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React and AngularJS are both advanced, widely adopted JavaScript (JS) technologies that we use to create interactive single-page applications (SPAs). The number of JS tools for fast single-page application development is constantly growing, making the choice of which technology to rely on more challenging for us as web developers.Both React and AngularJS are currently used by many business, news, and travel companies in the USA, the UK, Canada, France, Germany, Australia, and other countries. AngularJS has been included in virtually every list of top 10 JavaScript frameworks since its release in 2009. This Model–View–Controller framework has become extremely popular among web developers.React is even more widely used by JavaScript programmers, although it’s actually a library, not a framework: the React library only has a View, but lacks Model and Controller components. So how did React became so popular? And how can we reasonably compare a framework (AngularJS) with a library (React)?React vs AngularJS ComparisonThe main differences between AngularJS (the framework) and React (the library) are in the following aspects: componentization, data binding, performance, dependency resolution, directives, and templating. Let’s look at each of these aspects separately.ComponentizationAngularJSAngularJS has a very complex and fixed structure because it's based on the three layers — Model, View, and Controller — typical of single-page applications. An object $scope in AngularJS is responsible for the Model part, which is initialized by the Controller and then transformed into HTML to create the View for the user. AngularJS provides many standard services, factories, controllers, directives, and other components that will take some time for a JavaScript developer to master initially.With AngularJS we break the application code into several files. For example, when we create a reusable component with our own directive, controller, and template, we must describe each chunk of code in a separate file. Once we describe our directive, we then add a link to our template in the directive to couple these parts. AngularJS directives represent the template logic for your application. The template is HTML extended with AngularJS directives, generally written as tags or attributes. We also add controllers to provide our models with necessary $scope or context. Controllers are written in separate files as well. When we modularize our application in such a way, we can reuse our template or component in a different part of the website.ReactFacebook, the creator of React, chose an architecture different from that of AngularJS and similar MVC frameworks. In short, there is no “correct" structure for applications built with React.React is a large JavaScript library that helps us update the View for the user. But React still doesn't let us create applications on its own. The library lacks the model and controller layers. To fill in the gap, Facebook introduced Flux, which has numerous variants nowadays, to control the application workflow.React provides a very simple and efficient way to build component trees. It boasts a functional programming style where component definitions are declarative. Composing your app from React components is like composing a JavaScript program from functions. Just look at the example below, taken from GitHub:var TodoApp = React.createClass({  getInitialState: function () {  return {  nowShowing: app.ALL_TODOS,  editing: null,  newTodo: ''  };  },  handleChange: function (event) {  this.setState({  newTodo: event.target.value  });  } }); // other code is omitted for brevity Code written in React is logically structured and readable thanks to the availability of components. The React library doesn’t demand that you write code in a certain way. They suggest that you use JSX (a special XML-like syntax) to create classes and templates, but it’s also possible to write plain JavaScript and HTML. This helps JavaScript developers adapt to React applications more easily, as there is no unusual syntax to learn.React offers a freedom that AngularJS doesn’t. But this freedom comes at the cost of additional time spent designing the structure of an application. Before we start a new project, we have to think about what instruments we are going to use. When you have to pick a tool from among 100 options to resolve a single task, this choice becomes cumbersome.Data BindingAngularJSAngularJS connects Document Object Model (DOM) values to Model data through the Controller using two-way data binding. In short, if the user interacts with an <input> field and provides a new value to the app, then not only the View is updated, but the Model as well. Two-way data binding is beneficial for AngularJS as it helps us write less boilerplate code to create interactions between components (the View and the Model) in our application. We don't have to invent a method to track changes in the app and change our JavaScript code accordingly.The drawback of Angular's two-way data binding approach is its negative impact on performance. AngularJS automatically creates a watcher for each binding. During development, we may come to a point when an app is packed with too many watchers for bound elements.ReactBut what are the advantages of React over AngularJS with regards to data binding? React uses one-way data binding, meaning we are able to direct the flow of data only in one direction. Because of this, it’s always clear where the data was changed. It’s worth noting that two-way data binding was available in React before v15 thanks to ReactLink.In order to implement a unidirectional data flow in React, Facebook created its own application architecture called Flux. Flux controls the flow of data to React components through one control point – the dispatcher. Flux's dispatcher receives an object (they call it an action) and transfers it to an appropriate store, which then updates itself. Once the update is finished, the View changes accordingly and sends a new action to the dispatcher. It's only possible to transfer an action to the store when it’s fully updated. With this concept, Flux improves the effectiveness of the code base. Based on our own experience we can say that Flux is great when you work with dynamically updated data.The one-way data flow in React keeps complexity under control. It's much easier to debug self-contained components of large React applications than it is with similarly large AngularJS applications.PerformanceAngularJSThere are two things to take into consideration when we talk about Angular's performance. As we mentioned previously, Angular 1.x and higher relies on two-way data binding. This concept is based on “dirty checking," a mechanism that can make our AngularJS application laggy.When we bind values in HTML with our model, AngularJS creates a watcher for each binding to track changes in the DOM. Once the View updates (becomes “dirty"), AngularJS compares the new value with the initial (bound) value and runs the $digest loop. The $digest loop then checks not only values that have actually changed, but also all others values that are tracked through watchers. This is why performance will decrease a lot if your application has too many watchers.This drawback is even more painful when several values (Views) are dependent on each other. Once AngularJS sees that the change of a value was triggered by another change of a different value, then it stops the current $digest cycle and runs it all over again.The loop doesn't stop working until it checks all watchers and applies all necessary changes to both the View and the Model. In practice, we can bind an <input> field to different Views and Models. When the user enters new data into the field, the change may not be immediately visible. It’s better to avoid that.Another shortcoming of the AngularJS framework is the way it works with the DOM. Unlike React, AngularJS applies changes in the real DOM in the browser. When the real DOM gets updated, the browser has to change many internal values to represent a new DOM. This also has a negative impact on application performance.Poor performance is the main reason why Angular 2 supporters re-worked how Angular changes the program state. Angular 2 and the latest Angular 4 framework versions also feature server-side rendering and one-way data binding similarly to React. Still, Angular 2 and 4 offer two-way data binding as an option.ReactThe creators of React introduced the concept of the virtual Document Object Model, which is regarded as one of the greatest advantages of React in comparison with mature frameworks, including AngularJS. How does the virtual DOM work? When our HTML document is loaded, React creates a lightweight DOM tree from JavaScript objects and saves it on the server. When the user, for instance, enters new data in the <input> field in the browser, React creates a new virtual DOM and then compares it with the previously saved DOM. The library finds dissimilarities between two object models in such a way and rebuilds the virtual DOM once again, but with new changed HTML. All this work is done on the server, which reduces load on the browser.Now, instead of sending completely new HTML to the browser, React sends the HTML only for the changed element. This approach is much more efficient than what AngularJS offers.As for one-way data binding, React doesn't use watchers to track changes in the real DOM. Overall, React makes it simpler to control application performance. But this doesn't mean we cannot create a fast application in AngularJS.Resolving DependenciesAngularJSAngularJS uses a basic Object Oriented Programming (OOP) pattern called dependency injection, meaning we write dependencies in a separate file. It’s inconvenient to create a dependency directly in an object. In AngularJS, dependency injection is inherent to any standard functions that we declare for an AngularJS factory or service. We only pass dependencies as parameters in any order in our functions. This is where vanilla JavaScript is different from AngularJS, as the order of arguments in standard JS is strict.angular.module('todomvc') // Angular injects four dependencies in the TodoCtrl function – $scope, $routeParams, $filter, and store; .controller('TodoCtrl', function TodoCtrl($scope, $routeParams, $filter, store) {  'use strict';  var todos = $scope.todos = store.todos;  $scope.newTodo = '';  $scope.editedTodo = null;  // missing function code is omitted for brevity }); AngularJS automatically finds appropriate objects that are injected as the $routeParams, $filter, store, and $scope parameters. There are two functions that make dependency injection possible in the AngularJS framework: $inject and $provide.We should also mention an issue with dependency injection in AngularJS; a small nuisance you may encounter when you run code minification.A code minification program reduces dependency names to something like $b and $y for concision. But when executing the code, AngularJS will look for dependencies by their actual names, which are $scope, $filter, and store in the example above! This is when our program silently crashes. On the bright side, it's very easy to resolve this issue.As you can see in the example below, we have declared the function TodoCtrl and passed only short names of arguments. Further below, we specifically show what to inject in our function in the necessary order. Therefore, the “s" argument stands for “$scope"; the “r" argument stands for “$routeParams", etc. AngularJS will find dependencies automatically. This time, pay attention to the order of the arguments.// an example from GitHub angular.module('todomvc')  .controller('TodoCtrl', TodoCtrl); function TodoCtrl(s, r, f, a) {  'use strict';  var todos = s.todos = a.todos;  s.newTodo = '';  s.editedTodo = null;  // missing function code is omitted for brevity }; //inject dependencies using a special function TodoCtrl[“inject”] = [“$scope”, “$routeParams”, “$filter”, “store”]; There is also another way to pass a function and its dependencies – by using an array. The first array elements would be your dependencies followed by the function with short parameters.Another example of how to inject dependencies into AngularJS module:[“$scope”, “$routeParams”, “$filter”, “store”, function TodoCtrl(s, r, f, a) { //your code goes here }]; ReactThe difference between React and AngularJS with regards to dependency injection is that React doesn’t offer any concept of a built-in container for dependency injection. But this doesn't mean we have to think of a method to inject dependencies in our React project. You can use several instruments to inject dependencies automatically in a React application. Such instruments include Browserify, RequireJS, EcmaScript 6 modules which we can use via Babel, ReactJS-di, and so on. The only challenge is to pick a tool to use.Directives and TemplatesAngularJSDirectives in AngularJS are a way to organize our work/code around the DOM. If working with AngularJS, we access the DOM only through directives. For example, AngularJS has many standard directives, such as ng-bind or ng-app, but we can create own directives as well. And we should. This is a powerful way to work with the DOM. On the other hand, the syntax for making private AngularJS directives is rather difficult to understand.We make our own directives in AngularJS to insert data into templates. The template must have an element with our directive written as an attribute. It's as simple as that. But AngularJS directives, if defined fully, are sophisticated. The object with settings, which we return in the directive, contains around ten properties. Such properties as templateUrl or template are easy to understand. But it’s not so clear how (and why) to define priority, terminal, scope, and other properties. Mastering the syntax of AngularJS directives may be a real challenge.In summary, in order to bind DOM elements with AngularJS applications, we use directives, both standard and specific.ReactReact doesn’t offer division into templates and directives or template logic. The template logic should be written in the template itself. To see what this looks like, open an example from GitHub. You will notice that React's component app.TodoItem is created with a standard React.createClass() method. We pass an object with properties to this function. Such properties as componentDidUpdate, shouldComponentUpdate, handleKeyDown, or handleSubmit represent the logic – what will happen with our template. In the end of the component, we usually define the render property, which is a template to be rendered in the browser. Everything is located in one place, and the JSX syntax in the template is easy to understand even if you don’t know how to write in JSX. It's clear what is going to happen with our template, how it should be rendered and what information will be presented for it by properties.Such an approach of defining template and logic in one place is better as we spend less time initially on understanding what is happening.Summing UpBoth AngularJS and React are great for writing single-page applications. But they are completely different instruments. Some programmers may say that React is better than AngularJS or vice versa. What’s really best for a given project, however, depends on how you use these instruments.Working with React may seem a bit easier starting out, because you write old-school JavaScript and build your HTML around it. But there are many additional tools you'll have to grasp, such as Flux. In turn, AngularJS implements a different approach organized around HTML. That's why we may see unusual syntax and solutions that seem questionable at first sight. But once you get used to AngularJS, you will certainly benefit from its features.(Source: - RubyGarage Blog)

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Here is what you need to check.What Laptop Platforms (OS) are avaliable in India?Laptops in India are available in 3 types of operating systems - Windows, Chrome OS and Mac, you can choose any one from these based on your personal preference.What are Laptop types?Nowadays, laptops come in different varieties. There are devices named as '2-in-1' which can be switched between a laptop and tablet. This type comes in two different styles - detachable or foldable keypad. In the detachable one, the screen can be completely removed and the user can access the device with the help of virtual keys on the touch screen. Whereas, in the foldable type, the keyboard bend back 360 degrees with the help of hinges. This system serves as a multi purpose and travels friendly. These devices are ideal for those who require carrying their gadget on regular basis.A laptop, often called a notebook or "notebook computer", is a small, portable personal computer with a "clamshell" form factor, an alphanumeric keyboard on the lower part of the "clamshell" and a thin LCD or LED computer screen on the upper part, which is opened up to use the computer. Laptops are folded shut for transportation, and thus are suitable for mobile use.Design elements, form factor and construction can also vary significantly between models depending on intended use. Examples of specialized models of laptops include rugged notebooks for use in construction or military applications, as well as low production cost laptops such as those from the One Laptop per Child organization, which incorporate features like solar charging and semi-flexible components not found on most laptop computers. Portable computers, which later developed into modern laptops, were originally considered to be a small niche market, mostly for specialized field applications, such as in the military, for accountants, or for traveling sales representatives. As portable computers evolved into the modern laptop, they became widely used for a variety of purpose.A standard laptop combines the components, inputs, outputs, and capabilities of a desktop computer, including the display screen, small speakers, a keyboard, hard disk drive, optical disc drive pointing devices (such as a touchpad or trackpad), a processor, and memory into a single unit. Most 2016-era laptops also have integrated webcams and built-in microphones. Some 2016-era laptops have touchscreens. Laptops can be powered either from an internal battery or by an external power supply from an AC adapter. Hardware specifications, such as the processor speed and memory capacity, significantly vary between different types, makes, models and price points.A laptop, often called a notebook or "notebook computer", is a small, portable personal computer with a "clamshell" form factor, an alphanumeric keyboard on the lower part of the "clamshell" and a thin LCD or LED computer screen on the upper part, which is opened up to use the computer. Laptops are folded shut for transportation, and thus are suitable for mobile use.[1] Although originally there was a distinction between laptops and notebooks, the former being bigger and heavier than the latter, as of 2014, there is often no longer any difference.[2] Laptops are commonly used in a variety of settings, such as at work, in education, in playing games, Internet surfing, for personal multimedia and general home computer use.A standard laptop combines the components, inputs, outputs, and capabilities of a desktop computer, including the display screen, small speakers, a keyboard, hard disk drive, optical disc drive pointing devices (such as a touchpad or trackpad), a processor, and memory into a single unit. Most 2016-era laptops also have integrated webcams and built-in microphones. Some 2016-era laptops have touchscreens. Laptops can be powered either from an internal battery or by an external power supply from an AC adapter. Hardware specifications, such as the processor speed and memory capacity, significantly vary between different types, makes, models and price points.Design elements, form factor and construction can also vary significantly between models depending on intended use. Examples of specialized models of laptops include rugged notebooks for use in construction or military applications, as well as low production cost laptops such as those from the One Laptop per Child organization, which incorporate features like solar charging and semi-flexible components not found on most laptop computers. Portable computers, which later developed into modern laptops, were originally considered to be a small niche market, mostly for specialized field applications, such as in the military, for accountants, or for traveling sales representatives. As portable computers evolved into the modern laptop, they became widely used for a variety of purposes.[3]The portable micro computer Portal of the french company R2E Micral CCMC officially appeared in September 1980 at the Sicob show in PARIS. It was a portable microcomputer designed and marketed by the studies and developments department of R2E Micral at the request of company CCMC specializing in payroll and accounting. It was based on an Intel 8085 processor, 8-bit, clocked at 2 MHZ. It was equipped with a central 64K bite Ram, a keyboard with 58 alpha numeric keys and 11 numeric keys ( separate blocks ), a 32-character screen, a floppy disk : capacity = 140 000 characters, of a thermal printer : speed = 28 characters / second, an asynchronous channel, a synchronous channel, a 220V power supply. It weighed 12Kg and its dimensions were 45cm x 45cm x 15cm. It provided total mobility. Its operating system was Prologue.R2E CCMC Portal laptop in September 1980 at the SICOB show in PARISThe Osborne 1, released in 1981, was a luggable computer that used the ZilogZ80 and weighed 24.5 pounds (11.1 kg).[14]It had no battery, a 5 in (13 cm) CRT screen, and dual 5.25 in (13.3 cm) single-density floppy drives. Both Tandy/RadioShack and HP also produced portable computers of varying designs during this period.[15][16]The first laptops using the flip form factor appeared in the early 1980s. The Dulmont Magnum was released in Australia in 1981–82, but was not marketed internationally until 1984–85. The US$8,150 (US$20,230 today) GRiD Compass 1101, released in 1982, was used at NASA and by the military, among others. The Sharp PC-5000,[17]Ampere[18]and Gavilan SC released in 1983. The Gavilan SC was described as a "laptop" by its manufacturer,[19]while the Ampere had a modern clamshell design.[18][20]The Toshiba T1100 won acceptance not only among PC experts but the mass market as a way to have PC portability.[21]From 1983 onward, several new input techniques were developed and included in laptops, including the touchpad (Gavilan SC, 1983), the pointing stick (IBM ThinkPad 700, 1992), and handwriting recognition (Linus Write-Top,[22]1987). Some CPUs, such as the 1990 Intel i386SL, were designed to use minimum power to increase battery life of portable computers and were supported by dynamic power management features such as Intel SpeedStep and AMD PowerNow! in some designs.Displays reached 640x480 (VGA) resolution by 1988 (Compaq SLT/286), and color screens started becoming a common upgrade in 1991, with increases in resolution and screen size occurring frequently until the introduction of 17" screen laptops in 2003. Hard drives started to be used in portables, encouraged by the introduction of 3.5" drives in the late 1980s, and became common in laptops starting with the introduction of 2.5" and smaller drives around 1990; capacities have typically lagged behind physically larger desktop drives. Optical storage, read-only CD-ROMfollowed by writeable CD and later read-only or writeable DVD and Blu-ray players, became common in laptops early in the 2000s.Types[edit]Apple MacBook Pro, a laptop with a traditional designSony VAIO P series, variant of a subnotebookLenovo's ThinkPad business laptopA Samsung Chromebook, typical netbookAsus Transformer Pad, a hybrid tablet, powered by Android OSMicrosoft Surface Pro 3, 2-in-1 detachableAlienware desktop replacement gaming laptopPanasonic Toughbook CF-M34, a rugged laptop/subnotebookSince the introduction of portable computers during late 1970s, their form has changed significantly, spawning a variety of visually and technologically differing subclasses. Except where there is a distinct legal trademark around a term (notably Ultrabook), there are rarely hard distinctions between these classes and their usage has varied over time and between different sources. Despite these setbacks, the laptop computer market continues to expand, introducing a number of laptops like Acer's Aspire and TravelMate, Asus' Transformer Book, VivoBook and Zenbook, Dell's Inspiron, Latitude and XPS, HP's EliteBook, Envy, Pavilion and ProBook, Lenovo's IdeaPad and ThinkPad and Toshiba's Portégé, Satellite and Tecra that incorporate the use of laptop computers.Traditional laptop[edit]The form of the traditional laptop computer is a clamshell, with a screen on one of its inner sides and a keyboard on the opposite, facing the screen. It can be easily folded to conserve space while traveling. The screen and keyboard are inaccessible while closed. Devices of this form are commonly called a 'traditional laptop' or notebook, particularly if they have a screen size of 11 to 17 inches measured diagonally and run a full-featured operating system like Windows 10, macOS, or Linux. Traditional laptops are the most common form of laptops, although Chromebooks, Ultrabooks, convertibles and 2-in-1s (described below) are becoming more common, with similar performance being achieved in their more portable or affordable forms.Subnotebook[edit]Main article: SubnotebookA subnotebook or an ultraportable, is a laptop designed and marketed with an emphasis on portability (small size, low weight, and often longer battery life). Subnotebooks are usually smaller and lighter than standard laptops, weighing between 0.8 and 2 kg (2-5 lb),[23]with a battery life exceeding 10 hours.[24]Since the introduction of netbooks and ultrabooks, the line between subnotebooks and either category has blurred. Netbooks are a more basic and cheap type of subnotebook, and while some ultrabooks have a screen size too large to qualify as subnotebooks, certain ultrabooks fit in the subnotebook category. One notable example of a subnotebook is the Apple MacBook Air.Netbook[edit]Main article: NetbookThe netbook was an inexpensive, light-weight, energy-efficient form of laptop, especially suited for wireless communication and Internet access.[25][26]Netbooks first became commercially available around 2008, weighing under 1 kg, with a display size of under 9". The name netbook (with net short for Internet) is used as "the device excels in web-based computing performance".[27]Netbooks were initially sold with light-weight variants of the Linux operating system, although later versions often have the Windows XP or Windows 7 operating systems. The term "netbook" is largely obsolete,[28]although machines that would have once been called netbooks—small, inexpensive, and low powered—never ceased being sold, in particular the smaller Chromebookmodels.Convertible, hybrid, 2-in-1[edit]This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (November 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)Main article: 2-in-1 PCThe latest trend of technological convergence in the portable computer industry spawned a broad range of devices, with a combined features of several previously separate device types. The hybrids, convertibles and 2-in-1s emerged as crossover devices, which share traits of both tablets and laptops. All such devices have a touchscreen display designed to allow users to work in a tablet mode, using either multi-touch gestures or a stylus/digital pen.Convertibles are devices with the ability to conceal a hardware keyboard. Keyboards on such devices can be flipped, rotated, or slid behind the back of the chassis, thus transforming from a laptop into a tablet. Hybrids have a keyboard detachment mechanism, and due to this feature, all critical components are situated in the part with the display. 2-in-1s can have a hybrid or a convertible form, often dubbed 2-in-1 detachables and 2-in-1 convertibles respectively, but are distinguished by the ability to run a desktop OS, such as Windows 10. 2-in-1s are often marketed as laptop replacement tablets.2-in-1s are often very thin, around 10 millimetres (0.39 in), and light devices with a long battery life. 2-in-1s are distinguished from mainstream tablets as they feature an x86-architecture CPU (typically a low- or ultra-low-voltage model), such as the Intel Core i5, run a full-featured desktop OS like Windows 10, and have a number of typical laptop I/O ports, such as USB 3 and Mini DisplayPort.2-in-1s are designed to be used not only as a media consumption device, but also as valid desktop or laptop replacements, due to their ability to run desktop applications, such as Adobe Photoshop. It is possible to connect multiple peripheral devices, such as a mouse, keyboard, and a number of external displays to a modern 2-in-1.Microsoft Surface Pro-series devices and Surface Book are examples of modern 2-in-1 detachables, whereas Lenovo Yoga-series computers are a variant of 2-in-1 convertibles. While the older Surface RT and Surface 2 have the same chassis design as the Surface Pro, their use of ARM processors and Windows RT do not classify them as 2-in-1s, but as hybrid tablets. Similarly, a number of hybrid laptops run a mobile operating system, such as Android. These include Asus's Transformer Pad devices, examples of hybrids with a detachable keyboard design, which do not fall in the category of 2-in-1s.Desktop replacement[edit]Main article: Desktop replacement computerSee also: Gaming computer § Gaming laptop computersA desktop-replacement laptop is a class of large device which is not intended primarily for mobile use. They are bulkier and not as portable as other laptops, and are intended for use as compact and transportable alternatives to a desktop computer.[29]Desktop replacements are larger and typically heavier than other classes of laptops. They are capable of containing more powerful components and have a 15-inch or larger display.[29]Desktop replacement laptops' operation time on batteries is typically shorter than other laptops; in rare cases they have no battery at all. In the past, some laptops in this class used a limited range of desktop components to provide better performance for the same price at the expense of battery life, although this practice has largely died out.[30]The names Media Center Laptops and Gaming Laptops are used to describe specialized notebook computers, often overlapping with the desktop replacement form factor.[23]Rugged laptop[edit]Main article: Rugged computerA rugged laptop is designed to reliably operate in harsh usage conditions such as strong vibrations, extreme temperatures, and wet or dusty environments. Rugged laptops are usually designed from scratch, rather than adapted from regular consumer laptop models. Rugged laptops are bulkier, heavier, and much more expensive than regular laptops,[31]and thus are seldom seen in regular consumer use.The design features found in rugged laptops include a rubber sheeting under the keyboard keys, sealed port and connector covers, passive cooling, very bright displays easily readable in daylight, cases and frames made of magnesium alloys that are much stronger than plastics found in commercial laptops, and solid-state storage devices or hard disc drives that are shock mounted to withstand constant vibrations. Rugged laptops are commonly used by public safety services (police, fire, and medical emergency), military, utilities, field service technicians, construction, mining, and oil drilling personnel. Rugged laptops are usually sold to organizations rather than individuals, and are rarely marketed via retail channels.Business laptop[edit]A business laptop is a laptop designed for those in a workplace. Typically, it is ruggedised, with consumer facing features, like high resolution sound removed to allow the device to be used for pure productivity.Hardware[edit]This section needs additional citations for verification. (July 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)Main article: Personal computer hardwareMiniaturization: a comparison of a desktop computer motherboard (ATX form factor) to a motherboard from a 13" laptop (2008 unibody Macbook)Inner view of a Sony VAIO laptopA SODIMM memory moduleThe basic components of laptops function identically to their desktop counterparts. Traditionally they were miniaturized and adapted to mobile use, although desktop systems increasingly use the same smaller, lower-power parts which were originally developed for mobile use. The design restrictions on power, size, and cooling of laptops limit the maximum performance of laptop parts compared to that of desktop components, although that difference has increasingly narrowed.[32]In general, laptop components are not intended to be replaceable or upgradable, with the exception of components which can be detached, such as a battery or CD/CDR/DVD drive. This restriction is one of the major differences between laptops and desktop computers, because the large "tower" cases used in desktop computers are designed so that new motherboards, hard disks, sound cards, RAM, and other components can be added. In a very compact laptop, such as laplets, there may be no upgradeable components at all.[33]Intel, Asus, Compal, Quanta, and some other laptop manufacturers have created the Common Building Block standard for laptop parts to address some of the inefficiencies caused by the lack of standards and inability to upgrade components.[34]The following sections summarizes the differences and distinguishing features of laptop components in comparison to desktop personal computer parts.[35]Display[edit]Most modern laptops feature a 13 inches (33 cm) or larger color active matrix display based on LED lighting with resolutions of 1280×800 (16:10) or 1366×768 (16:9) pixels and above. Models with LED-based lighting offer lesser power consumption, and often increased brightness. Netbooks with a 10 inches (25 cm) or smaller screen typically use a resolution of 1024×600, while netbooks and subnotebooks with a 11.6 inches (29 cm) or 12 inches (30 cm) screen use standard notebook resolutions. Having a higher resolution display allows more items to fit onscreen at a time, improving the user's ability to multitask, although at the higher resolutions on smaller screens, the resolution may only serve to display sharper graphics and text rather than increasing the usable area. Since the introduction of the MacBook Pro with Retina display in 2012, there has been an increase in the availability of very-high resolution (1920×1080 and higher) displays, even in relatively small systems, and in typical 15-inch screens resolutions as high as 3200×1800 are available. External displays can be connected to most laptops, and models with a Mini DisplayPort can handle up to three.[36]Central processing unit[edit]A laptop's central processing unit (CPU) has advanced power-saving features and produces less heat than one intended purely for desktop use. Typically, laptop CPUs have two processor cores, although 4-core models are also available. For low price and mainstream performance, there is no longer a significant performance difference between laptop and desktop CPUs, but at the high end, the fastest 4-to-8-core desktop CPUs still substantially outperform the fastest 4-core laptop processors, at the expense of massively higher power consumption and heat generation; the fastest laptop processors top out at 56 watts of heat, while the fastest desktop processors top out at 150 watts.There have been a wide range of CPUs designed for laptops available from both Intel, AMD, and other manufacturers. On non-x86 architectures, Motorola and IBM produced the chips for the former PowerPC-based Apple laptops (iBook and PowerBook). Many laptops have removable CPUs, although this has become less common in the past few years as the trend has been towards thinner and lighter models. In other laptops the CPU is soldered on the motherboard and is non-replaceable; this is nearly universal in ultrabooks.In the past, some laptops have used a desktop processor instead of the laptop version and have had high performance gains at the cost of greater weight, heat, and limited battery life, but the practice was largely extinct as of 2013. Unlike their desktop counterparts, laptop CPUs are nearly impossible to overclock. A thermal operating mode of laptops is very close to its limits and there is almost no headroom for an overclocking–related operating temperature increase. The possibility of improving a cooling system of a laptop to allow overclocking is extremely difficult to implement.Graphical processing unit[edit]On most laptops a graphical processing unit (GPU) is integrated into the CPU to conserve power and space. This was introduced by Intel with the Core i-series of mobile processors in 2010, and similar APU processors by AMD later that year. Prior to that, lower-end machines tended to use graphics processors integrated into the system chipset, while higher end machines had a separate graphics processor. In the past, laptops lacking a separate graphics processor were limited in their utility for gaming and professional applications involving 3D graphics, but the capabilities of CPU-integrated graphics have converged with the low-end of dedicated graphics processors in the past few years. Higher-end laptops intended for gaming or professional 3D work still come with dedicated, and in some cases even dual, graphics processors on the motherboard or as an internal expansion card. Since 2011, these almost always involve switchable graphics so that when there is no demand for the higher performance dedicated graphics processor, the more power-efficient integrated graphics processor will be used. Nvidia Optimus is an example of this sort of system of switchable graphics.Memory[edit]Most laptops use SO-DIMM (small outline dual in-line memory module) memorymodules, as they are about half the size of desktop DIMMs.[35]They are sometimes accessible from the bottom of the laptop for ease of upgrading, or placed in locations not intended for user replacement. Most laptops have two memory slots, although some of the lowest-end models will have only one, and some high end models (usually mobile engineering workstations and a few high-end models intended for gaming) have four slots. Most mid-range laptops are factory equipped with 4–6 GB of RAM. Netbooks are commonly equipped with only 1–2 GB of RAM and are generally only expandable to 2 GB, if at all. Due to the limitation of DDR3 SO-DIMM of a maximum of 8 GB per module, most laptops can only be expanded to a total of 16 GB of memory, until systems using DDR4 memory start becoming available. Laptops may have memory soldered to the motherboard to conserve space, which allows the laptop to have a thinner chassis design. Soldered memory cannot be upgraded.Internal storage[edit]Traditionally, laptops had a hard disk drive (HDD) as a main non-volatile storage, but these proved inefficient for use in mobile devices due to high power consumption, heat production, and a presence of moving parts, which can cause damage to both the drive itself and the data stored when a laptop is unstable physically, e.g. during its use while transporting it or after its accidental drop. With the advent of flash memory technology, most mid- to high-end laptops opted for more compact, power efficient, and fast solid-state drives (SSD), which eliminated the hazard of drive and data corruption caused by a laptop's physical impacts.[37]Most laptops use 2.5-inch drives, which are a smaller version of a 3.5-inch desktop drive form factor. 2.5-inch HDDs are more compact, power efficient, and produce less heat, while at the same time have a smaller capacity and a slower data transfer rate. Some very compact laptops support even smaller 1.8-inch HDDs. For SSDs, however, these miniaturization-related trade-offs are nonexistent, because SSDs were designed to have a very small footprint. SSDs feature a traditional 2.5- or 1.8-inch or a laptop-specific mSATA or M.2 card's form factor. SSDs have a higher data transfer rate, lower power consumption, lower failure rate, and a larger capacity[38][39][40][41]compared to HDDs. However, HDDs have a significantly lower cost.Most laptops can contain a single 2.5-inch drive, but a small number of laptops with a screen wider than 17 inches can house two drives. Some laptops support a hybrid mode, combining a 2.5-inch drive, typically a spacious HDD for data, with an mSATA or M.2 SDD drive, typically having less capacity, but a significantly faster read/write speed. The operating system partition would be located on the SSD to increase laptop I/O performance. Another way to increase performance is to use a smaller SSD of 16-32 GB as a cache drive with a compatible OS. Some laptops may have very limited drive upgradeability when the SSD used has a non-standard shape or requires a proprietary daughter card.[42]Some laptops have very limited space on the installed SSD, instead relying on availability of cloud storage services for storing of user data; Chromebooks are a prominent example of this approach. A variety of external HDDs or NAS data storage servers with support of RAID technology can be attached to virtually any laptop over such interfaces as USB, FireWire, eSATA, or Thunderbolt, or over a wired or wireless network to further increase space for the storage of data. Many laptops also incorporate a card reader which allows for use of memory cards, such as those used for digital cameras, which are typically SD or microSD cards. This enables users to download digital pictures from an SD card onto a laptop, thus enabling them to delete the SD card's contents to free up space for taking new pictures.Removable media drive[edit]Optical disc drives capable of playing CD-ROMs, compact discs (CD), DVDs, and in some cases, Blu-ray Discs (BD), were nearly universal on full-sized models in the 2010s. A disc drive remains fairly common in laptops with a screen wider than 15 inches (38 cm), although the trend towards thinner and lighter machines is gradually eliminating these drives and players; these drives are uncommon in compact laptops, such as subnotebooks and netbooks. Laptop optical drives tend to follow a standard form factor, and usually have a standard mSATA connector. It is often possible to replace an optical drive with a newer model. In certain laptop models there is a possibility to replace an optical drive with a second hard drive, using a caddy that fills the extra space the optical drive would have occupied.Inputs[edit]Closeup of a touchpad on an Acer laptopAn alphanumeric keyboard is used to enter text and data and make other commands (e.g., function keys). A touchpad (also called a trackpad), a pointing stick, or both, are used to control the position of the cursor on the screen, and an integrated keyboard[43]is used for typing. An external keyboard and mouse may be connected using a USBport or wirelessly, via Bluetooth or similar technology. With the advent of ultrabooks and support of touch input on screens by 2010-era operating systems, such as Windows 8.1, multitouch touchscreen displays are used in many models. Some models have webcams and microphones, which can be used to communicate with other people with both moving images and sound, via Skype, Google Chat and similar software. Laptops typically have USB ports and a microphone jack, for use with an external mic. Some laptops have a card reader for reading digital camera SD cards.Input/output (I/O) ports[edit]On a typical laptop there are several USB ports, an external monitor port (VGA, DVI, HDMI or Mini DisplayPort), an audio in/out port (often in form of a single socket) is common. It is possible to connect up to three external displays to a 2014-era laptop via a single Mini DisplayPort, utilizing multi-stream transport technology.[36]Apple, in a 2015 version of its MacBook, transitioned from a number of different I/O ports to a single USB Type-C port.[44]This port can be used both for charging and connecting a variety of devices through the use of aftermarket adapters. Google, with its updated version of Chromebook Pixel, shows a similar transition trend towards USB Type-C, although keeping older USB Type-A ports for a better compatibility with older devices.[45]Although being common until the end of the 2000s decade, Ethernet network port are rarely found on modern laptops, due to widespread use of wireless networking, such as Wi-Fi. Legacy ports such as a PS/2 keyboard/mouse port, serial port, parallel port, or Firewire are provided on some models, but they are increasingly rare. On Apple's systems, and on a handful of other laptops, there are also Thunderbolt ports, but Thunderbolt 3 uses USB Type-C. Laptops typically have a headphone jack, so that the user can connect external headphones or amplified speaker systems for listening to music or other audio.Expansion cards[edit]In the past, a PC Card (formerly PCMCIA) or ExpressCard slot for expansion was often present on laptops to allow adding and removing functionality, even when the laptop is powered on; these are becoming increasingly rare since the introduction of USB 3.0. Some internal subsystems such as: ethernet, Wi-Fi, or a Wireless cellular modem can be implemented as replaceable internal expansion cards, usually accessible under an access cover on the bottom of the laptop. The standard for such cards is PCI Express, which comes in both mini and even smaller M.2 sizes. In newer laptops, it is not uncommon to also see Micro SATA (mSATA) functionality on PCI Express Mini or M.2 card slots allowing the use of those slots for SATA-based solid state drives.[46]Battery and power supply[edit]Main article: Smart BatteryAlmost all laptops use smart batteries2016-era laptops use lithium ion batteries, with some thinner models using the flatter lithium polymer technology. These two technologies have largely replaced the older nickel metal-hydride batteries. Battery life is highly variable by model and workload, and can range from one hour to nearly a day. A battery's performance gradually decreases over time; substantial reduction in capacity is typically evident after one to three years of regular use, depending on the charging and discharging pattern and the design of the battery. Innovations in laptops and batteries have seen situations in which the battery can provide up to 24 hours of continued operation, assuming average power consumption levels. An example is the HP EliteBook 6930p when used with its ultra-capacity battery.[47]A laptop's battery is charged using an external power supply which is plugged into a wall outlet. The power supply outputs a DC voltage typically in the range of 7.2—24 volts. The power supply is usually external, and connected to the laptop through a DC connector cable. In most cases, it can charge the battery and power the laptop simultaneously. When the battery is fully charged, the laptop continues to run on power supplied by the external power supply, avoiding battery use. The battery charges in a shorter period of time if laptop is turned off or sleeping. The charger typically adds about 400 grams (0.88 lb) to the overall transporting weight of a laptop, although some models are substantially heavier or lighter. Most 2016-era laptops use a smart battery, a rechargeable battery pack with a built-in battery management system (BMS). The smart battery can internally measure voltage and current, and deduce charge level and SoH (State of Health) parameters, indicating the state of the cells.[citation needed]Cooling[edit]Waste heat from operation is difficult to remove in the compact internal space of a laptop. Early laptops used heat sinks placed directly on the components to be cooled, but when these hot components are deep inside the device, a large space-wasting air duct is needed to exhaust the heat. Modern laptops instead rely on heat pipes to rapidly move waste heat towards the edges of the device, to allow for a much smaller and compact fan and heat sink cooling system. Waste heat is usually exhausted away from the device operator towards the rear or sides of the device. Multiple air intake paths are used since some intakes can be blocked, such as when the device is placed on a soft conforming surface like a chair cushion. It is believed that some designs with metal cases, like Apple's aluminum MacBook Pro and MacBook Air, also employ the case of the machine as a heat sink, allowing it to supplement cooling by dissipating heat out of the device core. Secondary device temperature monitoring may reduce performance or trigger an emergency shutdown if it is unable to dissipate heat, such as if the laptop were to be left running and placed inside a carrying case. Such a condition has the potential to melt plastics or ignite a fire. Aftermarket cooling pads with external fans can be used with most laptops to reduce operating temperatures.[citation needed]Docking station[edit]Docking station and laptopA docking station (sometimes referred to simply as a dock) is a laptop accessory that contains multiple ports, and in some cases expansion slots or bays for fixed or removable drives. A laptop connects and disconnects to a docking station, typically through a single large proprietary connector. A docking station is an especially popular laptop accessory in a corporate computing environment, due to a possibility of a docking station to transform a laptop into a full-featured desktop replacement, yet allowing for its easy release. This ability can be advantageous to "road warrior" employees who have to travel frequently for work, and yet who also come into the office. If more ports are needed, or their position on a laptop is inconvenient, one can use a cheaper passive device known as a port replicator. These devices mate to the connectors on the laptop, such as through USB or FireWire.Charging trolleys[edit]Laptop charging trolleys, also known as laptop trolleys or laptop carts, are mobile storage containers to charge multiple laptops, netbooks, and tablet computersat the same time. The trolleys are used in schools that have replaced their traditional static computer labs[48]suites of desktop equipped with "tower" computers, but do not have enough plug sockets in an individual classroom to charge all of the devices. The trolleys can be wheeled between rooms and classrooms so that all students and teachers in a particular building can access fully chargedIT equipment.[49]Laptop charging trolleys are also used to deter and protect against opportunistic and organized theft. Schools, especially those with open plan designs, are often prime targets for thieves who steal high-value items. Laptops, netbooks, and tablets are among the highest–value portable items in a school. Moreover, laptops can easily be concealed under clothing and stolen from buildings. Many types of laptop–charging trolleys are designed and constructed to protect against theft. They are generally made out of steel, and the laptops remain locked up while not in use. Although the trolleys can be moved between areas from one classroom to another, they can often be mounted or locked to the floor or walls to prevent thieves from stealing the laptops, especially overnight.[48]Solar panels[edit]Main article: Solar notebookIn some laptops, solar panels are able to generate enough solar power for the laptop to operate.[50]The One Laptop Per Child Initiative released the OLPC XO-1 laptop which was tested and successfully operated by use of solar panels.[51]Presently, they are designing a OLPC XO-3 laptop with these features. The OLPC XO-3 can operate with 2 watts of electricity because its renewable energy resources generate a total of 4 watts.[52][53]Samsung has also designed the NC215S solar–powered notebook that will be sold commercially in the U.S. market.[54]Accessories[edit]A common accessory for laptops is a laptop sleeve, laptop skin, or laptop case, which provides a degree of protection from scratches. Sleeves, which are distinguished by being relatively thin and flexible, are most commonly made of neoprene, with sturdier ones made of low-resilience polyurethane. Some laptop sleeves are wrapped in ballistic nylon to provide some measure of waterproofing. Bulkier and sturdier cases can be made of metal with polyurethane padding inside, and may have locks for added security. Metal, padded cases also offer protection against impacts and drops. Another common accessory is a laptop cooler, a device which helps lower the internal temperature of the laptop either actively or passively. A common active method involves using electric fans to draw heat away from the laptop, while a passive method might involve propping the laptop up on some type of pad so it can receive more air flow. Some stores sell laptop pads which enable a reclining person on a bed to use a laptop.Obsolete features[edit]Features that certain early models of laptops used to have that are not available in most 2017 laptops include:Reset ("cold restart") button in a hole (needed a thin metal tool to press)Instant power off button in a hole (needed a thin metal tool to press)Integrated charger or power adapter inside the laptopFloppy disk driveSerial portParallel portModemShared PS/2 input device portVHS or 8mm VCRIrDAS-video port[55]Some 2017 laptops do not have an internal CD-ROM/DVD/CD drive.Comparison with desktops[edit]Advantages[edit]A teacher using laptop as part of a workshop for school childrenWikipedia co-founder Jimmy Wales using a laptop on a park benchPortability is usually the first feature mentioned in any comparison of laptops versus desktop PCs.[56]Physical portability allows a laptop to be used in many places—not only at home and at the office, but also during commuting and flights, in coffee shops, in lecture halls and libraries, at clients' locations or at a meeting room, etc. Within a home, portability enables laptop users to move their device from the living room to the dining room to the family room. Portability offers several distinct advantages:Productivity: Using a laptop in places where a desktop PC cannot be used can help employees and students to increase their productivity on work or school tasks. For example, an office worker reading their work e-mails during an hour-long commute by train, or a student doing their homework at the university coffee shop during a break between lectures.[57]Immediacy: Carrying an laptop means having instant access to information, including personal and work files. This allows better collaboration between coworkers or students, as a laptop can be flipped open to look at a report, document, spreadsheet, or presentation anytime and anywhere.Up-to-date information: If a person has more than one desktop PC, a problem of synchronization arises: changes made on one computer are not automatically propagated to the others. There are ways to resolve this problem, including physical transfer of updated files (using a USB flash memory stick or CD-ROMs) or using synchronization software over the Internet, such as cloud computing. However, transporting a single laptop to both locations avoids the problem entirely, as the files exist in a single location and are always up-to-date.Connectivity: In the 2010s, a proliferation of Wi-Fi wireless networks and cellular broadband data services (HSDPA, EVDO and others) in many urban centers, combined with near-ubiquitous Wi-Fi support by modern laptops[58] meant that a laptop could now have easy Internet and local network connectivity while remaining mobile. Wi-Fi networks and laptop programs are especially widespread at university campuses.[59]Other advantages of laptops:Size: Laptops are smaller than desktop PCs. This is beneficial when space is at a premium, for example in small apartments and student dorms. When not in use, a laptop can be closed and put away in a desk drawer.Low power consumption: Laptops are several times more power-efficient than desktops. A typical laptop uses 20–120 W, compared to 100–800 W for desktops. This could be particularly beneficial for large businesses, which run hundreds of personal computers thus multiplying the potential savings, and homes where there is a computer running 24/7 (such as a home media server, print server, etc.).Quiet: Laptops are typically much quieter than desktops, due both to the components (quieter, slower 2.5-inch hard drives) and to less heat production leading to use of fewer and slower cooling fans.Battery: a charged laptop can continue to be used in case of a power outage and is not affected by short power interruptions and blackouts. A desktop PC needs an Uninterruptible power supply (UPS) to handle short interruptions, blackouts, and spikes; achieving on-battery time of more than 20–30 minutes for a desktop PC requires a large and expensive UPS.[60]All-in-One: designed to be portable, most 2010-era laptops have all components integrated into the chassis (however, some small laptops may not have an internal CD/CDR/DVD drive, so an external drive needs to be used). For desktops (excluding all-in-ones) this is divided into the desktop "tower" (the unit with the CPU, hard drive, power supply, etc.), keyboard, mouse, display screen, and optional peripherals such as speakers.Disadvantages[edit]Compared to desktop PCs, laptops have disadvantages in the following areas:Performance[edit]While the performance of mainstream desktops and laptop is comparable, and the cost of laptops has fallen less rapidly than desktops, laptops remain more expensive than desktop PCs at the same performance level.[61]The upper limits of performance of laptops remain much lower than the highest-end desktops (especially "workstation class" machines with two processor sockets), and "bleeding-edge" features usually appear first in desktops and only then, as the underlying technology matures, are adapted to laptops.For Internet browsing and typical office applications, where the computer spends the majority of its time waiting for the next user input, even relatively low-end laptops (such as Netbooks) can be fast enough for some users.[62]Most higher-end laptops are sufficiently powerful for high-resolution movie playback, some 3D gaming and video editing and encoding. However, laptop processors can be disadvantaged when dealing with higher-end database, maths, engineering, financial software, virtualization, etc. This is because laptops use the mobile versions of processors to conserve power, and these lag behind desktop chips when it comes to performance. Some manufacturers work around this performance problem by using desktop CPUs for laptops.[63]Upgradeability[edit]Upgradeability of laptops is very limited compared to desktops, which are thoroughly standardized. In general, hard drives and memory can be upgraded easily. Optical drives and internal expansion cards may be upgraded if they follow an industry standard, but all other internal components, including the motherboard, CPU and graphics, are not always intended to be upgradeable. Intel, Asus, Compal, Quanta and some other laptop manufacturers have created the Common Building Block standard for laptop parts to address some of the inefficiencies caused by the lack of standards. The reasons for limited upgradeability are both technical and economic. There is no industry-wide standard form factor for laptops; each major laptop manufacturer pursues its own proprietary design and construction, with the result that laptops are difficult to upgrade and have high repair costs. Devices such as sound cards, network adapters, hard and optical drives, and numerous other peripherals are available, but these upgrades usually impair the laptop's portability, because they add cables and boxes to the setup and often have to be disconnected and reconnected when the laptop is on the move.Ergonomics and health effects[edit]Wrists[edit]Laptop cooler (silver) under laptop (white), preventing heating of lap and improving laptop airflowProlonged use of laptops can cause repetitive strain injury because of their small, flat keyboard and trackpad pointing devices,.[64]Usage of separate, external ergonomic keyboards and pointing devices is recommended to prevent injury when working for long periods of time; they can be connected to a laptop easily by USB or via a docking station. Some health standards require ergonomic keyboards at workplaces.Neck and spine[edit]A laptop's integrated screen often requires users to lean over for a better view, which can cause neck or spinal injuries. A larger and higher-quality external screen can be connected to almost any laptop to alleviate this and to provide additional screen space for more productive work. Another solution is to use a computer stand.Possible effect on fertility[edit]A study by State University of New York researchers found that heat generated from laptops can increase the temperature of the lap of male users when balancing the computer on their lap, potentially putting sperm count at risk. The study, which included roughly two dozen men between the ages of 21 and 35, found that the sitting position required to balance a laptop can increase scrotum temperature by as much as 2.1 °C (4 °F). However, further research is needed to determine whether this directly affects male sterility.[65]A later 2010 study of 29 males published in Fertility and Sterility found that men who kept their laptops on their laps experienced scrotal hyperthermia (overheating) in which their scrotal temperatures increased by up to 2.0 °C (4 °F). The resulting heat increase, which could not be offset by a laptop cushion, may increase male infertility.

Today’s world is changing rapidly. And so is the art market. One of the things that wasn’t, true probably even 10 years ago was the fact that many artists have unprecedented access to an audience through the Internet. They also have access to researching art museums, art galleries, and other venues to exhibit their art. Another new event is the fact that artists have many websites that they can sell their artwork on.I’m a 52-year-old artist who one could say is “midcareer.” I started making enough to live off of as an artist and so I retired from a full-time day job as a professor teaching art and art history.Recently I’ve had a 75% jump in sales due to some practices that I’ve started doing. One of them is that I’ve chosen to leave brick-and-mortar gallery sites even though I had representation in them and move into online sales. I still get offers for shows and there is a gallery that still hold some of my work, especially the large expensive ones and occasionally makes a sale for me. So I’d like to share with you some things that an artist today should know as a type of overview or plan for an artist to starting out to think about in terms of marketing and selling artwork.Traditional VenuesFirst I want to start with the traditional approach to selling art which is through art galleries. Basically a first step that most artist should make in terms of trying to find brick and mortar gallery representation is to look at hundreds of galleries online and compile lists of artists and galleries that are sort of cross referenced and cross-linked that will help you to understand what each gallery does. A couple of things to think about would be making sure that the gallery shows work that has the same subject matter that you show, and also, has similar quality work. I’ve discussed this in depth in another blog post about finding venues and the differences between museums and galleries and you might want to take a look at that blog post.http://www.kenneymencher.com/201...The second thing that you have to think about when you’re approaching these galleries is that you have to have giveaway materials to send them and this means you also have to learn how to do some things with digital imaging and photography. So I suggest that you buy a secondhand single lens reflex camera on Craig’s list or on eBay to start. You can get away with using a cell phone camera like a galaxy Samsung five but sometimes the quality is a little sketchy and you have to make sure the lenses really clear and clean. Right now I’m still on the fence and I use my digital camera is much as I use my cell phone camera to market my work. However, you probably still need a smart phone to be able to do some online marketing so it might be best to have both.Becoming Tech Savvy: Software, Cameras, And Digital ImagingNext you need the software to be able to do the things with your camera that you need to do. One of the things that’s available for free are older versions of Adobe Photoshop. Just Google it and see what you can download and use. If you have enough money I suggest you go for the latest version. You also need to learn how to use Photoshop and their couple of different ways of doing this. One way, which may take quite a bit of time to get out of it what you need, but I’ve done this, is to do the tutorials that Photoshop comes with. Also going to the library and getting a book out on Photoshop for dummies is a big help believe it or not.Another resource that is excellent for teaching you Photoshop is to go to YouTube and search for basic lessons on how to use it. Another video venue for you to look at to find lessons for Photoshop is actually on Amazon. If you have an Amazon prime account you can actually look at free to view Photoshop lessons. I’ve done this to it’s a little long and boring at times but it’s well worth putting in the 20 to 30 hours to do it. Nothing worth doing doesn’t take time. I also offer in my online class a complete tutorial that consists of five or six videos that show you exactly what you need to do to generate catalogs, images for use online, and even make greeting cards. Any of the sources above will do.Some of the things that you should think about being able to do as you learn Photoshop are, learning how to clean up and enhance images, learning how to save different size and resolution images, learning how to organize your documents and save them, and learning how to make documents, such as catalogs, regular 8.5 x 11 paper sheets with 4 to 5 images on them and even greeting cards.If you’re not tech savvy and this really freaks you out one of the things that you can do is use Microsoft Word to create catalogs and cards as well and they also have plenty of templates that you can download and use for that kind of stuff including templates to teach you how to design your resume.Once you’ve gotten a handle on these skills, and you do want to learn how to do this on your own because hiring someone to do it for you is super expensive and if you’re like me you don’t want to throw away $500 to get work photographed and edited and sent to you on a desk so I really suggest you learn these skills.Another thing that you need to learn how to do is approach galleries. I have an extensive video and article on my blog for you to look at to learn how to do this but the bare bone basics are you have to visit the gallery at least online and look at what their requirements are for submitting work. Many galleries are very specific about how they want you to present the work whether they want you to send it as a digital file or as a paper package. They even include things like how to name the files that you’re emailing to them. By the way, it’s never good idea to visit a gallery and act like you’re going to buy something and then spring on the person who spent some time with you that you’re actually an artist and you’d like to apply to the gallery. It’s just bad form so if someone comes up to you and introduces themselves to you the first thing that you should make clear to them is that you’re not going to buy that you’re just looking. If you can engage with them in a pleasant conversation that isn’t too self-promotional that’s a great idea too.Your Online Presence: Using Social MediaThe next thing that an artist should probably learn how to do is to set up some sort of online site that showcases their work. I think probably the easiest of these to do is to either use Word press and or Google blogs which actually comes with a lot of storage space and comes with your Google account. This is the quickest and easiest way to create some sort of web presence is to use Google. Lately I’ve also been experimenting with deviant Art.com - Posters, Art Prints, Framed Art, and Wall Art Collections, but I haven’t seen much action from it so I’m a little suspicious about it.One of the things that you have to do with your blog and your online presence is make sure that you’re not just blogging about your own work and constantly posting your own stuff. You have to do features on things that you’re interested in, such as other artists, political stuff, anything sincere and in fact probably eight out of 10 of your post to your blog need to be about something that’s art related but not about your art. Again I have some complete lessons to teach you all about how to do that.Another good bet is to set up a website for yourself but this is a bit complicated in my PB on some people skill level but again if you don’t know how to do something a really great place to learn how to do it is to go to YouTube and look it up there and watch at least 3 to 5 videos before you even try to do anything. If you invest time in the beginning doing some research then you might have an easier time trying to set something up.Couple of things that you might also want to think about are setting up a site on a for sale websites such as eBay or Etsy. I sell a lot of work through Shop for anything from creative people everywhere. In fact in the last five years I’ve sold about five or 600 drawings and paintings on Etsy.You’ll also have to, or want to learn, how to market yourself and create some sort of buzz about yourself using various social media on the Internet. There are lots of ways to do this but I have a sort of tried-and-true set of sites and things that I do that have had a really positive affect on my sales. Again in my course I have some great videos that really outline this and you can check those out if you’re so inclined.The first thing you have to think about is probably getting yourself and Instagram account so that when you are making art and you have several pieces you’re able to photograph it as you’re working and also photograph it when it’s done and posted to Instagram. You should also photograph tons of other fun things with your Instagram account so that it’s not just about your art. Instagram will really get you a good web presence.Tumblr is also an excellent way to share images of your artwork and to create a following. Another rule of thumb is to make sure that only two out of 10 posts are about your own artwork. You need to re-share other people’s images and other artwork that you admire and share other people’s Tumblr posts in order to get a following. Again if you want to learn more about this you should either go to YouTube or check out some of my courses on how to do this on our marketing.Tumblr also is a neat tool because it allows you to schedule posts further out or queue posts so that you can just keep working in your studio without having to keep going back and doing promotion every day.Another two good sites to create accounts on are Twitter and Pinterest. Those two sites are very easy to use and are often integrated in with sites like Etsy and Tumblr.By far the most important tool you can use besides Instagram is Facebook. Some of the things about Facebook are very complicated and you should really look at some of the videos on YouTube and the ones that I have offered on my channel but here’s an overview of some of the things that you should do and should know how to do.Facebook you should have a personal page that you communicate more social friendly stuff with your friends and family on. You should have a fan page or a community page that is basically a sort of professional page that’s about mostly your art. You should also join many artists groups, as well as groups that talk about art, and groups that are related to the subject matter of your art, for example if you’re painting dogs and cats make sure you join a bunch of dog and cat groups and post pictures of your dog and cat but also drawings and paintings that you’ve done of cats and dogs. Another example, especially with me is I make gay art and so I am in a bunch of gay or homoerotic art groups as well as groups that feature semi pornographic images of men. These groups also provide me with reference material to work from.The cool thing about Facebook is it’s got so many options in the groups and in the community pages that you can schedule posts, schedule advertisements, and create an incredible following by being super friendly and sharing lots of stuff and commenting on people’s things. Again a rule of thumb is to make sure that you share more than you advertise yourself or promote yourself. Another really important rule is never get into an argument in any of the social media platforms if someone is nasty to you unfriend them or just ignore the comment. Nasty exchanges in any social media platform escalate and can only hurt you and you will never win. So always be polite always be friendly and never post anything that you would want your mom to see.Now let’s say, that you have either created the site to sell your work or you’ve gotten a gallery to represent you they’re going to be a couple of things that you have to know how to do that you would not expect how to do. The first thing is probably setting a price for your work.Pricing ArtworkPricing artwork is really super complicated but the bottom line is don’t be greedy and don’t overvalue yourself. It’s hard to back off of high prices once you’ve established a taste for it and also sold some work. I have actually done this and cut the cost of my work literally 75 to 80% when I started selling online and I’ve been selling like hot cakes. A lot of people will advise you against this and it’s up to your own discretion. The thing that I think you have to do is do comparison shopping on websites where you’re selling your work for similar work and price your work accordingly so that it matches or is lower than the prices of your competitors. I don’t mean that there really competitors because I share a lot of work that people who do similar subject matter to me do but what I’m saying is it’s better to have a lower price than they have so that they can afford to collect your work. Again, I would Google pricing artwork and look at the various articles online and I would also look on YouTube for videos about it and I also have some ideas about it as well.What to Do after You’ve Gotten a Gallery or Selling OnlineThe next thing that you have to be able to do is write about your work and develop advertising materials and mailing lists to promote your work. I’m talking about email mailing lists because it’s really costly to send out postcards even though everybody wants to do that the return on your investment is so nominal that I suggest you do not do postcards for show let the gallery do postcards for you. So I’m advocating that you develop an email list and also shout it out on all the social media that you can for promotion. Also learn how to write cogent clear essays that are short about what your work means. Don’t make it to intellectual unless you’re a real hot shot is people will look at you like you’re crazy.Also, you need to learn how to package and ship your own work inexpensively and safely I actually have a video on YouTube for this and it is basically how to order shipping supplies and how to use the post office to ship work. Other organizations like UPS are very expensive and if you bring your work into ship it with them and you haven’t prepackaged it it will eat up literally all of your profit. There also people called art shippers and they make regular routinely scheduled trips across the United States and basically they ask you to wrap your paintings in plastic and they come and pick them up. The average cost to ship a painting across the country within our chipper is somewhere along the lines of $200-$700. So collect lists of art shippers and comparison shop online. Especially if you have a show coming up. Something that you might want to consider that you might not think about doing because it’s a little scary is hiring a mover to move your paintings to and from the art gallery. I did this with a bunch of shows that I had in museums and I was so satisfied that now for local stuff I actually hire movers to do it so that I don’t have to do it myself and I don’t have to worry about parking and a set of extra hands. You may also want to look on Craig’s list to see if there are people who have carpeted vans who advertise themselves as art shippers in your local town.So basically outlined a lot of things that you should think about if you’re starting an art career of course this is a little bit of a promotion for my art marketing course but my art marketing course that’s available online which is all videos is very inexpensive. The class is in video format and includes about 30, 20 minute videos that talk about each of the topics that I’ve discussed in this blog post.http://art-and-art-history-academy.usefedora.com/Where to Sell Your Art or Craft Online1. http://20×200.com – (SITE CLOSED) Jen Bekman’s site focuses on art, prints and photos, priced affordably. Juried (not currently accepting submissions, but sign up for their newsletter to get updated when submissions reopen.)2. 500px.com – Photography site – store your photos, share them and sell them. Features work of beginners to experts. Sell your work by opening a “store” account, which is available to free as well as paid memberships.3. AbsoluteArts – Claiming to be “the most trafficked contemporary arts site” it offers levels from free to premier. Artist bio/statement and portfolio displayed with shopping cart. (Looks really creepy bad art when I opened the link.)4. AffordableBritishArt (UK Site) – Artists sell their work with no middleman, commission free, but there is a charge to have an account (4 tiered levels). You must have a PayPal account to receive payment for your work.5. Amazon – Upload your images to sell on one of the biggest marketplaces on the web. Jewelry is a huge category here, but you are competing with manufactured items.6. Art.com – This highly ranked e-commerce site has a division called Artist Rising, where emerging artists can upload images. They provide a print-on-demand service to sell your work. Two levels of membership – free and paid.7. ArtBreak – Describing themselves as “a global community of artists sharing and selling their work on the web,” this site is a commission-free way to upload images and sell with a shopping cart. Curiously, their blog and social media sites are inactive.8. Art-Exchange – B2B site where artists can get connected to interior designers, architects and others in the trade. Work is sold wholesale here; they take 10% commission.BAD REVIEW ON LINE Want your money. Hard to get out of contract.9. ArtFire – Huge marketplace of crafts, art, supplies, vintage and more. Customize your own shop on this site. $12.95 monthly fee.10. ArtFortune – Create your own online art gallery here. Site visitors can see the images that you have uploaded, and click through to your website, where you make the sale. They charge a monthly fee, and have several different plans. There is also a forum and community on this site.11. Artful Home – Gorgeous online catalog for handmade home décor, wall art, apparel and accessories. They have a paper catalog as well as online gallery. This is a juried site, with a jury fee and $300 membership fee if accepted.12. ArtGallery – (UK site) They claim to be a “leading destination for customers wishing to buy art online.” Two membership levels (one is free), with shopping cart function. They even text you when your art sells, which is pretty cool.13. Art-GalleryWordwide – Offers three monthly account options to artists plus setup fee. Each artist gets a home page to upload images. Shopping cart provided.14. ArtHog – Online gallery sells prints of your work. They market your art, you keep 60% on sales. They will also work with you on licensing. Submissions are juried. Free membership, submission and listing.15. Artid – Online exhibition space where you can sell your art. Three membership levels, including one which is free. Each artist gets their own gallery and blog. Artid offers an ebay selling option for premium members.16. Artmajeur – (European site) Claims to be the world’s largest fine art gallery. Upload your art to this site, and handle any sales directly with the buyers. Monthly fees apply, no commission is taken.17. ArtofWhere – Print-on-Demand site featuring beanies, pillows, pencil cases and phone covers. Open a store here and sell your work with offer a 3-tiered commission system.18. Artolo – (UK site) Now in Beta, this online gallery features artist/buyer profiles, portfolios, the ability to list art in real world locations … plus coming soon, facilities to sell your work both offline and online. They take 10% commission. Sign up now open.19. Artomat – With this unique concept, old cigarette vending machines are converted into Art Vending Machines which dispense small works of 2D and 3D art. They are searching for new artists – link leads to the guidelines.20. Artplatform (UK Site) – This site sells art while supporting charities. Depending on your chosen level of gifting, you may or may not receive payment. Fine art only. They encourage you to list your website and galleries than show your work.21. Artquid – Calling itself “The Art World Marketplace,” this international website sells fine art, antiques and fine craft in different mediums. Works on a set annual fee.22. ArtSlant – This popular art website allows artists to sell their work using different arrangements, from listing your work yourself, to having ArtSlant get involved with making the sale. Marketing tools offered. Fees vary.23. ArtSpan – Artists in any medium can build their own websites on ArtSpan, which boasts 4,000 member sites. Shopping carts and Print-on-Demand also available. Fees range from $14-$20 per month.24. Art Specifier – Specializing in selling to architects, designers, art consultants and galleries, art specifier is a juried site. Annual membership for artists is $100, with no other fees or commissions involved.25. Artsy Home – Offering “Original Décor for Home Work and Life,” This website targets interior designers, commercial decorators, upscale homeowners & others with print catalogs as well as online sales. Pay either 25% commission or $14.95 monthly fee.26. Artulis – (UK site) Sell art, craft or vintage on this site which gives you a free shop, gallery and blog. 5% fee on all sales.27. ArtWanted – This site allows artists to upload images and price their own work. The artist can then fulfill orders for original art or reproductions on their own, or use ArtWanted’s Print-on-Demand services, where artwork can be printed on a selection of products. They take 15% commission.28. ArtWeb – (UK site) – Has plans ranging from free to pro, no commission is taken on sales. Artists can upload images on to their own profile pages. Shopping cart is provided.29. ArtWire - (Indian site) This is a startup looking to “market emerging, contemporary and lesser known artists,” and is in pre-launch status right now. You can sign up for email alerts to find out when they are going live.30. ArtyBuzz – (UK Site) Print-on-Demand site where artists can upload their images and set prices above the base price listed on the site to determine their percentage. Sell prints, giclees, and many other products featuring your art. Not for original art sales.31. AxisWeb – (UK site) Create your own web shop here, and join museums, galleries and other artists selling their work. Even has a bridal registry. Commission based.32. b-uncut – Billing themselves as “The Art Exchange,” this site serves creative directors, curators, art consultants and others matching their projects with artists who place bids. 20% commission rate when sales are made.33. Behance – This popular online platform for creatives allows you to upload your art to a gallery with a personalized URL. “Work for Sale” is a category where artists can use shopping cart function to sell.34. Big Cartel – “Bringing the Art to the Cart” is the mission here, where over 250,000 online stores have been opened by creatives. Pricing runs from free to about $30 per month with no long-term commitment. Brand and customize your own online shop.35. Bonanza – This site sells everything, not just art – and claims to have 4 million items for sale. You can import items from Etsy to Bonanza free of charge. Listing is free – a percentage is taken from the cost of items that sell.36. Café Press – Print-on-Demand site has two options – start your own online store, or upload designs only without the hassle of managing a shopfront. They set base prices for each item, which you mark up for your “royalty”. Fees are 10% of royalties.37. Cargoh – Calling themselves a “social marketplace for independent art, design + culture,” Cargoh is a juried and curated site. Upon acceptance, there is an 8% commission on sales, with no other fees.38. Centerpoint Art Project : When you store your art inventory data with Centerpoint, they include several creative e-commerce features designed to help Fine Artists sell art. You can personalize your sales approach for originals and limited editions and it will instantly sync your inventory with your website.39. CollegeArtOnline – Sellers must be attending art school, or be a recent grad or professor (with an .edu email address unless otherwise approved) to list their work on this site. 25% commission is taken when your art sells – no other fees apply.40. Consignd – An open marketplace which is curated. You pitch your work to a curator, and if accepted, it is included in the collection. They take 15% commission.41. ContemporaryArtGalleryOnline – Juried site, which helps artists market and sell their work, and has a shopping cart. 2D work only. Markets to trade professionals; also features competitions.42. CraftIsArt – Focusing on handcrafted and vintage goods and supplies, this site offers pay-as-you-go and premium packages to sell your work online.43. CraftGawker – Curated craft photo gallery linking through to craft blogger sites from around the world. Submissions are moderated. Lure visitors to your own site where you can make the sale.44. CraftJuice – Though not strictly for sellers, this curatorial site will link through images to any site. Submit a photo of your craft from any other site and promote through CraftJuice, then sell through your other shopping cart. Votes get your work on the front page of this site.45. Craftori – Art, craft, vintage and more can be submitted to this curated site. Links through to your sales venue, where you sell direct to the customer. Pay to feature your work on their front page or in Supplies category or Gift Guide.46. CraftShowcase - Charges no fees to sellers. The management of this site adds 15% to your prices in order to make money. Photos are uploaded, and must be approved before going live. Artists can sell retail or wholesale here, and even post videos.47. CraftStack – Create your own online storefront here and list your items. Memberships are approximately $7-$11 per month to be a vendor, with no commissions taken.48. Craigslist – Believe it or not, you can sell art on Craigslist, which contains about everything else in the world. Artists can advertise free to solicit commissions, or sell their work. Beware of scam buyers on this site.49. CreativeStores – (UK site) Based in England but doing business worldwide, this site proclaims, “You may sell handmade goods, crafts, creations, gifts (that are inline with other items on the website), craft supplies, digital downloads e.g. pdf files for patterns.” Monthly fee with three package options.50. CustomMade – This website seeks artists and craftspeople to match with buyers who would like custom work created for them. Consumers post requests, and bids are taken from makers. Once a custom piece of work is made and shipped, CustomMade takes a 10% commission.51. DailyPainters – Large gallery of art is searchable, and links buyers through to your own website where you can make the sale. This site is juried, and they are seeking prolific artists with a unique style who are also bloggers.52. DaWanda – This site promotes that it sells “Products with Love” and specializes in unique or limited edition, handmade, customizable and tailor-made work from small creative businesses. Create your own shop – no fees, 5% commission.53. DENYDesign – This home furnishings company creates Print-on-Demand pillows, bed linens, shower curtains, wall art and more. Does your work need to be in this collection? Artists are juried in.54. Deviant Art – With 80 million pieces of art onsite, this behemoth is the largest social network for artists. It’s a platform that allows emerging and established artists to exhibit, promote, and share their works, including selling prints. Prints are base price; set your selling price to include a royalty for your payment.55. Dipperly – This crafts marketplace is still in a pre-launch phase. So we’ll just have to wait and see what they offer, won’t we?56. DPCPrints – Register for the DPChallenge, and you will have an online profile where you can upload your scanned photographs, scanned paintings and drawings, and digital artwork. This is a Print-on-Demand site. Artists pay $25.00 per year membership plus the base price of all prints. Set your own prices, and split profits with them.57. D’Art Fine Art – Large online gallery of work, with memberships available ranging from approximately $15-$30 per month. Offers marketing tools. Connects buyers with artists, and allows bids; also has shopping cart function.58. Ebay – The big kahuna of marketplaces, Ebay is a place to sell art as well as anything else on the planet. Although it may not be the first choice of most artists, others may find a niche where they can do well here. Listing and transaction fees apply.59. EBSQArt – This site for “self-representing artists” allows you to create an online presence that links through to other websites where you have a shopping cart. EBSQ focuses on its built-in social networking tools to spread the word about your work. Membership based, $8.95 per month.60. Epilogue – a volunteer-driven Sci-Fi and fantasy art site, Epilogue allows artists to create galleries, and link to their own websites – so it works as a marketing tool to reach out to buyers who like this genre. This is a juried site, with apparently no charge to artists.61. Etsy – This is the well-known 800 lb. gorilla, where artists and craftspeople can open their own online shop. Vintage goods and supplies also allowed. Etsy offers support communities and lots of help selling. Listing and transaction fees apply.62. Fab – Fab sells many things besides art (they call it a “compelling marketplace for everyday design”), but they are willing to look at a submission of your work should you want to be considered. Apply right here.63. Facebook – yes, one of your favorite social networks can also be your online store. Use Wix or Heyo to create a really cool customized Facebook page, with a shopping cart too.64. FineArtStudioOnline – A favorite place for artists to create their own professional art website (with your own URL), get marketing help, integrate a blog and social media. Monthly fee $8-$40.65. FineArtAmerica – Build an art profile page, then promote and sell your work on paper or stretched canvas from this Print on Demand provider. Provides marketing help and an embedded shopping cart on your own website.66. FolioTwist – Their platform provides artists a website and blog, marketing help and more. Monthly fees $25-$40 for the package.67. Folksy – (UK site) Featuring modern British craft, this site has online stores for artists to list and sell their work. Pay-as-you-go and monthly plans available.68. FotoMoto – A Print-on-demand e-commerce widget that integrates seamlessly into your existing website. They take care of printing, packing, and shipping orders to your customers. Pay per transaction and monthly fee programs.69. FoundMyself – Free for artists to upload images; no commission taken. Sales are handled between the buyer and seller only, not the site. “Honor system” asks artists to contribute what they feel is fair when sales are made.70. FromtheWilde – (UK site) Featuring art and handmade craft from Europe, Australia, Canada and the US, this site has a good search function and promotes artists. If interested in submitting your work, click on “Contact” and send an enquiry.71. Gallerish – Free to artists, this site allows you to upload images, bio, etc. Visitors are directed to artists by email, or can use PayPal to purchase.72. GalleryToday – Connects artists with buyers to sell original signed paintings internationally. They offer a guarantee that every painting will arrive in perfect condition. Juried. To apply, check their website for submission email and instructions.73. Goodsmiths – Calling themselves “The Marketplace for Makers” this site has no setup or listing fees, and takes only 2% of each sale.74. GotArtWork – Artists can sell originals or reproductions here. This is a Print-on-Demand site, with monthly plans ranging from free to several hundred dollars.75. Gumroad – Originally created to sell digital products, Gumroad now allows sellers to list physical products. You provide a link to the item, and they receive payment. No store needed, this site does allow you to communicate directly with customers.76. HandmadeArtists – A very active community as well as a venue to sell art or craft. No commissions are taken – $5.00 monthly subscription, they provide a shopping cart.77. Handmadeology – This site is a place to get exposure for your art or craft, but does not actually have its own shopping cart. Uploading your images is free. Your item description has links to your website, social media, and other places to buy (such as your Etsy shop). Feature your work on Handmadeology’s front page for $5.00.78. Houzz – Is your work just right for interiors? Houzz has the largest residential design database in the world. Create your profile under “Artists and Artisans” in the Pro section here and upload images of your work. It’s free.79. iCraft – (Canadian Site) Sells the handmade work of artists globally. $25 registration fee, and monthly fees of $5.00 to $15.00 depending on how many images your upload.80. ImageKind – Print-on-Demand. Join free, customize your own storefront. Fees range from free to $95 per year. Set your own retail prices; they charge base price and pay you the rest.81. ImageRevolver – This Print-on-Demand site is juried. Artists cannot choose the price; they are standardized. Flat rate is paid to artist according to size of print sold.82. Ingallery – This juried site solicits submissions from “established and up and coming artists.” They are Print-on-Demand, selling work as digital canvases, and have themed galleries on their site. No info given about charges or commissions.83. Keep – A curated site where you can “keep” images from the web (like Pinterest), including your work from third part sites like Etsy. This site has a “Buy” button which guides visitors to your own online shopping cart.84. MadeByHandOnline – (UK Site) British and Irish craftspeople are welcome to apply. This site is juried, and has an active community and directory, and actively markets their makers. They take 22% commission on sales.85. MadeItMyself – Upload your images, and either set a price or negotiate with buyers. They provide a shopping cart. Listing fee and commission applies.86. Meylah – Open a store for your artwork or handmade goods, or even create a curated marketplace. They offer support and marketing help. No upfront fees, only a 2.75% commission on sales.87. MadeInAmericaShoppingNetwork – Sell any Made in America or Assembled in America products, including tools and supplies; they charge listing fees, but take no commission.88. MISI – (UK Site) MISI, or “Make It, Sell It” is an online platform to sell handmade crafts, vintage items and supplies. Listing fee plus 3% commission on sales.89. MyBestCanvas – Sells original paintings, to an international audience. Customer gets directly in touch with the artist; no commission is taken. $50 annual fee to upload your images and become a seller.90. MySoti – Print-on-Demand site specializing in t-shirts, lampshades, and art reproductions. Upload your designs for free, and choose your markup. They pay you the amount of basic cost for items they print.91. NewBloodArt – (UK Site) Representing early and mid-career artists, this juried site focuses on selling originals. You determine the selling price, and they take a commission.92. Nuzart – (European Site) This is a Print-on-Demand site, so originals and limited editions don’t sell here. Upload your images and set your price. You collect the percentage over the base price of the reproductions.93. OriginalArtOnline – As the name implies, original art is sold here. Membership fee about $6-$8 per month, no commissions are taken. Set your asking price and take offers from buyers. They provide marketing help.94. Pinterest – This super-popular website allows you to create collections by “pinning” images around the web which click through to the original site. Have an item to sell, on Etsy, or anywhere else? List the price when you pin your item – a click on the photo will take the shopper through to your own site where you can make the sale. Priced items show up in the “Gifts” section of Pinterest.95. Pixpa – Created for photographers, artists and designers, Pixpa gives you a portfolio site with a built-in shopping cart provided by FotoMoto. If you have a blog and need a place to show large, gorgeous photos of your work, this might be it. Monthly plans start at $10.96. PoppyArts – Based out of a brick and mortar, this site sells jewelry, fine craft and art, this site features about 200 artists and is juried. They buy wholesale from the artist.97. PoppyTalkHandmade – (Canadian site) Dubbing itself “the original curated online marketplace for emerging design talent,” this site accepts artist submissions, and is juried. $60 monthly fee for sellers. They feature “themed markets” which change monthly.98. Portraity – Are you a portrait artist or photographer? This site aims to connect artists and clients who want commissioned portraits made. Artists upload their portfolio onto the site and a “contact” button puts potential clients in touch with you. Currently in Beta and offering free memberships.99. PrintPop – This Print-on-Demand site claims to be for aspiring/emerging, “struggling,” part-time, hobbyist, or student artists” to sell poster-sized print reproductions of their work. Artist earns 15% royalty from each item.100. RebelsMarket – This site claims to be the “No. 1 alternative community for buying & selling anti-mainstream items for subcultural lifestyles such as goth, steampunk, rockabilly, pinup, tattoos & more.” Fit your work? Open a free store – they take 15% commission. Juried to make sure your designs are rebellious enough.101. RedBubble – Print-on-Demand site featuring posters, prints, t-shirts, cards and more. They have set base prices, and you collect the markup that you choose.102. RetailParade – This is a wholesale site geared for the gift industry. Juried vendors pay a monthly fee. No submission process indicated, use contact form for more info.103. SaatchiOnline – Upload your images, sell originals and prints. Artist retains 70% of purchase price.104. SculptSite – Sculpture-only site, buyers purchase directly from the artist. This site is juried. No commissions, you pay a fee ranging from $0 – $99 per year. They give marketing assistance.105. SeekingDesigners – This site has a marketplace which is mostly oriented to fashion, accessories and home. Not strictly handmade. They jury submissions to be part of their group of designers. Monthly fees range from about $11-$30 per month.106. Sellpin – Their tagline is “If you can pin it on Pinterest, You can sell it on SellPin” and they offer a place to list your work to sell when referred through Pinterest. Easy to log in with Facebook. Free to list, they take 7% fee on sales.107. Shopinterest – turn your Pinterest boards into a store! All Pinterest items with a price get added to your Shopinterest store. They provide a shopping cart, but customers pay you directly. They are in Beta now, but have a free trial period and will offer pay-per-item or monthly fees going forward.108. Skreened – Print-on-Demand t-shirt site. Any site visitor can make a custom-made shirt, or can purchase available designs. That’s where you come in – upload your artwork and create your own shop. Choose your own price, you make everything above base prices charged by the site.109. Society6 – Print-on-Demand site, featuring prints, canvases, iPhone cases, hoodies and more. Upload your artwork, and set your price. You receive payment for everything over the base price of their products.110. Spoonflower – Known for printing custom fabric for designers, this site is Print-on-Demand and prints your work on textiles, wallpaper and decals. They claim to offer the largest collection of independent fabric designers in the world. Artists receive 10% of sale price.111. Spreadshirt – Open your own t-shirt shop online, featuring your designs. No cost to set up. This Print-on-Demand vendor pays you an agreed upon royalty on each sale.112. SuperMarket – This website offers a curated collection of work, which is juried. They ask for submissions via email. Create a store and upload your images. You get paid for your work directly through PayPal, and pay them a commission monthly.113. TheUntappedSource – Print-on-Demand site which sells reproductions and prints; they offer memberships ranging from free to about $8 per month. You price your work and collect any amount over their base prices.114. Threadless – Create a design, and submit it to this site. The Threadless community votes to choose the very best, which will become t-shirts for sale in their marketplace. What do the design winners get? A $2,000.00 prize.115. Trunkt – Online wholesale site for handmade items, bought recently by Etsy. They will be revamping this site with new guidance and management in the next few months.116. Twitter – Promote your work on Twitter, using Twitpic to show photos, and list an auction, or simply a sale price. You can coordinate this with a Facebook auction of your work, or link to an auction on your website, and take bids. Twitter is also a great place to cross-promote your work for sale on any other site.117. UGallery – Billed as “a curated online art gallery for the nation’s top mid-career and emerging artists,” this site is juried. They split the selling price 50/50 with the artist, and do extensive marketing.118. Uncommon Goods – This site sells “unique gifts and creative design.” Submit your images to them in an online application, and their buyers and community will evaluate to see if you are accepted. This site is not exclusively art or craft related, but offers clothing, accessories and home items as well.119. UnderTheRainbow – An online craft mall, where you can sell your work retail. They claim to screen for authenticity. No monthly fees, pay per listing. They provide a shopping cart.120. Wanelo – Short for Want-Need-Love, this site is a curated collection of items (not all are handcrafted or art), but if you have a price on your work, they provide a “Buy” button which clicks through to your website (or third-party site) to sell your work. Other community members can “save” your images, and being popular drives them to the front page of the site. Free to use.121. WholesaleCrafts – This site has been around for quite a few years. Fine crafts in many mediums are listed at wholesale prices, and sell to the trade. Juried. They charge a startup fee and monthly fee of $39, or $395 annually with no setup fee for a one-year minimum commitment. $15 per month fee helps promote your work on their front page.122. Yessy – Create your online art gallery, no limit on number of images. $59 annual fee. They do not take commissions, but have a transaction fee.123. Zatista – This site is for selling original 2D art only. They target interior designers and architects as well as consumers. All work is juried. They do not have a monthly or listing fee, but take 45% commission.124. Zazzle – Print-0n-Demand site, claiming to have 25 million monthly shoppers. No montly or listing fees. Upload your images, and set your own prices – you are paid the royalties between their base price and amount of the sale. They put images on a large variety of items.125. Zibbet – Upload images of your art or craft into your own online shop. Fees range from free to $79 annually. They have a shopping cart and marketing help.NEW ADDITIONS!126. 3BStreet - A fun and quirky site with great visuals where you get your own animated storefront. Artist participation is juried, with a monthly fee as low at $9.95 per month + 3% of all transactions.127. American Handmade Crafts – Free trial (with $35 setup). Monthly fees starting at $12, and each artist can list hundreds of items for sale. They provide a shopping cart.128. Bucketfeet – Would your artwork look just perfect on a pair of shoes? This site offers cool sneakers with a variety of designs. Jury by sending an email to info(at)Bucketfeet with your portfolio.129. UpcycledAroundTown - As it’s name implies, this site is all about merchandise that has been upcycled and created into new products. If that’s your schtick, contact them on the “vendor” page of their website. Contact them for terms; not listed on site.130. Poppito - (UK Site) Describing themselves as “an online market place providing greater opportunities for makers of quality handmade goods and growers of homegrown produce,” Poppito sells credits which are exchanged for listing your items.131. Articents – Handmade and vintage items are sold here. This site is very inexpensive, with no listing fees or commissions, and only a $5.00 monthly fee. Make your own storefront, where you can even include videos.132. Artinvesta (Australian site) This site promotes itself as selling original art on a global scale. They offer artists unlimited space to upload a portfolio, and take 10% plus Paypal fees from your sales. You can register as a seller for free.133. Luulla – Calling itself “The Marketplace for Unique Products” Luulla offers artists a monthly plan for $9.90 plus 3% selling fee, or a pay-as-you-go option with listing fees and the selling fee. They promote your work to social media as well.134. TheWeddingMile – If your work fits into the wedding market, you can become a seller here for a monthly subscription of $9.95. They offer support and training, and a bridal registry, of course!135. Pinbeads – Are you a jewelry designer? This Pinterest-style site is all about jewelry. Pin your jewelry, jewelry supplies or DIY tutorials on their boards. Images click through to your website where you can close the sale.136. Crevado - A website to upload your art portfolio and your bio, Crevado does not offer a shopping cart, but enhances your web presence. Fees range from free to $9.00 per month.137. ArtistSites – Called “A Virtual Community of Artist Portfolios” this site is totally free to use. Artists can upload up to 25 portfolio images, and create a bio. Site visitors can comment or contact the artist. You can include a link to your own website as well.138. OriginalArtUnder100 - (UK Site) A simple, no-nonsense original art website where all the featured work is priced under £100. Artists sell direct and commission free to buyers with free 4 month trial. If they decide to stay beyond their trial period, they pay £20 per year, or £12 for 6 months. Artists also get a free link to their website and their own URL gallery page.139. RiseArt - (UK Site) Artists can create a profile here and submit their work, which is ranked by votes from the Rise Art community. Chosen artists are promoted, and work may be commissioned by Rise Art, or sold on the site. Totally free to use.140. ArtPreferred – Create your own art store here for $9.95 per month, with no commissions taken. Audience is global. They also have a feature where you can promote your art events as well.141. TeeFury – Submit your design for a T-shirt, and if accepted, your design becomes a very limited edition, available for 24 hours, and selling for $10.00. The artist gets $1.00 per shirt sold, and keeps the rights to the design.142. TheCraftersBarn - (UK Site) Handcrafted goods are sold on this website, which dubs itself a “co-op” and has a very low monthly fee with no commissions taken. Includes shopping cart.143. DegreeArt – (UK Site) Students and recent graduates can submit their work for consideration to this site, which has an online venue as well as a London gallery where they may put your work in a solo or group show, and promote you to the press. They require an initial fee of £75.144. Artaissance - This juried site is looking for sophisticated art that is suitable for art publishing, and is run by well-known frame manufacturer Larson-Juhl. If your work fits the bill, you can go through a submission process to become one of their featured artists.145. ModernArt-Design – (UK Site) Submit your work to be juried into the “Artist Program” on this Print-on-Demand site, which sells artwork, but also prints images for consumers. They do not list artist terms on their site, so you will need to inquire.146. Artist-Listing - A “free showcase for visual artists,” this site has a free plan, or you can upgrade your page for $25 or $149 annual packages (custom built templates). This site does not include a shopping cart, but allows a portfolio and bio where you can list your own website to make sales.147. WowThankYou – (UK Site) Proudly supporting UK artisans, this site offers everything from clothing and pet items to household and wedding gifts. Monthly competitions. Fill out a form to become a seller; no terms listed on the site.148. Artsicle – Have you ever considered renting your art? This site specializes in residential and corporate art rentals, and renting art for staging apartments and homes for sale. If you are a New York City artist, find out more by contacting Dan(at)Home | Artsicle who runs this website.149. ArtPistol – (UK Site) This website advertises that they sell “original art and limited edition prints from both budding and recognized UK artists.” They sell online as well as in pop up events, and sell to corporate clients. Artists list prices on the site, but shoppers are also allowed to make offers. Features a wedding registry. No upfront fees, but they take 25% commission.150. The FunkyArtGallery - (UK Site) Featuring contemporary, funky, urban and pop art, this online venue sells originals and limited editions only. Juried for “originality, quality and funkiness.” Artists paying joining fee of £50 plus 33% commission.Art and Art History Academy