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Copied word for word from all references on Wikipeida: Corporation soleFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia[1]A corporation sole is a legal entity consisting of a single ("sole") incorporated office, occupied by a single ("sole") natural person. A corporation sole is one of two types of corporation, the other being a corporation aggregate.[1][2] This allows corporations (often religious corporations or Commonwealth governments) to pass without interval in time from one office holder to the next successor-in-office, giving the positions legal continuity with subsequent office holders having identical powers and possessions to their predecessors.Contents1 Ecclesiastical origins2 The Crown3 Secular application in the United States4 Examples of corporations sole in the United Kingdom4.1 In the Church of England5 Examples of corporations sole elsewhere6 See also7 ReferencesEcclesiastical originsMost corporations sole are church-related (for example, the Archbishop of Canterbury[3]), but some political offices of the United Kingdom, Canada, and the United States are also corporations sole. In the United Kingdom, for example, many of the Secretaries of State are corporations sole.[4] In contrast to a corporation sole, a corporation aggregate consists of two or more persons, typically run by a board of directors. Another difference is that corporations aggregate may have owners or stockholders, neither of which is a feature of a corporation sole.The concept of corporation sole originated as a means for orderly transfer of ecclesiastical property, serving to keep the title within the denomination or religious society. In order to keep the religious property from being treated as the estate of the vicar of the church, the property was titled to the office of the corporation sole. In the case of the Roman Catholic Church, ecclesiastical property is usually titled to the diocesan bishop, who serves in the office of the corporation sole.The Roman Catholic Church continues to use corporations sole in holding titles of property: as recently as 2002, it split a diocese in the US state of California into many smaller corporations sole and with each parish priest becoming his own corporation sole, thus limiting the diocese's liability for any sexual abuse or other wrongful activity in which the priest might engage. This is, however, not the case everywhere, and legal application varies. For instance, other U.S. jurisdictions have used corporations at multiple levels.[5][6] In the jurisdictions of England and Wales, Scotland, Northern Ireland, and the Republic of Ireland, a Roman Catholic bishop is not a corporation sole and real property is held by way of land trusts. This position is largely due to the suppression of Roman Catholicism which began in England with Henry VIII and the successful English Reformation, and began later in Ireland with the Penal Laws.The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints also uses the corporation sole form for its president, which is legally listed as "The Corporation of the President of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints".Iglesia ni Cristo was registered as corporation sole with the Insular Government in the Philippines in 1914. In the People's Republic of China, the denomination was also registered as corporation sole in 2014.The form of a corporation sole form can serve the needs of a very small church or religious society as well as a large diocese. By reducing the complexity of the organization to a single office and its holder, the need for by-laws is eliminated and the pastor of the church or overseer of the society is then not obliged to deal with a board of directors.The CrownMain article: The CrownWithin most constitutional monarchies, notably the Commonwealth realms, the Crown is a non-statutory corporation sole.[7][8][9][10] Although the office and office-holder, conceptually speaking, retain dual capacities in that they may act both in a corporate capacity (as monarch) and in an individual capacity (as a private person), they are inseparably fused in law, which is to say that there is no legal distinction between the office of the crown/sovereign and the individual person who holds it.[11] The Crown can enter into contracts and possess property, and it is in this way that the Crown (state) legally acts as a person.[12] Conceptually speaking, the person of the monarch (office holder) may hold properties privately, distinct from property he or she possesses corporately, and may act as monarch separate from their personal acts. For example, Elizabeth II as a natural person holds several separate offices, such as Queen of the United Kingdom, Queen of Canada, Queen of Australia, Supreme Governor of the Church of England, etc. which are all distinct corporations sole, and at the same time she may also act as a natural person in a private capacity separate and apart from her role filling these various offices (corporations). This functions in the same way as the office of Prime Minister for example, which may have use of certain properties and privileges, such as an official residence and decision-making powers, however these assets do not belong to the office-holder in a private capacity and thus remain with the office once the office holder leaves, and at the same time the office holder may own property such as a house or a car in a private non-office related capacity.The sovereign's status as a corporation sole ensures that all references to the Queen, the King, Her Majesty, His Majesty, and the Crown are all synonymous and refer to exactly the same legal personality over time.[13][14] While natural persons who serve as sovereign may pass on, the sovereign never dies in law,[15] thus it is the corporate nature of the office of sovereign that ensures that the authority of the state continues uninterrupted as successive persons occupy the office.[16] Subsequently, the sovereign is made a corporation sole to prevent the possibility of disruption or interregnum preserving the stability of the Crown (state), and so at the moment of the demise of the sovereign a successor is immediately and automatically in place.[8][17]Having the Crown as a corporation sole means that the legal person of the sovereign is the personification of the state, and subsequently acts as the guarantor of the rule of law and the fount of all executive authority behind the state's institutions.[18] As certain countries such as Australia and Canada have federal systems of government, the sovereign in these cases also possesses capacities as distinct corporation sole in right of each of the Australian states and Canadian provinces, for example as Her Majesty the Queen of Australia in Right of Queensland and Her Majesty the Queen of Canada in Right of Alberta.Secular application in the United StatesEvery state of the United States recognizes corporations sole under common law, and about a third of the states have specific statutes that stipulate the conditions under which that state recognizes the corporations sole that are filed with that state for acquiring, holding, and disposing of title for church and religious society property.[19][20] Almost any religious society or church can qualify for filing as a corporation sole in these states. There can be no legal limitation to specific denominations, therefore a Buddhist temple or Jewish Community Center would qualify as quickly as a Christian church. Some states also recognize corporations sole for various other non-profit purposes including performing arts groups, scientific research groups, educational institutions, and cemetery societies.[citation needed]Examples of corporations sole in the United KingdomAuditor General for Wales[21]Chief Executive of Skills Funding[22]Chief Inspector of Criminal Justice (Northern Ireland)Children's Commissioner for England[23]Children's Commissioner for Wales[24]Commissioner for Older People for Northern Ireland[25]Commissioner of Police of the MetropolisComptroller and Auditor GeneralCorporate Officer of the House of Commons[26]Corporate Officer of the House of Lords[27]The Crown (sometimes regarded as a corporation aggregate)[28]Duke of CornwallDuke of LancasterInformation CommissionerMayor (of London)'s Office for Policing and CrimeJudicial Appointments and Conduct Ombudsman[28]Lord Mayor of the City of London[2]Official Custodian for Charities[29]Immigration Services CommissionerPolice Ombudsman for Northern Ireland[30]Public Services Ombudsman for WalesPublic Trustee[31]Pubs Code Adjudicator[32]Receiver for the Metropolitan Police District[33] (abolished)Registrar GeneralSolicitor for the affairs of the Duchy of Lancaster, the[34]Traffic Director for LondonTreasury Solicitor[35]In the Church of EnglandArchbishop of Canterbury[3]Archbishop of York[3]Bishops of the Church of England[1][2]Deans of the Church of England[2]Rectors in the Church of EnglandVicars in the Church of England[36][37]Examples of corporations sole elsewhereCatholic Diocese of Hong Kong[38]Corporation of the President of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day SaintsCorporation of the Presiding Bishop of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day SaintsDai al-Mutlaq, the[39]Director of National Parks, Australian government[40]Governor General of Canada[41]Minister of the Government, Republic of IrelandNew Zealand's Office of the Privacy Commissioner [42]Public TrusteeNew Zealand Public TrusteeMāori Trustee, New Zealand[43]Office of The Sovereign of CanadaSee alsoLegal personLook up corporation sole in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.ReferencesPractice Guide 08, Land RegistryTechnical Manual, The Insolvency ServiceTerms and Conditions of Welcome | The Church of England"Draft Cabinet Manual (para 102)" (PDF). Cabinet Office. December 2010. Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 April 2012. Retrieved 7 January 2010.Allen, Robert (14 December 2018). "Detroit Archdiocese transfers assets; critics say it's a shell game". Detroit Free Press. Retrieved 13 January 2019.Long-Garcia, J.D. (27 March 2008). "Phoenix parishes to be separate corporations". Catholic Online. Archived from the original on 13 January 2019. Retrieved 13 January 2019.Philippe Lagassé and James Bowden (2014). "Royal Succession and the Canadian Crown as a Corporation Sole: A Critique of Canada's Succession to the Throne Act, 2013". Constitutional Forum. 23 (1).Blackstone, p. 469Colin Turpin and Adam Tomkins (2007). British Government and the Constitution: Text and Materials. Cambridge University Press. p. 348. ISBN 9781139465366.Lagassé, Philippe (3 February 2013). "The Queen of Canada is dead; long live the British Queen". Maclean's Magazine. Retrieved 31 December 2015.Lagasse, p. 18Sir William Blackstone (1809). Commentaries on the Laws of England: In Four Books, Volume 1. London: A. Strahan. pp. 474–475.Lordon, Paul (1991). Crown Law. London: Butterworths. pp. 4–5. ISBN 978-0409893861.Elizabeth II (2015), Interpretation Act, 1985, 35, Ottawa: Queen's Printer for Canada (published 26 February 2015), archived from the original on 5 July 2009, retrieved 7 August 2009Crown and Crown Proceedings. Halsbury's Laws of England. 29 (Fifth ed.). 2014. pp. 8–9.Lagasse, pp. 18–19Elizabeth II (2015), Interpretation Act, 1985, 46, Ottawa: Queen's Printer for Canada (published 26 February 2015), archived from the original on 5 July 2009, retrieved 7 August 2009Morgan, J. (2013). "McAteer et al v Attorney General of Canada, 2013 ONSC 5895". Ontario Superior Court of Justice. Retrieved 31 December 2015.O'Hara, James B. "The Modern Corporation Sole (from 93 DICKINSON LAW REVIEW, FALL 1988)". Retrieved 13 January 2019. of the states, with explicit statutory provisions for corporations sole in about a thirdO'Hara, James B. (1988). "The Modern Corporation Sole". Dickinson Law Review. 93: 23ff. Retrieved 13 January 2019.s4 Government of Wales Act 2006Schedule 4 of the Apprenticeships, Skills, Children and Learning Act 2009https://www.education.gov.uk/publications/eOrderingDownload/Cm-7981.pdfCare Standards Act 2000Schedule 1 Commissioner for Older People Act (Northern Ireland) 2011s2 Parliamentary Corporate Bodies Act 1992s1 Parliamentary Corporate Bodies Act 1992"Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-08-10. Retrieved 2012-06-16.OG38 A1 – WHAT IS A CORPORATION? Archived 2012-08-23 at the Wayback Machine, Charity CommissionCorporate GovernancePublic Trustee, Ministry of JusticePubs Code Adjudicators1 Metropolitan Police (Receiver) Act 1861s3 Duchy of Lancaster Act 1920s1 Treasury Solicitor Act 1876I can reassure my hon. Friend on...: 17 Oct 2006: House of Commons debates - TheyWorkForYous16 Parsonages Act 1838Bishop of the Roman Catholic Church in Hong Kong Incorporation Ordinance (Cap. 1003)Incorporated by the Dawat-e-Hadiyah (England) Act 1993 (c. x)"ENVIRONMENT PROTECTION AND BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION ACT 1999 - SECT 514A Continuation". Australian government. Retrieved 10 July 2018.Governor General's Acthttps://www.privacy.org.nz/news-and-publications/statements-media-releases/2014-annual-report/"Part 4: Client Service Performance of the Māori Trustee". Office of the Auditor-General New Zealand. Retrieved 2019-09-10.Footnotes[1] Corporation sole - Wikipedia

Yes.I actually authored this question myself with the intent to prove why a woman who marries into the royal family is a princess. There are many people on Quora who question the true princess-ness of, for instance, Catherine (formerly Middleton). I wish to clear this up.It is common law that a woman may use the feminine version of her titles. This is true for all titles, the most basic of which is Mr. In traditional address, the wife of Mr Arthur Pewtey becomes Mrs Arthur Pewtey.[1] The same applies for members of the royal family. As such, the wife of His Royal Highness Prince Michael of Kent became Her Royal Highness Princess Michael of Kent.[2] Prince Michael of Kent has no other titles, so this is the only way he and his wife are addressed. Meanwhile, Catherine, the wife of HRH Prince William became HRH Princess William in a similar fashion.[3] But because William has the additional title of Duke of Cambridge, they are primarily referred to as Their Royal Highnesses The Duke and Duchess of Cambridge.So, royal wives may use their husband’s princely status: Kate/Catherine is Princess William, while Meghan is Princess Henry. (Yes, Harry’s name is actually Henry.) And if princess is part of their title, then they must be a princess, right?Well, apparently, that’s not good enough. There are those who argue that a royal wife is not a princess because she doesn’t hold the title herself. In other words, she is not a princess in her own right. In contrast to royal wives, there are women born into the family who are princesses in their own right, such as Princess Anne. This entitles them to use their own name in combination with the title of Princess, unlike Catherine who could never be Princess Catherine. Princess Anne is undoubtedly a princess, while Catherine is only extended the title as a courtesy.But does a courtesy title make a wife any less of a princess? Well, in 1937, the royal family itself was uncertain about the finer details of whether a royal wife is actually a princess. The new Duke of Windsor had recently abdicated the throne in order to marry the American divorcee Wallis Simpson. The new King wanted to avoid further scandal and wanted to deny Wallis a place in the royal family by denying her royal status. However, there there was uncertainty about whether Wallis would automatically become an HRH and a princess upon marriage to the Duke of Windsor. So, professional advice was sought.Lord Wigram, Private Secretary to the Sovereign (i.e. the representative of the King) sought advice from the First Parliamentary Counsel, Sir Granville Ram. Sir Granville thought the matter was easily answered by a newspaper article from The Times which wrote about Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon marrying into the family in 1923:“It is officially announced that, in accordance with the settled general rule that a wife takes the status of her husband, Lady Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon on her marriage has become Her Royal Highness the Duchess of York, with the status of a Princess.”[4]While Sir Granville recognised that The Times is not necessarily an authority on such matters, he wrote that the article appeared to be based on correspondence with Lord Stamfordham, the Private Secretary to the Sovereign in 1923. Thus, Sir Granville wrote that “it seemed likely that the announcement was made from the palace”.[5]This general understanding that a woman who marries a prince becomes a princess would go some way to explain why Diana’s passport listed her as “Princess of the Royal House”.[6] Similarly, in the birth certificates of her children, Catherine is listed as a “Princess of the United Kingdom”.[7]That seems to settle the question, right? But those sources do not come directly from the monarch, you may argue. You may believe that neither the First Parliamentary Counsel, two previous Private Secretaries to the Monarch, Her Majesty’s Passport Office, the Deputy Registrar of the Westminster registration district, nor Prince William (who signed his children’s birth certificates) know what they are talking about. You need hard evidence from the monarch him/herself – perhaps in the form of letters patent.King George V issued letters patent in 1917 about who should be become a prince or princess – these are still, generally, the rules that are used today. It was declared that the children and male-line grandchildren of the Sovereign, as well as the eldest son of the eldest son of the Prince of Wales shall have the “style, title or attribute of Royal Highness with their titular dignity of Prince or Princess prefixed to their respective Christian names”.[8] Yet, these definitive rules about princely status make no mention of wives.I would argue that the letters patent don’t need to make mention of wives. If it is common law that a wife takes her husband’s titles, then the 1917 letters patent already imply that a wife of a prince becomes a princess. Indeed, this common law is based on the (predictably sexist) principle of coverture, where “the husband and wife are one person in law”.[9] If a wife is (traditionally) legally the same as her husband, then a wife of a prince must legally be a princess. To further expand on this, Sir John Simon, the Home Secretary in 1937 researched the matter – in correspondence with Lord Wigram on the Wallis Simpson matter – and concluded that:“a lady who before her marriage was a commoner and marries a peer […] becomes a peeress of the appropriate rank and acquires the privilege of peerage by the simple fact of marriage. As a result she is liable, and entitled, to be tried before the House of Lords whereas before her marriage she would have been tried in the ordinary criminal courts.”[10]A peeress by marriage is not simply a courtesy – marriage changes her very legal status and she is treated like a peer. Consequently, it is not unreasonable to conclude that the wife of a prince is also treated like a princess.But that can’t be true because the wife of a doctor doesn’t also become a doctor, you may argue. Well, quite right. That is precisely why there are two kinds of titles: formal and professional. A man can have both the formal title of Sir at the same time as having the professional title of Admiral to become Admiral Sir Timothy Laurence.[11] We must, therefore, view a doctor as also having two titles: Mr (formal title) and Dr (professional title). This is why Dr Pewtey and his wife would be addressed as Dr and Mrs Arthur Pewtey:[12] the wife only derives her title from her husband’s formal title. For an example in the royal family, Prince Henry is the Duke of Sussex (part of his formal title) and a major in the British army (professional title). His wife is, therefore, the Duchess of Sussex but is never referred to as a major-ess (indeed, this title doesn’t even exist).Basically, the wife of a prince uses the feminine version of his formal title to become, say, Her Royal Highness Princess William The Duchess of Cambridge. While it may be a courtesy title, the wife is undoubtedly a princess by common law which transforms her legal status from a commoner into a princess.[1] https://www.debretts.com/expertise/etiquette/formal-events/invitations/[2] https://www.royal.uk/princeandprincessmichaelofkent[3] This has been reported in a multitude of online sources, such as BBC News: https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-13099871. We may also logically infer that this is the case from the precedent set by Princess Michael of Kent.[4] https://www.heraldica.org/topics/britain/TNA/drafting_lp1937.htm[5] https://www.heraldica.org/topics/britain/TNA/drafting_lp1937.htm[6] See image. Image taken from In Private – In Public: The Prince and Princess of Wales by Alastair Burnet and photographed by Tim Graham[7] See image. Image taken from BBC News: https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-23552087[8] https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/30428/page/13086[9] Commentaries on the Laws of England (1769) by William Blackstone[10] https://www.heraldica.org/topics/britain/TNA/drafting_lp1937.htm[11] https://www.debretts.com/expertise/forms-of-address/addressing-royalty/[12] https://www.debretts.com/expertise/etiquette/formal-events/invitations/

Early Decision Can Help You Edge Out Your CompetitionBy Peterson's Staff Monday, March 21, 2016Does getting early decision mean an automatic entry into college? This article helps you find out the truth about ED applicants.There's a lot of hype floating around that some schools accept almost all of their incoming freshmen from their pool of Early Decision (ED) applicants. While it's true that there may be a higher acceptance rate among the early action pool, this doesn’t necessarily hold true at every school, nor does it mean that all the spots get filled up early. (It also doesn't mean that all schools even have early acceptance options, because some schools are doing away with them altogether.)Realistically, all schools only have so many openings set aside for the incoming class, and they want to give those spots to the best candidates possible. If they give away every bed they have by December, then they won't have room to accept the Colorado State Spelling Bee Champion who applies in February. Some schools hedge their bets just as some students do when applying to college. They may defer a portion of their ED applicants so they can eyeball what comes across their application desks later in the year.Early admission by the numbersIt’s generally true that many of the most exclusive schools are the ones most likely to offer Early Decision admission options, and research supports the buzz that you stand a better chance of scoring a coveted spot by applying early. On average, 25 to 50 percent of the freshman classes at these schools come from ED applicants. (Those numbers could be higher, depending on the school.) However, that means that come springtime, although there’s still another 50 to 75 percent of the class to accept, you’ll be competing against a much larger pool of applicants and your chances of getting accepted are lower. So, statistically speaking, a larger percentage of the ED applicants are accepted than of the applicants who apply during the normal timeline.There are a few schools who accept a very large majority of their incoming class from their early admission applicants, and the only way to know if your choice school is among those is to do your research. Ask the school directly about their admission statistics to get a better picture of your chances of acceptance and discuss what this means with your school guidance counselor. In some cases, an Early Decision application really may be the only way to edge out your competition. Before you send off that paperwork, make sure one more time it’s what you want since an early acceptance under ED means you have entered into a binding agreement to attend that school and you can’t apply anywhere else.Keep in mind as well that some schools, Ivy League included, are starting to do away with early application options altogether. Harvard and Princeton no longer offer the option of applying early and there are a number of schools that are considering doing away with their policies as well. There are several reasons for doing so, but the gist of their reasoning is that it skews the playing field and leaves a number of students at a distinct disadvantage when application time rolls around. Schools that are doing away with early application procedures hope to soothe the competitive nature of "getting in" and allow everyone the opportunity to apply at the same time and under the same conditions.Early action and financial aidIf you’re like most students, finances probably play an important role in making your final decision about where to apply. As part of your decision process about ED, you should meet with your choice school's financial aid office as early as your junior year. You’ll be able to get an idea if the school is an economically viable choice or if it’s just too far out of the ballpark.Ask your parents to bring their tax forms so they can get an idea of their likely Expected Family Contribution, and you can find out ahead of time what financial aid you’re likely to receive. By checking it out early on, you can avoid the wrenching disappointment of getting in but not being able to go. Acceptance decisions for early action applicants show up in your mailbox months before you hear from the Financial Aid office.Early admission and youSo what does all this mean? Should you apply for Early Decision at a school that you’re considering? Not unless you are 100 percent absolutely, positively certain that it’s THE school that you want to attend above all others. However, just because you really want to go there doesn’t mean you should feel like you have to apply early, either. Early application is really only a good tactic when you and the school are truly well matched. In a nutshell, don’t waste their time or yours if you’re not really sure it’s your top choice or if there is a strong likelihood you won’t get accepted.If you decide to go for it, give your all to that crucial essay by emphasizing your strengths and vividly describing what makes the school a perfect fit for you. Schools that have Early Decision options want to accept ED applicants because they are usually the most qualified and most sought-after students, and they are students who are communicating that by applying as ED, they really want to get in to that school. Admission committees look favorably upon excellent candidates who desire nothing more than to be a part of their student body. If it’s a competitive school, you fit the profile, and you really have your heart set on it, then by all means, apply Early Decision and better your chances of being able to call it your alma mater.Early Decision & Early ActionThe benefits and drawbacks of applying earlyEarly decision (ED) and early action (EA) plans can be beneficial to students — but only to those who have thought through their college options carefully and have a clear preference for one institution.Early decision versus early actionEarly decision plans are binding — a student who is accepted as an ED applicant must attend the college. Early action plans are nonbinding — students receive an early response to their application but do not have to commit to the college until the normal reply date of May 1. Counselors need to make sure that students understand this key distinction between the two plans.Approximately 450 colleges have early decision or early action plans, and some have both. Some colleges offer a nonbinding option called single-choice early action, under which applicants may not apply ED or EA to any other college.ED plans have come under fire as unfair to students from families with low incomes, since they do not have the opportunity to compare financial aid offers. This may give an unfair advantage to applicants from families who have more financial resources.ED applicantsApply early (usually in November) to first-choice college.Receive an admission decision from the college well in advance of the usual notification date (usually by December).Agree to attend the college if accepted and offered a financial aid package that is considered adequate by the family.Apply to only one college early decision.Apply to other colleges under regular admission plans.Withdraw all other applications if accepted by ED.Send a nonrefundable deposit well in advance of May 1.EA applicantsApply early.Receive an admission decision early in the admission cycle (usually in January or February).Consider acceptance offer; do not have to commit upon receipt.Apply to other colleges under regular admission plans.Give the college a decision no later than the May 1 national response date.Who should apply early?Applying to an ED or EA plan is most appropriate for a student who:Has researched colleges extensively.Is absolutely sure that the college is the first choice.Has found a college that is a strong match academically, socially and geographically.Meets or exceeds the admission profile for the college for SAT® scores, GPA and class rank.Has an academic record that has been consistently solid over time.Applying to an ED or EA plan is not appropriate for a student who:Has not thoroughly researched colleges.Is applying early just to avoid stress and paperwork.Is not fully committed to attending the college.Is applying early only because friends are.Needs a strong senior fall semester to bring grades up.Encourage students who want to apply early to fill out NACAC's Early Decision Self-Evaluation Questionnaire, in the Deciding About Early Decision and Early Action handout. You may want to share this with parents as well.The benefits of applying earlyFor a student who has a definite first-choice college, applying early has many benefits besides possibly increasing the chance of getting in. Applying early lets the student:Reduce stress by cutting the time spent waiting for a decision.Save the time and expense of submitting multiple applications.Gain more time, once accepted, to look for housing and otherwise prepare for college.Reassess options and apply elsewhere if not accepted.The drawbacks of applying earlyPressure to decide: Committing to one college puts pressure on students to make serious decisions before they've explored all their options.Reduced financial aid opportunities: Students who apply under ED plans receive offers of admission and financial aid simultaneously and so will not be able to compare financial aid offers from other colleges. For students who absolutely need financial aid, applying early may be a risky option.Time crunch for other applications: Most colleges do not notify ED and EA applicants of admission until December 15. Because of the usual deadlines for applications, this means that if a student is rejected by the ED college, there are only two weeks left to send in other applications. Encourage those of your students who are applying early to prepare other applications as they wait to receive admission decisions from their first-choice college.Senioritis: Applicants who learn early that they have been accepted into a college may feel that, their goal accomplished, they have no reason to work hard for the rest of the year. Early-applying students should know that colleges may rescind offers of admission should their senior-year grades drop.Students and parents can use our Pros and Cons of Applying to College Early, in the Deciding About Early Decision and Early Action handout, to weigh their options.Does applying early increase the chance of acceptance?Many students believe applying early means competing with fewer applicants and increasing their chances for acceptance. This is not always true. Colleges vary in the proportion of the class admitted early and in the percentage of early applicants they admit.Higher admission rates for ED applicants may correlate to stronger profiles among candidates choosing ED. Students should ask the admission office whether their institution's admission standards differ between ED and regular applicants, and then assess whether applying early makes sense given their own profile.The ethics of applying early decisionThe Common Application and some colleges' application forms require the student applying under early decision, as well as the parent and counselor, to sign an ED agreement form spelling out the plan's conditions.Make it clear in your school handbook and at college planning events that your policy for early-decision applications is to send the student's final transcript to one college only: anything else is unethical.Keep in mindED and EA program specifics vary, so students should get information as soon as possible directly from the admission staff at their first-choice college.ED and EA applicants must take the October SAT or SAT Subject Tests™ in order for these scores to make it to the college in time.Print out and share the Early Decision and Early Action Calendar with students and parents to be sure they are aware of all the required steps for applying early.Related DownloadsWhat to Know About Applying EarlyEarly Decision and Early Action CalendarA college-admissions edge for the wealthy: Early decisionBy Nick Anderson March 31, 2016Nathan Hanshew, 17, a senior at Washington Latin Public Charter School, is embraced by the head of the school, Martha C. Cutts, after learning that he received a full-ride scholarship to attend George Washington University. GW President Steven Knapp, at lower right, visited the school March 17 to make the surprise announcement. (Logan Werlinger/GW Today)Many of the nation’s top colleges draw more than 40 percent of their incoming freshmen through an early-application system that favors the wealthy, luring students to commit to enroll if they get in and shutting out those who want the chance to compare offers of grants and scholarships.The binding-commitment path known as “early decision” fills roughly half of the freshman seats at highly ranked Vanderbilt, Emory, Northwestern and Tufts universities, as well as Davidson, Bowdoin, Swarthmore and Claremont McKenna colleges, among others, a Washington Post analysis found.The Post found 37 schools where the early-decision share of enrolled freshmen in 2015 was at least 40 percent. At Duke University, the share was 47 percent, and at the University of Pennsylvania, it was 54 percent.[Sortable table: See the details of the early decision advantage]The rising influence of early-decision enrollment underscores a stark and growing divide in college admissions between the masses of students who apply to multiple schools through the “regular” process in quest of the best fit and deal and a privileged subset who apply early and simultaneously pledge to attend just one, without fear of cost, at a time when the sticker price for private schools often tops $60,000 a year. Call them the Shoppers and the Pledgers.College admissions: The Early Decision advantageNathan Hanshew, 17, a senior at Washington Latin Public Charter School in Washington, D.C., said he applied to a dozen schools but did not opt for early decision anywhere.“That was too risky,” he said. “You’re stuck in a bond, like a marital bond.”Shopping around paid off hugely for Hanshew, a Polish immigrant, who learned March 17 in a surprise announcement in front of cheering classmates that he won a full-ride scholarship from George Washington University.Kate Morrison (Family photo)Kate Morrison, 17, a senior at Walt Whitman High School in Montgomery County, Md., said she was drawn to Bowdoin after a soccer coach there encouraged her to apply early. She visited the Maine college last spring. “I just loved it so much,” she said. “I was really, really content.” No athletic scholarship, no financial aid. But she applied early decision in the fall and was admitted Dec. 11. Her search was done.This week, angst is cresting for traditional applicants as prestigious colleges finalize who’s in and who’s out. Ivy League decisions are scheduled to be released Thursday evening. But admitted early-decision students are tranquil; they’ve known for months where they’re going to college. Early-decision applicants also enjoy a crucial edge over the regulars: Their admission rates tend to be much higher. That’s because schools want good students who really want them, and they want to lock them down.At Penn, the admission rate for early applicants was 24 percent for the class that entered in 2015. The total admission rate, early and regular, was 10 percent. Eric Furda, Penn’s dean of admissions, said the academic credentials of students who win early admission tend to be stronger than those admitted later in the cycle. Furda also said more early-decision students than ever are qualifying for need-based financial aid.“This pool is becoming broader and deeper and more diverse than it’s ever been. It’s time to start telling that story,” Furda said. “I don’t want lower-income families to be told, ‘Don’t apply early decision because you’re going to need to compare financial-aid packages.'” These days, nearly as many early-decision freshmen receive need-based grants from Penn as their peers admitted in the regular cycle, he said.The Post reviewed 2015 admissions data for 64 schools as reported through a questionnaire called the Common Data Set. The analysis covered top-60 schools on U.S. News and World Report lists of liberal arts colleges and national universities, and it found 48 schools in which early-decision admits comprised at least a third of the total enrolled class and 16 in which they comprised at least half.[U.S. News college ranking trends 2015]While most early-decision admits enroll, a few do not. The most common reason: If a financial aid offer is deemed insufficient, an admitted student may be released from their pledge.Within the Ivy League, Penn appears to be the most aggressive user of the early process. The early-decision share of freshmen at Dartmouth College was about 43 percent. At Brown and Cornell universities, it was about 38 percent. Columbia University, which also uses early decision, is the only Ivy League school that refuses to make public its Common Data Set reports.Harvard, Yale and Princeton universities also allow students to apply early, but they do not require admitted students to decide on enrollment until May 1. That technique, which enables comparison shopping, is known as “early action.” Stanford, the University of Chicago, MIT and hundreds of other schools use early action.Georgetown University’s longtime dean of admissions, Charles Deacon, said he favors early action because students should be as sure in May of where they want to attend as they were in November. He calls it a “student-centered” approach to admissions, in contrast to “enrollment management” techniques in vogue at many schools.“No matter what anybody tells you, the early pool favors those who are more advantaged,” Deacon said. “They’re the ones who have been better advised. They know more from their families. There’s an advantage, for sure, and that plays itself out particularly at the early level.”Early decision, which developed gradually among elite schools from the late 1950s through the 1970s, has drawn criticism in recent years, earning a critique in a 2001 Atlantic article headlined “The Early-Decision Racket.” In 2006, the public University of Virginia announced that it was ending an early-decision program in an effort to attract more low-income students. It now uses early action.“For us, the early-action plan makes the most sense,” U-Va. dean of admission Greg Roberts said. “And it’s more in line with our values and enrollment goals.” Most top-tier schools with early decision are private. An exception is the public College of William and Mary, in Virginia.[Nation’s prominent public universities are shifting to out-of-state students]Though some schools have spurned the practice, the volume of early-decision applications to elite schools is growing, and some of them are filling a larger share of their seats with those applicants, making it far more difficult to get in during the normal cycle.At Williams College, a premier liberal arts school in Massachusetts, a little more than 40 percent of freshmen come through early decision. Williams President Adam Falk said early decision provides stability for the college in what can be a volatile market, and it provides peace of mind for successful applicants who can then leave “an insane-feeling rat race” during their senior year of high school.Jon Reider, a former Stanford admissions officer who counsels students at San Francisco University High School, said that 15 years ago, early decision was not a central part of most of his advising conversations. Now it is. Another important variable is that ultra-selective Harvard, Princeton, Stanford and Yale are “single-choice” early-action schools, meaning that students may not apply early to any other private school, with few exceptions. So students must weigh their top choice carefully, and it can feel like making a life-altering gamble.But the calculations are much more complex than a simple ranking of choice, Reider said. Sometimes admission to that first-choice school is so tough to obtain, even in an early application, that it makes more sense to apply early decision to a second choice, or even a third choice. “You’ve got one chip,” Reider said. “One card to play. It’s an absolutely crazy system.”Even more bewildering: Some schools offer two rounds of early decision. Some — the University of Miami, for example — offer two rounds of early decision and early action.Charlotte Smith (Family photo)Charlotte Smith, 17, a senior at Walt Whitman High, put her early-decision chip on Wake Forest University, in North Carolina. Her application was deferred into the regular pool. For many applicants, that is demoralizing. For Smith, it was a relief.“I’m actually glad,” Smith said last week as she had several applications pending and some offers in hand, including some with scholarships. It’s hard in November, she said, “to pick one school and say this has everything I want.” As students, she said, “we’re still trying on different versions of ourselves.”Micah Guthrie, 17, a senior at Washington Latin, is shooting for liberal arts colleges but not through early decision. “I make a lot of my decisions last minute,” he said. In the fall, he said, “I really didn’t know a lot about a lot of colleges.”Grade Point newsletterNews and issues affecting higher education.Sign upMicah Guthrie (Nick Anderson/The Washington Post)Among his targets is Davidson, advertised on a sweatshirt he wore to school the other day. His mother, Michelle Guthrie, a registrar at Washington Latin, said money is a factor wherever he gets accepted. “We’ll make it happen,” she said. “But I’m hoping some scholarships come with those choices, too.”Davidson had the highest share of early-decision admits in its entering class among colleges The Post analyzed: about 60 percent. Davidson said it is firmly committed to access, with half of the early-decision students who were admitted qualifying for need-based financial aid. That is nearly the same as the share in regular admissions who receive need-based aid. The small college, which has a robust NCAA Division I sports program, said it also relies heavily on early decision for athletic recruiting.A few years ago, the share of early-decision students entering Emory was less than 40 percent, said John Latting, the university’s dean of admission. Now two rounds of early decision fill about half of Emory’s class. Latting said the volume of early-decision applications has doubled in the past four or five years.“Mostly what’s going on is an unbelievably competitive marketplace” for top students, he said. “Early programs bring some calm to what is otherwise a frenzy.”Latting said Emory uses financial aid aggressively to ensure it enrolls a diverse class. About 20 percent of freshmen have enough financial need to qualify for federal Pell grants, a sizeable share for a private university. But Latting acknowledged that early-decision applicants, the Pledgers, tend to be more affluent than the regulars, the Shoppers. That creates added pressure on schools hunting for more students from low-income families.“I wouldn’t for a minute say this is the right system for the nation,” Latting said.Read more:At some colleges, your gender might give you an admissions edgeInside the admissions process at George Washington UniversityColleges often give discounts to the rich. Here’s one that gave up on ‘merit aid.’Meet the man behind the new SAT: ‘I’m in the anxiety field.’https://www.iecaonline.com/PDF/IECA_Library_ED-vs-RD-Acceptances.pdfEarly Admission Ivy League Schools 2016-12STRATEGYEarly acceptance rates to Ivy League schools are drastically higher than regular — but the reason why isn't as obvious as it seemsAbby JacksonDec. 21, 2016, 2:51 PM6,213The figures may look a little out of sync with regular decision acceptance rates to those who follow admissions trends.Courtesy of Stefan StoykovThe Ivy League classes of 2021 are one step closer to attending the school of their dreams.Last week, every Ivy League school, with the exception of Columbia University, reported the number of students who applied and were accepted early this year, giving a glimpse into the college choices of tens of thousands of students.The figures may look a little out of sync with acceptance rates released during the spring.Harvard reported the lowest acceptance rate of the bunch, with 14.5% of applicants gaining acceptance. That's nearly three times higher (meaning more students were able to gain acceptance) than last spring's acceptance rate of 5.2%, which includes both the early and regular decision applicants.Business InsiderHarvard isn't the only school where early application percentage rates are drastically higher than rates released in spring.To give you an idea of where the University stands in comparison to its peers, below are the decision acceptance rates for the class of 2020, released last spring:8. Cornell University — 13.96%7. Dartmouth College — 10.52%6. University of Pennsylvania — 9.41%5. Brown University — 9.01%4. Princeton University — 6.46%3. Yale University — 6.27%2. Columbia University — 6.04%1. Harvard University — 5.2%Every single Ivy League school, by a factor of two or three, appears easier to access when applying early. The contrast appears even starker if you were to isolate just the regular decision rate from the early decision rate, though all of the Ivies announce their spring numbers as a combination of the two.So what gives?Harvard UniversityMarcio Jose Bastos Silva / ShutterstockIvy admissions offices emphasize that the reason it appears easier to get into schools during early admissions is more a factor of the strength of the applicant pool rather than an ease of acceptance.In other words, students who apply early to Harvard are probably better qualified compared the larger applicant pool, and more confident in their chances of being admitted."We have continued to stress to applicants, their families, and their guidance counselors that there is no advantage in applying early to Harvard," William R. Fitzsimmons, Dean of Admissions and Financial Aid, said, in a release from Harvard. "The reason students are admitted – early or during the Regular Action process – is that their academic, extracurricular, and personal strengths are extraordinary."Harvard releases a survey on incoming freshman every year that provides details on the makeup of the class. For the Class 2019 — the most recent survey conducted— the survey indicated that students admitted early had higher SAT scores than regular admissions students, on average. Early admissions students scored an average 2239, compared to 2217 for regular admissions.Still, schools certainly find early applicants attractive as they can lock in a higher "yield" — the number of admitted students who decide to go to the college. Early decision is binding, and early action means that students are only allowed to apply to one school early (though they can apply regular decision to other schools) and then make their final choice in the spring.Some higher education experts feel that there is certainly an advantage to applying early, and that its practice is troubling, as it disproportionately helps wealthier students. The early admissions process is not possible for students who need to weigh the different financial aid packages they are offered before making a decision.Early admissions "significantly disadvantages students from low-income and middle-income families, who are already underrepresented at such schools," columnist Frank Bruni wrote in The New York Times.Still, it doesn't seem that the early admissions process is going anywhere soon. The Ivy League had a record number of early applications this year, and, more broadly, about 450 American colleges accept early applicants.The Ivy League has released early-application acceptance rates — here's where they all standAbby Jackson and Andy KierszDec. 16, 2016, 12:09 PMThe Ivy League classes of 2021 are one step closer to attending the school of their dreams.Almost every Ivy League school reported the number of students who had applied and were accepted early this year, giving a glimpse into the college choices of tens of thousands of students.Business InsiderHarvard reported the lowest acceptance rate of the bunch, with 14.5% of applicants gaining acceptance versus 14.8% last year. Applications at the school were up by 5% from the previous year, with 6,473, an increase from 6,167, according to a representative for the school.Applications were up across the board. The biggest jump in application numbers came from Princeton University, which reported 4,229 early applications last year and 5,003 this year, an 18% increase year-over-year.Early applications come with some stipulations. Harvard, Princeton, and Yale are restrictive early-action schools, meaning applicants can apply to only one school early but have until May to accept.Brown University, Columbia University (which does not release acceptance figures), Cornell University, Dartmouth College, and University of Pennsylvania are all early-decision schools, which means students must go there if they get accepted.Check out the number of early applications to each Ivy League school this year below:Brown University — 3,170 applications, 695 acceptancesColumbia University — 4,086 applications, does not release acceptance figuresCornell University — 5,384 applications, 1,378 acceptancesDartmouth College — 1999 applications, 555 acceptancesHarvard University — 6,473 applications, 938 acceptancesUniversity of Pennsylvania — 6,147 applications, 1,354 acceptancesPrinceton University — 5,033 applications, 770 acceptancesYale University — 5,086 applications, 871 acceptancesHarvard just released its early admissions decisions — here's how many students got inAbby JacksonDec. 13, 2016, 5:32 PMHarvard University released the early action decisions for the class of 2021 on Tuesday. Flickr / Sam S.Harvard University released the early action decisions for the class of 2021 on Tuesday.Applications at the school were up 5% from the previous year, with 6,473, compared to 6,167, a spokesperson for the school confirmed.Of those applicants, 14.5% gained acceptances, versus 14.8% last year."Early admission appears to be the 'new normal' now – as more students are applying early to Harvard and peer institutions than ever before," William R. Fitzsimmons, Dean of Admissions and Financial Aid, said, in a release from Harvard."At the same time, we have continued to stress to applicants, their families, and their guidance counselors that there is no advantage in applying early to Harvard," he continued. "The reason students are admitted – early or during the Regular Action process – is that their academic, extracurricular, and personal strengths are extraordinary."Harvard is an early action school, meaning that students can only apply to one school early, and have until May to decide if they want to accept. This policy differs from early decision, which requires a student to attend a school if they gain admission.Regular decision Harvard applicants will find out their admissions status in the spring.