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Schengen AreaAt present Free Immigration Agreements such as the Schengen Zone in the European Union are under intense scrutiny.Schengen in particular has the major problem that there are few to no checks between internal members of Schengen States. In theory this wouldn’t be a problem however in practice outer Schengen States have been unable to Secure their Borders and therefore unregistered migrants, then are free to migrate to a Schengen State of their choosing.Politically this has been contentious, and the ever more unpopular EU Commission are using it as a power grab in a move for more centralisation, via a Common EU Asylum policy, in which they attempt to dictate migrant quotas to often unwilling member states. They are also using the immigration crisis as a means to an end, to create a centralised EU defence force. Moreover, many internal Schengen States have two-faced politicians which criticise Schengen frontier nations when they attempt to secure their border and equally criticise them when they don’t.Common Travel AreaThe British Government knew reliance on the EU26 for border security was a risk and although it had Freedom of Movement with the EU, it sensibly did not sign up to the Schengen Zone. The Republic of Ireland mutually wished to maintain its Common Travel Area with the UK, which long existed before their accession into the EEC/EU and checked anyone coming in or out of the Common Travel Area operating with matching standards to the UK which has existed long before their accession into the EU.VisitorsHowever as part of their EU membership, anyone with an EU Passport can travel to the UK Visa Free, tourists are in general not a problem with the British General Public and the UK government have stated that EU nationals will be able to travel to the UK visa free for up to 6 months each year after the UK leaves the EU. The EU has essentially documentation which reciprocates these rights.The British general public did have a problem with “Net Immigration” into the UK especially in the South East of England as supply and demand of services was influenced. The UK Government responded to this problem at the expense of restricting immigration from non-EU countries including the countries the British population have the strongest attachment to “Canada, Australia and New Zealand”. Thus for tourist purposes:Nationals from the USA, Canada, New Zealand, Australia, Japan, Singapore and South Korea will be allowed to use e-gates to enter the UK from next summer onwards. In 2017, 10.2 million people arrived from these countries and crossed the UK border, constituting over half of all arrivals from outside the EEA.The UK's future skills-based immigration systemBrexit: European Commission implements “no-deal” Contingency Action Plan in specific sectorsNew Electronic Travel AuthorisationThe UK has essentially decided to bring in it’s border policy in line with the successful programs in Australia and Canada:Currently, non-visa nationals (excluding EEA nationals) only require a passport to enter the UK as visitors, and they have little or no contact with the Home Office prior to their arrival. As a result, they only find out at the UK border whether they are eligible to enter the UK.The proposed ETA scheme is similar to the approach taken by many of the UK’s international partners, such as the USA and Canada. The USA introduced their Electronic System for Travel Authorisation (ESTA) in January 2009 and the ETA became mandatory in Canada in November 2016. The concept of obtaining pre-travel authorisation therefore is a familiar concept to many carriers and passengers.The UK's future skills-based immigration systemLow Skilled WorkersThe general public in the UK had an issue with the level of unskilled workers immigrating to the UK from the EU... The UK is an English speaking country and is one of the stronger economies in the EU, so received many unskilled workers from the EU. The general public perceived this to be cutting working opportunities for UK youth, where employers would take applicants from the EU who had “more experience” doing the unskilled job over say a UK applicant who just left school. Opportunities were not seen as reciprocal in this area because of the one-way language barrier, meaning far fewer Brits went to the EU to do low skilled work than EU citizens to the UK...The MAC also recommended there should be no dedicated migration route for skills below the NQF3 level (low skilled and unskilled), other than through the Youth Mobility scheme and possibly through a seasonal agricultural workers scheme. The Government accepts the thrust of the MAC’s analysis and recommendations, though there will, on a transitional basis, be a short-term workers route.A Youth Mobility Scheme for migrants aged between 18 and 30, from countries with which a YMS is agreed, allowing people concerned to enter and then look to enjoy the social and cultural aspects of living in the UK for up to 24 months, but they may also choose to work.Existing temporary routes open to non-EEA nationals, which may also be extended to EEA nationals – Government Authorised Exchange, Charity Workers, Religious Workers, Creative and Sporting Workers, International Agreement.The UK's future skills-based immigration systemThere was also concerns from the British public of language ghettoisation, where a large number of low skilled workers from a single EU country would settle in an area and use their own language exclusively which the locals of course couldn’t understand and thus felt left out which lead to a slow resentment in some areas. It may be pot calling the kettle black because Brits abroad are precisely like that, however there is usually tensions the other way around, as a large number of people understand English and hence don’t get sceptical about it. So in effect the UK economy will still need and encourage the youth from the EU to do these jobs but, it won’t give them permanent leave to do them indefinitely.Skilled ImmigrationThis means there will be more of an emphasis on encouraging higher skilled workers into the UK. This may be important when it comes to net taxes paid into the economy, taking into account all the services used such as schools and services however those in higher skilled jobs are in general less likely to segregate due to language:The new skilled route will include workers with intermediate level skills, at RQF 3-5 level (A level or equivalent) as well as graduate and post-graduate, as the MAC recommended. The MAC recommended retaining the minimum salary threshold at £30,000 and we will engage businesses and employers as to what salary threshold should be set. We have asked the MAC to review the Shortage Occupation List (SOL), including for occupations at RQF levels 3-5. They will report in spring 2019. Scotland already has a separate SOL and we will also invite the MAC to compile a such a list for Northern Ireland and consider whether the composition of the SOL needs to be different for Wales.At present, we have a dual system of admitting only highly skilled workers from outside the EU, and workers of all skill levels from the EU. We will replace this with a single route which gives access to highly skilled and skilled workers from all countries. Those coming to the UK on this route will need an employer to sponsor them. We propose to allow individuals who meet the requirements to bring dependants, extend their stay and switch to other routes, and in some cases, settle permanently.The current system for non-EU work migration imposes controls through minimum skills and salary levels, a cap on numbers and the need to test the availability of local workers before recruiting abroad. The proposed new route will include a number of significant reforms aimed at ensuring that our immigration system supports a flexible labour market, and that overall the burden on businesses is no greater under a single system which includes EU migrants.As recommended by the MAC, we will not impose a cap on the numbers of skilled workers, to ensure the brightest and best who wish to come to the UK may do so, and employers have access to the skills that add most value to the UK economy.Employers should not be using migrant labour to put downward pressure on wages where there is a ready supply of labour. However, the MAC found that the resident labour market test does not offer such a protection, instead serving in practice as a delay in the process, while protection is provided by payment of the Immigration Skills Charge (ISC) by employers. In line with their recommendation we will therefore no longer require employers of skilled migrants to carry out a resident labour market test as a condition of sponsoring a worker.The UK's future skills-based immigration systemThere was also concern in the UK, that native Brits were being undercut by competing high skilled labour from the EU again often with more experience in the job. This meant native Brits just leaving school etc were disadvantaged as employers would take from the much larger EU workforce and thus fail to train up our youth. To address this issue, the employer will have to pay a fee to employ a skilled migrant over a native. However there will be no limit for skilled immigration and it will occur with EU citizens being treated equally between EU and non-EU countries. This again aligns the UK much more with Australia and Canada.StudentsEEA students coming to study, other than for very short periods, will have to demonstrate the same eligibility requirements as current non-EEA students do, and be subject to the same rights whilst studying and to poststudy work;Both non-EEA and EEA students studying at postgraduate level, or studying at undergraduate level at an institution with degree awarding powers, will be given a post-study leave period of up to six months in which to gain work experience or look a skilled job in the UK, while those who obtain a PhD will have a 12-month period;Short-term EEA and non-visa national students can come to the UK for up to six months within the visitor or short-term study system126 or on shortterm study visas for English language courses lasting more than six and less than 12 months; andContinued participation in the ERASMUS programme and its successors, if agreed as part of the mobility framework with the EU.The UK's future skills-based immigration systemThe UK still wants students to come from the EU and wants to provide EU citizens reciprocal opportunities with British citizens to do student exchanges. It will provide does with a UK degree training opportunities so they may find work experience, in the hope they meet the requirements to become a highly skilled worker. At current I think most UK Universities intend to keep the Tuition Fees the same for EU nationals, however they may have to pay for the visa. At current we don’t have details on the visa costs. This is speculation at present but it is also possible, that those from the USA, Canada, New Zealand, Australia, Japan, Singapore and South Korea which the UK government states it will allow through their e-gates may work much closer together and these students may end up with equal study opportunities in the UK as EU citizens.Republic of IrelandThe Republic of Ireland will still be an EU member state and EU low skilled or high skilled workers will not require a visa to work there.How will Such a System Work?Likely there will be some system in place, linked to NI numbers, UK bank accounts and a government policy when it comes to buying/renting property.Other Opportunities - The CANZUK TreatyThis brings the UK’s border in line with the Commonwealth Realms Australia, New Zealand and Canada. Politically three of the most popular petitions in the UK indicate this is the preferred Brexit stance:The Canadian Conservative government have added a CANZUK treaty to their manifesto and the population of the 4 CANZUK countries are polled to support this in all regions. There are no language ghettoisation issues of low skilled workers, except in Quebec which already has strict language laws to prevent it being drowned out by the rest of English Speaking Canada and there is no net immigration into the UK. More details here:Philip Yip's answer to What are some arguments for and against free movement of labour between the UK, Canada, Australia and New Zealand?

The Australian Government requires that you have an Australian visa to enter Australia unless you are an Australian passport holder or qualifying New Zealand passport holder.For example, if you are travelling to Australia on holiday you will need a tourist visa. You can apply online for an instant ETA Tourist Visa for tourism trips for up to three months. If you are travelling to Australia on business, you can obtain an ETA Business Visa.Learn about the Australian visa, customs and quarantine regulations. This includes types of visa applications, what to declare and what is prohibited in Australia.There are a variety of visas available to travellers to Australia. The type of visa you should apply for depends on the length of your stay, your passport and the purpose of your visit.eVisitor (subclass 651)This is a free visa for multiple visits to Australia for tourism or business purposes for up to three months at a time within a 12-month period. This visa is available to passport holders from a number of European countries and it cannot be extended.Electronic Travel Authority visa (subclass 601)This visa allows you to visit Australia as many times as you want, for up to a year, and stay for three months each visit. This visa is available to passport holders from a number of countries and regions, who live outside Australia. There is no visa application charge for an ETA, however, a $20 service charge applies for online applications only.Visitor visa (subclass 600)The Visitor visa is designed for people who are not eligible for the eVisitor or Electronic Travel Authority visa. This visa allows you to visit Australia, either for tourism or business purposes, for up to three, six or 12 months. Applicants will have to pay a fee to submit their application.For more information visit the Department of Home Affairs website.Can I extend my stay on a tourist visa?If you are already in Australia and hold a valid Electronic Travel Authority visa (subclass 601) you can extend your stay by applying for another visa, such as a Visitor visa (subclass 600). An eVisitor (subclass 651) cannot be extended.See the Department of Home Affairs website for details.What visa do I need to work legally in Australia?The Working Holiday Maker program encourages cultural exchange and closer ties between some countries by allowing young adults (18 to 30 years old) to have an extended holiday supplemented by short-term employment.There are two types of Working Holiday visas:Working Holiday visa (subclass 417)For applicants with a passport from Belgium, Canada, Republic of Cyprus, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Hong Kong, Republic of Ireland, Italy, Japan, Republic of Korea, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Sweden, Taiwan and the United Kingdom.Work and Holiday visa (subclass 462)For applicants with a passport from Argentina, Austria, Chile, People’s Republic of China, Czech Republic, Hungary, Indonesia, Israel, Luxembourg, Malaysia, Peru, Poland, Portugal, San Marino, Singapore, Slovak Republic, Slovenia, Spain, Thailand, Turkey, USA, Uruguay and Vietnam.Do I need a student visa to study in Australia?If you intend to study in Australia, you will need to apply for a Student visa (subclass 500). If you are the parent, guardian or relative of a student, you can apply for a Student Guardian Visa (subclass 590). If you would like to travel to Australia for a visit and short-term study, you may be eligible for a visitor visa.A Training Visa (subclass 407) allows you to take part in workplace-based training to enhance your skills in your current occupation, area of tertiary study, the field of expertise. A Temporary Activity Visa (subclass 408) permits temporary entry into Australia for certain programs and projects.Visit the Department of Home Affairs website to apply for the correct visa to meet your individual circumstances.Studying in Australia is a great way to experience the unique Aussie lifestyle while gaining great new skills.Australia has world-class universities, practical vocational colleges and outstanding English language schools to support international students. If you are looking to stay in Australia for an extended period of time, an Australian Student Visa is your best option.You can apply for a Student Visa by studying:English Courses (General English, IELTS preparation, Cambridge, etc.)Vocational Courses (Business, Marketing, Tourism, Sport & Fitness, Hospitalities, etc.)University Courses (Bachelor’s Degree. Master and PhD)

Yes, it is mandatory for any Indian citizen to have a Sri Lanka visa in order to visit the country. This type of visa has an ETA (Electronic Travel Authorization) applied for a short stay.Here are the types of visas that one can get to go to Sri Lanka:Tourist visaThis visa, like its name suggests, is meant for people looking to travel and explore the country. The validity of this visa is for 6 months, with the applicant allowed to stay for a period of 30 days in one visit. People having this visa are allowed 2 entries during the validity of this visa, both for 30 days each.Business visaThis type of visa is meant for people who need to visit the country for business purposes. Like a tourist visa, this visa too is valid for a period of 6 months where the applicant is permitted to enter the country for a period of 30 days. Applicants with a business visa can enter the country multiple times as long as their visa is valid.Transit visaPeople that only have to enter the country during a transit require a transit visa. Since this is a just a stop, this visa permits the individual for a single entry, and is valid only for 2 days.Hope my answer has been useful to this question!