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WRITTEN SUBMISSIONS BY SUBRAMANIAM SWAMY TO THE SC OF INDIA1. JALLIKATTU is an ancient religious and cultural event for Tamil Communities. a. Ancient Tamil Literature Jallikattu was known as “eru thazhuvuthal” (hugging the bulls) in in Tamil Nadu during ancient times. This practice has clearly recorded in the Sangam Literature of Tamils. Sangam Literature flourished between 400 B.C.E. and 300 C.E. Sangam Poet Cholan Naluruthiranar has sung seven poems describing “eru thazhuvathal” events. According to this ancient poet: “ these events would be held in villages abutting forestlands. The lands abutting the forests were known as “Mullai”. The main occupation of the people in those areas is cattle rearing. The folks who lived in Mullai region and who reared cattle were known as “Aayar”. Their livelihood depended on these cattle and from the produce of the cattle viz., milk, curd and ghee. They raised bulls of great valour and strength in their houses. The event of “eru thazhuvathl” (Jallikattu) would be held after beating the drums in the village and announcing the festival. The parents of the girls who are to be married would then announce that the one who tames their bull alone can win the hands of their daughter in marriage. After the event of eru thazhuvathal is over the bride to be and the groom would sing the praise of Lord Vishnu along with the friends of the bride [Source: Mullaikali Poetry by Sangam Poet Cholan Naluruthiranar] ” b. Origin in Srimat Bhagavatam Jallikattu or Eru Thazhuvathal (hugging the bull) probably had its origin from the life of Lord Sri Krishna narrated in detail in Srimat Baghavatam and in the earlier works about Lord Sri Krishna. In Srimat Bhagavatam it is described how Lord Krishna tamed seven bulls to win the hand of Naknajeeti in marriage. Naknajeeti was the daughter of Naknajeet, the king of Koshala. c. Ancient Tamil Vaishnavite Scriptures: Lord Sri Krishna taming seven bulls is sung in many poems of the Azhwar Saints of Tamil Nadu. Naknajeeti, the princess of Khosala is known as “Nappinnai” in Tamil and Sri Periazhvar, who is said to have lived in the middle of 8th century C.E. has captured in his sacred poems, Lord Sri Krishna’s act of taming seven bulls and marrying “Nappinnai”. Similarly, Sri Tirumangai Azhwar and Sri Nammazhvar who belonged to the 8-9th centuries C.E. have repeatedly recorded in their sacred songs that Lord Sri Krishna tamed the bulls. These and other songs of the Azhwars are recited in the Srivaishanavite temples in Tamil Nadu with religious fervour and devotion for more than thirteen centuries. d. Jallikattu is a distinct religious ritualistic cultural practice of Tamil Communities: Taming the bull or showing one’s valour by holding on to the bull’s hump for a few seconds when the bull runs across a very short stretch of land in the Jallikattu enclosure known as “Wadi” or “Wadivaasal” has been celebrated as part of Harvest and Temple festivals in Tamil Nadu for more than a millennium. That there are worship and conduct of rituals before and after such events and the fact that the events always take place in temple lands show that Jallikattu is not only an ancient cultural festival but also a traditional religious ritual for the Tamil Communities that honour and glorify the domestic milch and draught cattle. Every ethnic region in Tamil Nadu had its own breed of ethnic cows and bulls and Jallikattu is an wonderfully evolved way of selecting the best bulls amongst them. These bulls would be treated to excellent care and affection till the time of their natural death. The bulls would serve the community to which they belong by sustaining the progeny of the distinct ethnic cattle breed. While the people of Tamil Nadu, rural and urban, educated and uneducated are seized of the importance of Jallikattu and its vitality to save the region’s Indian Native Cattle, the rest of India may find it difficult to understand the facts behind Jallikattu since they are not exposed to it as part of their long evolved culture. e. Protection under Article 29(1) of the Constitution: Jallikattu is also known as Manju Virattu (running of bulls) or Vada Manju Virattu in certain regions of Tamil Nadu. Before Jallikattu, the bulls are taken in procession and a hero’s welcome and veneration of the holy are accorded to every one of them by the villagers and visitors. The festival, the practice of rearing such bulls and using them to protect the progeny of the ethnic bulls are clear cultural practices and are “Intangible Cultural Heritage” maintained by traditions and social values. Jallikattu is indubitably a cultural celebration of certain Tamil Communities that has been practiced for more than 20 centuries. The Tamil communities practicing and sustaining such distinct Heritage and Cultural traditions are protected by Article 29(1) of the Constitution of India and they have a fundamental Constitutional right to conserve the same subject of course to reasonable restrictions arising from issues of morality, health and public order. The Tamil Communities practicing Jallikattu not only have a right to conserve that distinct cultural practice under Article 29(1), they also deem it as an indispensable part of their fundamental duties - to value and preserve the rich heritage of the composite culture to which Jallikattu also belongs. (Article 51A (f)).2. ‘Temple Bull’ System Jallikattu is a part and parcel of Hindu Religion as practiced in most villages in Tamil Nadu, and it involves the ancient ‘Temple Bull System’ which is still in vogue in these villages. Rearing and maintaining a stud bull is a 24x7, labour-intensive and expensive affair. Since stud services are free in Tamil Nadu even today, it provides no revenue to the owner. The poor farmers of the village, who might have one or more cows, cannot afford to have a stud bull of their own. Hence the whole village collectively adopts a stud bull and designates it as the ‘Temple Bull’. The entire village pampers the temple bull; its only task is to provide free stud service to the village cows. To diversify the gene-pool, a few more bulls would also be reared in the village. Depending on the number of cows in the village, the village may adopt more than one stud bull as temple bulls. Some of the more affluent people of the village would also come forward to rear stud bulls as a service to the villagers. This is a fine example of the Indian mind set of serving the community expecting nothing in return, which is in stark contrast to Western ideology. The designated Temple Bull will be changed after three years; exchanged with the temple bull of another village, to avoid in-breeding by preventing the bull from mating with its own calf. Thousands of years ago, our ancestors in Tamil Nadu practiced what the modern Western science has ‘discovered’ today! Jallikattu is the religious and cultural function to honour the Temple bull, other stud bulls and their owners for their selfless service during the annual Temple Festival for the presiding deity (Grama Devata) of that village.3. The Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act, 1960 There is no provision in the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (PCA) Act, 1960 that could support enforcement of a permanent ban on Jallikattu or even for a limited period. This Hon’ble Court had relied on Clauses (a) and (m) of subsection 1 of Section 11 of the PCA Act, 1960 besides Section 3 of the said Act, while imposing a permanent ban on Jallikattu and similar sports in its judgment dated 07-May-2014. This Hon’ble Court also held that the rights of the Bulls under Sections 3 and 11 of PCA Act read with Articles 51A(g) & (h) are cannot be taken away or curtailed, except under Sections 11(3) and 28 of PCA Act. It is humbly submitted that the rights guaranteed to Citizens of India under Article 29(1) to conserver their distinct culture of Jallikattu would rise superior even more since the Jallikattu Bulls are imparted the best treatment that could be given to domestic bovines and are not subject to cruelty of any kind. Even if a ban on Jallikattu could be made based on the provisions of the PCA Act, 1960 such provisions would be hit by Article 13 of the Constitution of India. The fundamental rights of Citizens cannot be completely taken away or even abridged. It can be subject to reasonable regulations that do not take away or alter the character of the said fundamental right.4. Doctrine of Proportionality A ban on Jallikattu - an ancient practice that is both cultural and religious - is not only unconstitutional - it is also in violation of the Doctrine of Proportionality. Concept of Proportionality is an integral criterion of fairness and justice in statutory interpretation process - especially in Constitutional law. There must be a correct balance between the restriction placed by the corrective measure and the severity of the nature of the prohibited act. Doctrine of Proportionality would have to be necessarily applied when the issues relate to fundamental rights. There cannot be a blanket ban on the practice of Jallikattu citing certain acts of cruelty that alleged to be caused or have been caused in the past by some of the owners of the Bulls or by the participants of Jallikattu. That would be akin to banning milk production since some unscrupulous traders indulge in adulteration of milk or some dairy farmers use steroids for enhancing milk production.5. Regulation vs. Ban Jallikattu cannot be done away with, especially when it is a beneficial practice and a distinct culture of Tamil Communities who have a fundamental right to conserve it. Government of Tamil Nadu has taken many steps since 2009 to insure that the Jallikattu events are carried out without any abuse of the Jallikattu bulls. Notification dated 07.01.2016 issued by the Central Government too provides for many precautionary procedures that need to be adopted before celebration of Jallikattu. These procedures include test of the bulls by the authorities of the Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Department, the defining of the size of the enclosures where Jallikattu would be held, etc. There can be reasonable restrictions or regulations to ensure that the fundamental rights are observed in a humane manner and to ensure public order and health. However, a fundamental right cannot be abridged or abrogated in the name of regulating it.6. The need to sustain the progeny of invaluable Ethnic Cattle Breeds through Jallikattu The ethnic cattle breeds of Tamil Nadu belong to the category of Bos Indicus cattle or Zebu cattle. These cattle are essential for the agricultural eco system of the land and there can be no natural farming without these cattle. The five produces of the ethnic cattle like its dung, urine, milk, ghee and curd are known as “Panchakavya” and the contribution of Panchakaya to the agricultural farms and to Ayurveda science are immeasurable. Many of the Ayurveda medicines are based on Panchakavya or on any of the five produces which the desi cattle alone can produce through its extraordinarily beneficial gut biome. Banning Jallikattu without having studied the consequences thereof, is a sure way to ensure the ultimate decimation of the different ethnic species of the desi cattle - Bos Indicus and cause indescribable and irrepairable loss to Indian farming methods and Ayurveda. Every region’s cattle has evolved with adaptations that best suit the environment. The terrain, climate, flora and fauna and human requirement together play a role in their evolution. The ethnic milch cattle breeds of Northern India are known for producing large quantities of milk. The preservation of such breeds and their progeny is therefore not a challenge but automatic. However, the milch cattle of South India and particularly of Tamil Nadu are poor milk yielders. They are however, invaluable for the purposes of Ayurveda and to practice non-toxic farming. In these circumstances, Jallikattu ensures a sure method of retaining, using, encouraging, preserving and propagating such ethnic cattle breeds. Though, it cannot be termed ‘modern and scientific’, Jallikattu is a proven method of preservation and improvement of progeny of the ethnic milch and draught cattle and automatically saves the bulls from slaughter. Such ethnic cattle are essential for the science of Ayurveda and for the practice of natural farming. Thus, practice of Jallikattu is an ‘ancient and scientific’ organization of agriculture and animal husbandry, a mandate given to the Government by Article 48 of the Constitution of India but practiced by Tamil Communities.7. Jallikattu – An Ancient Indian Breeding Science Jallikattu involves selection of the best of the breed, improvement of cattle breeds, cattle shows, creating a brand value for the cattle of the village/region and then marketing the same, thus commanding high prices for their produce (cattle). This exceptional system developed by Tamils thousands of years ago is still in vogue in Tamil Nadu. It has continued non-stop even under Muslim rulers and the British Raj, except during times of great famine and epidemics like plague when the people voluntarily suspended it. It is common knowledge that conducting clinical and laboratory experiments on animals are the cruelest acts that could be inflicted on animals even though such cruel acts are stated to be meted out to the animals experimented for the purposes of advancing human, animal and plant lives. Such experiments are said to be controlled and supervised by a Committee formed by the Central Government on the advice of the Animal Welfare Board. Any violation of the order of the Committee is punishable only by a fine that extends to two hundred rupees. Jallikattu is an evolved method to select the best bulls of ethnic Bos Indicus cattle. There are no methods of experimentation here that cause pain or suffering - necessary or unnecessary - on the bulls, even though 600 products are produced from the urine and dung of the desi cattle. The bulls are raised with pristine care and affection by the families that own them. They are never trained to fight. After their brief trysts with Jallikattu are over, the Bulls are cared for till they meet their natural death and are given a hero’s burial. This has been an indispensable part of the distinct culture of Jallikattu in all villages in Tamil Nadu that practice Jallikattu.8. Cruelties and infliction of Pain on animals - permitted under the PCA Act, 1960 The PCA Act, 1960 permits clinical and laboratory experiments to be carried out on animals. This Experimentation of Animals is dealt with Chapter IV of the PCA Act, 1960.9. Horse Racing and Horse Shows are permitted There is no ban on horse racing even though there are large scale evidences of abuse of the horses and their subject to cruelty and suffering. It is common knowledge that prohibited steroids are administered on race horses, they are whipped to the finish line, some die while racing, broken or injured horses are shot and horses that can no longer compete end up in slaughter houses. Despite all the above, Animal Welfare Board can only monitor the laws and Rules which regulate horse racing. Horse Shows involve combined driving, dressage, endurance driving, eventing, horseball, show jumping, tent pegging and vaulting. Some of these are practised in the Olympics and other international sports meets and even in the Indian Army. These activities cause immense stress and suffering to horses. However, such events are not banned.10.Jallikattu is not a sport or entertainment: Jallikattu is not an entertainment sport and it cannot be conducted for the sake of entertainment. A Jallikattu event can be organised only once a year in a village and that too ONLY during the annual village temple festival. It is organised by the Village Temple Committee and not by any sports/entertainment club. There is no first place, second place for the winners. For every bull that enters the arena, either the Jallikattu participant is declared the winner if he successfully embraces the bull or the bull is declared the winner. Jallikattu is no sport at all; it is an evolved cultural practice to showcase the magnificence of the village stud bulls and preserve their progeny. 11. Jallikattu - post notification dated 07.01.2016: The Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act or any of the relevant Government Notifications in force as of 14. 12. 16, has laid out any prohibitive and reasonable restrictions that would legitimize the outright banning of Jallikattu. Nor would the judgment of this Hon’ble Court in Animal Welfare Board vs. A. Nagaraja reported in (2014) 7 SCC 547 and the directions in paragraph 90 would be now of any merit for banning Jallikattu since the Notification dated 11 7 11 was relied on which has been superseded by the subsequent Notification dated 7. 1. 2016 In Dr. Subramanian Swamy and others vs. State of Tamil Nadu and others (2014 (V) SCC 75) the Hon’ble Supreme Court of India has categorically held (inter-alia) that: “...nobody can claim that the fundamental rights can be waived by the person concerned or can be taken away by the State under the garb of regulating certain activities...” While matters relating to Fundamental Rights can be regulated they cannot be done away with in the garb of removing certain mischiefs that are alleged to have crept into the practice of such matters. The Tamil Communities that celebrate Jallikattu as part of their temple or harvest festivals have a right to conserve Jallikattu as a distinct culture of their communities and villages. This fundamental right to conserve Jallikattu is protected by Article 29(1). Any law or directive that aims to do away with or permanently ban the distinct cultural and religious practice of Jallikattu would also be in derogation of Article 13 of the Constitution of India and a violation of the Doctrine of proportionality. When all is said and done, the driving concept behind the concern for humaneness for animals is rooted in the dichotomy between essential violence against animals such as for eating meat as food and inessential violence. But here too religious practice requires a caveat for legislation against such violence. Halal procedure for example is inessential violence against the animal but permitted in law as a religious practice. For Jallikattu, strict supervision and oversight is sufficient to make it humane. Banning is no solution, and is any case arbitrary, unreasonable and unconstitutional following the Government Resolution of January 7, 2016 superseding the earlier 2011 Resolution.

Palestine included Israel and Trans-Jordan! In Palestine lived Jews, Muslims, Arabs, and Christians.Palestine was the name of the region, PLO created in 1964 by USSR KGB invented Palestinian identity for the majority of Arabs Muslim and minority Christians Who lived in Mandate Palestine.Read please article “ SOVIET RUSSIA, THE CREATOR OF THE PLO AND THE PALESTINIAN PEOPLE.” on the link -https://www.readcube.com/articles/10.2139%2Fssrn.2387087**A tour and census of Palestine year 1695: No sign of Arabian names or Palestinians**in the English language, you can buy the book Hadriani Relandi Palaestina Ex Monumentis Veteribus Illustrata: Tomus I [-ii], Volume 2 Paperback – August 12, 2011, on Amazon from $24,99Hadriani Relandi Palaestina Ex Monumentis Veteribus Illustrata: Tomus I [-ii], Volume 2: Reland, Adrien: 9781174958830: Amazon.com: Bookshttps://www.amazon.com/Hadriani-Palaestina-Monumentis-Veteribus-Illustrata/dp/1174958839The author of the work, one of the first Orientalists, knew Hebrew, Arabic, and Greek (ancient).In 1695, Relandi (or Reland) was sent on a study tour to Israel, Palestine then, with a very specific purpose: to identify more than 2500 locations (cities and towns) that appear in the text of the Tanach (Bible) or in the Mishnah, with its original name.In each case, the Hebrew name Reland is mentioned as the exact verse referred to in the text and. Reland also writes its equivalent in Latin and ancient Greek. . Besides this linguistic work, the author develops primarily a census of the time for each location visited: first, a general account claims that the land of Israel then, is virtually deserted, very sparsely populated.Most of its inhabitants are concentrated in the cities of Jerusalem, Acre (Akko), Tzfat (Safed), Yafo, Tveria (Tiberias), and Aza (Gaza).Above all, the point made by the geographer is to find a dominant presence of the Jews on the land, some Christians and a few Muslims, most of whom were Bedouins.Some notes from this fascinating study:No town name then leads to Arab or Arabic font.The vast majority of its cities and towns have a Hebrew name, some in Greek or Latin.Virtually no city that now has a name in Arabic possessed at that time, or Haifa or Jaffa or Nablus (Shechem), or Gaza or Jenin.No sign in investigations Reland historical sources and philological established with more later, Ramallah, Arab names Al- Halil (Hebron) or Al-Quds (Jerusalem)In 1696, Ramallah was called "Beteïlé" (the Hebrew name "Beth-El")Hebron Hebron and called ... Me'arat Hamahpéla (Cave of the Patriarchs): Al Halil, the name given to Avraham Avinu in Arabic.Most cities include Jews, with the exception of Nablus (Shechem), which had 120 people from the same Muslim family, "Natashe" and 70 Samaritans.In Nazareth, in Galilee, an entirely Christian city 700 Christians.. In Jerusalem, more than 5000 inhabitants, of which the majority are Jewish, and some Christians.Reland evokes only a few isolated Muslim Bedouin families, consisting of seasonal temporary workers engaged in agriculture or construction.The Jews were mainly specialized in agriculture: grapes, olives, and wheat (Gush Katif)Gaza strip. Most Christians engaged in the trade and transportation of various products. Tiberias and Safed region were Jewish communities.Tiberias' sea was the main job for families. A city like eg Oum El Fahem was entirely Christian: 10 families.1867 - Mark Twain's visit to Palestine – OrientalismMark Twain wrote:"There are many proofs, such as ancient ruins, broken aqueducts, and remains of old roads, which show that it has not always been so desolate as it seems now. In the portion of the plain between Mount Carmel and Jaffa, one sees but rarely a village or other sights of human life. **There some rude mills here which are turned by the stream. A ride of half an hour more brought us to the ruins" - B. W. Johnson, in "Young Folks in Bible Lands": Chapter IV, 1892 - "The land in Palestine is lacking in people to till its fertile soil." - British archaeologist Thomas Shaw, mid-1700s - " Palestine is a ruined and desolate land"- Count Constantine François Volney, XVIII century French author and historian - "The country is in a considerable degree empty of inhabitants and therefore its greatest need is of a body of population". - James Finn, British Consul in 1857 - In 1844, William Thackeray writes about the road from Jaffa to Jerusalem: "Now the district is quite deserted, and you ride among what seem to be so many petrified waterfalls. We saw no animals moving among the stony brakes; scarcely even a dozen little birds in the whole course of the ride." "In Judea, it is hardly an exaggeration to say that for miles and miles there was no appearance of life or habitation." Penrhyn Stanley, British cartographer, 1881 Muslim so-called 3 -rd holies site Photos of the Temple Mount (1877)Photos of the Temple Mount (1877) (http://smoothstone.blogspot.Co.Il/2005/12/photos-of-temple-mount-1877.html)In 1866, **W.M. Thomson wrote: "How melancholy is this utter desolation. Not a house, not a trace of inhabitants, not even shepherds, to relieve the dull monotony **... Much of the country through which we have been rambling for a week appears never to have been inhabited or even cultivated, and there are other parts, you say, still more barren." "Outside the city of Jerusalem, we saw no living object, heard no living sound ... a complete eternal silence reigns in the town, in the highways, in the country." Alphonse de Lamartine, travel book, 1835 In 1874, Reverend Samuel Manning wrote: "But where were the inhabitants? This fertile plain, which might support an immense population, is almost a solitude... Day by day we were to learn afresh the lesson now forced upon us, that the denunciations of ancient prophecy have been fulfilled to the very letter -- "the land is left void and desolate and without inhabitants." (Jeremiah, ch.44 v.22) "The area was underpopulated and remained economically stagnant until the arrival of the first Zionist pioneers in the 1880's, who came to rebuild the Jewish land. The country had remained "The Holy Land" in the religious and historic consciousness of mankind, which associated it with the Bible and the history of the Jewish people. Jewish development of the country also attracted large numbers of other immigrants - both Jewish and Arab. - The report of the British Royal Commission, 1913**Read the book by author Martin Sicker. From Muhamed Ali to the British Mandate.**Reshaping PalestineGoogle ספריםhttp://books.google.co.il/books?id=TWBxUi5fVS0C**European and American travelers who visited Eretz Yisrael in the 18th century and XIX centuries.**In the modern era, when interest in the scientific study of the biblical Archaeologists, writers, geographers, diplomats, and military. Many of them conducted detailed records, setting out their own impressions ofSeen in books, travel diaries, and journal publications. They all left the description of the demographic and natural state of the country, and their evidence Completely refutes the fabrications of Arab propaganda.In 1697, **Henry Maundrell **wrote that Nazareth is "an insignificant village" thatShechem consists of two streets that Jericho" became a dirty settlement.", and fortress Acco Represents " extensive and deserted ruins "/ 50.In 1738 English archeologist Thomas Show wrote about " fruitless and become deserted.”In 1785 Constantin Francois Volney has left the following description of Eretz Yisrael:" We with greater work have found out Jerusalem … the Population in its belief, no more than 12-14 thousand …”The Second place deserving a mention, it, Bethlehem.As well as in all other places, processing of the ground leaves much to be desired. In the settlement, It is totaled about six hundred men, capable to carry the weapon …the Third and last Place about which it is necessary to tell, it Habrun, or Hebron, the largest village in all This district … It is capable to expose nearby or nine hundred armed Men "/ 52.However in 1843, Alexander Kent has noted, that " in days of the country Volume yetHas reached a present level of ruin and empty inhibitions,In 1816 D. S. Bekingem* describes Yaffo « as a " poor village"and **Ramla** as a place, " where, similarly to everything, that we saw in Palestine,The part lying in ruins seems to more extensive, rather than manned " *54. In 1835 The **French poet Gigolo De Lamartine **so has depicted the impressions:" Behind a gate of **Jerusalem**, we did not see alive essences, did not hear humanVoices. We have found the same emptiness, the same silence, as in fallen asleep by ashesPompeii Herculaneum … Full, eternal silence reigns in the city, on roads, in allTo the country … the Tomb of whole people "And twenty years later, in 1857, the British consul in Palestine James FinnInforms to England: " The Country has substantially become deserted and, hence,Extremely requires the inflow of the population "Probably, the most well-known visitor of the Sacred Earth was an American writer**Mark Twain **who has visited Eretz Yisrael in 1867; the report on this travel can be found in his} book " Innocents Abroad. ":" No exciting events … In this valley, Israel can be met evenMean small village for thirty miles in any direction. Are availableOnly two-rub{-three} Bedouins, but any constant settlement. It is possibleTo pass tens of miles, and not having seen the live person ".To fans{amateurs} of gloomy solitude, Mark Twain recommended visiting Galilee: "These Deserted desserts, these red fruitless valleys anything, nothing breaks restSparkling severe hills … Sad Ruins of Capernaum, frozen villagesTiberia, dozing under the canopy of the six mourning palm trees … Abandonment andDesolation here is so great, that no imagination can be presented,That the life … We here could boil have reached, mountain Tavor in full health … For allRoad and have not met any alive essence ".In "fruitless" by its own definition mountains of Judea Mark Twain has found allThe same: the God" damned Jericho amazes with the desolation in which his Jesus has leftNavin more than three millennia ago. In Bethlehem, a sacred place, where at nightShepherds guarded herds, and angels sang " the world on the ground and in Humans goodwill ",Now there is no alive essence ". And here record about Jerusalem:' Then further we moved ahead … that met naked rocks is more often; the landscape becamePushing away{ and frightening. Even if here centuries one would lodge onlyMasons, would not manage to outline so many stones.Have abandoned the country … Great Jerusalem, whose name is cut in centuries, has lost theAncient magnificence н became a poor small village ".All country as a whole has made upon him the most oppressive impression:Above it gravitatesThe damnation devastated her fields and has deprived its will to live.Palestine is abandoned and It is unfortunate. The sad, hopeless country - the country with a broken heart "**Fourteen years later a similar response was given in the report with known English****Arthur Penrhyn Stanley:** " will tell exaggeration Hardly probable, that in JudeaDuring many miles, there is no life, any human presence "/***American Consuls in the Holy Land, 1832-1914**(https://books.google.co.il/books?id=LkAvPDl5yfgC&pg=PA148&dq=1857:+British+consul,+James+Finn,+reported&hl=iw&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiJ4OqLh5jOAhXEuBQKHTD5AnAQ6AEILDAC#v=onepage&q=1857%3A%20British%20consul%2C%20James%20Finn%2C%20reported&f=false).WHAT IS PALESTINE? WHO ARE THE PALESTINIANS?Palestine in the 1800s.(http://www.nourishingobscurity.com/2016/05/palestine-in-the-1800s/)6,000 Photos from Palestine in 1800’s – with no trace of Muslims or mosqueshttps://pamelageller.com/2016/05/palestine-1800s-no-muslims-no-mosques.html/**Reshaping Palestine: From Muhammad Ali to the British Mandate, 1831-1922by Martin SickerReshaping PalestineReshaping Palestine: From Muhammad Ali to the British Mandate, 1831-1922 Авторы: Martin Sickerhttps://books.google.co.il/books?id=TWBxUi5fVS0C&pg=PA13&redir_esc=y&hl=ru#v=onepage&q&f=false))What Those "Palestine" Maps Really Show"The video "WHAT IS PALESTINE? WHO ARE THE PALESTINIANS?" dispels certain myths concerning the origin of the name 'Palestine' and of the 'Arab Palestinians.' It documents that the 'Arab Palestinians' are in fact mostly from other places, and migrated to what is now Israel at the same time as the Zionist Jews, many of them because of the economic boom that the Zionist Jews produced in what was then British Mandate Palestine..The Zionist Jews did not steal the "best" land from Arab landowners but in fact, purchased abandoned desert and swamp land from absentee Arab landlords who were quite eager to sell. This was explained by Hajj Amin al Husseini himself. Husseini, the father of the Palestinian movement, launched his terrorist attack against the Jews of the Mandate in 1936-39. The violence was so great that the British sent a team to investigate. When questioned, Husseini admitted that the Zionist Jews had not stolen anybody's land but in fact had bought it. In fact, Husseini had been among the major consolidators and sellers of land and growing tremendously rich by it. Was there, in British Mandate Palestine, a ‘nationally conscious’ ‘Palestinian Arab people ?"Historical and Investigative Research - 30 April 2006 by Francisco Gil-White**WHAT IS PALESTINE? WHO ARE THE PALESTINIANS?**115 Years of KKL-JNF from A-Z3. 100 years ago, Palestine was very thinly populated, uninhabitable in many areas.Palestine was drenched in malaria, making it either uninhabitable in many areas!100 years ago Jewish Dr. Israel Kligler, in Palestine, achieves malaria eradication.90 years ago, Palestine became the first place in the world where a successful national malaria-eradication campaign began. Today, Israel is approximately the 30th most densely populated country in the world. In the 1920s, 1930s, and 1940s, Kligler’s ‘old’ method worked (and without vaccines, without reliance on bednets), yet other areas elsewhere in the world still struggle under the harsh disease of malaria. was drenched in malaria, making it either uninhabitable in many areas or thinly populated.The key to successful malaria eradication in Palestine/Israel 90 years agoHow was malaria of 100 years ago eradicated in Palestine https://www.israellycool.com/2020/05/14/know-your-history-jewish-acquisition-of-agricultural-land-in-palestine-jta-dec-9-1929/Jewish Acquisition of Agricultural Land in Palestine (JTA, Dec 9, 1929)Eradication of malaria in Holy Landhttps://www.eradication-of-malaria.com/The Palestine Electric Company was founded in 1923 by Jewish engineer Pinhas Rutenberg, who was granted two concessions by the Mandatory government - one for the Jordan River and the other for the Yarkon River - to exploit water sources for irrigation and production of electric power. The company's main power station at Naharayim, where the Jordan and Yarmouk rivers meet, was completed in 1930 and supplied electricity for all of Palestine. During the War of Independence, the Jordanians destroyed the plant. With the establishment of the state, the company renamed the Israel Electric Corporation, became a state-owned enterprise. New power plants were built in several locations and the production of electricity increased manifold.The first Jordan Hydro-Electric Power House, also known as the **Rutenberg Power Station** or the **Naharayim Power Plant** or the **Tel Or Power Plant**, was a conventional dammed hydroelectric power station (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_conventional_hydroelectric_power_stations) on the Jordan river**, which operated between 1932 and 1948**. It was situated in the Emirate of Transjordan (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emirate_of_Transjordan) (modern Jordan (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordan)) but built to supply power to Mandatory Palestine (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandatory_Palestine) (modern Israel (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel)). The plant was built in an area known as Jisr el-Majami (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jisr_el-Majami), later renamed by the Palestine Electric Corporation (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestine_Electric_Corporation) as Naharayim (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naharayim), and following the Israel–Jordan peace treaty (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Jordan_peace_treaty) it is today part of the Jordanian area of Baqoura.The plant was constructed – under a concession from the Mandatory government (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concessions_in_Mandatory_Palestine) – by Jewish engineer Pinhas Rutenberg (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinhas_Rutenberg)'s Palestine Electric Corporation, based on a plan put forward in 1926. It followed his original 1920 *Rutenberg plan* to build ten reservoirs and fourteen hydroelectric plants on the Jordan River.Financial capital for the project came from the worldwide Jewish community, organized with limited publicity in order to allow Rutenberg to be presented as an "entrepreneur" rather than part of the Zionist Organizationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Jordan_Hydro-Electric_Power_House#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith1993118-121-3)Jewish Acquisition of Agricultural Land in Palestine (JTA, Dec 9, 1929)https://www.israellycool.com/2020/05/14/know-your-history-jewish-acquisition-of-agricultural-land-in-palestine-jta-dec-9-1929/Jews and Arabs in British Mandate Palestine | My Jewish LearningJews and Arabs in British Mandate Palestine | My Jewish LearningMandatory Palestine - WikipediaA 1930 protest in Jerusalem against the British Mandate by Arab women. The sign reads "No dialogue, no negotiations until termination of the Mandate.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandatory_Palestine#/media/File:Anglo-Palestine_Bank.jpgJerusalem - Anglo-Palestine Bank and Central Post Office building in Jaffa Road. owned by Jewish AgencyArab Palestinian identity Card in British MandateGolda Meir. I am Palestinian.Azmi Bishara says there are no "Palestinian People"Palestinean NATIONAL Identity is fabricated to destroy and displace JewsJews called Palestinians in 1927, not Arabs that began cal themselves Palestinians after the creation of the PLO by the Soviet KGB in 1964!Soviet Document Suggests Mahmoud Abbas Was a K.G.B. Spy in the 1980s (Published 2016)http://elderofziyon.blogspot.com/2014/01/i-was-wrong-there-really-are.htmlPalestinian Post Office was owned by a Jewish agency.Palestine Stamps in 1927 were written in three languages English, Hebrew, and Arabic as today in Israel!https://www.pinterest.com/pin/181903272428086628/?nic=1a“Palestinian Post” News-Paper by a Jewish agency.An English-language Palestinian Post News-Paper daily was established in Jerusalem in 1932 as part of a Zionist-Jewish initiative. In 1950 its name was changed to The Jerusalem Post and it continues to be published under that name to this day. The newspaper’s intended audience was English readers in Palestine and nearby regions -- British Mandate officials, local Jews and Arabs, Jewish readers abroad, tourists, and Christian pilgrims. Zionist institutions considered the newspaper one of the most effective means of exerting influence on the British authorities. The Post’s first issue had a 1,200-copy run, but during its first year, it achieved a daily circulation of close to 4,000 copies. Its circulation continued to grow, reaching a peak of 50,000 in 1944. In February 1948 the building housing the Post’s editorial offices in Jerusalem was bombed.1938–39 in Mandatory Jewish Palestinian football team in Australiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1938%E2%80%9339_in_Mandatory_Palestine_footbalOn the National Palestinian Football uniform, You can see a Jewish star!1938–39 in Mandatory Palestine footballhttp://sciencepole.com/mandatory-palestine-national-football-team/#Names of National Palestinian Football are all Jews!1939 Palestinian Flag!Origins of Palestine Symphony Membershttp://www.pbs.org/wnet/orchestra-of-exiles/origins-map/British mandate coins:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestine_poundBank Anglo - Palestine was owned by the Jewish Agency" All the denominations were trilingual in Arabic, English, and Hebrew. The Hebrew inscription includes the initials Alef Yud after "Palestine", for "Eretz Yisrael" (Land of Israel)In 1939 Jewish Palestinian Flag. What does it look like?http://orenu.co.il/en/?p=706Jordanian Flaghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_JordanARABS TO BOYCOTT PALESTINIAN GOODS; Vote Action Against Jewish Industry, Charging Tie With Zionism and Political Aimshttps://www.nytimes.com/1945/12/04/archives/arabs-to-boycott-palestinian-goods-vote-action-against-jewish.html?auth=login-google1tap&login=google1tapArab Palestinian Flag after the creation of PLO in 1964 was made by removing a star from the Jordanian flag.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_PalestineA 130 Thousand Jews from Palestine volunteered the British army to fight the German Nazis in Europe in WW2. (Jewish brigades)A 140 Thousand Jews from Palestine volunteered the British army to fight the German Nazis in Europe in WW2, but Britain's administration put in reserve 100 Thousand Jews from Palestine.Palestinian Jewish Infantry brigade.You can see the Palestinian Flag with The Jewish star on it and the Jewish star on the military uniform of Jewish soldiers Fighting Germany together with Brits!In opposite to Jew Arabs from Palestine were on side of Hitler at the time of WW2and participated in the extermination of Jews in Europe!Nazi Arab Palestine 1935 - 2021THE NAZIS AND THE PALESTINIAN ARAB MOVEMENTArab "Palestinian" Leader Farouk Qaddumi: We "Supported" the Nazis in WWII https://www.memri.org/tv/palestinian-leader-farouq-qaddoumi-we-supported-nazis-wwiiIdentity card issued by the British authorities to an Arab in Jerusalem, 1930.Histoire de Jérusalem — WikipédiaArab Women's Union of Ramallah – 1928 note ARAB, not Palestinian https://imgur.com/FxrwxMwArab boycott of Palestinian Goods in 1945https://www.nytimes.com/1945/12/04/archives/arabs-to-boycott-palestinian-goods-vote-action-against-jewish.htmlFree, free Palestine and we will conquer the world!A Myth and Lie Called 'The Palestinian People'The Origins of Arab Settlers in the Land of Israelhttp://en.mida.org.il/2018/05/16/origins-arab-settlers-land-israel-2/Hamas minister Fathi Hammad: we are Arabs, not Palestinians! Palestinians are Egyptians, Saudis, Sudanese...A Muslim Cleric: There Was NEVER A "Palestinian People"Britain restricting Jewish immigration and Finally complicity in stopping Jewish immigrationIn 1920 the British set on Jews Immigration quotas, restricting Jewish immigration. The British requested the French to STOP monitoring illegal Arab immigration along the border of Lebanon and Syria with West Palestine (Israel) allowing free immigration of Arabs into Western Palestine [Israel].Britain's first High Commissioner to Palestine, Herbert Samuel reports "There are now [in 1921] in the whole of Palestine [Israel+Jordan] hardly 600,000 people". He also questions the propriety of a "Jewish Majority" in Palestine.In 1921, T. E. Lawrence informed Churchill that Emir Feisal (Abdullah's brother, and Lawrence "of Arabia's" choice to lead the Arab revolt) had "agreed to abandon all claim of his father to [Western] Palestine [=Israel]," if Feisal got in return Iraq and Eastern Palestine [=Jordan] as Arab territories.In 1922 Churchill White Paper limits Jewish immigration to "capacity to absorb new arrivals" - absorptive capacity. https://ecf.org.il/issues/issue/248The British administration established annual fees for the entry of Jewish immigrants and the creation of the Jewish Agency, an autonomous government in any rules which took over the Jewish community and accepted all the measures he favored London, facilitated by short they were, provided that they should not give them to their ultimate goal. Thanks to Histadrut =(the Jewish trade union), and the National Fund, which provides them with land,In 1928 Eastern Palestine [Jordan] was closed to Jewish settlement, and the Arab Legion was placed in charge of monitoring illegal Arab immigration from Eastern Palestine [Jordan] into Western Palestine [Israel]From years from 1932 to 1945 about 500,000 Egyptian, Syrian, Iraqi, and Eastern Palestine [Jordan] Arabs settled into West Palestine, later in 1939 Winston Churchill said: "So far from being persecuted, the Arabs have crowded into the country and multiplied till their population has increased more than even all world Jewry could lift up the Jewish population."In 1929 British Shaw Commission finds Jewish immigration of 1925-26 was "excessive" and recommends restriction of Jewish immigration and land sales.1930 Passfield White Paper restricts Jewish immigration and land acquisition, based on "absorptive capacity."https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passfield_white_paperCultivators' Ordinance of 1933 replaces earlier laws, institutes giving free land from Western Palestine to Arab "statutory tenants" that is Arab settlers or nomadic Bedouin who had not "grossly neglecting" areas of grazing or occasional presence.In 1934 Government institutes practice deducting their estimated numbers of illegal Jewish immigrants from Jewish immigration quotas.In 1936, The Conference of Protestant and Catholics in America published "It is the profound conviction of Christian America that [the British Government] rescind its illegal, unjust, and indefensible partition of Palestine, to restore Trans-Jordania [Jordan] to its proper place as part of Palestine territory, and throw it open to Jewish Settlement"Also in 1936–1939, the Arabs riots in Mandate Palestine was funded and arms supplied by Nazi GermanyIn 1937 Palestine Royal Commission, recognizing that the Arab majority in the West Palestine was building, recommend the partition of Western Palestine a second time into two states one Jewish, one Arab, state. After the violent rejection by Arab leaders of the Palestine Royal Commission Report's recommendation, British Secretary of Foreign Affairs, Anthony Eden, then aimed for another plan, "which would not give Jews any territory exclusively for their own use." There was little attention to inherent "justice" in Government in an artificially created Arab majority as Eden later wrote to his private secretary, "If we must have preferences, let me murmur in your ear that I prefer Arabs to Jews.""I can only hope and expect that the other world, which has such deep sympathy for these criminals [the Jews], will at least be generous enough to convert this sympathy into practical aid. We, on our part, are ready to put all these criminals at the disposal of these countries, for all I care, even on luxury ships" Adolf Hitler offered to allow the Jews to emigrate from Europe in 1938 if anyone would take them.1939 British Government White Paper enforces new, rigidly pro-Arab, anti-Mandate policy: restricting Jewish immigration to a token number for five years, and afterward at the discretion of "Arabs of Palestine." Note Arabs of Palestine but not “Palestinians”. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Paper_of_1939In 1939 The Permanent Mandates Commission of the League of Nations protested Britain's "White Paper" in August. Four out of the seven members intended to strike down the restrictive White Paper as a violation of the Mandate of Palestine. But WWII intervened in the few days before the League was to review the matter.On March 3, 1939, the powerful Mufti of Jerusalem rejected the creation of a majority Palestinian-Arab state in the Land of Israel, staunchly opposing any Jewish presence whatsoever.The meeting was to have taken place on September 8; Germany marched on Poland on September 1, and Britain declared war on Germany on September 1940 Britain Prohibits transfers of most land in Western Palestine "except to a Palestinian Arab".24 Neville Chamberlain, Britain's Prime Minister in that most pivotal period of the shaping of British policy, 1937-1940. Chamberlain told his cabinet that "If we must offend one side, let us offend the Jews rather than the Arabs". 25In 1941 the Mufti of Jerusalem relocated his headquarters to Berlin to maintain a closer connection with the Nazi government.In 1944, Henry Morgenthau, United States Secretary of the Treasury to President Roosevelt said "The British were apparently prepared to accept the probable death of thousands of Jews in enemy territory because of "the difficulties of disposing of any considerable number of Jews should they be rescued."As the war progressed, Jewish "restraint" was strained thin. While the doomed Jews were frantically fighting to get into substandard ships surreptitiously headed for the Jewish National Home, Palestine officials were devising additional measures to keep Jewish refugees out. Jews were "only racial refugees," one British officer decided. The White Paper was stringently enforced with no modification despite the news of wholesale persecution and slaughter of the Jews.The British Army brings in 30,000 foreign Arab workers to help in the war effort, to work, and eventually settle in Western Palestine.In 1949 Ernest Bevin, then British Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs, says "It would be too high a price to pay for the friendship of Israel to jeopardize, by estranging the Arabs, either the base in Egypt or the Middle Eastern oil."British immigration restrictions in 1939 "White Paper”Permitted only 75 thousand Jews to immigrate to the Land of Israel during WW2, but indeed only half of 75 thousand was able to use this right in WW2, not because that Jews did not want, but because Brits did not allow it! Failure of the Jews to leave the territory of the Third Reich was the cause of the Nazis adopted at the Wannsee Conference in January 1942, the "Final Solution" plan of the Jewish question without taking a drop of guilt for the destruction of the Nazi 6 million Jews, we cannot gloss over the crime of omission, which borders with conspiracy UK, contrary to its obligations of Mandate from the League of Nations in PalestineAfter WW2 British completely stopped Jewish immigration to Palestine completely violated the League of Nations mandate and provoked a Jewish war against Brits!MI6 Attacked Jewish Refugee Ships After WWIIhttps://www.thedailybeast.com/mi6-attacked-jewish-refugee-ships-after-wwii3. "Britain bringing Arabs and Muslims to West Palestine, trying to create an artificial Arab majority in Palestine 1920-1948Brits close their eyes on Illegal Muslim and Arab settlers from many Muslim and Arab statesEvidence for Arab Migration to the Holy Land:http://www.meforum.org/522/the-smoking-gun-arab-immigration-into-palestineIllegal immigration of Muslims and Arabs to west Palestine much bigger than the Jewish legal immigration in the time of the British MandateIn 1935, registered illegal immigration to Palestine consisted of 64% Muslims and 36% Jews.Read the book: Joan Peters American historian writer 1984 from time Immemorialhttps://www.cfi.org.uk/downloads/From%20Time%20Immemorial.pdfRobert F. Kennedy's 1948 visit to PalestineRobert F. Kennedy's 1948 visit to Palestine - WikipediaRobert F. Kennedy visited the British Mandate of Palestine in 1948, one month before Israel declared its independence . Twenty-two years old at the time, he was reporting on the tense situation in the region for The Boston Post . During his stay, he grew to admire the Jewish inhabitants of the area. [1] He later became a strong supporter of Israel; this was later cited as Sirhan Sirhan 's alleged motivation for assassinating him on the first anniversary of the start of the Six-Day War on June 5, 1968. [2] [3] Sirhan happened to see a documentary about Kennedy in Palestine in 1948. Later in his murder trial, Sirhan Sirhan testified: "I hoped he will win Presidency until that moment. But when I saw, heard, he was supporting Israel, sir, not in 1968, but he was supporting, it from all the way from its inception in 1948, sir ..." [4] [5] [6] Author Robert Blair Kaiser points out a discrepancy in the timing of Sirhan's decision. In Sirhan's diary, the entry in which he decided to kill Robert Kennedy was made on May 18. The documentary in question was first shown on TV in the Los Angeles area on May 20. When asked to explain, Sirhan said that he did not recall writing the journal. [7] Background [ edit ] Following his graduation from Harvard , Kennedy was encouraged by his father to travel overseas. Ignoring his father's warning to avoid trouble, Kennedy took a flight from Cairo to Lydda Airport , near Tel Aviv . [8] Trip and dispatches [ edit ] While in Israel, Kennedy visited Tel-Aviv , Jerusalem , and a kibbutz , and spoke with various locals. The area was very unsafe at the time; the Jewish convoy that followed Kennedy's from Tel-Aviv to Jerusalem was, in Kennedy's words, "cut to ribbons." While touring Jerusalem, he was arrested, blindfolded, and brought to the Haganah headquarters, where he was advised to stay off of the streets. [9] At the time of Kennedy's visit, a four-year-old Sirhan Sirhan resided in Musrara, Jerusalem . [8] He interviewed members of the Irgun , a former Soviet Army major, and a 23-year-old woman who worked in propaganda services. He wrote that the Jews have "an undying spirit" and said: "They will fight, and fight with unparalleled courage." He wrote about Jews and Arabs working together in the fields as a hopeful sign for the future of the region. [10] [11] He talked to a Haganah soldier who had shot his sister upon learning that she was not going to leave her British boyfriend. He wrote that Arabs told him that they were going to poison Jerusalem 's water supply. [12] It was clear to him that no side was going to compromise: The die has long since been cast; the fight will take place. The Jews with their backs to the sea, fighting for their very homes, with 101 percent morale, will accept no compromise. On the other hand, the Arabs say: "We shall bring Moslem brigades from Pakistan, we shall lead a religious crusade for all loyal followers of Mohammed, we shall crush forever the invader. Whether it takes three months, thrhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_F._Kennedy%27s_1948_visit_to_PalestineThe Jews in New York admitted the fact that over 500,000 Arabs, in the 12 years between 1932-1944, came into Palestine to take advantage of living conditions existing in no other Arab state.....Hamas minister: we are Arabs, not Palestinians where are Egyptians, Saudis, Sudanese...Brits specifically created the Arabs state Jordan in East Palestine in 1946, Britain has created, funded, and trained an army of Jordan in 1946,RECOMMENDATIONS General Assemble UN in 1947 on the new partition and the creation of a second Arab state in Palestine ) was illegal in fact, irrelevant due to the fact that the Arabs, which live in mandate Palestine have not accepted it and committed aggression against the Jewish state! The Arabs Declare Holy War (1947)Israel rebirth of a Nation Documentary- British MandateRESOLUTION 181 ON THE SECTION DROPPED THE LEGITIMATE STATUShttps://unispal.un.org/DPA/DPR/unispal.nsf/0/7F0AF2BD897689B785256C330061D253The League of Nations ceased to exist as a legal entity on April 20, 1946. The League of Nations transferred almost all its functions to the UN, established on October 24, 1945. As the International Court of Justice decided, the mandates did not end with the disappearance of the League of Nations. The mandate for Palestine has created an international status - "valid in rem", which is effective against the whole world, defining the boundaries of the mandate's territory as a national home of the Jewish people, with the guarantee of the rights of the non-Jewish population as a protected minority in the Jewish state. This status and these rights were preserved even after the end of the existence of the League of Nations. On November 29, 1947, at the UN General Assembly, resolution 181 was adopted, The Spielberg Jewish Film Archive - Day of Decision 29.11.1947On November 29, 1947, at the UN General Assembly, resolution 181 proposing the completion of the British mandate and dividing Palestine into two states -Jewish and Arab. Note not Palestinian state because there was no such thing as Palestinian Arab Nation.Note the second Arab state in Area Palestine First Jorda was created in East Palestine( in Trans-Jordan by 25 May 1946/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Partition_Plan_for_PalestineThe Plan also called for Economic Union between the proposed states, and for the protection of religious and minority rights.The Plan was accepted by the Jewish Agency for Palestine, despite its perceived limitations.Arab leaders and governments rejected it and indicated an unwillingness to accept any form of territorial division,[8] arguing that it violated the principles of national self-determination in the UN Charter which granted people the right to decide their own destiny. Immediately after the adoption of the Resolution by the General Assembly, a civil war broke out and the plan was not implemented.[11] Arab leaders and governments rejected it [7] and indicated an unwillingness to accept any form of territorial division,[8] arguing that it violated the principles of national self-determination in the UN Charter which granted people the right to decide their own destiny.[9]Immediately after the adoption of the Resolution by the General Assembly, a civil war broke out and the plan was not implemented.The Jews accepted this plan, the Arabs did not. Instead, the Arabs started the Holy War.The Arabs Declare Holy War (1947)Jews And Arabs Clash In Palestine (1947)In addition, despite the fact that Resolution 181 required the UN Security Council to implement this plan, the Security Council did not do this and did not make binding decisions. Because of this - in the absence of agreement and implementation - Resolution 181 did not take root and therefore could not affect the boundaries established earlier by the mandate. Despite the fact that Resolution 181 is not existing, certain bodies continue to promote this proposal as a supposedly recognized partition plan. This interpretation is erroneous on several levels.First, paragraphs 10 and 14 of the UN Charter clearly indicate that the General Assembly can only issue non-binding recommendations.Secondly, as the name of recommendation 181 ("the plan for partition with the economic union") indicates the section is only one part of a long decision, detailed and detailed, based on broad economic cooperation, coexistence, and peace.Thirdly, the adoption of resolution 181 by Jews in 1947 presupposed Arab agreement with this plan. It is therefore ridiculous to say that the section that talks about partition in that resolution is still on the table and that the agreement of 1947 is perceived as continuing to this day. Any conclusions of this kind contradict the logic and the basic principle of International law.As an empty and non-binding document, resolution 181 failed in its attempt to change the legal status of any mandated territory, this resolution has no legal force.THE CONCLUSION OF THE END OF THE MANDATE WAS THE ISRAELI JEWISH SOVEREIGNTY WAS FOR JUDEA, SAMARIA, EAST JERUSALEM, AND GAZA!Before the United Nations voted in favor of the Partition Plan on November 29, 1947, the Arab Legion of Jordan attacked Jerusalem. Their forces blocked Jerusalem's roads and cut off the city's access to water. After bitter fighting, the Jewish Quarter of Jerusalem's Old City fell to the vastly superior arms and numbers of the Arab Legion. The surviving Jewish inhabitants fled to the "New City," the four-fifths of the capital that Israel successfully held.4. British High officers fighting against the Jewish stateIn 1948 Britain, helped Jordan to illegally occupy Judea, Samaria, East Jerusalem (West Bank), which was intended for Israel, the British officers have led the Jordanian army and assisted to Arabs in the illegal occupation of Judea, Samaria, and East Jerusalem in 1948.First Arab - Israeli War 1948 - COLD WAR DOCUMENTARYBritish General Glubb leads the Jordanian Legion to expel Jews from East Jerusalem in 1948…http://conservativepapers.com/news/2016/03/01/pm-camerons-hypocrisy-condemns-israel-but-is-silent-about-tibet-conceals-glubbs-ethnic-cleansing-of-jews/On 1 April 1926, the Transjordan Frontier Force was formed from a cadre drawn from the Arab Legion. It consisted of only 150 men and most of them were stationed along Transjordan's roads. During this time the Arab Legion was reduced to 900 men and was also stripped of its machine guns, artillery, and communications troops.In 1939, John Bagot Glubb, better known as "Glubb Pasha", became the Legion's commander, with Major General Abdul Qadir Pasha Al Jundi as his deputy commander. Together they transformed it into the best-trained Arab army.World War IIDuring World War II, the Arab Legion took part in the British war effort against pro-Axis forces in the Mediterranean and the Middle East Theatre. By then, the force had grown to 1,600 men.The Legion, part of the Iraqi forces, contributed significantly in the Anglo-Iraqi War and in the Syria-Lebanon campaign, two decisive early victories for the Allies.The top three officers representing the Legion who participated in the Victory March were Major General Abdul Qadir Pasha el Jundi, O.B.E., Colonel Bahjat Bey Tabbara, and Lieutenant Colonel Ahmed Sudqui Bey, M.B.E.1948 Arab–Israeli WarArab Legion commander Abdullah el Tell (far right) with Captain Hikmat Mihyar (far left) pose with Jewish prisoners after the Fall of Gush EtzionArab Legion artillery shells illuminate Jerusalem in 1948The Arab Legion actively participated in thehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1948_Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_WarArab Legion https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_LegionMost of the officers of the Jordanian Arab Legion were British:Command (under British General John Bagot Glubb),Divisional Headquarters (under Brigadier Lash), Artillery Batteries/troops (under Lt-Col Hearst),1st Brigade (under Col. Goldie),1st Regiment (under Lt-Col. Blackden),3rd Regiment (under Lt-Col Newman),3rd Brigade (under Col. Ashton),2nd Regiment (under Maj. Slade)(Source: Laffin (1982a), Lunt (1999), Collins &; Lapierre (1972).With a total strength of just over 6,000, the Arab Legion's military contingent consisted of 4,500 men in four single battalion-sized regiments, each with their own armored car squadrons, and seven independent companies plus support troops. The regiments were organized into two brigades. 1st Brigade contained the 1st and 3rd Regiments while the 3rd brigade contained the 2nd and 4th Regiments. There were also two artillery batteries with four 25-pounders each. On 9 February 1948, the Transjordan Frontier Force was disbanded with members being absorbed back into the Arab Legion. Although headed by Glubb, now a Lieutenant General, command in the field was by Brigadier Norman Lash.The Legion was initially withdrawn from Palestine to the Transjordanian territory, under instruction from the United Nations, prior to the end of the British Mandate. With the commencement of hostilities, the Arab British Arab Legion re-entered West Palestine from Jordan with the 1st Brigade heading to Nablus and the 2nd Brigade heading to Ramallah. The Arab Legion entered Palestine with other Arab Forces on May 15, 1948, using the Allenby, now King Hussein, bridge as they were advancing to cover the approaches from Jenin, in the north to Alaffoula and from Al-Majame' a bridge on the Jordan River to Bissan Alaffoula.There was a considerable embarrassment from the UK government that British officers were employed in the Legion during the conflict and all of them, including a brigade commander, was ordered to return to Transjordan. This led to the bizarre spectacle of British officers leaving their units to return to Transjordan, only to sneak back across the border and rejoin the Arab Legion. Without exception, all of the British officers returned to their units.[citation needed] One British MP called for Glubb Pasha to be imprisoned for serving in a foreign army without the King's permission.Units of the Arab Legion were engaged in several battles with the Jewish forces, including the following:Attacking Ben Shemen convoy at Beit Nabala – 14 December 1947 [4]Battle of Neve Yaakov settlement – 18 April 1948[5]Attacking kibutz Gesher on 27–28 April https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_LegionOccupation of Latrun Tegart fort on 17 May 1948,[8] and later the Battles of Latrun from 20 May to 18 July 1948.Battle for Jerusalem (1948) and Siege of Jerusalem from 17 May to 18 July 1948,Attacking and capturing (but later losing) Gezer (kibbutz) on 10 June 1948,[9]Tarqumiya on 24 October 1948.[10]By the end of the war in 1949, the Arab Legion consisted of over 10,000 men manning a 100-mile front, which then expanded to a 400-mile front following the withdrawal of Iraqi forces.Jordanian Legion to expel Jews from East Jerusalem in 1948Ethnically cleansed Jews from areas occupied in Jerusalem completely destroyed Jewish Quarter and 58 Jewish synagogues.This photo appeared in Life Magazine in 1948, shows the escape of the Jewish residents of East Jerusalem, where the Jordanian soldiers took it and divided the city.British officers who led the Jordanian army assisted in the illegal occupation of Judea Samaria and East Jerusalem in 1948Jerusalem's Jewish Quarter Before and After Jordanian Takeover in 1948http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_for_Jerusalem_%281948%29#mediaviewer/File:Looting_the_Jewish_Quarter.jpghttps://www.camera.org/article/east-jerusalem-setting-the-record-straight/Arab Order of Battle in the 1948 Arab-Israeli Warhttp://balagan.info/arab-order-of-battle-in-the-1948-arab-israeli-warIsrael proclaimed independence from the British Mandate on 14 May 1948.The Brits helped the Arab armies invade Israel on the first day of Israeli independence in an attempt to destroy it and make another Holocaust. Succeeded only to occupy Judea, Samaria, East Jerusalem, and Gaza and ethnically cleansed all Jewish population from the occupied area!Jordan's Desecration of Jerusalem (1948-1967)(https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jordan-s-desecration-of-jerualem-1948-1967)Before the United Nations voted in favor of the Partition Plan on November 29, 1947, the Arab Legion of Jordan attacked Jerusalem. Their forces blocked Jerusalem's roads and cut off the city's access to water. After bitter fighting, the Jewish Quarter of Jerusalem's Old City fell to the vastly superior arms and numbers of the Arab Legion. The surviving Jewish inhabitants fled to the "New City," the four-fifths of the capital that Israel successfully held.The Old City, including the Jewish Quarter, officially fell to Jordan on May 27, 1948. Nearly twenty years later, during the 1967 Six-Day War, Israel's army liberated Jerusalem's Old City, finding the area completely neglected and virtually destroyed.The following is photographic evidence of a sample of the destruction. All but one of the thirty-five synagogues within the Old City were destroyed; completely devastated had been used as hen houses and stables filled with dung-heaps, garbage, and carcasses. The revered Jewish graveyard on the Mount of Olives was in complete disarray with tens of thousands of tombstones broken into pieces to be used as building materials and large areas of the cemetery leveled to provide a short-cut to a new hotel. Hundreds of Torah scrolls and thousands of holy books had been plundered and burned to ashes.6.CIA: UK armed, encouraged the Arabs States against Israel in 1948http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/223701)1964Israelis vs Palestinians LEADERS - Where Do They Really Come From?The KGB's Middle East Files: “Palestinians” in the service of Mother RussiaThe KGB's Middle East Files: Palestinians in the service of Mother RussiaOpinion: The Soviet-Palestinian Liehttps://unitedwithisrael.org/opinion-the-soviet-palestinian-lie/One State For One People: In Their Own WordsZuheir Mohsen quotehttps://heavennet.net/quotes/zuheir-mohsen-quote/Ancient DNA Solves Age-old Mystery of Philistine Originhttps://www.haaretz.com/archaeology/.premium.MAGAZINE-ancient-dna-solves-age-old-mystery-of-philistine-origin-1.7433390Debunking the claim that “Palestinians” are the indigenous people of Israel https://www.jpost.com/Blogs/Why-World-Opinion-Matters/Are-Arabs-the-indigenous-people-of-Palestine-402785Turn Speach do you know what it means?Turn-Speak: Identity, origins & conflict in Israel/ Palestine, Part 1Turn-Speak: Identity, origins & conflict in Israel/ Palestine, Part 2Joan Peters, former White House advisor on the Middle East under Carter and author of "From Time Immemorial," the classic work on the real situation in the Middle East and the history of Palestine (Israel) talks with Zola Levitt about how the Palestinians have scored a public relations coup by appropriating the identity of the Jews in Israel. She explains how language has been transformed by turn speak, a concept similar to the newspeak described in George Orwell's book, "1984" so that the press now attributes the right to the land and historic possession of it to Arabs, when from 1948 and before the term Palestinian actually applied to the Jewish inhabitants. Only recently has the term been transferred to the Arabs, who until lately refused to be identified with the label "Palestinian," because of its identification with the Jews. She documents how the "Palestinians" of today actually are Arabs from Syria, etc. most of whom moved to the land only a few years after the defeat of the Ottoman Turks and just before the establishment of the Israeli state, looking for work in the burgeoning Jewish economy. Rather than Arabs who lived on the land for centuries, the real natives are Jews who had always maintained a presence there and who, aided by the immigration that began in the early 20th century, transformed the land from a barren waste capable of supporting few people into the flourishing state of today. This transformation of history and identity is the myth behind the "right of return" spoken of in the recent peace talks. Falsehoods and indoctrinated hatred of Arab children are used to keep the situation volatile as each new generation is more fully convinced that something has been stolen from them and that only the complete destruction of the Jewish state can restore their honor and their fortunes. A and commentary on Peters and her book "From Time Immemorial" can be found athttps://www.wnd.com/2013/11/the-book-to-understand-the-middle-east/Joan Peters died on January 6, 2015.Evidence for Arab Migration to the Holy Land:http://www.meforum.org/522/the-smoking-gun-arab-immigration-into-palestineArab Immigration to PalestineIllegal migration of Muslims and Arabs to west Palestine much bigger than the Jewish legal immigration in the time of the British Mandate In 1935, registered illegal immigration to Palestine consisted of 64% Muslims and 36% JewsRead the book: Joan Pethers American historian writer 1984 “From the time of Immemorial”https://www.cfi.org.uk/downloads/From%20Time%20Immemorial.pdfEvidence for Arab Migration to the Holy Land: Robert F. Kennedy's 1948 visit to PalestineOver 500,000 Arabs, in the 12 years between 1932-1944, came into Palestine to take the advantage of living conditions existing in no other Arab state...Source:Robert F. Kennedy's 1948 visit to Palestine - WikipediaRobert F. Kennedy visited the British Mandate of Palestine in 1948, one month before Israel declared its independence . Twenty-two years old at the time, he was reporting on the tense situation in the region for The Boston Post . During his stay, he grew to admire the Jewish inhabitants of the area. [1] He later became a strong supporter of Israel; this was later cited as Sirhan Sirhan 's alleged motivation for assassinating him on the first anniversary of the start of the Six-Day War on June 5, 1968. [2] [3] Sirhan happened to see a documentary about Kennedy in Palestine in 1948. Later in his murder trial, Sirhan Sirhan testified: "I hoped he will win Presidency until that moment. But when I saw, heard, he was supporting Israel, sir, not in 1968, but he was supporting, it from all the way from its inception in 1948, sir ..." [4] [5] [6] Author Robert Blair Kaiser points out a discrepancy in the timing of Sirhan's decision. In Sirhan's diary, the entry in which he decided to kill Robert Kennedy was made on May 18. The documentary in question was first shown on TV in the Los Angeles area on May 20. When asked to explain, Sirhan said that he did not recall writing the journal. [7] Background [ edit ] Following his graduation from Harvard , Kennedy was encouraged by his father to travel overseas. Ignoring his father's warning to avoid trouble, Kennedy took a flight from Cairo to Lydda Airport , near Tel Aviv . [8] Trip and dispatches [ edit ] While in Israel, Kennedy visited Tel-Aviv , Jerusalem , and a kibbutz , and spoke with various locals. The area was very unsafe at the time; the Jewish convoy that followed Kennedy's from Tel-Aviv to Jerusalem was, in Kennedy's words, "cut to ribbons." While touring Jerusalem, he was arrested, blindfolded, and brought to the Haganah headquarters, where he was advised to stay off of the streets. [9] At the time of Kennedy's visit, a four-year-old Sirhan Sirhan resided in Musrara, Jerusalem . [8] He interviewed members of the Irgun , a former Soviet Army major, and a 23-year-old woman who worked in propaganda services. He wrote that the Jews have "an undying spirit" and said: "They will fight, and fight with unparalleled courage." He wrote about Jews and Arabs working together in the fields as a hopeful sign for the future of the region. [10] [11] He talked to a Haganah soldier who had shot his sister upon learning that she was not going to leave her British boyfriend. He wrote that Arabs told him that they were going to poison Jerusalem 's water supply. [12] It was clear to him that no side was going to compromise: The die has long since been cast; the fight will take place. The Jews with their backs to the sea, fighting for their very homes, with 101 percent morale, will accept no compromise. On the other hand, the Arabs say: "We shall bring Moslem brigades from Pakistan, we shall lead a religious crusade for all loyal followers of Mohammed, we shall crush forever the invader. Whether it takes three months, thrhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_F._Kennedy%27s_1948_visit_to_PalestineBrits completely forbade Jewish immigration to the land of Israel after WW2 but permitted unlimited Arabs immigration to the Land of Israel. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS_ExodusBritish immigration restrictions in 1939 "White Paper " http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Paper_of_1939Permitted only 75 thousand Jews to immigrate to the Land of Israel during WW2, but indeed only half of 75 thousand was able to use this right in WW2, not because that Jews did not want, but because Brits did not allow it! Failure of the Jews to leave the territory of the Third Reich was the cause of the Nazis adopted at the Wannsee Conference in January 1942, the "Final Solution" plan of the Jewish question without taking a drop of guilt for the destruction of the Nazi 6 million Jews, we can not gloss over the crime of omission, Mandate from the League of Nations in PalestineAfter WW2 British completely stopped Jewish immigration to Palestine completely violated the League of Nations mandate and provoked Jews' war against Brits!Brits illegally created for Arabs state Jordan in East Palestine on 77% of lands of Jewish National Home in 1946 violating the Mandate of the League of Nations!Hamas minister said! Hamas minister: We are not Palestinians we are Arabs: Egyptians, Saudis, Sudanese...Inventing the "Palestinian Arab "NationThe Proof of Jordan IS PalestineTherefore the other 95.7% of present-day “Palestinians” are clearly those Arabs and their descendants who migrated to Israel between 1831 and 1945https://www.jpost.com/Blogs/Why-World-Opinion-Matters/Are-Arabs-the-indigenous-people-of-Palestine-402785AQ

Well you think bollywood doesnt give you mind boggling scenes that you are talking about !!!!!!mind boggling, they can provide you mind cracking, heart throbbing and yeeaaaahhh at lastGUNDA APPEARS ON THE floor. @ Credit to Arnab Roy http://greatbong.net/2007/06/20/gunda-the-legend/Statutory Warning The article just for fun , Doing Phd on this article is strictly prohabited!!!!!!! :P :P :D :D :D !!!!!!!GUNDAKS: The mid 90s were marked by great intellectual ferment and socio-political change in India. With unbridled economic liberalisation strengthening the unholy cabal of politicians and moneyed ruffians (I refer to this in Gunda as “aaj gundagiri aur netagiri dono eki baap ke do harami aulaad hain) , the nation witnessed fundamental transformations —a fact that was being systematically overlooked by popular escapist entertainment which minted money through vacuous NRI romances, forgetting its solemn duty to be the mirror of its times.In 1997, I sought to make a statement through “Loha” where I tried to weld together the pernicious effects on the fabric of India of the new media (Inspector Kale, the evil policeman whenever he is asked to counter crime says “Main jayoon, Zee TV dekhne?”), caste (“driver ki ladki itni sexy!“), the fondling of a man’s bottom by another man (“mawali log tujhe chikna chikna bolke tere peechwar-e pe haath pherte the“) and existential angst (“Abh main bin petrol ki gari aur bin nashe ke tari hoon, main woh phateli sari hoon jo ek hijra bhi naheen pahenegi” ). However, because of the demands of the producer we had to put in a totally unrelated Govinda- Monisha romance angle that destroyed the celluloid mosaic I had intended “Loha” to be. Taking the lesson that even moderately big budgets require you to sell your artistic soul, I decided to make Gunda (derived from the German “Gund” meaning war and which some etymologists claim has been formed by the insertion of the word “Lund” into the word “Gaand” making it “G+ und”) by myself on a shoe-string budget, determined not to compromise my creativity in any manner.Interviewer: Certain critics consider Gunda to represent the very worst of everything Bollywood has to offer. A done-to-death revenge plot, gratuitous violence especially towards women, shocking language and over-the-top acting. How do you react to that criticism?KS: These critics are unfortunately literalists. And while they applaud the surreal appeal of Fellini’s La Strada, they are unwilling to put away their neorealist sensibilities while evaluating Gunda. My movie, intentionally confined by the grammar of popular cinema so as to make the message accessible to the hoi polloi, is actually an allegory where each villain represents something larger than just himself. More specifically, each villain here is a metaphor for the challengesfacing India in the 90sLet me explainFirst there is Bulla, the main evil man. His motto is “Mera naam hain Bulla, rakhta hoon main khullaaaaaa“. While the literalists interpret this as a declaration that this man does not wear underwear, most right-thinking viewers will immediately realize that Bulla represents the “open” economy—that instrument of the capitalist West to suck out the life blood from the unwashed masses. Yes Bulla’s malignancy represents the depredations wrought by the “khullam-khulla capitalist system” with its removal of protection for farmers and small industries: in short the principal villain of the 90s.Next there is Chutiya, Bulla’s hermaphrodite brother who is kept alive through a steady supply of “London se sex ki goliyan” in the hope that he becomes a “mard” or man. Chutiya represents the confused generation of the 90s, neutered morally at birth and slowly converted into a perverted abomination by the erotic media images from MTV and Channel V (the sex ki goliyan).Then there is Pote—jo aapne baap ki bhi naheen hote. He represents those who revel in wanton violence ; whose raison d’etre for living is in inflicting pain and suffering—-kind of like those who took the lead during the Babri Masjid riots and later in Gujrat. And their life philosophy is articulated by Pote when he declares, with barely controlled glee that: “Hum aise lashein bicha denge jaise kisi nanhen munhen bacche ke nunhi se pesaab tapakta hain…tap tap“. When the sound of dead bodies falling on the ground resonates like the pitter-patter of an innocent baby’s urine striking the cobble stones—you knowthat the country is in trouble.The 90s were marked by greedy industrialists, servants of pure avarice, who made common men kneel down and suck their bananas while they aggrandized themselves. This class is crystallized in the character of Ibu Hatela whose patented introduction is “Mera naam Ibu Hatela, Ma meri chudail ki beti, baap mera shaitan ka chela, khayega kela?” Their natural proclivity to go through the backdoor of the economic system is expressed through Ibu Hatela’s repeated use of lines like “Hum uske pantloon pharenge. Woh bhi peeche se”And of course the law, as represented by Inspector Kale ,(a bit of Quentin-ish self-reference here as the cop in Loha also had the same name) had by the 90s become an extension of the criminal system. This is conveyed, without pulling any punches, in the scene where an honest policeman (the hero’s father) accuses Kale of being hand-in-glove with the criminals through the poetic denouncement: “Lagta haain Bulla ka thukh chata hain tumhe, peshaab piya hain uska“. Licking spit and drinking urine. Verily that was the law then.Finally the Delhi politician “kafan chor neta” (Dilli se billi ka dudh peeke aaya hain) and Bacchu Bagona represent the cancerous Indian political leadership where friendships basedon mutual benefit (teri biwi uske paas aur uske biwi tera paas soti thi) and not ideology are quickly transformed into enmity based on the shifting alliances of the criminals that control the politicians and are in turn provided protection by these lumpen administrative elements (as Chutiya says: “Yeh jo kaala genda hain na iske saath jhagra mat kijiye. Kyon ke kanoon aur humare beech Yeh ek saafed chadar hain. Iske saath jhagra karenge na to kapde dhulenge bharatiyon addon pe”)Having created these personifications of India’s problems, I also created as their dramatic adversary (Main hoon jurm se nafrat karne waala, shareefon ke liye jyoti, goondon ke liye jwaala) the character of Shankar, (played by Prabhuji Mithun Chakraborty) a coolie in a airport . He represents the typical hard-working Indian man forced to balance time between an overweight girl friend, an even fatter sister, anoveracting father, alcoholic friends and a pet monkey who can drive a car. It is Shankar and his family that is crushed underneath the “system” of the 90s—a system that Shankar rises against through the inspirational “Do chaar chaaye aat dus. Bus” reciting of even numbers and concomitant retributory cleansing violence.Thus being a depiction of the eternal conflict between good and evil with each character being an anthropomorphization of historical forces, Gunda transcends all cinematic formulae. Even after this if people want to call Gunda trite, well all I can say, paraphrasing a line from Loha, that their intellects “kisi garbabhati billi ki latakti hui pet ki tarah latak raha hain”Interviewer: Kind of like a Mahabharata of the times.KS: Exactly. And like Mahabharata, Gunda is not just about conflict. I will go so far as to say that the conflict is secondary to the human drama. In the best traditions of a Greek tragedy, noone comes unscathed from the Gunda experience. While ostensibly the story of a man who loses his father, sister and wife to the evils of society, it is also the cautionary tale of an evil man (Bulla) who swept away in a malestorm of revenge and violence (as he once tells Shankar: “Tujhe jalta bhunta dekhkar hum is tarah khush hote hain jis tarah koi shaitani-type ke bacchen aapne guriya ke haathpayer todkar talee marte hainnnnnnn”) is consumed by the flames of his own rage.He first sees his darling sister made “lamba” by arch-rival Lambu Atta following which Bulla laments, in an epic scene, “Munni meri behen munni, munni meri behen munni, to tu mar gyee? Lambu ne tujhe lamba kar diya? Maachis ki tili ko khamba kar diya?“. And then the pain he experiences everyday in seeing his mentally challenged younger brother trying to become a “mard” is gut-wrenching. Bulla feeds him sex pills from London and like a kind elder brother provides him girls to rape (and I should add, Chutiya doesnt even know it’s a crime to forcibly fornicate as he keeps asking Bullah: “Bhaiyya bhaiyya, rape karna kya buree baat hain?“). Till one day Chutiya emerges a man —an occasion he marks by disco-dancing with eunuchs to the tune of “Haye haye mere bhai jawaan ho gya, toota hua teer kaman ho gya“. And yet just when “tere tube main light aaya tha” , Shankar despatches Chutiya to his maker (as Bulla says: “tera fuse uda diya”) by cutting off his organ. (Incidentally that castration scene was tough to picturize—-many crew members got reacquainted with last night’s dinner !). What tragedy!Does Gunda’s scope end here? No sir. The canvass is even larger. Sin and redemption. Shankar risks his life for sworn enemy Bulla’s illegitimate daughter (“Haseena ka paseena”). But forgiveness is not for all. At the opposite end, arch-criminal Lambu Atta, asks in vain for mercy from Bulla once he realizes that he is surrounded by Bulla’s deadly assassins.Bulla. mere ko mat maar. Mere ko aapna bhadwa bana de. Main ladkiyan supply karte rahoonga aur tu maaze lete rahena. Tere ko AIDS se bachane ke liye nirodh ban jayoonga. Towel baanke tere kamad se lapak jayoonga. Mere ko mat maar. Aur agar maarna hi hain to mujhe cheel-chaal ke chakka bana de. Main sari lapet kar tere liye dance karoonga…Gore gore gaal gaal gore gore..And no. Even this offer of slavery cannot save Lambu Atta who gets his “maut ka chata”.Interviewer: One of the persistent criticisms of “Gunda” made by feminists and even by some masculinists is that Gunda is a monument to misogyny and chauvinism. They have taken umbrage to the lines :” Roti hote hain khane ke liye aur boti hote hain chabane ke liye, badhsha ki behen ho, ya fakeer ki beti, har kisi ko aana parta marad ke niche bajane ke liye citi” and “Chatri hotee hain kholne ke liye, chadar hotee hain orne ke liye aur ladki hotee hain cherne ke liye” as being medieval and repugnant. Comments.KS: There it is again: the trap of literalism. In “Gunda” women represent purity and honesty and what I show is the violation of that. Simple. I never want to titillate, I can assure you. In fact where Bulla encounters Shankar’s wife, they talk in perfect rhyme to each other—which attests to the fact that my intention is to be poetic, rather than vulgar.KS: Now here’s my question to you, the interviewer. As a fan yourself, what is your favourite Gunda moment?Interviewer: Tables turned. Haha. Well there is a scene in which super-pimp Lucky Chikna screams at a sex-worker who is doing “liptam chipti chipkam lipti” with a guy instead of servicing her client. When she protests that “Woh buddha kuch karta naheen hain. Sirf bolta hain choos choos meri ungli choos“, Lucky Chikna delivers the line:”Dhande pe baithi hain to buddha kya, jawan kya, kya chotha kya bara, kya baitha kya khara“. There is any austere beauty in this scene I have never been quiet able to fathom.Interviewer: Now back to the questions. What do you think is the legacy of Gunda?KS: Gunda is on IMDB at 8.6. It is uniformly accepted as a masterpiece. It holds the world record for being screened in almost all men’s hostels in India. Often in a loop. There is are orkut communities for it. There is even a fan site. It is now a popular baby-name. There is a city in the republic of Buryatia named after the movie. A Gunda-themed apparel line exists. There is “Gunda pickle” which on consumption makes you scream like Lambu Atta after he sees his chikna bhai Kundan murdered. An Aussie band has named themselves Gunda Guys to honor their love for the classics. The Zulus have named a “cottol reel car” Gunda Gunda.Gunda dialogues have passed into popular lingo. “Tere behen ko kar doonga khullam khullah” is an accepted form of greeting between men in college campuses in India. The idea of Lucky Chikna’s sex garden (“latakta circus”) where people fornicated on hanging khatiyas has been adopted by discerning brothels all over the world. Many children born accidentally due to defective contraceptives are being named “Nirodh Kumar” in many parts of India, in honour of a character of the same name in “Gunda”.Interviewer: Lastly, there are so many questions over which fans have agonized over the years. Why does the hero’s father’s moustache disappear and reappear between scenes? Why does the Mithun-da character, a coolie, have a cellphone in the mid 90s? And also a rocket-launcher? Why does 70% of the movie take place on a tarmac? Is the relationship between Bulla and Lambu Atta homoerotic (as Lambu says: Bulla ke naam leke tune khara kar diya hain mera) ?Why did Chutiya think that the bathroom is the only place Shankar will not look for him? Are the Ambassadors in the movie remote-controlled?Why is the Vidhan Sabha and the High Court the same building?Why…KS: (interrupting). Yes I know. Some true fans have tried to find the solution to these questions through theGunda FAQ. All I can say is that I was greatly influenced byDadaism, a movement of the early 1900s whose principle was the conscious rejection of logic, rationality and conventional aesthetics. Actually the name Bulla is a tribute to Bulldada which means something that is “brilliant specially because it does not know its own stupidity”, with Bulldada itself a term born out of the Dadaist philosophy. In short, with such influences,trying to find total coherence in Gunda is ultimately a self-defeating experience.Interviewer: Any final words to the fans?