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A network organizing technique that has come to recent prominence is the Software-Defined Network (SDN) [1]. In essence, an SDN separates the data and control functions of networking devices, such as routers, packet switches, and LAN switches, with a well-defined Application Programming Interface (API) between the two. In contrast, in most large enterprise networks, routers and other network devices encompass both data and control functions, making it difficult to adjust the network infrastructure and operation to large-scale addition of end systems, virtual machines, and virtual networks. In this article we examine the characteristics of an SDN, and then describe the OpenFlow specification, which is becoming the standard way of implementing an SDN.Evolving Network RequirementsBefore looking in more detail at SDNs, let us examine the evolving network requirements that lead to a demand for a flexible, response approach to controlling traffic flows within a network or the Internet.One key leading factor is the increasingly widespread use of Server Virtualization. In essence, server virtualization masks server resources, including the number and identity of individual physical servers, processors, and operating systems, from server users. This masking makes it possible to partition a single machine into multiple, independent servers, conserving hardware resources. It also makes it possible to migrate a server quickly from one machine to another for load balancing or for dynamic switchover in the case of machine failure. Server virtualization has become a central element in dealing with "big data" applications and in implementing cloud computing infrastructures. But it creates problems with traditional network architectures (for example, refer to [2]). One problem is configuring Virtual LANs (VLANs). Network managers need to make sure the VLAN used by the Virtual Machine is assigned to the same switch port as the physical server running the virtual machine. But with the virtual machine being movable, it is necessary to reconfigure the VLAN every time that a virtual server is moved. In general terms, to match the flexibility of server virtualization, the network manager needs to be able to dynamically add, drop, and change network resources and profiles. This process is difficult to do with conventional network switches, in which the control logic for each switch is co-located with the switching logic.Another effect of server virtualization is that traffic flows differ substantially from the traditional client-server model. Typically, there is a considerable amount of traffic among virtual servers, for such purposes as maintaining consistent images of the database and invoking security functions such as access control. These server-to-server flows change in location and intensity over time, demanding a flexible approach to managing network resources.Another factor leading to the need for rapid response in allocating network resources is the increasing use by employees of mobile devices such as smartphones, tablets, and notebooks to access enterprise resources. Network managers must be able to respond to rapidly changing resource,Quality of Service (QoS), and security requirements.Existing network infrastructures can respond to changing requirements for the management of traffic flows, providing differentiated QoS levels and security levels for individual flows, but the process can be very time-consuming if the enterprise network is large and/or involves network devices from multiple vendors. The network manager must configure each vendor's equipment separately, and adjust performance and security parameters on a per-session, per-application basis. In a large enterprise, every time a new virtual machine is brought up, it can take hours or even days for network managers to do the necessary reconfiguration [3].This state of affairs has been compared to the mainframe era of computing [4]. In the era of the mainframe, applications, the operating system, and the hardware were vertically integrated and provided by a single vendor. All of these ingredients were proprietary and closed, leading to slow innovation. Today, most computer platforms use the x86 instruction set, and a variety of operating systems (Windows, Linux, or Mac OS) run on top of the hardware. The OS provides APIs that enable outside providers to develop applications, leading to rapid innovation and deployment. In a similar fashion, commercial networking devices have proprietary features and specialized control planes and hardware, all vertically integrated on the switch. As will be seen, the SDN architecture and the OpenFlow standard provide an open architecture in which control functions are separated from the network device and placed in accessible control servers. This setup enables the underlying infrastructure to be abstracted for applications and network services, enabling the network to be treated as a logical entity.SDN ArchitectureFigure 1 illustrates the logical structure of an SDN. A central controller performs all complex functions, including routing, naming, policy declaration, and security checks. This plane constitutes the SDN Control Plane, and consists of one or more SDN servers.Figure 1: SDN Logical StructureThe SDN Controller defines the data flows that occur in the SDN Data Plane. Each flow through the network must first get permission from the controller, which verifies that the communication is permissible by the network policy. If the controller allows a flow, it computes a route for the flow to take, and adds an entry for that flow in each of the switches along the path. With all complex functions subsumed by the controller, switches simply manage flow tables whose entries can be populated only by the controller. Communication between the controller and the switches uses a standardized protocol and API. Most commonly this interface is the OpenFlow specification, discussed subsequently.The SDN architecture is remarkably flexible; it can operate with different types of switches and at different protocol layers. SDN controllers and switches can be implemented for Ethernet switches (Layer 2), Internet routers (Layer 3), transport (Layer 4) switching, or application layer switching and routing. SDN relies on the common functions found on networking devices, which essentially involve forwarding packets based on some form of flow definition.In an SDN architecture, a switch performs the following functions:The switch encapsulates and forwards the first packet of a flow to an SDN controller, enabling the controller to decide whether the flow should be added to the switch flow table.The switch forwards incoming packets out the appropriate port based on the flow table. The flow table may include priority information dictated by the controller.The switch can drop packets on a particular flow, temporarily or permanently, as dictated by the controller. Packet dropping can be used for security purposes, curbing Denial-of-Service (DoS) attacks or traffic management requirements.In simple terms, the SDN controller manages the forwarding state of the switches in the SDN. This management is done through a vendor-neutral API that allows the controller to address a wide variety of operator requirements without changing any of the lower-level aspects of the network, including topology.With the decoupling of the control and data planes, SDN enables applications to deal with a single abstracted network device without concern for the details of how the device operates. Network applications see a single API to the controller. Thus it is possible to quickly create and deploy new applications to orchestrate network traffic flow to meet specific enterprise requirements for performance or security.SDN DomainsIn a large enterprise network, the deployment of a single controller to manage all network devices would prove unwieldy or undesirable. A more likely scenario is that the operator of a large enterprise or carrier network divides the whole network into numerous nonoverlapping SDN domains as shown in Figure 2.Figure 2: SDN Domain StructureReasons for using SDN domains include the following:Scalability: The number of devices an SDN controller can feasibly manage is limited. Thus, a reasonably large network may need to deploy multiple SDN controllers.Privacy: A carrier may choose to implement different privacy policies in different SDN domains. For example, an SDN domain may be dedicated to a set of customers who implement their own highly customized privacy policies, requiring that some networking information in this domain (for example, network topology) not be disclosed to an external entity.Incremental deployment: A carrier's network may consist of portions of traditional and newer infrastructure. Dividing the network into multiple, individually manageable SDN domains allows for flexible incremental deployment.The existence of multiple domains creates a requirement for individual controllers to communicate with each other via a standardized protocol to exchange routing information. The IETF is currently working on developing a protocol, called SDNi, for "interfacing SDN Domain Controllers" [5]. SDNi functions include:Coordinate flow setup originated by applications containing information such as path requirement, QoS, and service-level agreements across multiple SDN domains.Exchange reachability information to facilitate inter-SDN routing. This information exchange will allow a single flow to traverse multiple SDNs and have each controller select the most appropriate path when multiple such paths are available.The message types for SDNi tentatively include the following:Reachability updateFlow setup/tear-down/update request (including application capability requirements such as QoS, data rate, latency etc.)Capability update (including network-related capabilities such as data rate and QoS, and system and software capabilities available inside the domain)OpenFlowTo turn the concept of SND into practical implementation, two requirements must be met. First, there must be a common logical architecture in all switches, routers, and other network devices to be managed by an SDN controller. This logical architecture may be implemented in different ways on different vendor equipment and in different types of network devices, so long as the SDN controller sees a uniform logical switch function. Second, a standard, secure protocol is needed between the SDN controller and the network device.Both of these requirements are addressed by OpenFlow, which is both a protocol between SDN controllers and network devices, as well as a specification of the logical structure of the network switch functions [6, 7]. OpenFlow is defined in the OpenFlow Switch Specification, published by the Open Networking Foundation (ONF). ONF is a consortium of software providers, content delivery networks, and networking equipment vendors whose purpose is to promote software-defined networking.This discussion is based on the current OpenFlow specification, Version 1.3.0, June 25, 2012 [8]. The original specification, 1.0, was developed at Stanford University and was widely implemented. OpenFlow 1.2 was the first release from ONF after inheriting the project from Stanford. OpenFlow 1.3 significantly expands the functions of the specification. Version 1.3 is likely to become the stable base upon which future commercial implementations for OpenFlow will be built. ONF intends for this version to be a stable target for chip and software vendors, so little if any change is planned for the foreseeable future [9].Logical Switch ArchitectureFigure 3 illustrates the basic structure of the OpenFlow environment. An SDN controller communicates with OpenFlow-compatible switches using the OpenFlow protocol running over the Secure Sockets Layer (SSL). Each switch connects to other OpenFlow switches and, possibly, to end-user devices that are the sources and destinations of packet flows. Within each switch, a series of tables—typically implemented in hardware or firmware—are used to manage the flows of packets through the switch.Figure 3: OpenFlow SwitchThe OpenFlow specification defines three types of tables in the logical switch architecture. A Flow Table matches incoming packets to a particular flow and specifies the functions that are to be performed on the packets. There may be multiple flow tables that operate in a pipeline fashion, as explained subsequently. A flow table may direct a flow to a Group Table, which may trigger a variety of actions that affect one or more flows. AMeter Table can trigger a variety of performance-related actions on a flow.Before proceeding, it is helpful to define what the term flow means. Curiously, this term is not defined in the OpenFlow specification, nor is there an attempt to define it in virtually all of the literature on OpenFlow. In general terms, a flow is a sequence of packets traversing a network that share a set of header field values. For example, a flow could consist of all packets with the same source and destination IP addresses, or all packets with the same VLAN identifier. We provide a more specific definition subsequently.Flow-Table ComponentsThe basic building block of the logical switch architecture is the flow table. Each packet that enters a switch passes through one or more flow tables. Each flow table contains entries consisting of six components:Match Fields: Used to select packets that match the values in the fields.Priority: Relative priority of table entries.Counters: Updated for matching packets. The OpenFlow specification defines a variety of timers. Examples include the number of received bytes and packets per port, per flow table, and per flow-table entry; number of dropped packets; and duration of a flow.Instructions: Actions to be taken if a match occurs.Timeouts: Maximum amount of idle time before a flow is expired by the switch.Cookie: Opaque data value chosen by the controller. May be used by the controller to filter flow statistics, flow modification, and flow deletion; not used when processing packets.A flow table may include a table-miss flow entry, which renders all Match Fields wildcards (every field is a match regardless of value) and has the lowest priority (priority 0). The Match Fields component of a table entry consists of the following required fields:Ingress Port: The identifier of the port on the switch where the packet arrived. It may be a physical port or a switch-defined virtual port.Ethernet Source and Destination Addresses: Each entry can be an exact address, a bitmasked value for which only some of the address bits are checked, or a wildcard value (match any value).IPv4 or IPv6 Protocol Number: A protocol number value, indicating the next header in the packet.IPv4 or IPv6 Source Address and Destination Address: Each entry can be an exact address, a bitmasked value, a subnet mask value, or a wildcard value.TCP Source and Destination Ports: Exact match or wildcard value.User Datagram Protocol (UDP) Source and Destination Ports: Exact match or wildcard value.The preceding match fields must be supported by any OpenFlow-compliant switch. The following fields may be optionally supported:Physical Port: Used to designate underlying physical port when packet is received on a logical port.Metadata: Additional information that can be passed from one table to another during the processing of a packet. Its use is discussed subsequently.Ethernet Type: Ethernet Type field.VLAN ID and VLAN User Priority: Fields in the IEEE 802.1Q Virtual LAN header.IPv4 or IPv6 DS and ECN: Differentiated Services and Explicit Congestion Notification fields.Stream Control Transmission Protocol (SCTP) Source and Destination Ports: Exact match or wildcard value.Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) Type and Code Fields: Exact match or wildcard value.Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) Opcode: Exact match in Ether-net Type field.Source and Target IPv4 Addresses in Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) Payload: Can be an exact address, a bitmasked value, a subnet mask value, or a wildcard value.IPv6 Flow Label: Exact match or wildcard.ICMPv6 Type and Code fields: Exact match or wildcard value.IPv6 Neighbor Discovery Target Address: In an IPv6 Neighbor Discovery message.IPv6 Neighbor Discovery Source and Target Addresses: Link-layer address options in an IPv6 Neighbor Discovery message.Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS) Label Value, Traffic Class, and Bottom of Stack (BoS): Fields in the top label of an MPLS label stack.Thus, OpenFlow can be used with network traffic involving a variety of protocols and network services. Note that at the MAC/link layer, only Ethernet is supported. Thus, OpenFlow as currently defined cannot control Layer 2 traffic over wireless networks.We can now offer a more precise definition of the term flow. From the point of view of an individual switch, a flow is a sequence of packets that matches a specific entry in a flow table. The definition is packet-oriented, in the sense that it is a function of the values of header fields of the packets that constitute the flow, and not a function of the path they follow through the network. A combination of flow entries on multiple switches defines a flow that is bound to a specific path.The instructions component of a table entry consists of a set of instructions that are executed if the packet matches the entry. Before describing the types of instructions, we need to define the terms "Action" and "Action Set." Actions describe packet forwarding, packet modification, and group table processing operations. The OpenFlow specification includes the following actions:Output: Forward packet to specified port.Set-Queue: Sets the queue ID for a packet. When the packet is forwarded to a port using the output action, the queue id determines which queue attached to this port is used for scheduling and forwarding the packet. Forwarding behavior is dictated by the configuration of the queue and is used to provide basic QoS support.Group: Process packet through specified group.Push-Tag/Pop-Tag: Push or pop a tag field for a VLAN or MPLS packet.Set-Field: The various Set-Field actions are identified by their field type; they modify the values of respective header fields in the packet.Change-TTL: The various Change-TTL actions modify the values of the IPv4 Time To Live (TTL), IPv6 Hop Limit, or MPLS TTL in the packet.An Action Set is a list of actions associated with a packet that are accumulated while the packet is processed by each table and executed when the packet exits the processing pipeline. Instructions are of four types:Direct packet through pipeline: The Goto-Table instruction directs the packet to a table farther along in the pipeline. The Meter instruction directs the packet to a specified meter.Perform action on packet: Actions may be performed on the packet when it is matched to a table entry.Update action set: Merge specified actions into the current action set for this packet on this flow, or clear all the actions in the action set.Update metadata: A metadata value can be associated with a packet. It is used to carry information from one table to the next.Flow-Table PipelineA switch includes one or more flow tables. If there is more than one flow table, they are organized as a pipeline as shown in Figure 4, with the tables labeled with increasing numbers starting with 0.Figure 4: Packet Flow Through OpenFlow-Compliant SwitchWhen a packet is presented to a table for matching, the input consists of the packet, the identity of the ingress port, the associated metadata value, and the associated action set. For Table 0, the metadata value is blank and the action set is null. Processing proceeds as follows:Find the highest-priority matching flow entry. If there is no match on any entry and there is no table-miss entry, then the packet is dropped. If there is a match only on a table-miss entry, then that entry specifies one of three actions:Send packet to controller. This action will enable the controller to define a new flow for this and similar packets, or decide to drop the packet.Direct packet to another flow table farther down the pipeline.Drop the packet.If there is a match on one or more entries other than the table-miss entry, then the match is defined to be with the highest-priority matching entry. The following actions may then be performed:Update any counters associated with this entry.Execute any instructions associated with this entry. These instructions may include updating the action set, updating the metadata value, and performing actions.The packet is then forwarded to a flow table further down the pipeline, to the group table, or to the meter table, or it could be directed to an output port.For the final table in the pipeline, forwarding to another flow table is not an option.If and when a packet is finally directed to an output port, the accumulated action set is executed and then the packet is queued for output.OpenFlow ProtocolThe OpenFlow protocol describes message exchanges that take place between an OpenFlow controller and an OpenFlow switch. Typically, the protocol is implemented on top of SSL or Transport Layer Security (TLS), providing a secure OpenFlow channel.The OpenFlow protocol enables the controller to perform add, update, and delete actions to the flow entries in the flow tables. It supports three types of messages, as shown in Table 1.Controller-to-Switch: These messages are initiated by the controller and, in some cases, require a response from the switch. This class of messages enables the controller to manage the logical state of the switch, including its configuration and details of flow- and group-table entries. Also included in this class is the Packet-out message. This message is used when a switch sends a packet to the controller and the controller decides not to drop the packet but to direct it to a switch output port.Asynchronous: These types of messages are sent without solicitation from the controller. This class includes various status messages to the controller. Also included is the Packet-in message, which may be used by the switch to send a packet to the controller when there is no flow-table match.Symmetric: These messages are sent without solicitation from either the controller or the switch. They are simple yet helpful. Hello messages are typically sent back and forth between the controller and switch when the connection is first established. Echo request and reply messages can be used by either the switch or controller to measure the latency or bandwidth of a controller-switch connection or just verify that the device is operating. The Experimenter message is used to stage features to be built into future versions of OpenFlow.Table 1: OpenFlow MessagesMessageDescriptionController-to-SwitchFeaturesRequest the capabilities of a switch. Switch responds with a features reply that specifies its capabilities.ConfigurationSet and query configuration parameters. Switch responds with parameter settings.Modify-StateAdd, delete, and modify flow/group entries and set switch port properties.Read-StateCollect information from switch, such as current configuration, statistics, and capabilities.Packet-outDirect packet to a specified port on the switch.BarrierBarrier request/reply messages are used by the controller to ensure message dependencies have been met or to receive notifications for completed operations.Role-RequestSet or query role of the OpenFlow channel. Useful when switch connects to multiple controllers.Asynchronous-ConfigurationSet filter on asynchronous messages or query that filter. Useful when switch connects to multiple controllers.AsynchronousPacket-inTransfer packet to controller.Flow-RemovedInform the controller about the removal of a flow entry from a flow table.Port-StatusInform the controller of a change on a port.ErrorNotify controller of error or problem condition.SymmetricHelloExchanged between the switch and controller upon connection startup.EchoEcho request/reply messages can be sent from either the switch or the controller, and they must return an echo reply.ExperimenterFor additional functions.The OpenFlow protocol enables the controller to manage the logical structure of a switch, without regard to the details of how the switch implements the OpenFlow logical architecture.SummarySDNs, implemented using OpenFlow, provide a powerful, vendor-independent approach to managing complex networks with dynamic demands. The software-defined network can continue to use many of the useful network technologies already in place, such as virtual LANs and an MPLS infrastructure. SDNs and OpenFlow are likely to become commonplace in large carrier networks, cloud infrastructures, and other networks that support the use of big data.

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With our pagerank checker tool you can check value of your website Pagerank and check if it has valid or fake pagerank, besides check pagerank of your website or blog it also check domain backlinks on Google and Open Site Explorer, Alexa Rank, DMOZ, moz Domain Authority (DA), moz Page Authority (PA), Domain age and website history. Free PR Checker tool for users who want to check Page Rank in bulk and without any captcha code. Very easy to use bulk page rank checker tool offers free, fast and accurate checking of Google Page Rank. This tool supports upto 100 domains/urls at once.To use the Google PR Checker, type the domain name or URL that you want to check, and then press Enter on your keyboard or click the Get Page Ranks button. The page refreshes, and then displays the domain’s current Google PageRank and whether it is valid or fake. It also displays domain information, including the domain age, registrar, registration and expiration dates.http://www.seoworkdesk.comAbout My IP AddressWhat is my IP address? free seo tools finds your IP address and gives information on IP addresses and numbers, DNS, and related technology. Find out your public and private IP Address. Tools to analyze, optimize and secure your internet connection.What Is IP Address?IP address (short for Internet Protocol Address), or as sometimes called IP number, is a code consisting of numbers and dots identifying a particular device (computer, Web server, printer, smartphone, tablet, and the like), attached to an IP (TCP/IP) network. In other words, it is the address that enables the attached devices to be accessed by or to access the other devices also attached to the same IP network. Simply put, it is like your phone number that people dial to reach you, or you dial to reach other people. Current IPv4 address consists of four sets of numbers, each ranging from 0 to 255, and separated by commas. The IP address is typically represented as 88.246.193.50. Since these numbers are usually assigned to internet service providers within region-based blocks, an IP address can often be used to identify the region or country from which a computer is connecting to the Internet. An IP address can sometimes be used to show the user's general location.About Keyword Density CheckerKeyword Density is the percentage of occurrence of your keywords to the text in the rest of your webpage. It is important for your main keywords to have the correct keyword density to rank well in Search Engines. SEO tool to help webmasters analyze the keyword density from their web pages and include a tag cloud for easy display of the most important keywords from your site. Keyword density is the measurement in percentage from the number of times a keyword or phrase appears compared to the total number of words in a web page.Keyword Density tool to help webmasters analyse the keyword density from their webpages and include a tag cloud for easy display of the most important keywords from your site. Keyword density is the measurement in percentage from the number of times a keyword or phrase appears compared to the total number of words in a webpage.About Google Malware CheckerGoogle Malware Check tool is one such tool that will help you in determining if Google has listed your domain name as suspicious or not. This tool helps in offering a security advisory so that the websites visitors can be protected from harmful or malicious web pages. The web masters are advised to run a check on their website to make sure that they are not infected with such malwares. There are many websites which host malwares but camouflage themselves as nice and authentic sites in order to trap the visitors. Google Safe Browsing tool is a tool developed by Google which helps you to test a website which you think may not be authentic, before you visit the website and get infected with malware.This online tool helps you to find whether Google has listed the website domain as suspisious or not. The Google malware scanner provides the security advisory to protect website visitors from harmful websites. Webmasters should check whether their website is infected or not.http://www.seoworkdesk.comAbout Domain Age CheckerUse this tool to find the age of a domain.The age of a website is one of the major factors used to rank a website. Age can also increse the amount of money that can be made from advertising on the site, or sale of the website. To find the age of your domain name, enter a domain name like [Home page - Seoworkdesk] and then click the submit button.Domain Age Checker ToolDomain age checker tool helps to find the exact age of the domain/ website from the time of its registration to till date activeness. Search engines consider the age of domain as one of the important factors for ranking the website. So it is indeed necessary to keep track of the total active age of your website being hosted on the internet. You can also check your competitors’ domain and also the URLs you might want to purchase. Older domains get comprehensively boosted their rankings on search engines. We provide easy accessibility to use this tool, just copy and paste the below illustrated code in your site and also you can enter the domain that needs to be checked. The result of the exact time frame of the age for your entered domain will be generated instantly. The results produced by our domain age checker are accurate and reliable.http://www.seoworkdesk.comAbout Whois CheckerWhois Checker provides real-time detailed Whois information, you can check any domain Whois information through this tool. Please enter the domain name you want to check in the box below. Then click on the "Get Whois Data" button to submit, the domain name Whois Information will be displayed. WHOIS is a protocol that lets you search the global domain registration database to get information about the owner of a domain name or IP address, and the contacts associated with them. By looking up a URL here, you can effectively find out where a domain lives including what server it’s on, where it’s registered, and sometimes, when it will expire or will become available.Home page - SeoworkdeskAbout Domain into IPThe process of finding the IP address is achieved by searching the DNS (Domain Name Servers) until a match on the domain name is found. This process is also known as DNS lookup, NSLOOKUP or (erroneously) IP lookupThe process of finding the host name (or domain name) from an IP address involves sending a message to the IP address and requesting the computer located at that IP address to return its name. Usually this will be the same as the domain name. However, many computers host many domains so the host name may be one of the domain names hosted or it could be something totally different.There are some special IP addresses. 127.0.0.1 is always the IP address of every computer. No matter which computer you use, it will always have an IP address of 127.0.0.1 and a name of 'localhost'. In addition, a computer can have more than one IP address. In order to connect to other computers it will have an IP address that is known to other computers.Host Name or Domain NameThere is often confusion about what is a host name and what is a domain name.A domain name is the name that is purchased from a registrar. It will be something like http://seoworkdesk.com or www.thetimes360.com. Note that there is no www at the beginning of a domain name. A domain name can be subdivided into sub-domains - for example SEO Analyzer Tools - 100% Free SEO Tools. Once you own a domain, there is no reasonable limit to the number (or names) of the sub-domains you can create. A sub-domain can be allocated to a host machine - for example a PC. In fact many sub-domains can be allocated to the same host machine. The way sub-domains are allocated to a host machine is to create a record in the DNS (Domain Name Servers) that records the sub-domain name and the IP address of the host machine. Any requests for a sub-domain (http://www.analyzer.seoworkdesk.co) are converted to an IP address by DNS and the IP address is used to route the request through the network until it reaches the host machine.In the early years of the Internet, each sub-domain would have a unique IP address so it was common for a host machine to have only one sub domain name. Nowadays, the common practice is to have many sub-domains with the same IP address. It is also common for the domain name to be converted to the IP address of the host machine that runs the www sub domain.A host name is the unique name of a machine. When the host operating system is set up it is given a name. This name may reflect the prime use of the machine. For example, a host machine that converts host names to IP addresses using DNS may be called Apache2 Debian Default Page: It works and a host machine that is a web server may be called http://www.seoworkdesk.co. When we need to find the host name from an IP address we send a request to the host using its IP address. The host will respond with its host name.IP address to CountryIP addresses are allocated by regional organisations. Therefore it is relatively easy to work out the country in which an IP is likely to reside. When an IP is allocated to a company they are expected to be used in the country the organisation resides. But, there is nothing to stop a company allocating an IP to a machine in another country. For example. A company is allocated a range of IP addresses X.Y.Z.0 to X.Y.Z.255 for use in Bangladesh. This company has a private network with a branch office in New York. So, it uses most of the IP address in Bangladesh but uses some of them in the States. So, we cannot guarantee that the country is 100% correct when converting an IP address, but we would expect it to be correct at least 90% of the time.About Dmoz Listing CheckerDMOZ Listing Checker is an SEO analysis tool that checks the DMOZ listing of any website. This tool plays a major role in the SEO analysis of a website as it quickly finds out whether the particular site entered is listed in the DMOZ directory.Bulk Dmoz Directory Listing Checker, also called Open Directory Project allows you to check whether domains are listed in Bulk Dmoz/ Open Directory or not. In case it has not been listed, then outcome returns No, otherwise Yes. This tool can accept a host of domains at a time in a single textbox.Dmoz Directory Listing CheckerDmoz is the largest human built directory created by AOL. It is also known as Open Directory Project (ODP). Websites listed in Dmoz are more trusted by search engines and ranked higher in SREP. Anyone can submit their website in Dmoz for free, but it takes time to get listed in Dmoz. This tool checks whether a website is listed in any Dmoz category or not. This tool also shows list of categories in which a website is listed.http://www.seoworkdesk.comAbout URL Rewriting ToolThe URL Rewriting Tool from Smart SEO Tools helps you to rewrite the dynamic URL. It is quite flexible and user friendly. The dynamic url rewriter tool uses Apache's mod rewrite module to convert long complex dynamic URLs into search engine friendly static HTML urls.Why It Is Nice to Have Clean URL's?There could be two very strong reasons for you to rewrite your URLs. One of them is related to Search Engine Optimization. It seems that search engines are much more at ease with URLs that don't contain long query strings. URL rewite rules are used to convert dynamic URLs into search engine friendly links. These search engine friendly static URLs generally rank better in search engines and can attract more traffic as they always look more friendlier to the end users.A URL like http://www.seoworkdesk.com/4/basic.html can be indexed much easier, whereas its dynamic form, http://www.seoworkdesk.com/cgi-bin/gen.php?id=1453&view=basic, can actually confuse the search engines and cause them to miss possibly important information contained in the URL, and thus preventing you from getting the expected ranking.With clean URLs, the search engines can distinguish folder names and can establish real links to keywords. Query string parameters seem to be an impediment in a search engine's attempt to perform the indexing. Many of the SEO professionals agree that dynamic (a.k.a. dirty) URLs are not very appealing to web spiders, while static URLs have greater visibility in their "eyes".How it WorksStatic URLs are known to be better than Dynamic URLs because of a number of reasons1.Static URLs typically Rank better in Search Engines.2.Search Engines are known to index the content of dynamic pages a lot slower compared to static pages.3.Static URLs are always more friendlier looking to the End Users.http://www.seoworkdesk.comAbout www Redirect CheckerYou what to check your redirect with a specific user-agent. Just select the browser user-agent to test your redirect. Many directories make redirects to external sites. As search engines are still mislead by some types of redirects, webmasters need to know which type of redirection is used to their site. This information is also useful to directory owners as they are not always aware of the techniques used to count the clicks to external sites. Check your URL redirect for accuracy. Do you use search engine friendly redirections like to many redirects or do you loose link juice for seo by redirects using HTTP Statuscode 301 vs. 302. Check now!How it Works Redirect Checker?A lot of us lose out on valuable search engine traffic due to incorrectly configuring our redirects. It is very import that when a search engine comes to crawl your website it is able to follow any redirects you have set up.http://www.seoworkdesk.comAbout Mozrank CheckerThis tool can quickly check mozRank any page of your site. Please enter your web page URL in the box below, click on the "Submit" button to check. It's 100% free, no registration required. These results can be stored for comparisons, at a later time. With the help of Mozrank Checker available at Smart SEO Tool, users can check a particular SEO ranking and determine the causes or the efforts behind the ranking. The users can also get notified by email, if there are any changes in the SEO rankings. You can use this tool to track rankings on all major browsers. MozRank is a very helpful tool that can be a gospel for many SEO specialists. This tool helps track the rankings that have been given to each page and keyword by search engines. You can easily track each keyword over a period of time and plan your strategies to improve the rankings accordingly.How It Works Mozrank Checker?MozRank represents a link popularity score. It reflects the importance of any given page on the Internet. Web page links to other pages by getting itself to improve the quantity and quality MozRank. The higher the quality of incoming links, the higher the MozRank. This measure from 0.00 (no value) to 9.99 (high value), depending on the quality of the backlinks to the website pages and links. Good site has many backlinks which pages are given high value mozRank.http://www.seoworkdesk.comAbout URL Encoder / DecoderUse the online tool from above to either encode or decode a string of text. For worldwide interoperability, URIs have to be encoded uniformly. To map the wide range of characters used worldwide into the 60 or so allowed characters in a URI, a two-step process is used:Convert the character string into a sequence of bytes using the UTF-8 encodingConvert each byte that is not an ASCII letter or digit to %HH, where HH is the hexadecimal value of the byteFor example, the string: François ,would be encoded as: Fran%C3%A7oisThis web page encodes or decodes a string using URL Encoding. URL Encoding is used when placing text in a query string to avoid it being confused with the URL itself. It is normally used when the browser sends form data to a web server. URL encoding, also known as Percent-encoding, is a mechanism for encoding information in a Uniform Resource Identifier (URI) under certain circumstances. Although it is known as URL encoding it is, in fact, used more generally within the main Uniform Resource Identifier (URI) set, which includes both Uniform Resource Locator (URL) and Uniform Resource Name (URN). As such it is also used in the preparation of data of the "application/x-www-form-urlencoded" media type, as is often used in the submission of HTML form data in HTTP requests.http://www.seoworkdesk.comAbout Server Status CheckerCheck the status of a website easily by using this tool. Our server status checker tool helps you check the website server status, make sure it is online. Please enter your web page URL in the box below, if you want to check multiple web pages at the same time, each URL must be in line. Please click on the "Submit" button to start checking.http://www.seoworkdesk.comAbout Webpage Screen Resolution SimulatorThis tool simulates your web page in different screen resolutions.Enter a domain name and select your screen resolution from any of the radio buttons and you will see a simulated web page screen resolution of that domain. Webpage Screen Resolution Simulator helps you easily see the display style of your website on different sized windows and mobile devices. Please enter your URL, select your screen resolution radio button, click on the "Check Now" button, you will see the results screen resolution analog web pages.http://www.seoworkdesk.comAbout Page Size CheckerLooking for online tools to find the size of a webpage? Our Web Page Size tool is designed for that and can be used to find the size of a web page in kilobytes. It’s because page size of a url determines the time it takes for the page to load, you need to find the page sizes of your web pages. Our Web Page Size Checker Tool is 100% free to use.The Page Size Checker tool is a tool that can be used by online users for free. If your webpage takes a long time to load then it can result in high bounce rate because the internet users do not have the patience to wait for the page to open in this face paced world of internet. Average size of a small webpage is about 12 KB and load in no time. However, as you add more media to your page, the size of the website page increases and will subsequently take time to upload. When you embed videos, graphics, image, flash, audio or any other form of media, it will automatically increase the size of your website. After you run this tool to check the size of your website, the results will be displayed in both Kilo Bytes (KB) and Byte. If your web hosting server has offered you a limited space, you can track how much space you are using by assessing the size of each web page through this tool. You can also limit the size of our page so that it loads faster and reduces the bounce rate. This is a very important tool to maintain the load time of your website that will ensure more foot fall.http://www.seoworkdesk.comAbout Reverse IP Domain CheckerThis Reverse IP Domain Checker tool can help you easily find out all the websites hosted on the same server via IP address or domain name. Please enter an IP address or domain name in the box below , click on the "Submit" button to begin. Reversing DNS is a way to look at how many websites share the same IP address. As for example, every active domain name resolves to an IP address. Every IP address, in turn, resolves to a server name. Thus by taking a look at the IP address a domain uses, you can figure out the other domains that rely upon it and, thus, get a good picture of the other domains on the server.http://www.seoworkdesk.comAbout Blacklist LookupThe blacklist is a list of domains and IP addresses reported to be "known" sources of spam. You can land on a blacklist for many of the same reasons that cause damage to your reputation. You can use our Blacklist Lookup tool to find out whether your IP addresses and sending domains have landed on a blacklist.Return Path hosts an official list of email server IP addresses that show activity that resembles spammers. This blacklist is widely used and based on real time data from Return Path’s cooperative Global Reputation Network.The Global Reputation Network blacklist calculates the probability that emails from a particular IP address may be spam based on measurements of unwantedness. This calculation is based on the percentage of email messages from an IP address that are considered spam by individual recipients, mailbox providers, and filters through actions such as complaints, unusual volume patterns, emails sent to spam traps, and emails sent to unknown users.If you do find yourself on a blacklist, action can be taken to get you removed. Getting removed from a blacklist will take some time and effort.http://www.seoworkdesk.comAbout AVG Antivirus CheckerEnter more information about the AVG Antivirus Checker tool!Lorem Ipsum is simply dummy text of the printing and typesetting industry. Lorem Ipsum has been the industry standard dummy text ever since the 1500s, when an unknown printer took a galley of type and scrambled it to make a type specimen book. It has survived not only five centuries, but also the leap into electronic typesetting, remaining essentially unchanged. It was popularised in the 1960s with the release of Letraset sheets containing Lorem Ipsum passages, and more recently with desktop publishing software like Aldus PageMaker including versions of Lorem Ipsum.http://www.seoworkdesk.comAbout Link Price CalculatorLink Price Calculator will aid you to determine the estimated amount you should be charging or paying per month for a text link ad from any page of the website.How it Works Link Price CalculatorThis tools will help you determine the approximate amount you should be paying (or charging) per month for a text link (ad) on the specified URL. It takes into consideration factors such as number of Backlinks, Alexa traffic rank, age of the website, etc.http://www.seoworkdesk.comAbout Website Screenshot GeneratorReliable website screenshots thumbnail preview generator service for webmasters and developers. Lets you capture screenshots of (almost) any web page. Allow your visitors to instantly visualize any web page before clicking. Increase site traffic, click-through rate and site stickiness.http://www.seoworkdesk.comAbout Domain Hosting CheckerDiscover who is hosting a particular site. Just enter the URL of the website you would want us to look up and see the result in seconds. Ideal for those who would are canvassing for companies to host their sites that can offer the best uptime guarantee.Start the haunt with this Domain Hosting Checker!http://www.seoworkdesk.comAbout Get Source Code of WebpageUnderneath all the beautiful images, perfect typography, and wonderfully placed calls to action lies your webpage source code. This is the code your browser turns into delightful experiences for your visitors and customers on a daily basis.Google and other search engines “read” this code to determine where your webpages should appear in their indexes for a given search query. So, a lot of SEO comes down to what’s in your source code.This is a quicktools to show you how to read your own website source code in order to make sure it’s properly SEO-ed and, really, to teach you how to sanity check your SEO efforts. I also will go over a few other situations where knowing how to view and examine the right parts of source code can help with other marketing efforts.http://www.seoworkdesk.comAbout Google Index CheckerQuickly check how many pages you have indexed in Google with the Google Indexed Pages Checker. Webmaster generally uses the Google Index Checker tools to quickly access the statistics of the specific URLs and their number of web pages that Google is able to crawl or index while seeing the particular website. Google Index Checker tool on Solid SEO Tools comes with some of the valuable information stats that you manage at your fingertips. It is just a matter of seconds to check the Google Index stats of a multiple websites at a time. With this tool, you will quickly know that Google has indexed one of your web pages. Please enter your web page url in the box below and click on the "Submit" button to submit.http://www.seoworkdesk.comAbout Website Links Count CheckerUse the internal link analyzer tool to analyze the links search engine spiders can detect on a specific page of your website. Search engines, spider links to index and determine the structure of a website and the relation between pages. This tool will count the number of outgoing links or URL's on a given page and display results. This tool could be useful for link exchange purposes, as you should not trade links with pages with too many outgoing links. It is recommended not to trade links with pages that have over 100 links.http://www.seoworkdesk.comAbout Class C Ip CheckerDomain IP Class Checker Tool displays the class of an IP address of the domain and also verifies whether the address is duplicate. Use this C Class IP Checker tool to determine whether or not selected websites are hosted on the same C Class range. Use this tool to identify site networks or dangerous SEO neighborhood. Include this analysis in your backlink research. With the Class C checker, a user can discover whether or not the same class C IP range is hosting two or more domains. The user can find duplicate IP addresses and Class C blocks. If you own many cross-linked sites, it is considered better to host them on different Class C IP ranges.What is Class C IP Checker?Not many website owners are aware of the fact that it is far more efficient and productive to host several cross-linked websites on diverse Class C IP Ranges. With the help of this simple yet powerful tool, you can check if the same Class C IP Checker is hosting multiple domains. It can be used to find out Class C Blocks and duplicate IP addresses. You can run a simple test by entering minimum of 2 and maximum of 20 domain names in each line in the large text box on this page and start your free test. Sharing your IP address with other websites can impact the ranking of your page and also affect the SEO initiatives of your website. If your IP address has been shared with websites that have been blocked or blacklisted by the search engines due to inappropriate or irrelevant content then it can also have a negative effect on your website too. This tool will become highly beneficial in identifying such domains with duplicate IP addresses and help keep your SEO efforts producing the results that you desire.http://www.seoworkdesk.comAbout Online Md5 GeneratorThis MD5 hash generator is useful for encoding passwords, credit cards numbers and other sensitive date into MySQL, Postgress or other databases. PHP programmers, ASP programmers and anyone developing on MySQL, SQL, Postgress or similar should find this online tool an especially handy resource.What is MD5?The MD5 (Message-Digest Algorithm) is crypthographic hash function that generates a 128-bit hash value. MD5 is used in to check data integrity and in security applications. In other words MD5 checksum is like a fingerprint of the file. There is a very small possibility that two identical MD5 hash values are generated of two different files. That is way MD5 hashes have a lot of uses, some of which are: detecting data changes, storing or generating strong passwords, making unique keys in databases and ensuring message integrity. An MD5 hash is NOT encryption. It is simply a fingerprint of the given input. However, it is a one-way transaction and as such it is almost impossible to reverse engineer an MD5 hash to retrieve the original string.http://www.seoworkdesk.comAbout Page Speed CheckerRun a free website speed test from multiple locations around the globe using real browsers (IE and Chrome) and at real consumer connection speeds. You can run simple tests or perform advanced testing including multi-step transactions, video capture, content blocking and much more. Your results will provide rich diagnostic information including resource loading waterfall charts, Page Speed optimization checks and suggestions for improvements. The Load Time Speed Test Tool helps website owners and webmasters get a complete analysis of their page load time when they test website speed. Our website speed test will first allow you to find out how long a page takes to load at various connection speeds. The webpage speed test is also incredibly useful if you need to see what components of your page take the shortest and longest amounts of time to load. Finally, you can also see a full breakdown of every component of your page by using the web site speed test. To run a page speed test, simply enter the URL you wish to test in the "Input URL" box above.http://www.seoworkdesk.comwe have also more tools, visit http://www.analyzer.seoworkdesk.com/page-speed-checker 100% cost free.OTHER SERVICESSEO AuditsLink DevelopmentOutreachReputation ManagementSEO ConsultingContent MarketingRESOURCESBLOGCONTACTabout more info: visit Inner page: Services - Seoworkdesk.