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Adult tapeworms don’t infect the brain, but there are some animal tapeworms whose larvae can do so with devastating consequences. The two most notorious are the pork tapeworm Taenia solium and the wolf–dog tapeworm Echinococcus granulosus.Taenia solium lives in both the small intestine and brain of humans. Humans get it from eating “measly pork” infected with a bladderlike stage of the tapeworm called a cysticercus.Taenia solium (Image credits 1–3)When ingested by a person, the “head” of the tapeworm pops out of this bladder, attaches to the intestinal wall, and matures into a segmented tapeworm as much as 6 to 10 feet long. Egg-loaded segments (proglottids) of the worm pass out in the stool. Where the ground is contaminated with human waste, the proglottids die and disintegrate, contaminating the soil with eggs. When pigs swallow these eggs, the larvae migrate to their muscles and form cysticerci—hence the “measly pork” above. If a human eats pork with a cysticercus, the adult worm matures in the intestine, completing the life cycle.When a human swallows the eggs, though, the larvae migrate to any of the soft tissues of the body—muscles, brain, liver, lungs, heart, subcutaneous tissue, and even the eye (the second most common location after muscle). The brain can be fatally infected with dozens of cysticerci as you see in the MRI images below. A single cyst can sometimes be removed surgically, but a heavy infection like these is inoperable.The infection is called cysticercosis. It can be acquired not just from exposure to egg-contaminated soil, but can also spread from person to person within a home from lack of hygiene including fecal contamination of hands, clothing, and household surfaces. Indoor toilets are often lacking in areas where this tapeworm is prevalent. Combine that with raising one’s own hogs for meat and the conditions are ripe for human T. solium infections.There are about 1,000 cases of this per year in the U.S., with 60% of them in California. The prevalence is higher in Latin America, West Africa, Russia, India, Pakistan, North-East China, and Southeast Asia. Prevalence depends on hog-raising practices, dietary habits, meat inspection standards, and sanitation.Taenia solium, cerebral cysticercosis, MRI images (Image credits 4–5).Echinococcus granulosus, surprisingly, is a tiny tapeworm, only 1–2 cm long. Its life cycle in the wild commonly involves wolves as the definitive host (harboring the tapeworms in their intestines) and moose, deer, and other ungulates as intermediate hosts (harboring the hydatid cysts, which I’ll soon describe). The domestic life cycle often goes between dogs as definitive host and sheep and goats as intermediate hosts. Dogs typically contract the infection when ranchers slaughter sheep and feed the offal to their dogs. Humans contract the parasite from the dogs, such as by being licked in the face by a dog with fecal contamination around the muzzle. Children are especially at risk because of their incautious intimacy with dogs. A human takes the place of the sheep, becoming infected with the larva; humans don’t carry adult Echinococcus.(Image credits 6–7)The larvae (hydatid cysts) are fearsome; they can lodge in the liver, lungs, brain, heart, or other tissue and grow to the size of a grape, a tennis ball, or a grapefruit. Each cyst is filled with dozens to hundreds of tapeworm scolices. Normally these would emerge and mature into adult intestinal worms when a wolf eats an infected moose or a dog eats sheep offal. Hydatids in the brain tend to make an animal such as a moose or deer disoriented, uncoordinated, and unable to flee or defend itself from wolves. In humans, hydatids kill by compression and replacement of vital tissues or by rupturing and triggering anaphylatic shock in response to the fluid. Treatment requires first draining fluid from the cyst under sterile conditions, then stripping out the inner lining of the cyst. The outer cyst, made of human connective tissue that formed around the parasite, is left in place because an attempt to remove it creates too big a risk of hemorrhage. I’ve seen a patient video with more than a liter of fluid withdrawn from one hepatic cyst. The patient was a medical student at Emory University, but was from Greece, where his father raised sheep.(Image credits 8–9)Image creditsTaenia solium adult. Taenia solium: Its Eating Your Brain!Taenia solium cysticercus. PARA-SITEMeasly pork. H. R. Vivek, Submitted by: Vivek H.R Submitted to: Dr. Dilip Dept. Of veterinary pathology. - ppt downloadBrain MRI, lateral view. H. H. Garcia and O. H. Del Brutto. 2000. TAENIA SOLIUM CYSTICERCOSIS. Infectious Disease Clinics of North America 14:97–119.Brain MRI, transverse view. Pinterest, This MRI image shows the brain of a patient suffering from Neurocysticercosis. Each dark round spot is an encysted Taenia solium larva. | Radiology, Mri brain, Medical photos.Echinococcus granulosus adult. Měchožil zhoubný – WikipedieHydatid cysts, whole. Hydatid cystHydatid cyst in brain, MRI. A. Nemati et al. 2010. Giant Cerebral Hydatid Cyst in a Child- A Case Report and Review of Literature. British Journal of Medical Practitioners 3(3):a338.Hydatid cyst in liver, CT. M. J. Kumar et al. 2003. Hydatid cyst of liver. British Medical Journal 79:928.

Yes. A driver who hits an animal must notify the proper authorities. If they fail to do so, you should make a call if you witnessed it.“Failure to Stop Can Get You in Legal TroubleThe laws of most states require that if you hit a domestic animal, you must stop and notify the appropriate state or local authority. If you don't do so, you could find yourself in legal hot water.Most jurisdictions have ordinances requiring that owners keep their pets under control at all times. If a free running animal hits or is hit by your vehicle, you are not likely to be held liable. The owner may be cited, and may be held responsible for costs associated with the accident. This may include any medical bills for the animal, and may also include repair of any damage to your vehicle. However, if the accident was caused in part by your negligence as a driver, you may be held to be at fault and liable for the value of the animal.That’s what happened to Kathleen Ruggiero of Clinton, CT. She struck and killed a dog that ran out from behind a plow truck and into the path of her car. She panicked and drove off, later attributing the damage to her vehicle to having hit a deer. But police matched a piece of a car grill found at the scene to Ruggiero’s Honda, and five hours after the accident she was arrested and charged.”In addition, a first responder (you) who takes possession of an animal (moving, picking up, etc) is also responsible for rendering assistance to the animal, like transporting it to a veterinary clinic.However, a pet is considered personal property, and the owner may be liable for damages to your vehicle and any financial obligations resulting from treatment of the pet.

Europe had contact with everywhere except the new world. This transported most diseases to Europe, along with immunities to some. The New World didn’t have those diseases, so no immunities built up. The population density of most of the New World was lower than Europe, so diseases would be more likely to die out, rather than spread across the continent, so the number of “pandemic”-like diseases would be small by comparison. Also, medical practices in the New World were better than Europe, as the New World used medical herbs, some of which are still in use today, while Europe was still into leaches.For a while, it was thought that Syphilis was taken from the New World to Europe, but there are people who suspect it was in Europe before. Perhaps it got to the New World with the original settlers, and the New World strain was “worse”, and the Europe version less prevalent, and once the transportation went back and forth, the “worse” strain of the disease was re-introduced, masking and eliminating the European version.Something like Lyme disease, which was described in settlers in the New England area from the earliest colonies, but wasn’t prevalent until recently, so named for Lyme, CT, which has deer who swim to Plum Island, where Lyme may have been weaponized and accidentally released.Some diseases are ancient and new at the same time.But Smallpox was the plague for the Natives. With no exposure to it, or similar diseases, there was no natural immunity, or resistance. 50% or so were killed by smallpox directly, and a total of 90% or so were killed by direct and indirect effects of European diseases. That’s higher than the plague in Europe, which was a major event.That the Smallpox was essentially used as a WMD made it more deadly. It was deliberately spread by settlers to get maximum spread. So just discussion of resistance and natural spread fails to account for the deliberate spread of the disease.The American Natives didn’t invade Europe and launch a biological weapon attack. So fewer diseases were heavily felt there.