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Laravel is the Recommended Framework for Secure, Mission-Critical Applications, Check following features of Laravel -IntroductionFor a mission-critical application, there are two levels of security that matters: application security and server security. Laravel is a development framework and, as such, it won't make your server more secure, just your application.Laravel features allow you to use everything securely. All the data is sanitized where needed unless you're using Laravel with raw queries. Then, you're on your own basically. The point is, Laravel gives you security for common vulnerabilities.So, in this article, you will learn about the most important security features of Laravel.Protecting Laravel Applications from SQL InjectionLaravel protects you from SQL injection as long as you're using the Fluent Query Builder or Eloquent.Laravel does this by making prepared statements which are going to escape any user input that may come in through your forms. If hackers add a new input to a form, they may try to insert a quote and then run their own custom SQL query to damage or read your application database. However, this won't work since you are using Eloquent. Eloquent is going to escape this SQL command and the invalid query will just be saved as text into the database.The take away is: if you're using the Fluent Query Builder or Eloquent, your application is safe from SQL injections.To learn more about SQL injection protection on Laravel check out this article.Protecting Cookies on Laravel ApplicationsLaravel will also protect your cookies. For that, you will need to generate a new Application Key. If it’s a new project, use the PHP artisan key:generate command.For existing projects running on Laravel 3, you will need to switch to a text editor, then go to your application's config directory and open the application.php file. There, you will find the key under the Application Key section.On Laravel 5 and above, Application Key is called Encryption Key. You can find this key in the app.php file that resides in the config folder.The Application Key or Encryption Key uses encryption and cookie classes to generate secure encrypted strings and hashes. It is extremely important that this key remains secret and should not be shared with anyone. Also, make it about 32 characters of random gibberish so that nobody can guess it as Laravel uses this key to validate the cookie.As mentioned above, Laravel auto-generates the Application Key; however, if required, you can edit it from the application.php file.The cookie class uses the Application key to generate secure encrypted strings and hashes. Laravel will protect your cookies by using a hash and making sure that no one tampers with them.Cross-Site Request Forgery (CSRF) Protection on LaravelTo protect your application from a CSRF attack, Laravel uses the Form Classes Token method, which creates a unique token in a form. So, if you look at the source code of a target form, you will see a hidden form field called CSRF token.<form name="test"> {!! csrf_field() !!} <!-- Other inputs can come here--> </form> The token makes sure that the request is coming from your application and not from somewhere else. With that token, you need to make sure that it's checking for a forged request. Laravel has CSRF-protection enabled by default.Laravel adds a pre-defined CSRF filter in your app that looks like this:<?php Route::filter('csrf', function() {  if (Session::token() != Input::get('_token')) {  throw new Illuminate\Session\TokenMismatchException;  } }); The CSRF filter allows you to check for a forged request and if it has been forged, it's going to return an HTTP 500 error. You can use the Form Classes Token method and CSRF filter together to protect your application routes.Mass Assignment Vulnerabilities on LaravelObject-relational mapping tools (like Eloquent) have the ability to mass-assign properties directly into the database, which is a security vulnerability.For those who don’t know, Laravel’s ORM (Eloquent) offer a simple Active-Record implementation for working with your database. Each database table has a corresponding Model_Class that interacts with that table.Mass assignment let you set a bunch of fields on the model in a single go, rather than sequentially, something like:$user = new User(Input::all()); The command above sets all value at the same time, in one go.For example, your application can have a user table and with a user_type field. This field can have values of: user or admin.In this case, you don’t want your users to update this field manually. However, the above code could allow someone to inject a new user_type field. After that, they can switch their account to admin.By adding to the code:$fillable = array('name', 'password', 'email'); You make sure only the above values are updatable with mass assignment.To be able to update the user_type value, you need to explicitly set it on the model and save it, as shown here:$user->user_type = 'admin'; $user->save(); Cross-Site Scripting Protection on LaravelLaravel's @{{}} syntax will escape any HTML objects that are the part of a view variable. It’s a big-deal, considering that a malevolent user can authorize the subsequent string into a comment or user profile:My list <script>alert("spam spam spam!")</script> Without cross-site scripting protection, a view variable like the one above would be presented in a web page in the form of an annoying alert window, causing this form of attack called cross-site scripting. This may sound like a minor exasperation associated with more erudite attacks which might hasten the user to supply some bank information via a JavaScript model which are afterward sent to third-party websites.Fortunately, when a variable is rendered within the @{{}} escape tags, Laravel will render in its place a string as the following one:My list &lt;script&gt;alert("spam spam spam!")&lt;/script&gt; This makes Laravel applications immune to this type of attack.Aside: Securing Laravel APIs with Auth0Securing Laravel APIs with Auth0 is very easy and brings a lot of great features to the table. With Auth0, we only have to write a few lines of code to get:A solid identity management solution, including single sign-onUser managementSupport for social identity providers (like Facebook, GitHub, Twitter, etc.)Enterprise identity providers (Active Directory, LDAP, SAML, etc.)Our own database of usersSign Up for Auth0You'll need an Auth0 account to manage authentication. You can sign up for a free account here. Next, set up an Auth0 API.Set Up an APIGo to APIs in your Auth0 dashboard and click on the "Create API" button. Enter a name for the API. Set the Identifier to a URL(existent or non-existent URL). The Signing Algorithm should be RS256.Create API on Auth0 dashboardWe're now ready to implement Auth0 authentication on our Laravel backend API.Dependencies and SetupInstall the laravel-auth0 package via composer like so:composer require auth0/login:"~5.0" Generate the laravel-auth0 package config file like so:php artisan vendor:publish After the file is generated, it will be located at config/laravel-auth0.php. Ensure you replace the placeholder values with the authentic values from the Auth0 Admin Dashboard. Double check your values with laravel-auth0.Your .env file should have the AUTH0_DOMAIN, AUTH0_CLIENT_ID, AUTH0_CLIENT_SECRET and AUTH0_CALLBACK_URL values like so:AUTH0_DOMAIN=kabiyesi.auth0.com AUTH0_CLIENT_ID=xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx AUTH0_CLIENT_SECRET=xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx AUTH0_AUDIENCE=http://mylaravelapi.com AUTH0_CALLBACK_URL=null Activate Provider and FacadeThe laravel-auth0 package comes with a provder called LoginServiceProvider. Add this to the list of application providers.// config/app.php 'providers' => array(  // ...  \Auth0\Login\LoginServiceProvider::class, ); If you would like to use the Auth0 Facade, add it to the list of aliases.// config/app.php 'aliases' => array(  // ...  'Auth0' => \Auth0\Login\Facade\Auth0::class, ); The user information can now be accessed with Auth0::getUser(). Finally, you need to bind a class that provides a user (your app model user) each time the user is logged in or an access_token is decoded. You can use the Auth0UserRepository provided by this package or you can build your own class.To use Auth0UserRepository, add the following lines to your app's AppServiceProvider:// app/Providers/AppServiceProvider.php public function register() {  $this->app->bind(  \Auth0\Login\Contract\Auth0UserRepository::class,   \Auth0\Login\Repository\Auth0UserRepository::class  ); } Configure Authentication DriverThe laravel-auth0 package comes with an authentication driver called auth0. This driver defines a user structure that wraps the normalized user profile defined by Auth0. It doesn't actually persist the object but rather simply stores it in the session for future calls.This is adequate for basic testing or if you don't have a requirement to persist the user. At any point you can call Auth::check() to determine if there is a user logged in and Auth::user() to retreive the wrapper with the user information.Configure the driver in config/auth.php to use auth0.// app/config/auth.php // ... 'providers' => [  'users' => [  'driver' => 'auth0'  ], ], Secure API RoutesYour API routes are defined in routes/api.php for Laravel 5.3+ apps.// routes/api.php  <?php  use Illuminate\Http\Request;  /* |-------------------------------------------------------------------------- | API Routes |-------------------------------------------------------------------------- | | Here is where you can register API routes for your application. These | routes are loaded by the RouteServiceProvider within a group which | is assigned the "api" middleware group. Enjoy building your API! | */  Route::get('/public', function (Request $request) {  return response()->json(["message" => "Hello from a public endpoint! You don't need any token to access this URL..Yaaaay!"]); });  Route::get('/wakanda', function (Request $request) {  return response()->json(["message" => "Access token is valid. Welcome to this private endpoint. You need elevated scopes to access Vibranium."]); })->middleware('auth:api'); Now, you can send a request to your protected endpoint which includes an access_token.curl --request GET \  --url http://localhost:8000/api/wakanda \  --header 'authorization: Bearer <ACCESS TOKEN>' Once a user hits the api/wakanda endpoint, a valid JWT access_token will be required before the resource can be released. With this in place, private routes can be secured.More ResourcesThat's it! We have an authenticated Laravel API with protected routes. To learn more, check out the following resources:Why You Should Always Use Access Tokens to Secure an APILaravel backend QuickstartNavigating RS256 and JWKSAccess TokenVerify Access TokensCall APIs from Client-side Web AppsHow to implement the Implicit GrantAuth0.js DocumentationOpenID Standard ClaimsConclusionAs you may know, there are other things you must do to protect your mission-critical applications, such as disabling verbose error reporting to stop sensitive details about your application being made visible to a bad actor. Nevertheless, Laravel ensures a much more secure application by protecting again these common attack vectors, reducing the attack surface out-of-the-box.Laravel is one of the reasons behind the renewed interest in the PHP developer community. Using a more secure base application and following the familiar model–view–controller (MVC) architectural pattern, it's popularity grew fast. As a free, open-source framework, created by Taylor Otwell and based on Symfony, Laravel took over as the defacto framework within a few years of its introduction.

For many new business owners, filing taxes is intimidating, a ritual shrouded in mystery. Fair enough: The experience is different for every business, and even minor mistakes can have major repercussions—such as IRS fines.However, there’s no need to worry. Break it into steps, and filing small business taxes isn’t that complicated. Here’s how to do it in 10 simple steps, while avoiding any unfortunate mistakes.Pressed for time this year?Talk to our partners at Bench.Their all-in-one bookkeeping and tax filing solution will get you filed before the deadline, without missing out on any valuable deductions.Organize your recordsBefore you get started, you need to make sure you have all your relevant business records gathered and organized.Split your records into three categories: Basic info, earnings, and expenses.Basic info is essential for filling out any kind of tax form. You’ll need:Your SSN, date of birth, address, etc.Last year’s tax returnsYour Employer Identification Number (find it on the IRS website)Earnings information includes:Copies of invoices you’ve sent clientsRecords of any goods sold to customersSales records that note money coming into your businessExpense info takes the form of receipts you’ve kept. That includes:Rent receipts for your small businessOffice suppliesEmployee salariesClient lunchesMileage recordsDifferent businesses need different records. Check out these small business tax checklists to keep track of yours.2. Bring your bookkeeping up to dateIf you haven’t stayed on top of your bookkeeping, you aren’t ready to file your taxes. (If your bookkeeping is up to date, however, feel free to skip this section.)That may sound harsh, but it’s a fact of life. If your records aren’t up to date, you just don’t have the information you need to file.Luckily, you can still go back and do your bookkeeping retroactively, so long as you have complete records including expenses and earnings.Here’s how to catch up on bookkeeping:3. Record, categorize and date every business transaction for the yearGoing back to your receipts, invoices, and other records, make a note of all money you spent over the year.Start at January 1 of the year, and complete your records up to the current date.You can use accounting software or an Excel template. Organize each expense according to date and category—when it happened, and how it was spent or earned.4. Reconcile your books with your bank accountsCross-reference your monthly business records with your bank accounts, and make sure that every transaction you recorded happened in reality.If you earned cash, when was it deposited?Which credit cards did you use, and for what? Where there are discrepancies, you’ll have to dig deeper and figure out what actually happened, then make a record of it.5. Create financial statements retroactivelyEach month of recorded transactions needs to be compiled in the form of financial statements—balance sheets and income statements.You’ll use these to determine your total amount of income and expenses for the year, and use those numbers to file your taxes.If the prospect of retroactive bookkeeping fails to fill your heart with joy, consider getting help from professional small business bookkeepers.The folks at Bench can bring you quickly up to date. And if you opt for BenchTax, they’ll get your taxes filed for you too.6. Stash away money to pay your taxesOver the course of the year, you should be putting aside money to pay taxes on the profits you report.For many small businesses—especially sole proprietorships, partnerships, and S corporations earning over $1,000 for the year—you’ll have to pay quarterly estimated taxes.Quarterly taxes are due in the middle of the months of April, June, September, and January.Rule of thumb: Set aside 25% – 30% of all income for taxes. If possible, put it in a separate bank account that you won’t touch over the course of the year.You’ve got two strategies for saving tax money:If your business has a steady stream of income: Set up automatic bank transfers to pull funds into secondary savings account on a monthly or biweekly schedule.If your business has variable income: Make a habit of setting aside tax money every time you are paid by a client or customer.It may seem like a hassle at first, but give it a little time, and this process will soon become second nature.7. Review payroll taxesHave employees? You’re responsible for the following:FUTA Federal Unemployment Tax (effectively a 0.6% tax on their salary)FICA (7.5% for social security and Medicare)Collecting and remitting employee income taxState and local tax (differs depending on where you are)You can figure out how much federal payroll tax to withhold using IRS Publication 15.8. Plan for sales taxSales tax is collected on the state level. Each state is different. This guide to sales tax can help you figure out how much to collect, and how to file and pay.9. Choose the right firm for your business structureOnce you’ve got your bookkeeping and records sorted out, and you know which taxes you need to pay, it’s time to start filling out forms.The form you use to file your taxes will depend on your business structure:Sole proprietorships and single-member LLCsFiling deadline: April 15, 2021 (the same as personal taxes)Form: IRS Form 1040Notes:Report net profit or loss on Schedule CReport itemized deductions on Schedule APartnerships and multi-member LLCsFiling Deadline: March 15, 2021Forms:Form 1065 for the business entitySchedule K-1 for each individual memberNotes:Each partner or member pays taxes on their individual earningsPartners can claim unreimbursed business expenses on Schedule EC corporations or LLCs electing to file as corporationsFiling Deadline: April 15, 2021 (same as individual taxes)Form: Form 1120Notes:The corporate tax rate is a flat 21%You pay taxes for both the corporation and yourself as an individualS corporationsFiling Deadline: March 15, 2021Forms:Schedule K-1 for each individual shareholderNotes:S corps do not pay taxes—shareholders pay individually on their earningsSmall businesses paying contractorsFor each contractor you paid more than $600 during the financial year, you’ll need to file Form 1099-NEC. If it’s your first time filing one, check out this guide to filing 1099s.Claim small business tax deductionsOne of the nice things about working for yourself: There are many more tax deductions you can claim than if you were someone else’s employee.The exact deductions you can claim will vary according to your specific situation, but these are some of the most common tax deductions for small businesses:Startup costsYou can deduct any costs up to $5,000 you incur the year your business opens. Above that amount, startup costs can be amortized over 15 years.Raw materialsThe cost of products essential to running your business—pepperoni for your pizza restaurant, wool for your custom knit sweaters—can be deducted.Office suppliesSmall items that get used up—printer ink cartridges, for instance—can be deducted as office supplies. Larger items—like desks and chairs—aren’t deductible. (They’re considered capital goods.)Commercial rentWhether it’s an office or a storefront, the cost of renting your business location is tax-deductible.Home office expenseWhen you run your business from home, you can deduct a proportional amount of your rent, mortgage, and other expenses like utilities and insurance.For instance, if you use 15% of your total square footage as home office space, you can deduct 15% of the cost of your expenses.InsuranceAll ordinary commercial insurance premiums are deductible—such as insurance for buildings, machinery, or equipment.Business travelA lot of the expenses you incur while travelling for work are tax-deductible. These include airfare, bus passes, local transportation to and from the airport, accommodations, and 50% the cost of meals while you’re travelling.Salaries and benefitsAll salaries and benefits you pay employees (including bonuses) are tax-deductible.File your taxes onlineOnce you’ve caught up on your bookkeeping, organized your records, and planned your deductions, you’re ready to file your taxes.If you’re like 92% of Americans in 2018, you file your taxes online.When you file online, you:Don’t have to fill out paper formsGet your return to the IRS fasterReceive your refund electronically with direct depositUse the most secure filing method availableFiling online, you have two options: Free File, and Free Fillable Forms. If your adjusted gross income (AGI) for the year is less than $72,000, you can use Free File. If it’s higher, you must use Free File Fillable Forms.Here’s how to use each:Free FileWith Free File, you use online software to do your taxes and automatically send a copy to the IRS. It’s popular—about one in three Americans use Free File.You have 13 providers, approved by the IRS, who you can choose to Free File with. Meaning, don’t go looking for Free File software on the IRS website; you’ll need to choose a provider, and sign up through their site.For help choosing the right provider for your business, check out this breakdown by Fit Small Business.Free File Fillable FormsUnlike simple Free File, Fillable Forms is provided on the IRS website.Essentially, these are digital versions of paper tax forms, with a little automation built-in.Once you fill out your main tax forms, you can attach others, like W2s and 1099s.Once you complete the forms, Fillable Forms automatically calculates how much you’ll receive as a tax refund—or how much you owe the IRS. Then, you can enter your direct deposit information to automatically pay or be paid.After completing Free File Fillable Forms and submitting them to the IRS, you have the option of printing out copies for your records.Apply for an extension if you need itIf you won’t be able to file your taxes on time, apply for an extension ASAP, before the deadline.The farther past the deadline you go without filing, the bigger the penalty from the IRS. It’s better to get an extension now than to wait.A tax extension gives you extra time to file your taxes—but you’ll still need to pay them according to your usual schedule, likely in quarterly estimated payments.2. Pay your taxesIf you’re like most businesses, you pay taxes four times a year in estimated tax installments.Want to know how much you’ll ower? Use Bench’s handy estimated tax calculator.Visit the IRS Payments Gateway to pay online or over the phone.If your business is a corporation, you’ll need to file payments through the Electronic Federal Tax Payment System.Small business tax filing can be surprisingly simple, so long as you take a step by step approach. But if you’re behind on your bookkeeping, or struggling with an already busy schedule, the process becomes more complicated.Check out Bench and Bench Tax, and see how easy tax season becomes when you have professionals taking care of it for you.Friends of Bench | Online bookkeeping servicesYou're a busy entrepreneur. We're professional bookkeepers. Let us take bookkeeping off your hands forever—so you can focus on what matters most.https://bench.grsm.io/ochochedavid1095

I hope this will help you guys.150+ Digital Marketing Terms Defined301 Redirect – A method of redirecting a visitor from one web page to another web page. This type of redirect is to be used for permanent redirects (example: you own Web site hosting and web promotional services and http://websiteB.com but you only want one website. You would 301 redirect all of the traffic from http://websiteB.com to Web site hosting and web promotional services so that all visitors end up on Web site hosting and web promotional services)302 Redirect – A method of redirecting a visitor from one page to another web page, used for temporary situations only. For permanent redirects, instead use a 301.404 Error – The error message that appears when a visitor tries to go to a web page that does not exist.AAd Extensions – Additional pieces of information that can be added to Google Adwords ads, including reviews, address, pricing, callouts, app downloads, sitelinks, and click-to-call. Ad extensions help advertisers create richer, more informative ads that take up more on-page real estate, which generally lead to higher Click Through Rates.Ad Manager Account – An advertising account on Facebook that allows you to run ads on the Facebook Ad Network.Ad Network – A grouping of websites or digital properties (like apps) where ads can appear. For example, Google has 2 ad networks: the search network (text ads that appear in search results) and the display network (image ads that appear on millions of websites that have partnered with Google).Adwords (Google Adwords) – A Google owned program that is used by advertisers to place ads on Google search results pages, on Youtube, and on Google ad network sites. Adwords is the primary platform for PPC advertising.Alt Text (or Alternative Text) – An attribute added to HTML code for images, used to provide vision impaired website visitors with information about the contents of a picture. Best practice dictates that all images on a website should have alt text, and that the text should be descriptive of the image.Analytics (or Google Analytics) – A Google platform that allows webmasters to collect statistics and data about website visitors. Google Analytics (sometimes abbreviated as GA) allows webmasters to see where web traffic comes from and how visitors behave once on the site.Anchor Text – The clickable words in a hyperlink. In SEO, anchor text is a ranking signal to Google, as it provides context about the destination site. For example, if many websites link to one particular website using the anchor text “free stock photos”, Google uses that information to understand the destination site is likely a resource with free stock photos. Theoretically, that could help the stock photos website rank in Google for keywords related to stock photography.Adsense (Google Adsense) – A Google platform that allows websites to earn money by publishing Google network ads on their website.Algorithm – A process or set of rules that computers follow to perform a task. In digital marketing, algorithm usually refers the the sets of processes Google uses to order and rank websites in search results. The SEO industry gives various Google algorithms their own nicknames like Penguin (which analyzes the quality of links pointing to a website) and Panda (which assesses the quality of the content on a website). The main ranking algorithm is SEO is referred to as “The core algorithm”.Algorithm Update – A change made to a Google algorithm. Updates typically affect the rankings of websites. Google makes hundreds of adjustments to their algorithms throughout the year, as well as several major updates each year.Alexa (Amazon Alexa) – Amazon’s home assistant device that uses voice commands to do various things like: play music, answer questions, give weather updates, and more. Voice search is becoming more interesting to the SEO industry as more people use devices like Alexa in place of computers for searches.Automation – Using computer programs to perform tasks that are repetitive, that would normally be completed by a human. Email programs can use automation to send email messages to people based on certain triggers (new customers, did or did not open the last email, etc). Marketers also use automation to nurture leads by sending relevant content to previous visitors of a website, in an attempt to get the visitor back to convert into a sale.Average Position – A metric in Google Adwords that helps advertisers understand where, on average, their ads are showing in Google search results pages. There are usually 4 available ad slots at the top of a search result page (where 1 is the first ad, 2 is the second ad, etc), so for the best results advertisers typically want an average position between 1-4. Average position 5+ indicates that your ads are showing at the bottom of the search results page.BBacklink – Also known more plainly as a “link”, this is when one website hyperlinks to another website using html href code. Backlinks are used by Google in their SEO ranking factors, with the basic idea being that if “website A” has incoming backlinks from other strong websites (websites B, C, and D), the links are votes of trust for website A, and website A gains some authority from B, C, and D through the links.Banner Ad – A popular type of digital image ad that can be placed across various websites. The largest and most popular image ad network is run by Google, and allows ads in the following common sizes:250 x 250 – Square200 x 200 – Small Square468 x 60 – Banner728 x 90 – Leaderboard300 x 250 – Inline Rectangle336 x 280 – Large Rectangle120 x 600 – Skyscraper160 x 600 – Wide Skyscraper300 x 600 – Half-Page Ad970 x 90 – Large LeaderboardBing – A web search engine that provides search services for web, video, image and map search products. Bing is owned and operated by Microsoft, and is powers Yahoo! Search. Bing now controls approximately 20% of the search share.Bing Ads – A platform that provides pay-per-click advertising on both the Bing and Yahoo! search engines. The service allows businesses to create ads, and subsequently serve the ads to consumers who search for keyword that the businesses bid on. This platform also offers targeting options such as location, demographic, and device targeting.Black Hat – Slang for an unethical digital marketer or SEO who uses spammy tactics to rank websites, like article spinning, mass directory link building, or negative SEO.Blog – Short for “web log”, a blog is a web page or a website that is regularly updated with new written content. Blogs are an important section of a website in digital marketing, as they offer fresh new content on a regular basis which can help attract new visitors, engage existing visitors, and give authority signals to Google.Bot – An automated program that visits websites, sometimes also referred to as a “crawler” or a “spider”. A spam bot visits websites for nefarious reasons, often showing in Google Analytics as junk traffic. However, Google uses a bot to crawl websites so that they can be ranked and added to Google search.Bounce Rate – The percentage of visitors to a website that leave immediately without clicking or interacting with any portion of the page. For example, if 100 people visit a website, and 50 of them immediately leave, the website has a bounce rate of 50%. Websites aim to have as low of a bounce rate as possible, and averages tend to be anywhere between 40-60%.Bread Crumbs – Navigation links at the top of a webpage that better help the user understand where on the website they are. These links often appear near the web page’s title and look something like this: Home > Services > Specific ServiceBusiness Manager – A Facebook platform that allows marketers to manage multiple pages and ad accounts in one central location.CCampaign – A series of advertising messages that share a theme, and market a product or service. In the context of digital marketing, campaigns can be run through search and display network advertising platforms (i.e. Google, Bing), social media, email, or other online platforms.Canonical (rel=canonical) – A piece of code that is added into the html head of a webpage to indicate to Google whether a piece of content is original or duplicated from somewhere else. Original content should canonical to itself, and content taken from other places should point the canonical to the original source URL. Canonicals can also be used to avoid duplicate content issues within a website.Click-Through-Rate – A metric showing how often people click on an ad after they see it. It can be calculated by dividing the number of clicks on the ad divided by the number of impressions (how many times it was seen). This ratio can be useful when determining whether an ad’s messaging matches what the consumer is searching for, and if it resonates with them.Code – The languages used to build a website. The most commonly used languages in web design are HTML, CSS, JS, and PHP.Contact Form – A section on a website with fillable fields for visitors to contact the website owner, most commonly used to collect name, phone number, and email address of potential customers.Content – Any form of media online that can be read, watched, or interacted with. Content commonly refers specifically to written material, but can also include images and videos.Conversion – The completion of a predefined goal. This is often used to track the number of site visitors that have been “converted” into paying customers, though sales are not always chosen as the metric. Other common goals are newsletter subscriptions and downloads of content from the website.Conversion Rate – The rate at which visitors to a website complete the predefined goal. It is calculated by dividing the number of goal achievements by the total number of visitors. For example, if 100 people visit a website and 10 of them complete the conversion goal (like filling out a contact form) then the conversion rate is 10%.CPA (Cost Per Acquisition) – A metric in paid advertising platforms that measures how much money is spent in order to acquire a new lead or customer. It can be calculated by dividing the total spend by the number of conversions, for a given period of time. For example, if in a month a PPC account spends $1000 dollars and gets 10 conversions (leads), then the cost per acquisition is $100.CPC (Cost Per Click) – The amount of money spent for a click on an ad in a Pay-Per-Click campaign. In the Adwords platform, each keyword will have an estimated click cost, but the prices change in real time as advertisers bid against each other for each keyword. Average CPCs can range from less than $1 dollar for longtail or low-competition keywords, to upwards of $100 per click for competitive terms, primarily in legal, insurance, and water damage restoration industries.CPM – Stands for “Cost Per Thousand” (M is the roman numeral for 1,000). This is the amount an advertiser pays for 1,000 impressions of their ad. For example, if a publisher charges $10 CPM, and your ad shows 2000 times, you will pay $20 for the campaign ($10 x 1000 impressions) x 2. Measuring ad success with CPM is most common in awareness campaigns, where impressions are more important than conversions or clicks.Crawler – An automated piece of software that scans websites. The name reflects how the software “crawls” through the code, which is why they are sometimes also referred to as “spiders”. Crawlers are used by Google to find new content and to evaluate the quality of webpages for their index.CRO (Conversion Rate Optimization) – a branch of digital marketing that aims to improve the conversion rate of web pages, thus making the pages more profitable. Conversion rate optimization combines psychology with marketing and web design in order to influence the behavior of the web page visitor. CRO uses a type of testing called “A/B split testing” to determine which version of a page (version A or version B) is more successful.CSS – stands for “Cascading Style Sheets”. CSS a document of code that tells the website’s HTML how it should be appear on screen. CSS is a time saving document for web designers as they can style batched-sections of HTML code, rather than styling individual lines of code one-at-a-time.CTA (Call to Action) – an element on a web page used to push visitors towards a specific action or conversion. A CTA can be a clickable button with text, an image, or text, and typically uses an imperative verb phrase like: “call today” or “buy now”.CTR (Click Through Rate) – the ratio of how many times an advertisement was clicked on, versus how many times it was shown. It is calculated by dividing the ad’s clicks by the ad’s impressions. For example, if an ad is shown to 100 people, and 10 of them click the ad, then it has a click through rate of 10% (10 clicks / 100 impressions = 10%)DDashboard – A web page that contains and displays aggregate data about the performance of a website or digital marketing campaign. A dashboard pulls information from various data sources and displays the info in an easy-to-read format.Digital Marketing – A catchall term for online work that includes specialized marketing practices like SEO, PPC, CRO, web design, blogging, content, and any other form of advertising on a internet-connected device with a screen. Traditionally, television was not considered digital marketing, however the shift from cable television to internet streaming means that digital advertising can now be served to online TV viewers.Directory – A website that categorically lists websites with similar themes. Some directories like chambers of commerce (a list of businesses in one geographic area) can be helpful for SEO, however widespread abuse of spam directories led Google to discount links from directories whose sole purpose was selling links.Display Ads – Ads on a display network which include many different formats such as: images, flash, video, and audio. Also commonly known as banner ads, these are the advertisements that are seen around the web on news sites, blogs, and social media.Display Network – a network of websites and apps that show display ads on their web pages. Google’s display network spans over 2 million websites that reach over 90% of people on the internet. Businesses can target consumers on the display network based on keywords/topics, placement on specific webpages, and through remarketing.DNS – Stands for Domain Name System, it is a protocol that translates website URLs (which use alphabetic characters) into IP addresses (that use numeric characters). DNS exists because it is more useful for internet users to remember letters and words in website URLs, but the world wide web communicates in numbers with IP addresses. Without DNS, every website would just be a string of numbers rather than a traditional URL.Dofollow – A phrase that denotes a hyperlink absent of a “nofollow” tag. By default, a hyperlink is a dofollow link until a “nofollow” piece of code is added to it. Dofollow links pass SEO equity to the destination URL, while “nofollow” links do not.Duplicate Content – Refers to instances where portions of text are found in 2 different places on the web. When the same content is found on multiple websites, it can cause ranking issues for one or all of the websites, as Google does not want to show multiple websites in search results that have the exact same information. This type of duplicate content can occur because of can result from plagiarism, automated content scrapers, or lazy web design. Duplicate content can also be a problem within one website — if multiple versions of a page exists, Google may not understand which version to show in search results, and the pages are competing against each other. This can occur when new versions of pages are added without deleting or forwarding the old version, or through poor URL structures.EEcommerce (or E-Commerce) – Stands for Electronic Commerce, it is a classification for businesses that conduct business online. The most common form of e commerce business is an online retailer that sells products direct to the consumer.Email Automation – A marketing system that uses software to automatically send emails based on defined triggers. Multiple automated emails in a sequence are used create user funnels and segment users based on behavior. For example, an automation funnel could be set to send email 1 when a person provides their email address, then either email 2a or 2b would be sent based on whether or not the person clicked on the first email.Email List – A collection of email addresses that can be used to send targeted email marketing campaigns. Lists are typically segmented by user classification so a list of existing customers can receive one type of communication, while potential customers can receive more promotional communication.Email Marketing – The use of email with the goal of acquiring sales, customers, or any other type of conversion.FFeatured Snippet – a summarized piece of information that Google pulls from a website and places directly into search results, in order to show quick answers to common and simple queries. Featured snippets appear in a block at the top of search results with a link to the source. Featured Snippets cannot be created by webmasters; Google programmatically pulls the most relevant information from an authoritative site. Most featured snippets are shown for question queries like “what is _____” or “who invented _____”.Facebook Advertising – Facebook allows advertisers to reach its users through their ad network. A range of ad types can be created to reach various goals set by companies. Facebook advertising is unique in that audiences are set up based on vast demographic information that Facebook has about their users, as compared to Google advertising that uses keywords.Facebook Profile – A personal Facebook account. Profiles are automatically created when a user signs up.Facebook Business Page – A public webpage on Facebook created to represent a company. Using a business page gives users access to Facebook Ads Manager. It also allows businesses to engage with users (i.e. page likes, message responses, post content).Facebook Ads Manager – Ads Manager is a tool for creating Facebook ads, managing when and where they’ll run, and tracking how well campaigns are performing on Facebook, Instagram or their Audience Network.Form Fill – When a visitor has filled out a contact form on a website, commonly used as a noun to refer to a conversion. “This month our marketing campaign generated 20 phone calls and 8 form fills.”GGoogle – Company behind the search engine giant Google. Founded in 1998, Google now controls approximately 80% of the search market. Google has also expanded to include many software services, both directly related to search, and targeted towards consumers outside of the search marketing industry like Google Chrome (a web browser), Google Fiber (internet service), Gmail (email client), and Google Drive (a file storing platform). Google is owned by parent company Alphabet.Google+ – Google’s own social media platform. Google+ has been used to varying success by the company, and is still receiving updates that change functionality in a variety of ways. Google+ can also be used for business pages (Google My Business), which can feature information, company events, updates, and more.Google Analytics – A free software platform created by Google, which is used to analyze nearly every aspect of users accessing a website. Website traffic, conversions, user metrics, historical data comparisons, and effectiveness of each channel of marketing can all be managed using this tool.Google Adwords – Google’s online advertising service. This system allows advertisers to reach customers through their search and display networks. AdWords offers several cost models which vary by bidding strategy and company goals. Advertisers can bid on keywords which allows their ads to show in Google search results and on Google’s network of partner websites.Google My Business – The platform on which businesses can input information to appear in search results, map packs, location searches, and more. Name, address, phone number, website link, hours of operation, and reviews can all be managed through this platform. GMB is crucial to local SEO campaigns, as this is directly related to location-based searches.Google Partner Agency – An agency that is certified by Google for meeting certain requirements. To be a Google Partner, an agency must have an Adwords certified employee affiliated to the company profile, meet spend requirements, and Meet the performance requirement by delivering overall ad revenue and growth, and maintaining and growing the customer base.Google Hummingbird – The industry nickname for one of the first major overhauls to the main Google search algorithm. In contrast to algorithm updates like Panda or Penguin, Hummingbird was intended to completely update the way Google interpreted user search queries. Previous to this update, Google results were mostly provided based on specific keyword matching within the user query. Now, a search for “Cheapest way to build birdhouse without using wood” will show results directly related to that query. Previously, users might see results that included wood as a building material.(See also: Google Algorithm, Google Panda, Google Penguin)Google Home – A device for consumers that connects to their home network and can perform many basic tasks through voice commands. Typical uses for Google Home include asking basic questions, making Google searches, scheduling appointments, playing music, or setting alarms.Google Maps – The location and navigation service provided by Google. Using http://maps.google.com, users can search for stores, restaurants, businesses, and landmarks anywhere in the world. Typically, users will find routes to nearby establishments including local businesses using Maps.Google Panda – A Google algorithm update focused on analyzing the quality of a website’s on-page content. Initially released February 2011, and updated periodically after this release, similar to Google Penguin. This update would determine if content on site pages was related to queries it was being displayed for, and alter the site’s rankings accordingly. Sites with low-quality content saw significant ranking drops due to this algorithm update. The algorithm has now been assimilated to Google’s core search algorithm, and can assess content quality in real time.(See also: Google Algorithm, Google Penguin)Google Penguin – A Google algorithm update focused on analyzing the quality of links pointing to a site, or more accurately, the overall quality of a site’s backlink profile. First announced on April 2012 and updated periodically after this release, similar to Google Panda. This algorithm targeted so-called “black-hat SEO” tactics which manipulated search rankings by creating links to sites in an unnatural manner. Google analyzes all of the pages which link to a specific site and determine whether the links are a benefit to users, or if they simply serve to manipulate search rankings and adjust the site’s standing accordingly. Google estimates that Penguin affects 3.1% of all searches in English, a relatively large number for one algorithm.(See also: Backlink, Black Hat, Google Algorithm, Google Panda).Google Pigeon – A Google algorithm update focused on providing locally relevant results to searchers. For example, searching for “SOHO coffee shop” will return results primarily centered around that neighborhood. In addition, Google can determine your location when you enter a search, and show you local businesses nearby your area even without localized keywords. This algorithm greatly influenced the potential for local businesses to appear in search results.(See also: Google Algorithm)Google Algorithm – A mathematical programmatic system that determines where websites will appear on Google search result pages for any given number of queries. Sometimes also called the “Core” algorithm, though this is a less specific term. Google’s algorithm is constantly updated (approximately 500-600 times a year, or two times per day), which can have varying levels of impact on the rankings of websites across the world. Google’s actual algorithm is kept deliberately secret to prevent webmasters from manipulating the system for rankings, though Google does publically state their suggested “best practices” for appearing higher in search results.Google Reviews – Reviews left using the Google My Business platform. Reviews are on a 1-5 star scale, and include a brief message written by the reviewer. Reviews can show up in the knowledge graph in Google searches, and have been shown to positively correlate with SEO rankings.(See also: Google My Business)Google Search Console (formerly Webmaster Tools) – Search Console is a free tool Google offers to webmasters. Within the tool are several areas that include data on how a site is performing in search. Search Console differs from Analytics – it does not measure traffic, it measures a site’s visibility on search pages, and indexability by Google crawler bots. Metrics Search Console measures are Click-Through Rate, Number of Indexed Pages, Number of Dead Links (AKA 404 pages), and more.(See also: Google Analytics, Click-through rate, Index, Crawler/Spider)GCLID – Stands for Google Click IDentifier. This is a small string of numbers and letters that serves as a unique ID badge for visitors to a website. Typically, this is used to keep track of individual users as they click on a PPC ad, so that their interaction with the website (whether they converted, on which page, and using which method) can be tracked and attributed properly using Google Analytics.(See also: Google Analytics, PPC)Gravity Forms – A WordPress plugin that adds a customizable contact form to a website. This plugin keeps track of all completed form submissions, and allows for all of the fields on a form to be customized. Gravity Forms is the standard contact form plugin used on sites built by Geek Powered Studios.HHARO – Stands for Help A Reporter Out. Three times a day Monday through Friday, HARO emails are sent out, listing different stories that reporters need sources for. Used as a marketing strategy to gain PR and link opportunities.Hashtag – a phrase beginning with the symbol “#” used in social media as a way for tagging content for users to find. Adding hashtags to a post allows users to find that post when searching for that topic. This can be used for finding users looking for broad topics on social media, as well as niche, detailed topics.Header – Can refer to either the top portion of a webpage that typically contains the logo and menu, or the section of HTML in a website’s code that contains important information about the site.Header Code – On a website, certain code is placed in the universal header section so that it can be accessible across all pages of the website. Typically in the header code, you’ll find things like Schema Markup, Analytics Code, Adwords Code, and other tools used for tracking data across a website. These are placed in the header code so that they can be rendered and start tracking information as the site loads.Header Tags (h1, h2, h3, etc) – Header tags are used in HTML for categorizing text headings on a web page. They are, in essence, the titles and major topics of a web page and help indicate to readers and search engines what the page is about. Header tags use a cascading format where a page should have only one H1 (main title) but beneath can be multiple H2s (subtitles) and every H2 can have H3s beneath (sub-sub titles) and so on.-H1 is used only once on a webpage, and is used to display the most important title.-H2 is used to display the major subtopics of a certain webpage-H3 is used to display the major subtopics underneath an H2 tag.Heatmap – A heatmap is a graphical representation of how users interact with your site. Heatmapping software is used to track where users click on a page, how they scroll, and what they hover over. Heatmaps are used to collect user behavior data to assist in designing and optimizing a website.HTML – Stands for Hypertext Markup Language. HTML is a set of codes that are used to tell a web browser how to display a webpage. Each individual code is called an element, or a tag. HTML has a starting and ending element for most markups.HTTP – Stands for Hypertext Transfer Protocol. HTTP is the protocol used by the world wide web to define how data is formatted and transmitted, and what actions web browsers and web servers should take to respond to a command. When you enter a website into your web browser and press enter, this sends an HTTP command to a web server, which tells the server to fetch and send the data for that website to your browser.HTTPS – Stands for Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure. Is a secured version of HTTP, which is used to define how data is formatted and transmitted across the web. HTTPS has an advantage over HTTP in that the data sent when fetching a webpage is encrypted, adding a layer of security so that third parties can’t gather data about the webpage when the data is sent from the server to the browser.Hreflang Tag – A code in the html of a website that tells search engines like Google which spoken language a web page is using. These are especially useful for websites that have versions of pages in multiple languages, as they help Google understand which pages are related and which should be shown to specific audiences.Hummingbird – See “Google Hummingbird”Hyperlink – A hyperlink is an HTML code that creates a link from one webpage to another web page, characterized often by a highlighted word or image that takes you to the destined location when you click on that highlighted item.IIframe – An HTML document that is inside of another HTML document on a website. Iframes are used commonly to embed content from one source onto another web page.Impression – A term used in Pay per click advertising that represents how many times an ad was shown.Impression Share – Used in Pay per click advertising, this metric refers to the percentage of times viewers have seen an advertiser’s ad, in relation to the total possible amounts that ad could have been seen. If an ad campaign’s impression share is 70%, then the ads showed 7 out of 10 possible times.Inbound Marketing – Inbound marketing refers to the activities and strategies used for attracting potential users or customers to a website. “Inbound” is a more recent euphemism for what has traditionally been called “SEO”. Inbound marketing is crucial to having a good web presence, as it’s used as a way to attract prospective customers by educating and building trust about your services, product and/or brand. (See also: organic)Index – When used as a nound, index refers to all of the web pages that Google has crawled and stored to be shown to Google searchers (eg: “The Google index has billions of websites”). When used as a verb, it refers to the act of Google copying a web page into their system (eg: “Google indexed my website today so it will start appearing in their search results”).IP Address – An IP (Internet Protocol) address is a unique number that identifies a device using the internet to communicate over a network. Each device has a unique IP address, and can be used to locate and differentiate that device from all other devices when using the internet.You can find your public IP address by going to Google and searching “what is my ip address.”JJava – Java is a programming language that is used to create applications that can run on a digital device. Java can be used on it’s own, while Javascript can only be used in web browsers.Javascript (JS) – Javascript is a scripting language. Javascript is used on web browsers to provide interactive elements to web pages that are difficult or impossible to achieve with just HTML or CSS.John Leo Weber – The COO at Geek Powered Studios, and the person responsible for writing this fancy digital marketing glossary! *easter eggKKeyword – A word or phrase indicative of the major theme in a piece of content. When you search for something in a search engine, you type in a keyword and the search engine gives you results based on that keyword. One major Goal of SEO is to have your website show in searches for as many keywords as possible.Keyword Phrase – A group of two or more words that are used to find information in a search engine. Sometimes, when searching for something, one single keyword does not provide the information you seek, where a keyword phrase allows you to string multiple words together to find better information.Keyword Density – Keyword density refers to the percentage of how often a keyword appears on a webpage in relation to the total words on that webpage.Keyword Stuffing – When a web page uses a keyword too often or superfluously, with the intent of manipulating search engines. This type of behavior is frowned upon and can lead to either algorithmic devaluation in search, or a manual penalty from Google.LLanding Page – The destination webpage a user lands on after clicking on a link (either in an ad or anywhere else). Some landing pages are designed with the purpose of lead generation, and others are with the purpose of directing the flow of traffic throughout a site.LSI (Latent Semantic Indexing) – A search engine indexing method that creates a relationship between words and phrases to form a better understanding of a text’s subject matter. Latent semantic indexing helps search engines serve up results to queries with higher precision.Lead – A potential customer in the sales funnel who has communicated with a business with intent to purchase through a call, email, or online form fill.Link – Also known as a hyperlink, a link is a string of hypertext transfer protocol structured text used to connect web pages on the internet. There are two main forms of links: internal links that point to pages on the same site, and external links that point to web pages on a different website.Link profile – The cumulative grouping of all links pointing to a particular website. A link profile can be used to determine a website’s power, trust, subject matter, and content. Link profiles are important at determining where a website ranks in google search results. If a website has a high number of links from websites that are not trusted, adult in nature, spammy or against guidelines, the link profile will have a negative effect on rankings. If a website has a high number of links from websites that are strong providers of content or reputable sources of information it will have a positive effect on rankings.Linkedin – A social networking website oriented around connecting professionals to jobs, businesses and other professionals in their industry. Linkedin is also a strong platform for marketing, job posting, and sharing professional content.Linkedin Advertising – LinkedIn’s advertising platform. Through different ad formats, advertisers can bid on ad space and target unique audiences based on job title, years of experience, industry, and many other demographics.Link Network – A blackat link building strategy that uses a network of websites all interconnected with links in order to boost backlink profiles and rank certain sites higher in google search results. Some link networks can also be known as private blog networks (PBNs). Link networks and PBNs are against Google guidelines and are devalued or penalized when detected.Lookalike Audience – A targeting option offered by Facebook’s ad service. This audience is created from a source audience (i.e. fans of your Facebook page, email list), and from this list Facebook will identify common characteristics between audience members. Facebook will then target users that exhibit similar interests or qualities.Long Tail Keyword: A keyword phrase that is longer in length and hyper-specifically matches a user search query. A long tail keyword get less searches per month but has a higher search intent, and typically less competition by companies looking to serve up content to that search query. For example, a regular keyword might be “austin web designer” but a long tail keyword would be “affordable austin web designer that makes WordPress sites”.MMap Pack: The section of Google search results pages featuring three businesses listed in a local map section. The map pack shows up for queries with local intent, a general business type, or a “near me” search.Medium (source/medium): Medium is the general category of traffic to a website tracked in google analytics. Some examples of common medium are:organicCPCemailreferralMeta Tags: HTML snippets added to a webpage’s code that that add contextual information for web crawlers and search engines. Search engines use meta data to help decide what information from a webpage to display in their results. Example meta tags include the date the page was published, the page title, author, and image descriptions.Meta Description: One of the meta tags that gives a description of the page in 160 characters. The meta description is an important aspect of a webpage because it is what appears in Google searches and other search engine results.Meta Keywords: A specific meta tag that displays the specific keywords addresses in a page. After meta keyword markup was abused on some websites, listed keywords no longer apply to how a page is categorized by google and other search engines.NNAP (Name, Address, Phone Number) – An acronym for local citations. Consistency in name, address, and phone number citations is an important piece of a local SEO Campaign. To build local SEO authority, a business’s name, address ,and phone number should be listed across local citation websites like Yelp, Google Business, Angie’s List, Yellowpages, Better Business Bureau, Foursquare, and more.Nofollow – An HTML link attribute that communicates to web crawlers and search engines that the link to the destination web page should NOT transfer SEO equity (ie it shouldn’t give SEO benefit to the recipient). According to Google’s guidelines, any link that is unnatural (like you paid for a press release, or you gave a journalist a perk for writing about your product) should have a nofollow tag.OOrganic – A source of traffic to a website that comes through clicking on a non-paid search engine result. Organic traffic is a main measurement of an SEO campaign and grows as a site ranks better for keywords, or ranks for more keywords in search engines.PPanda – A search engine algorithm developed by Google to rate the quality and relevance of content on a webpage. Google panda was released in February 2011 and devalued sites in search results that had thin, non original, or poorly written content.PBN (Private Blog Network) – also known as a link network, a private blog network is a collection of private websites all linking to each other. These networks are intended to manipulate search engines by adding large amounts of new links to a website’s link profile.Penguin – A search engine algorithm developed by Google to determine the quality of links pointing to a particular site. It was launched to deter spammers from blackhat seo practices such as private blog and link networks. Google Penguin was released in April 2012 and updated regularly until 2016 when it was then rolled into the Core Algorithm.Pigeon – A Google search engine algorithm intended to serve up locally targeted information for certain searches. Google Pigeon was released in July 24, 2014 and helps users find local businesses from broad keyword searches.PPC / Pay-Per-Click – An online advertising model in which advertisers are charged for their ad once it is clicked. The PPC model is commonly associated with search engine and social media advertising like Google Adwords and Facebook Ads.Position – The placement in Google search results that a site is in for a specific query.Featured Snippet: When content within a web page is pulled into google search results to instantly give the information a user is looking for.First Page: when a site ranks on the first page of google search results.Map Pack: the first through third result on a google serp result page that serves up local businesses for a query.Penalty – An infraction issued by Google, to a webmaster, for breaking Google’s guidelines. The penalty is issued by Google through Search Console, and can result in a sites’ removal from search engine results. The issues that caused the penalty will need to be fixed before the penalty is lifted, and once the penalty is lifted it may still take some time to return to previous rank in Google search results. Penalty may also refer to an “algorithmic penalty” which is actually a misnomer; a website may be doing poorly in search results because of an issue that Google’s algorithm has found in the site. This however is not really a “penalty” but a ranking problem. For there to be a true penalty, there would have to be a manual action from Google, as denoted by the message sent to the webmaster in Search Console.PDF – A digital document format that provides a digital image of text or graphics. PDF’s are the preferred document type when uploading documents to the internet because of its ease of use and its ability to be imported or converted easily. PDFs can be read and indexed by Google just as a normal web page can.QQuality Score – Google Adwords’ rating of the relevance and quality of keywords used in PPC campaigns. These scores are largely determined by relevance of ad copy, expected click-through rate, as well as the landing page quality and relevance. Quality score is a component in determining ad auctions, so having a high score can lead to higher ad rankings at lower costs.Query – The term given for what a user types and searches using search engines like Google, Bing, and Yahoo. Examples of queries include “austin electrician,” “how do i know if i have a raccoon in my attic,” “distance to nearest coffee shop,” and many more.RRankings – A general term for where a website appears in search engine results. A site’s “ranking” my increase or decrease over time for different search terms, or queries. Ranking is specific to each keyword, so a website may have keywords that rank on the first page, and others that don’t.Reciprocal Link – Two websites linking to each other, typically for the express purpose of increasing both’s search engine ranking. These types of links are sometimes deemed manipulative by search engines, which can incur a penalty or devaluation against both sites.Redirect – A way by which a web browser takes a user from one page to another without the user clicking or making any input. There are various types of redirects (the most common of which is the 301 redirect), which serve different purposes. Typically, this helps improve user experience across a website.Referral – A medium denoted in Google Analytics that represents a website visit that came from another website (as opposed to coming from a Google search, for example). When users click on a link to another, external webpage, they are said to have been “referred” there.Rel Canonical – In HTML, “rel” is an attribute associated with links. “Canonical” can be applied to the “rel” attribute, which will link to the original or authoritative page from which content is being used or referenced. The “canonical” page is the original content, and any page referencing it is a duplicate or otherwise similar page. Used to prevent duplicate content issues and maintain search engine rankings.Remarketing – Also known as retargeting, a type of paid ad that allows advertisers to show ads to customers who have already visited their site. Once a user visits a site, a small piece of data called a “cookie” will be stored in the user’s browser. When the user then visits other sites, this cookie can allow remarketing ads to be shown. Remarketing allows advertisers to “follow” users around in attempts to get the user back to the original site.Responsive Web Design – A philosophy of creating a website that allows all of the content to show correctly regardless of screen size or device. Your website will “respond” to the size of the screen each user has, shrinking and reorganizing on smaller screens, and expanding to fill appropriately on large ones.ROAS – stands for Return On Ad Spend. A PPC marketing metric that demonstrates the profit made as compared to the amount of money spent on the ads. Similar to ROI.Robots.txt – A text file stored on a website’s server that includes basic rules for indexing robots which “crawl” the site. This file allows you to specifically allow (or disallow) certain files and folders from being viewed by crawler bots, which can keep your indexed pages limited to only the pages you wish.ROI – Stands for Return On Investment. In order for a business to receive a positive ROI, they must earn more money using marketing channels than they are spending on the marketing itself.RSS – Stands for Really Simple Syndication. It is a way for users to keep track of updates to multiple websites (news sites, blogs, and more) in one place, as opposed to having to manually check in on every single site individually. An RSS Feed is a place where all updates are tracked together, in an easily viewable format.SSchema Markup – Code that is added to the HTML of a website to give search engines more relevant information about a business, person, place, product, or thing. Also known as rich snippets or structured data.Search Network – A group of websites in which ads can appear. Google’s Search Network, for example, is a group of Google & non-Google websites that partner with Google to show text ads.Search Engine – a program that searches an index of information and returns results to the user based on corresponding keywords. The most well known search engines are Google, Youtube, Bing, and Yahoo.Search Operator – a text modifier that can be used in Google searches to return more specific results. Search operators essentially act as shortcuts to an advanced search.SEM (Search Engine Marketing) – a nebulous term that can apply to either 1. Any digital marketing that involves the use of a search engine, or 2. Only paid digital marketing that involves a search engine, ie: PPC (pay-per-click). There is not an industry standard as to which definition is correct, however the latter is most commonly used.SEO (Search Engine Optimization) – the process of improving a website’s performance and positioning in organic search engine results through a variety of methodologies including content production or improvement, technical and code improvement, and link acquisition.SERP – stands for Search Engine Results Page, the page featuring a list of search results that is returned to the searcher after they submit a keyword search.Sessions – A metric in Google Analytics that measures one user interacting with a website during a given period of time, which Google defaults to 30 minutes. A session is not dependent on how many pages are viewed, so if a person goes to a website and looks around at different pages for 20 minutes, it would count as 1 session.Siri – Apple’s voice search technology that allows for hands free search on iPhones and other Apple products.Sitelink – An ad extension in Google Adwords that appears below the main ad copy which links to a specific page on the website (i.e. Contact Us, About Us, etc.). Ads can have from 2-6 sitelinks.Sitemap – An XML file or page on a website that lists all of the pages and posts for search engines to see. This document helps search engines quickly understand all of the content that they should be aware of on a particular website.Slug – Slang for the portion of a URL that comes after the .com. For example, the homepage might be Website Domains Names & Hosting, but for the Contact Us page, a slug would be added to the end of the URL to direct the browser to a page within the website i.e. http://www.domain.com/contact-us.Source – A term in Google Analytics that helps webmasters classify where traffic is coming from (ie. the “source” of the web traffic). Source can be a search engine (for example, Google) or a domain (Tonys Travels)Spam – A broad term that includes many different nefarious activities in digital marketing that are done either to help a website rank better or to harm a competitor website. Spam is often in seen the form of hundreds or thousands of low-quality backlinks that were built by a black hat SEO to manipulate rankings.Spider – An automated program that visits websites, sometimes also referred to as a “crawler” or a “bot”. A spam spider visits websites for nefarious reasons, often showing in Google Analytics as junk traffic. However, Google uses a bot to crawl websites so that they can be ranked and added to Google search.Style Sheet – Shortened term for Cascading Style Sheet (CSS). CSS a document of code that tells the website’s HTML how it should be appear on screen. CSS is a time saving document for web designers as they can style batched-sections of HTML code, rather than styling individual lines of code one-at-a-time.TTag – In WordPress, a tag is an identifying marker used to classify different posts based on keywords and topic. Similar to WordPress categories, but tags are more granular and specific, whereas categories are broad and thematic.Title Tag – An HTML element that is used to describe the specific topic of a web page. Title tags are displayed in the tabbed top bar of a web browser. In SEO, it is best practice to have descriptive title tags featuring your main keywords, rather than something basic like “home”.Tracking Code – A script, often placed in the header, footer, or thank you page of a website that passes information along to software tools for data gathering purposes. Tools like Google Analytics, Google Adwords utilize tracking codes so that they can track information about users who view a site.Twitter – A social media platform where users interact, or “tweet” by posting a message or replying to a message in 140 characters or less. Each keystroke on a keyboard is considered a character. Twitter is used to share information and links, and utilizes hashtags to categorize information. Tweets are typically public and can be seen by anyone. If you are followed by another user, that user will see your tweets in their feed. Similarly, you will the see the tweets of anyone you follow in your feed.Twitter Advertising – Allows marketers to promote a tweet on users feeds without that user having to follow your brand for it to appear on their feed. These advertisements can be used to grow brand awareness, gain more followers, extend social media reach, and/or reach out to prospective customers about a product or service.UUnique Visitors -A metric used in web analytics to show how many different, unique people view a website over a period of time. Unique visitors are tracked by their IP addresses. If a visitor visits the same website multiple times, they will only be counted once in the unique visitors metric.URL – stands for Uniform Resource Locator and is the address of a web page. The URL refers to what specific web page a web browser is viewing.UI – Stands for User Interface. User interface is the area with which a user interacts with something through a digital device. Good UI should be fluid and easy for most people to understand.UX – stands for User Experience. UX refers to how a user interacts with a website or app (where they click, which pages they visit). UX can be shaped by testing differences in page layouts, CTAs, colors, content, etc to improve conversion rates. Having a good UX is crucial to having a good business, as it drives repeating users and engagement.VVisits – An old term in Google Analytics which was recently changes to “sessions”.Visitors – A metric in Google Analytics that quantifies a user of a website over a particular period of time. Visitors are often broken down between “new visitors” who are browsing for the first time in the allotted time period, or “returning visitors” who have already browsed at least once in the given time frame.WWeb 2.0 – The second major phase of development of the World Wide Web, marked by a shift from static web pages to dynamic content, as well as social media and user generated content.Website – A document of group of documents that are accessible on the World Wide Web.Webinar – An online seminar used to train, inform, or sell to an audience of viewers who signed up to view the presentation.White Hat – Term for ethical digital marketers who don’t participate in work that could be viewed as unethical or as spam.Wireframe – a cursory layout drawing of a webpage that acts as the first step in the design process.XXML – Stands for eXtensible Markup Language. Similar to HTML (Hypertext Markup Language) in that it is primarily used to categorize various data for computers and humans to use more effectively. In basic terms, XML allows for customizable tags for marking up information that is otherwise difficult for computers to understand.XML Sitemap – A document in XML format that categorizes all relevant pages, posts, files, etc. of a website. This document is not intended for human use, though it can be viewed by humans. Instead, an XML sitemap is designed to help search engine crawler bots easily find all of the pages for a given website – very similar to a roadmap or atlas that one would use when driving a car long distances.YYelp – A social review platform and search engine that allows users to leave reviews for businesses. Yelp also offers an advertising program which gives advertisers the ability show their marketing assets to qualified Yelp users based on keyword searches.YouTube – A video sharing website, bought by Google in 2006. YouTube is part of Google’s ad network. Youtube is currently the 2nd most used search engine in the world.YouTube advertising – YouTube offers advertising in 6 different formats. Display ads, overlay ads, skippable video, non-skippable video ads, bumper ads, and sponsored cards. These ads can all be created and run through the Google Adwords platform.Yahoo! Search – the third largest search engine in the US, owned by Yahoo. As of 2009, the engine has been powered by Bing.Yahoo! Advertising – Yahoo and Bing ads are both run through the Bing Ads platform. These search engines share advertising networks.Feel free to contact me: [email protected]