in Germany,[78] and usually murdered inside special centres known as Ausländerkinder-Pflegestätte.[79]Wartime productionThe proportion of military spending in the German economy began growing rapidly after 1942, as the Nazi government was forced to dedicate more of the country's economic resources to fight a losing war. Civilian factories were converted to military use and placed under military administration. From mid 1943 on, Germany switched to a full war economy overseen by Albert Speer. By late 1944, almost the entire German economy was dedicated to military production. The result was a dramatic rise in military production, with an increase by 2 to 3 times of vital goods like tanks and aircraft, despite the intensifying Allied air campaign and the loss of territory and factories. Restaurants and other services were closed to focus the German economy on military needs. With the exception of ammunition for the army, the increase in production was insufficient to match the Allies in any category of production. Some production was moved underground in an attempt to put it out of reach of Allied bombers.From late 1944 on, Allied bombings were destroying German factories and cities at a rapid pace, leading to the final collapse of the German war economy in 1945 (Stunde Null). Food became drastically scarce. Synthetic fuel production dropped by 86% in eight months, explosive output was reduced by 42% and the loss of tank output was 35%.[80] The Allied bombing campaign also tied up valuable manpower, with Albert Speer (Germany's Minister of Armaments) estimating that in the summer of 1944 between 200,000 and 300,000 men were permanently employed in repairing oil installations and placing oil production underground.[81]