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We (Africans ) do not understand the business.The Chinese who are coming to do business in Africa get rich in 5–10 years.The only industrialized nation we have in Africa is South Africa. Would South Africa be as developed as they are today without 8–10% of White and Indian South Africans? I don’t know. No need to start another race war or give white supremacy folks another platform. But, let’s look at the facts here.My friends from Ivory Coast tell me that the Lebanese people are some of the wealthiest groups in Abidjan. They tell me: “ They run everything”.Mauritius, another country doing quite well in the Indian Ocean. Who are they? Indians. How about in Kenya and Tanzania? Who owns the biggest business in those countries? The youngest billionaire is Tanzanian ( Indian heritage). Africa’s Youngest Billionaire plans to Create 100,000 jobs in Tanzania. on Africa is HomeThe truth hurts, but we have to be honest with ourselves.To develop, we need to learn how to do business and do it right. There is no shortcut to economic success. There is no other way but trade, business, investment, innovation, and tourism. The principle of a free market enterprise.We have to admit that we black Africans have a very complex of inferiority that we need to get rid of if we want to make real economic progress in our countries. What is wrong with us? Colonization cannot be used as an excuse. Ethiopia and Liberia were left alone way earlier than other countries. Liberia in 1865 and Ethiopia in 1941. Are they developed now? What about Haiti in the Caribbeans?Image source: Africa 101As much as it hurts, we black people seem to have some issues. Our mentality and way of doing things. As Africans, we have to look ourselves in the mirror and ask ourselves. “ What is wrong with ourselves”? Analyze all the mistakes we have made after our so-called “independence” and change our way of doing things.This black South African Entrepreneur ( Vusi Thembekwayo) explains what we need to do in this Ted Talk. Working together, helping one another, both on the micro and macroeconomic level. The educated helping those who are uneducated, the rich helping those who are poor, teaching them skills and giving them the knowledge to be productive members of society, etc.We keep playing the “victimhood” card too much. How long can we use it?Other countries were colonized. We are not the only one. Many of those have managed to get out of poverty and are called Asian tigers and what not. Who are the African tigers? We keep making the same mistakes over and over again.Without economic freedom, there is never going to be any political freedom.I was watching some videos about the history of Uganda. I have many friends from Uganda and we were discussing what is going on there these days. It got me curious and wanted to find out “ how did Uganda get here”? The pearl of Africa.Upon my research, I came across an Interview of a British reporter who was interviewing an Indian businessman in the 70’s. This is when the dictator Idi Amini had chased out all Indians in Uganda. The Indians were involved in every business in the country. Importation and Exportation. They were the bedrock of the Ugandan economy.They exported Ugandan coffee and tea to global markets and imported goods from India and other places to Uganda. The interview went like this. The interviewee had lost 100% of his businesses and had given 48 hours to leave Uganda. His hotels, business, houses, all of them were rooted and he had lost it all. At some point in the interview, the reporter asked the question.Reporter ( R): Are you going to miss Uganda?Indian ( I): Yes, of course. My whole life was here. My children were born here.Reporter ( R): How was the business in Uganda?Indian (I): It was great! Life and business were good here. No competition. He continued; We were making some good profit margins here. Sometimes, 30 to 50% on some goods.Reporter ( R): Why do you think business was good here? What made Uganda a great place to do business?Indian ( I). Looks at the reporter straight in the face, glanced at the plane, getting ready to go to England. And he says: “ Africans don’t understand the business”.The Indian goes on to tell the reporter that Ugandans won’t be able to manage on their own. He said they just don’t have the knowledge and expertise. That was in the 70’s. Four decades later, as I was talking to my Ugandan friends on Whatsapp discussing issues facing their country. I found myself asking the same question.Do I understand the business?Do my fellow Rwandans understand the business? To my fellow Africans out there, I ask you. Do you understand the business? Let’s be honest with ourselves.Today, how come our countries have failed to develop a well-trained and skilled human resource to develop our countries? How come we have failed to use our resources for the benefit of our countries?Countries like UAE, Kuwait, South Korea, and others. The United Arab Emirates was a poor country in the 70’s. Upon discovering the oil, they came up with a plan to develop their country. Today, Africans want to go to Dubai, and other places, looking for work.Do we really understand the business?In education, are our universities producing graduates who understand our local issues?Are we they doing research to solve our challenges?Do we have doctors and nurses to look after the sick in our countries? Do we have enough hospitals to take care of our people?Do we have enough schools for our children? What is our literacy rates?The Chinese are building our roads and other key infrastructure. After 20 years, are we going to be able to build those infrastructures to ourselves without their support?Are we thinking long term to cope with the issues and challenges of tomorrow?Do we really understand the business?A few days ago, there was a big forum in my city ( Kigali) on how to improve Agriculture in Africa. The African Green Revolution Forum.In one of the panel discussion, there were four presidents ( Gabon, Ghana, Rwanda, and Kenya). Tony Blair ( former prime minister of UK) was the moderator of the panel asking questions to the panelists.In Gabon, the minister mentioned that Gabon had been focusing on the oil industry that they were importing 90% of their food. Keep in mind, Gabon has a good equatorial climate to facilitate 2 harvests in a year. Nobody was using some 60–70% of its arable land. Subsistence farmers in Gabon could not handle the massive land. He mentioned that Gabon was “ working” to fix that.Why is Gabon importing that much food when they could be getting produced at home? Gabon is such a rich country and they can afford it. Their GDP per capita ( PPP) is about $ 20,000. They have a very small population compared to the size of their whole country.France (red) is only twice as big as Gabon ( Blue) in area size. However, Gabon has about 2 million people. France has about 65 million people. Can you guess how much unproductive land Gabon has? Simply, way too much.In Ghana, the president of Ghana very much said the same thing. He said that many subsistence farmers were not efficient. So, the agriculture is not a profession that people want to pursue. With lack of modern technology, the agriculture sector was not producing what they needed to survive as a country. In rural areas, especially.In Rwanda, the president talked about the challenges they faced as a small landlocked country. He talked about how it was hard to convince subsistence farmers to consolidate their farms so that they could introduce mechanization, irrigation, and other modern farming technology in Rwanda. However, He ended up saying that even for a small country. Majority of the arable land was not all cultivated yet.In Kenya, William Ruto very much illustrated the same challenges. He talked steps they have taken to modernize the sector by doing surveying and making sure that each region was getting the appropriate fertilizers for their land to maximize the efficiency.They talk about lots of issues. Many of which I have already summarized below.African Hot Issues..Work In progressI. Aid dependency and poverty mentality.Aid recycling through multinational aid project.NGOs don’t help Africans but shaming through poverty porn is the only thing they are good at.The current aid model is not sustainable and it is meant to keep people in poverty.How do NGOs stay in business? By making sure that poverty is rampant.How do they collect money? By marketing their needs to be the “ savior” of Africans.The damage that NGO’s have done cannot be measured in loss of monetary funds from tourism, to investment, and all.II. Worshipping the West ( EU and US).Prefer to trade with the West instead trading within themselves.Limited Africa Intra-trade. Too much reliance on importation rather creating local industries and companies.III. Lack of planning and foresight.Myopic on short-term goals instead of long-term goals.Long-term views are inexistent in many countries.Politicians are too focused on scoring political points every 3 to 5 years, but nothing long term at all.IV. Mediocre Education Systems.A colonial education system that does not encourage critical thinking.Originally designed to create civil servants in the 70’s, but has not changed and improved to adapt to current times. Designed to create lots of job seekers instead of job creators and innovators.Failure to invest heavily in post-secondary education where higher institutions of learning are centers of technological research and scientific breakthroughs.V. Corrupt and unpatriotic leaders.Leaders who don’t care. Pursuing their own self-interests instead of their people.They are not “servants” to the people. They are the “bosses”. There are so many inefficiencies goes into taking care of the bosses.With aid, they are okay enriching themselves in exchange of lack of dignity, respect, and integrity from the so-called “donors”.VI. Failure to develop manufacturing and industry.Transforming raw materials into finished products ( Cocoa industry, oil and gas industry, minerals from gold, diamond, copper, uranium, plutonium, cobalt, and many others).Develop these industries at home. Create local jobs, pride, collect more taxes and increase GDPs.Reliable Infrastructure ( roads, bridges, connecting cities and countries).VII. Africans need to take charge of the narrative that they want to push out.“ Until the lions have their own historians, the history of the hunt will glorify the hunter”. Chinua Achebe, Nigerian Author, and Poet.Speak for themselves instead of waiting for Westerners to speak for them.African need to tell their own stories. Refer to one of the Chinua Achebe’s greatest quotes below. Every African child needs to read his books before finishing high school.Until the lions learn to speak for themselves, their story will always glorify the hunter.Until Africans learn to tell and share their history, they will always be misrepresented.We live in a world of branding and marketing today. Africa is the most misrepresented continent in the world today. Why? Because many people around the world don’t know the real Africa besides the images of animals in the jungle, hunger, wars, etc. These narratives do not represent Africa at all. They represent Africa of 20–30 years ago. They do not represent Africa today.VIII. Religion: The mother of 50% of the problems ( Christianity).Lack of critical thinking and analysis that Religion brings with.False hope with miracle pastors who promise wealth out of nowhere.Money in exchange for blessings. All hopeless and desperate people finish off their properties in churches. Just like the migrants going to Europe in boats hoping for a better life, they do believe blessings will come out of nowhere.IX. Focus on the mineral resources instead of training the people.Minerals are nothing if you don’t put them to good use. If you don’t have a well-trained and skilled people, those minerals will benefit the outsiders.Whoever is transforming those resources into finished products makes the most money. They benefit the most. You can be an oil-rich country all you want. However, if you don’t have refineries within your borders, you lose lots of money.Nigeria is a good example of their Oil and gas industry.DRC is another example ( $ 24 trillion, worth of minerals, but nothing to show for it).Cote d’Ivoire and Ghana is a good example ( produce cocoa beans, but not chocolate factories).Niger is a good example ( their Uranium).The list can go on and on, but you get the idea. Rich raw materials are nothing if you don’t have a local human resource to manage them effectively and efficiently. Nigeria fuel crisis: Why is Africa's largest oil producer short of petrol?X. Access to capital and global markets.How many things can you afford without financing? Without credit cards, short-term and long-term loans, could you have gotten a mortgage for your house, or a car loan, start a business venture, and other essential things to improve your lifestyle.Access to capital is one of the main issues that developing countries struggle with. Try to get a mortgage or a car loan at the bank is just nearly impossible.These luxuries are only affordable to the already rich and well-connected rich people.This means that banks only loan money to the already rich people. The microfinance institutions, they only loan money to those at the bottom. Usually subsidized and given incentives by the governments.In developed nations, more than 50% of jobs come from medium-sized businesses. However, in developing nations, there is little or no capital to assist entrepreneurs. Getting bank loans, you are required to have so much collateral that you don’t have in the first place. Interests can range from 20 to 30% over 5 to 10 years periods. This is nearly impossible to meet their obligations.Developing nations have many issues ( corruption, etc). However, access to capital and being able to sell products outside the borders is what keeps them underdeveloped. See this map below and tell me that Latin America and Africa are not a dead given away for lack of access to Intra-continental trade ( global markets).For my fellow Africans, I just want to say:Until we understand the business, we will always lag behind economically.We will always be disrespected. Told what to do. We will be sat down and told what we need to do. We will always go to summits, conferences to other continents to discuss our problems. Africa-China conference in China, Africa-India summit in India, Africa-EU conference in Brussels or Berlin, Africa-US conferences in America.We have no choice but to understand the business.Why are some African countries underdeveloped?We simply do not understand the business. In politics, economics, global trades, trade blocs. In trade, tourism, innovation, infrastructure, and above all, empowering our people.It is with a heavy heart, I say that we do not understand the business.We have so much catch-up to do. Between the 60’s and the 90s, We wasted 4 decades on nonsense. The time is NOW or NEVER. Fight for our economic freedom by working together, doing business with one another and building and developing an educated and well-trained human resource to control our economies and countries.Disclaimer:Some countries have been doing relatively. Let’s make sure we don’t call countries such as Botswana, Mauritius, Seychelles, and similar countries “ underdeveloped”.SeychellesBotswanaList of African countries by GDP (PPP) per capita - WikipediaGDP per capita is not everything. Some oil-rich countries are actually underperforming given their potential.For those who want to understand African economies, I will leave you with the link below to learn more about African economies.Africa is a whole continent of 55 countries.All the countries are very different. They have different economic strengths and systems of government. Let’s make sure we do not paint all countries with the same brush. Some countries have been doing well. Algeria, South Africa, Tunisia, etc. You can read more about them here.HDI ( Africa), 2015List of African countries by Human Development Index - WikipediaHope this helps.For more articles about Africa, check out and follow Africa is Home and Africa is Back blogs. Here is the link to the Africa Green Revolution.Didier Champion

What is ESE/ IES ?Indian Engineering Services comprise of engineers who work under the government of India and designated as Class – 1 officer. They administer a large segment of the public sector economy, which constitutes of Indian Railways, Power, Telecommunications, Central Water engineering, Defence service of Engineers, Central Engineering Service, etc. The nature of work performed by these bureaucrats largely depends on their engineering branch and the service or cadre they are recruited in. The career progression goes smoothly attaining high esteem. The first position offered is that of Asst. Executive engineer and the hierarchy ends at the position of Chairman/ Managing Director.A combined competitive examination is conducted by the Union Public Services Commission (UPSC) for recruitment to the Indian Engineering Services. The Examination constitutes of a written examination followed by an interview for the personality test. The recruitment of qualified candidates is made under the following categories:Electronics & Telecommunication EngineeringElectrical EngineeringMechanical EngineeringCivil EngineeringESE eligibility:(I) Nationality:A candidate must be either:(a) A citizen of India or(b) A subject of Nepal or A subject of Bhutan or(c) A Tibetan refugee who came over to Indian before the 1st January, 1962 with the intention of permanentlysettling in India or(d) A person of Indian origin who has migrated from Pakistan, Burma, Sri Lanka or East African countries ofKenya, Uganda, the United Republic of Tanzania, Zambia, Malawi, Zaire and Ethiopia or from Vietnam withthe intention of permanently settling in India.Provided that a candidate belonging to categories (b), (c) and (d) above shall be a person in whose favor acertificate of eligibility has been issued by the Government of India.(II) Age Limits:A candidate for this examination must have attained the age of 21 years and must not have attained the age of 30 years on the 1st January, of the exam year.The upper age-limit of 30 years will be relaxable up to 35 years in the case of Government servants of the following categories, if they are employed in a Department/Office under the control of any of the authorities mentioned in column 1 below and apply for admission to the examination for all or any of the Service(s)/Posts mentioned in column 2, for which they are otherwise eligible.The upper age-limit prescribed above will be further relaxable:(i) Upto a maximum of five years if a candidate belongs to a scheduled caste or a scheduled tribe.(ii) Upto a maximum of three years in the case of candidates belonging to OBC category.(iii) Upto a maximum of five years if a candidate had ordinarily been domiciled in the state of Jammu & Kashmir during the period from 1st January, 1980 to the 31st day of December, 1989.(iv) Upto a maximum of three years in the case of defence service personnel disabled in operations during hostilities with any foreign country or in a disturbed area, and released as a consequence thereof.(v) Upto a maximum of five years in the case of ex-servicemen including Commissioned Officers and ECOs/SSCOs who have rendered at least five years Military Service as on 1st August, and have been released (i) on completion of assignment (including those whose assignment is due to be completed within one year from 1st August) otherwise than by way of dismissal or discharge on account of misconduct or inefficiency, or (ii) on account of physical disability attributable to Military Service or (iii) on invalidment; (vi) Upto a maximum of five years in the case of ECOs/SSCOs who have completed an initial period of assignment of five years of Military Services as on 1st August, and whose assignment has been extended beyond five years and in whose case the Ministry of Defence issues a certificate that they can apply for civil employment and they will be released on three months notice on selection from the date of receipt of offer of appointment.(vii) Upto a maximum of 10 years in the case of blind, deaf-mute and Orthopaedically handicapped persons.(III) Minimum Educational Qualifications:Obtained a degree in Engineering from a university incorporated by an act of the central or state legislature in India or other educational institutions established by an act of Parliament or declared to be deemed as universities under section-3 of the university grants commission act, 1956 orPassed Section A and B of the Institution Examinations of the Institution of Engineers (India) orObtained a degree/diploma in Engineering from such foreign University/College/Institution and under such conditions as may be recognised by the Government for the purpose from time to time orPassed Graduate Membership Examination of the Institute of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineers (India) orPassed Associate Membership Examination Parts II and III/Sections A and B of the Aeronautical Society of India orPassed Graduate Membership Examination of the Institution of Electronics and Radio Engineers, London held after November 1959Provided that a candidate for the post of Indian Naval Armament Service (Electronics Engineering Posts and Engineer Group 'A' in Wireless Planning and Coordination Wing/Monitoring Organization) may possess any of the above qualifications or the qualification mentioned below namely: M.Sc degree or its equivalent with Wireless Communication, Electronics, Radio Physics or Radio Engineering as a special subject.ESE 2018 SyllabusBROAD CONTENTS OF THE GENERAL STUDIES AND ENGINEERING APTITUDE PAPER( Stage-I, Paper-I).General Studies and Engineering Aptitude(Stage I - Paper I, Objective type, Common to all Candidates, 2 hours duration, 200 Marks maximum)The questions from the following Topics will be set in Paper-I of Stage-ICurrent issues of national and international importance relating to social, economic and industrial developmentEngineering Aptitude covering Logical reasoning and Analytical abilityEngineering Mathematics and Numerical AnalysisGeneral Principles of Design, Drawing, Importance of SafetyStandards and Quality practices in production, construction, maintenance and servicesBasics of Energy and Environment : Conservation, environmental pollution and degradation, Climate Change, Environmental impact assessmentBasics of Project ManagementBasics of Material Science and EngineeringInformation and Communication Technologies (ICT) based tools and their applications in Engineering such as networking, e-governance and technology based education.Ethics and values in Engineering professionNote:The paper in General Studies and Engineering Aptitude will include Knowledge of relevant topics as may be expected from an engineering graduate, without special study.Questions from all the 10 topics mentioned above shall be set. Marks for each Topic may range from 5% to 15% of the total marks in the paper.REVISED SYLLABI OF FOUR ENGINEERING DISCIPLINESUNION PUBLIC SERVICE COMMISSION, NEW DELHIENGINEERING SERVICES EXAMINATION (ESE) SYLLABIBranch/Discipline: Civil Engineering(Contents for syllabi of both the Papers together for Stage-I objective type Paper–II and separately for Stage-II Conventional type Paper-I and Paper – II)PAPER – I1. Building Materials:Stone, Lime, Glass, Plastics, Steel, FRP, Ceramics, Aluminum, Fly Ash, Basic Admixtures, Timber, Bricks and Aggregates: Classification, properties and selection criteria;Cement: Types, Composition, Properties, Uses, Specifications and various Tests; Lime & Cement Mortars and Concrete: Properties and various Tests; Design of Concrete Mixes: Proportioning of aggregates and methods of mix design.2. Solid Mechanics:Elastic constants, Stress, plane stress, Strains, plane strain, Mohr’s circle of stress and strain, Elastic theories of failure, Principal Stresses, Bending, Shear and Torsion.3. Structural Analysis:Basics of strength of materials, Types of stresses and strains, Bending moments and shear force, concept of bending and shear stresses; Analysis of determinate and indeterminate structures; Trusses, beams, plane frames; Rolling loads, Influence Lines, Unit load method & other methods; Free and Forced vibrations of single degree and multi degree freedom system; Suspended Cables; Concepts and use of Computer Aided Design.4. Design of Steel Structures:Principles of Working Stress methods, Design of tension and compression members, Design of beams and beam column connections, built-up sections, Girders, Industrial roofs, Principles of Ultimate load design.5. Design of Concrete and Masonry structures:Limit state design for bending, shear, axial compression and combined forces; Design of beams, Slabs, Lintels, Foundations, Retaining walls, Tanks, Staircases; Principles of pre-stressed concrete design including materials and methods; Earthquake resistant design of structures; Design of Masonry Structure.6. Construction Practice, Planning and Management:Construction - Planning, Equipment, Site investigation and Management including Estimation with latest project management tools and network analysis for different Types of works; Analysis of Rates of various types of works; Tendering Process and Contract Management, Quality Control, Productivity, Operation Cost; Land acquisition; Labour safety and welfare.PAPER – II1. Flow of Fluids, Hydraulic Machines and Hydro Power:(a) Fluid Mechanics, Open Channel Flow, Pipe Flow:Fluid properties; Dimensional Analysis and Modeling; Fluid dynamics including flow kinematics and measurements; Flow net; Viscosity, Boundary layer and control, Drag, Lift, Principles in open channel flow, Flow controls. Hydraulic jump; Surges; Pipe networks.(b) Hydraulic Machines and Hydro power -Various pumps, Air vessels, Hydraulic turbines – types, classifications & performance parameters; Power house – classification and layout, storage, pondage, control of supply.2. Hydrology and Water Resources Engineering:Hydrological cycle, Ground water hydrology, Well hydrology and related data analysis; Streams and their gauging; River morphology; Flood, drought and their management; Capacity of Reservoirs.Water Resources Engineering : Multipurpose uses of Water, River basins and their potential; Irrigation systems, water demand assessment; Resources - storages and their yields; Water logging, canal and drainage design, Gravity dams, falls, weirs, Energy dissipaters, barrage Distribution works, Cross drainage works and head-works and their design; Concepts in canal design, construction & maintenance; River training, measurement and analysis of rainfall.3. Environmental Engineering:(a) Water Supply Engineering:Sources, Estimation, quality standards and testing of water and their treatment; Rural, Institutional and industrial water supply; Physical, chemical and biological characteristics and sources of water, Pollutants in water and its effects, Estimation of water demand; Drinking water Standards, Water Treatment Plants, Water distribution networks.(b) Waste Water Engineering:Planning & design of domestic waste water, sewage collection and disposal; Plumbing Systems. Components and layout of sewerage system; Planning & design of Domestic Waste-water disposal system; Sludge management including treatment, disposal and re-use of treated effluents; Industrial waste waters and Effluent Treatment Plants including institutional and industrial sewage management.(c) Solid Waste Management:Sources & classification of solid wastes along with planning & design of its management system; Disposal system, Beneficial aspects of wastes and Utilization by Civil Engineers.(d) Air, Noise pollution and Ecology:Concepts & general methodology.4. Geo-technical Engineering and Foundation Engineering :(a) Geo-technical Engineering : Soil exploration - planning & methods, Properties of soil, classification, various tests and inter-relationships; Permeability & Seepage, Compressibility, consolidation and Shearing resistance, Earth pressure theories and stress distribution in soil; Properties and uses of geo-synthetics.(b) Foundation Engineering: Types of foundations & selection criteria, bearing capacity, settlement analysis, design and testing of shallow & deep foundations; Slope stability analysis, Earthen embankments, Dams and Earth retaining structures: types, analysis and design, Principles of ground modifications.5. Surveying and Geology:(a) Surveying: Classification of surveys, various methodologies, instruments & analysis of measurement of distances, elevation and directions; Field astronomy, Global Positioning System; Map preparation; Photogrammetry; Remote sensing concepts; Survey Layout for culverts, canals, bridges, road/railway alignment and buildings, Setting out of Curves.(b) Geology : Basic knowledge of Engineering geology & its application in projects.6. Transportation Engineering:Highways - Planning & construction methodology, Alignment and geometric design; Traffic Surveys and Controls; Principles of Flexible and Rigid pavements design.Tunneling - Alignment, methods of construction, disposal of muck, drainage, lighting and ventilation.Railways Systems – Terminology, Planning, designs and maintenance practices; track modernization.Harbours – Terminology, layouts and planning. Airports – Layout, planning & design.UNION PUBLIC SERVICE COMMISSION, NEW DELHIENGINEERING SERVICES EXAMINATION (ESE) SYLLABIBranch/Discipline: Mechanical Engineering(Contents for syllabi of both the Papers together for Stage-I objective type Paper–II and separately for Stage-II Conventional type Paper-I and Paper – II)PAPER – I1. Fluid Mechanics:Basic Concepts and Properties of Fluids, Manometry, Fluid Statics, Buoyancy, Equations of Motion, Bernoulli’s equation and applications, Viscous flow of incompressible fluids, Laminar and Turbulent flows, Flow through pipes and head losses in pipes.2. Thermodynamics and Heat transfer:Thermodynamic systems and processes; properties of pure substance; Zeroth, First and Second Laws of Thermodynamics; Entropy, Irreversibility and availability; analysis of thermodynamic cycles related to energy conversion: Rankine, Otto, Diesel and Dual Cycles; ideal and real gases; compressibility factor; Gas mixtures.Modes of heat transfer, Steady and unsteady heat conduction, Thermal resistance, Fins, Free and forced convection, Correlations for convective heat transfer, Radiative heat transfer – Radiation heat transfer co-efficient; boiling and condensation, Heat exchanger performance analysis3. IC Engines, Refrigeration and Air conditioning:SI and CI Engines, Engine Systems and Components, Performance characteristics and testing of IC Engines; Fuels; Emissions and Emission Control. Vapour compression refrigeration, Refrigerants and Working cycles, Compressors, Condensers, Evaporators and Expansion devices, Other types of refrigeration systems like Vapour Absorption, Vapour jet, thermo electric and Vortex tube refrigeration. Psychometric properties and processes, Comfort chart, Comfort and industrial air conditioning, Load calculations and Heat pumps.4. Turbo Machinery:Reciprocating and Rotary pumps, Pelton wheel, Kaplan and Francis Turbines, velocity diagrams, Impulse and Reaction principles, Steam and Gas Turbines, Theory of Jet Propulsion – Pulse jet and Ram Jet Engines, Reciprocating and Rotary Compressors – Theory and Applications5. Power Plant Engineering:Rankine and Brayton cycles with regeneration and reheat, Fuels and their properties, Flue gas analysis, Boilers, steam turbines and other power plant components like condensers, air ejectors, electrostatic precipitators and cooling towers – their theory and design, types and applications;6. Renewable Sources of Energy:Solar Radiation, Solar Thermal Energy collection - Flat Plate and focusing collectors their materials and performance. Solar Thermal Energy Storage, Applications – heating, cooling and Power Generation; Solar Photovoltaic Conversion; Harnessing of Wind Energy, Bio-mass and Tidal Energy – Methods and Applications, Working principles of Fuel Cells.PAPER – II7. Engineering Mechanics:Analysis of System of Forces, Friction, Centroid and Centre of Gravity, Dynamics; Stresses and Strains-Compound Stresses and Strains, Bending Moment and Shear Force Diagrams, Theory of Bending Stresses- Slope and deflection-Torsion, Thin and thick Cylinders, Spheres.8. Engineering Materials:Basic Crystallography, Alloys and Phase diagrams, Heat Treatment, Ferrous and Non Ferrous Metals, Non metallic materials, Basics of Nano-materials, Mechanical Properties and Testing, Corrosion prevention and control9. Mechanisms and Machines:Types of Kinematics Pair, Mobility, Inversions, Kinematic Analysis, Velocity and Acceleration Analysis of Planar Mechanisms, CAMs with uniform acceleration and retardation, cycloidal motion, oscillating followers; Vibrations –Free and forced vibration of undamped and damped SDOF systems, Transmissibility Ratio, Vibration Isolation, Critical Speed of Shafts. Gears – Geometry of tooth profiles, Law of gearing, Involute profile, Interference, Helical, Spiral and Worm Gears, Gear Trains- Simple, compound and Epicyclic; Dynamic Analysis – Slider – crank mechanisms, turning moment computations, balancing of Revolving & Reciprocating masses, Gyroscopes –Effect of Gyroscopic couple on automobiles, ships and aircrafts, Governors.10. Design of Machine Elements:Design for static and dynamic loading; failure theories; fatigue strength and the S-N diagram; principles of the design of machine elements such as riveted, welded and bolted joints. Shafts, Spur gears, rolling and sliding contact bearings, Brakes and clutches, flywheels.11. Manufacturing ,Industrial and Maintenance Engineering:Metal casting-Metal forming, Metal Joining, Machining and machine tool operations, Limits, fits and tolerances, Metrology and inspection, computer Integrated manufacturing, FMS, Production planning and Control, Inventory control and operations research - CPM-PERT. Failure concepts and characteristics-Reliability, Failure analysis, Machine Vibration, Data acquisition, Fault Detection, Vibration Monitoring, Field Balancing of Rotors, Noise Monitoring, Wear and Debris Analysis, Signature Analysis, NDT Techniques in Condition Monitoring.12. Mechatronics and Robotics:Microprocessors and Microcontrollers: Architecture, programming, I/O, Computer interfacing, Programmable logic controller. Sensors and actuators, Piezoelectric accelerometer, Hall effect sensor, Optical Encoder, Resolver, Inductosyn, Pneumatic and Hydraulic actuators, stepper motor, Control Systems- Mathematical modeling of Physical systems, control signals, controllability and observability. Robotics, Robot Classification, Robot Specification, notation; Direct and Inverse Kinematics; Homogeneous Coordinates and Arm Equation of four Axis SCARA RobotUNION PUBLIC SERVICE COMMISSION, NEW DELHIENGINEERING SERVICES EXAMINATION (ESE) SYLLABIBranch/Discipline: Electrical Engineering(Contents for syllabi of both the Papers together for Stage-I objective type Paper–II and separately for Stage-II Conventional type Paper-I and Paper – II)PAPER – I1. Engineering MathematicsMatrix theory, Eigen values & Eigen vectors, system of linear equations, Numerical methods for solution of non-linear algebraic equations and differential equations, integral calculus, partial derivatives, maxima and minima, Line, Surface and Volume Integrals. Fourier series, linear, non-linear and partial differential equations, initial and boundary value problems, complex variables, Taylor’s and Laurent’s series, residue theorem, probability and statistics fundamentals, Sampling theorem, random variables, Normal and Poisson distributions, correlation and regression analysis.2. Electrical MaterialsElectrical Engineering Materials, crystal structures and defects, ceramic materials, insulating materials, magnetic materials – basics, properties and applications; ferrities, ferro-magnetic materials and components; basics of solid state physics, conductors; Photo-conductivity; Basics of Nano materials and Superconductors.3. Electric Circuits and FieldsCircuit elements, network graph, KCL, KVL, Node and Mesh analysis, ideal current and voltage sources, Thevenin’s, Norton’s, Superposition and Maximum Power Transfer theorems, transient response of DC and AC networks, Sinusoidal steady state analysis, basic filter concepts, two-port networks, three phase circuits, Magnetically coupled circuits, Gauss Theorem, electric field and potential due to point, line, plane and spherical charge distributions, Ampere’s and Biot-Savart’s laws; inductance, dielectrics, capacitance; Maxwell’s equations.4. Electrical and Electronic Measurements:Principles of measurement, accuracy, precision and standards; Bridges and potentiometers; moving coil, moving iron, dynamometer and induction type instruments, measurement of voltage, current, power, energy and power factor, instrument transformers, digital voltmeters and multi-meters, phase, time and frequency measurement, Q-meters, oscilloscopes, potentiometric recorders, error analysis, Basics of sensors, Transducers, basics of data acquisition systems5. Computer Fundamentals:Number systems, Boolean algebra, arithmetic functions, Basic Architecture, Central Processing Unit, I/O and Memory Organisation; peripheral devices, data represenation and programming, basics of Operating system and networking, virtual memory, file systems; Elements of programming languages, typical examples.6. Basic Electronics Engineering:Basics of Semiconductor diodes and transistors and characteristics, Junction and field effect transistors (BJT, FET and MOSFETS), different types of transistor amplifiers, equivalent circuits and frequency response; oscillators and other circuits, feedback amplifiers.PAPER – II1. Analog and Digital Electronics:Operational amplifiers – characteristics and applications, combinational and sequential logic circuits, multiplexers, multi-vibrators, sample and hold circuits, A/D and D/A converters, basics of filter circuits and applications, simple active filters; Microprocessor basics- interfaces and applications, basics of linear integrated circuits; Analog communication basics, Modulation and de-modulation, noise and bandwidth, transmitters and receivers, signal to noise ratio, digital communication basics, sampling, quantizing, coding, frequency and time domain multiplexing, power line carrier communication systems.2. Systems and Signal Processing :Representation of continuous and discrete-time signals, shifting and scaling operations, linear, time-invariant and causal systems, Fourier series representation of continuous periodic signals, sampling theorem, Fourier and Laplace transforms, Z transforms, Discrete Fourier transform, FFT, linear convolution, discrete cosine transform, FIR filter, IIR filter, bilinear transformation.3. Control Systems:Principles of feedback, transfer function, block diagrams and signal flow graphs, steady-state errors, transforms and their applications; Routh-hurwitz criterion, Nyquist techniques, Bode plots, root loci, lag, lead and lead-lag compensation, stability analysis, transient and frequency response analysis, state space model, state transition matrix, controllability and observability, linear state variable feedback, PID and industrial controllers.4. Electrical Machines :Single phase transformers, three phase transformers - connections, parallel operation, auto-transformer, energy conversion principles, DC machines - types, windings, generator characteristics, armature reaction and commutation, starting and speed control of motors, Induction motors - principles, types, performance characteristics, starting and speed control, Synchronous machines - performance, regulation, parallel operation of generators, motor starting, characteristics and applications, servo and stepper motors.5. Power Systems :Basic power generation concepts, steam, gas and water turbines, transmission line models and performance, cable performance, insulation, corona and radio interference, power factor correction, symmetrical components, fault analysis, principles of protection systems, basics of solid state relays and digital protection; Circuit breakers, Radial and ring-main distribution systems, Matrix representation of power systems, load flow analysis, voltage control and economic operation, System stability concepts, Swing curves and equal area criterion. HVDC transmission and FACTS concepts, Concepts of power system dynamics, distributed generation, solar and wind power, smart grid concepts, environmental implications, fundamentals of power economics.6. Power Electronics and Drives :Semiconductor power diodes, transistors, thyristors, triacs, GTOs, MOSFETs and IGBTs - static characteristics and principles of operation, triggering circuits, phase control rectifiers, bridge converters - fully controlled and half controlled, principles of choppers and inverters, basis concepts of adjustable speed dc and ac drives, DC-DC switched mode converters, DC-AC switched mode converters, resonant converters, high frequency inductors and transformers, power supplies.UNION PUBLIC SERVICE COMMISSION, NEW DELHIENGINEERING SERVICES EXAMINATION (ESE) SYLLABIBranch/Discipline: Electronics & Telecommunication Engineering(Contents for syllabi of both the Papers together for Stage-I objective type Paper–II and separately for Stage-II Conventional type Paper-I and Paper – II)PAPER – I1. Basic Electronics Engineering:Basics of semiconductors; Diode/Transistor basics and characteristics; Diodes for different uses; Junction & Field Effect Transistors (BJTs, JFETs, MOSFETs); Transistor amplifiers of different types, oscillators and other circuits; Basics of Integrated Circuits (ICs); Bipolar, MOS and CMOS ICs; Basics of linear ICs, operational amplifiers and their applications-linear/non-linear; Optical sources/detectors; Basics of Opto electronics and its applications.2. Basic Electrical Engineering:DC circuits-Ohm’s & Kirchoff’s laws, mesh and nodal analysis, circuit theorems; Electro-magnetism, Faraday’s & Lenz’s laws, induced EMF and its uses; Single-phase AC circuits; Transformers, efficiency; Basics-DC machines, induction machines, and synchronous machines; Electrical power sources- basics: hydroelectric, thermal, nuclear, wind, solar; Basics of batteries and their uses.3. Materials Science:Electrical Engineering materials; Crystal structure & defects; Ceramic materials-structures, composites, processing and uses; Insulating laminates for electronics, structures, properties and uses; Magnetic materials, basics, classification, ferrites, ferro/para-magnetic materials and components; Nano materials-basics, preparation, purification, sintering, nano particles and uses; Nano-optical/magnetic/electronic materials and uses; Superconductivity, uses.4. Electronic Measurements and Instrumentation:Principles of measurement, accuracy, precision and standards; Analog and Digital systems for measurement, measuring instruments for different applications; Static/dynamic characteristics of measurement systems, errors, statistical analysis and curve fitting; Measurement systems for non-electrical quantities; Basics of telemetry; Different types of transducers and displays; Data acquisition system basics.5. Network Theory:Network graphs & matrices; Wye-Delta transformation; Linear constant coefficient differential equations- time domain analysis of RLC circuits; Solution of network equations using Laplace transforms- frequency domain analysis of RLC circuits; 2-port network parameters-driving point & transfer functions; State equations for networks; Steady state sinusoidal analysis.6. Analog and Digital Circuits:Small signal equivalent circuits of diodes, BJTS and FETs; Diode circuits for different uses; Biasing & stability of BJT & JFET amplifier circuits; Analysis/design of amplifier- single/multi-stage; Feedback& uses; Active filters, timers, multipliers, wave shaping, A/D-D/A converters; Boolean Algebra& uses; Logic gates, Digital IC families, Combinatorial/sequential circuits; Basics of multiplexers, counters/registers/ memories /microprocessors, design& applications.PAPER – II1. Analog and Digital Communication Systems:Random signals, noise, probability theory, information theory; Analog versus digital communication & applications: Systems- AM, FM, transmitters/receivers, theory/practice/ standards, SNR comparison; Digital communication basics: Sampling, quantizing, coding, PCM, DPCM, multiplexing-audio/video; Digital modulation: ASK, FSK, PSK; Multiple access: TDMA, FDMA, CDMA; Optical communication: fibre optics, theory, practice/standards.2. Control Systems:Classification of signals and systems; Application of signal and system theory; System realization; Transforms& their applications; Signal flow graphs, Routh-Hurwitz criteria, root loci, Nyquist/Bode plots; Feedback systems-open &close loop types, stability analysis, steady state, transient and frequency response analysis; Design of control systems, compensators, elements of lead/lag compensation, PID and industrial controllers.3. Computer Organization and Architecture:Basic architecture, CPU, I/O organisation, memory organisation, peripheral devices, trends; Hardware /software issues; Data representation& Programming; Operating systems-basics, processes, characteristics, applications; Memory management, virtual memory, file systems, protection & security; Data bases, different types, characteristics and design; Transactions and concurrency control; Elements of programming languages, typical examples.4. Electro Magnetics:Elements of vector calculus, Maxwell’s equations-basic concepts; Gauss’, Stokes’ theorems; Wave propagation through different media; Transmission Lines-different types, basics, Smith’s chart, impedance matching/transformation, S-parameters, pulse excitation, uses; Waveguides-basics, rectangular types, modes, cut-off frequency, dispersion, dielectric types; Antennas-radiation pattern, monopoles/dipoles, gain, arrays-active/passive, theory, uses.5. Advanced Electronics Topics:VLSI technology: Processing, lithography, interconnects, packaging, testing; VLSI design: Principles, MUX/ROM/PLA-based design, Moore & Mealy circuit design; Pipeline concepts & functions; Design for testability, examples; DSP: Discrete time signals/systems, uses; Digital filters: FIR/IIR types, design, speech/audio/radar signal processing uses; Microprocessors & microcontrollers, basics, interrupts, DMA, instruction sets, interfacing; Controllers & uses; Embedded systems.6. Advanced Communication Topics:Communication networks: Principles /practices /technologies /uses /OSI model/security; Basic packet multiplexed streams/scheduling; Cellular networks, types, analysis, protocols (TCP/TCPIP); Microwave & satellite communication: Terrestrial/space type LOS systems, block schematics link calculations, system design; Communication satellites, orbits, characteristics, systems, uses; Fibre-optic communication systems, block schematics, link calculations, system design.Sourse UPSC websitehttp://www.upsc.gov.in/

This is sheopur fortress in kuno forest, the flowing river shining in evening sunshine is a tributary of chamabal, the Kuno river. The major water source for the flora and fauna of the landscape and it bifurcates the National park near symmetrically into equal halves called Kuno east division and west division.It is not a sanctuary now but a national Park with 413 km2 core area and surrounding 530 km2+ buffer area. It is pristine natural reserve because it protects wildlife with limited human activity. It is part of the Kathiawar-Gir dry deciduous forests ecoregion. An area of 344.686 km2 (133.084 sq mi) was set aside as a wildlife sanctuary in 1981. Since then this has been elevated to the Kuno Wildlife Division with an 900 km2 (350 sq mi) as a buffer area around the sanctuary. With the total of 1200 km2+ as protected area.Feral zebu cattle roam the sanctuary, left behind by the relocated Saharia tribal herders. The cattle are also intended to serve as prey for Asiatic lions.The National park is home to many flora, avain wildlife and faunal species including:Indian wolf,Rhesus macaque,Gray langur a good prey to carnivores like lions and tigers with body mass up to 30 kg,Indian leopard,Nilgai one of the biggest antelope of Asia and biggest of India can weight 280+ kg,Royal Bengal tiger,The feral Zebu cattle (derived most undisturbed without low inter breeding history from extinct by domestication Indian Aurochs which is the ancestral genus for all cattle around the world) left by sahariya tribe during relocation of 24 villages. A good prey for reintroduced lions.Chital,Indian boar,Sambar deer biggest deer species of Asia, stags weigh 300+ kg,Chinkara/Indian Gazelle,Four-horned antelope,Blackbuck,Though Dhole/Indian Wild Dog is not spotted but may occur rarely,Indian peafowl/Blue peafowl,Gharial highly critically endangered,Grey francolin a prey for caracal,Caracal,Painted spurfowl,Ruddy shelduck,Golden jackalBeyond the river lay a dense jungle of Anogeissus pendula-Acacia catechu- Ziziphus mauritiana and other miscellaneous species of the Central Indian dry forest. Kuno was in relation to a meeting about the reintroduction of lions as per the order given by the Supreme Court in April 2013, which said that the lions should be translocated from Gir to Kuno in October 2013. The meeting on 18th and 19th December 2016 was attended by officials from the Ministry of Environment and Forests and Climate Change, Madhya Pradesh, the Gujarat Forest Departments and key conservationists like M.K Ranjitsinh. After the meeting all the other members left and Dr. A.J.T.Johnsingh, Nature Conservation Foundation, WWF-India and Corbett Foundation stayed a day longer to get a better understanding of Kuno, as he was visiting the sanctuary after 12 years.The main purpose of our visit was to observe the recovery of vegetation and wild ungulate prey after the villages had been relocated. This was my fifth visit to Kuno and all my earlier visits had taken place while I was serving in the Wildlife Institute of India. In three days I was driven close to 100 km and I found that the recovery of the vegetation including the grasslands was impressive. A team from the Wildlife Institute of India under the guidance of Y.V. Jhala has quantified wild ungulate abundance in Kuno Wildlife Sanctuary , and according to their 2016 report , the chital density was 69 animals/sq.km, nilgai 9/sq.km and sambar 8/sq.km. Sightings of chital and nilgai were impressive. Jackal was once a very common predator throughout India but it has disappeared from most places, most likely because of diseases transmitted by free-ranging dogs. It was frequently seen in Kuno. It is very likely that the fruiting Zizyphus mauritiana, eaten by all animals including dholes and elephants, may have led to this frequent sighting. All the members, including those from the Gujarat Forest Department, were impressed by the excellent vegetation, chital, nilgai and feral cattle abundance. Wild pigs were also seen.Just before the meeting on the 18th, certain leaders of the local people met the committee members and pleaded with them to bring the lions as early as possible. Their rightful contention was that nearly 1500 families living in the 345 sq km sanctuary made the great sacrifice of leaving the forest in late 1990s and early 2000 so as to make the habitat disturbance-free, which is vital for reviving the habitat essential to bring the lions. They said that any further delay in bringing the lions would make their sacrifice a mockery and meaningless.Surprisingly, I had very few sightings of sambar - only four animals were seen. Calls were frequently heard in the hills as sambar are largely animals of the hills. We were in the peak rutting season (November to March) of sambar. Sambar stags shed the velvet antlers before getting into the hard antler, a must for fighting with other males during the rut to have access to females. In the process of shedding the velvet, they rub the antlers against the trunk of the trees with soft bark and thrash the saplings. The abundance of rubbing and thrashing signs in the rutting season can be an index of sambar abundance. I saw only two rubbing signs. Dholes, which efficiently prey on sambar, are absent in Kuno and therefore one can expect a high density of sambar in Kuno as in Ranthambhore Tiger Reserve, but it was surprising that many sambar were not seen.The most conspicuous feature of the Kuno landscape is the abundance of feral cattle, which live in the forest and do not go to the village. There were 2000-2500 cattle and they were all exceedingly healthy. There was a preponderance of bulls; cows were also present but not many calves. The staff opined that leopards preyed on the calves as soon as they were born. When the lions are introduced, the cattle will contribute significantly to their diet.As I drove around, I understood that the ability of Kuno to support a high density of ungulates was due to the abundance of short grass species and of the extremely palatable tall grass, Apluda mutica. Prominent browse and fruiting species were Acacia leucophloea, A. catechu, Aegle marmelos, A. pendula, A. latifolia (occurrence of the last two species in Kuno could be a unique feature of the vegetation) and Balanites aegyptiaca. I also observed that certain species need to be removed from the habitat, and prominent among them are Prosopis juliflora (for firewood by the staff; only this species should be used, not the slow growing and much more valuable A. catechu), the strong smelling Vitex negundo, and Z. numularia (this species can be easily differentiated from the much more valuable Z. mauritiana by its stunted growth, serrated margin of the leaves and yellowish colour). Grewia flavescens (have seen goats feeding on them in Sariska Tiger Reserve) is another species that needs to be controlled. Opuntia dillenii, an exotic but naturalized in some of the drier tracts of India, can be a threat to the habitat if not controlled now.Before leaving Kuno, one day I spent three hours from 0900 to 1200 hrs sitting on the ground in Marithalai waterhole. An Acacia arabica tree with three stems and a rank growth of Achyranthes aspera in front gave me sufficient cover to remain hidden. My hope was to see a caracal or a leopard or a sambar coming to the water. Some tree pies and jungle crows stayed around the water hole. Initially there was no breeze and 12 chital stags came, in groups of seven and five, and without either seeing or smelling me they drank water and went away. Two wild pigs came, but by this time the breeze was blowing from my direction towards them and therefore they smelt me, with great agitation drank water and ran away from the place. Interestingly, a peacock from the other end of the waterhole, nearly 40 m away, and two grey francolins, some 20 m from me, spotted me, gave their characteristic alarm calls and ran away from the place.On the 21st, I drove out of Kuno, crossing the eastern part of the Sanctuary. This gave me an opportunity to view the agriculture fields of the people who were settled out of Kuno Wildlife Sanctuary. All the fields were blooming golden with the flowers of mustard crop. When they were settled nearly 15 years ago , while ploughing they found the fields full of stones which they painstakingly collected and have meticulously made use of to build walls around their fields. As I drove, I noticed an enormous collection of firewood by the people living in the fringe areas from the buffer forests of Kuno Wildlife Sanctuary. I wished that there should be a program for the people to grow firewood along the roads and the boundary of forests so as to reduce their growing dependency on the buffer forests.The people of Gujarat are extremely attached to the lions and they consider it the pride of Gujarat. In the lion landscape outside the 1500 http://sq.km Gir protected area, if a pregnant lioness choses a place in anagricultural field, say a patch of a sugar cane field for giving birth, the people consider it as a daughter or a daughter- in- law coming home to give birth. The patch of sugar cane is not disturbed till the cubs grow and are strong enough to move away from that area following the mother. Now, with large-heartedness, the people of Gujarat should agree to send a small portion of their lion family, may be about ten animals, to establish a second home in Kuno National Park, which has the potential to be as large as 740 http://sq.km with the resettling of Bagcha village. The Kuno Wildlife Division is 1235 http://sq.km.This new population can significantly improve wildlife tourism in the Kuno landscape, bringing in enormous benefits to the people of the area who have done an enormous sacrifice of moving out of the forest area to give a home to the lions. This second home will provide additional security to the lions from virulent diseases like canine distemper. One should remember that in the early 1990s canine distemper killed nearly 1000 lions out of a population of about 3000 in the 30,000 http://sq.km Serengeti ecosystem. The hard work put in by several dedicated forest officers of Madhya Pradesh to prepare Kuno Wildlife Sanctuary to receive lions would also be amply rewarded.There are plans to send the staff of Kuno Wildlife Sanctuary to Gir landscape to learn about lion management. Likewise there should to be a program to send selected village leaders from Kuno landscape to Gir landscape to learn from the local people about living with lions. The day may not be far when on a cold winter night one sitting near the fire place before Palpur forest rest house would be able to listen to both the roaring of the lions and the sawing sound of leopards in the same night.Acknowledgement: Thanks are recorded to Madhavi Sethupathi for reading through the article.Tall grasses give cover to fawns and predators but need to be managed by cool season burning so as to promote the new growth of grass rich in protein. Grasslands in dry habitats should not be burnt annually; therefore, fire in Kuno which is in a dry landscape should be used sparingly, with the careful selection of the area and time. Heteropogon contortus is a short grass which needs to be burnt before it becomes mature as its arrow-like seeds are capable of injuring the tongue and eyes of even wild animals.It is created to ensure the survival of Cheetahs and Last Asiatic lions of the world along with other sites in various parts of central and west India but delayed due to greedy desire of Gujarat govt monopoly on lions tourism revenue income and BJP dominant politics over NDA/Congress govt started central scheme/project i.e.., Asiatic Lion Reintroduction Project and Cheetah reintroduction Project.Asiatic cheetah reintroduction:Currently, wildlife experts have shortlisted three regions which have the potential to support cheetah populations. The Nauradehi Wildlife Sanctuary and Kuno-Palpur Wildlife Sanctuaries in Madhya Pradesh and the Shahgarh bulge landscape in Jaisalmer, Rajasthan have been declared potentially suitable for the reintroduction of the cheetah. The Kuno-Palpur Wildlife Sanctuary in Madhya Pradesh has the potential to hold populations of four of India's big cats; the Bengal tiger, Indian leopard, and Asiatic lion and cheetah, all four of which have co-existed in the same habitats historically for many years, before they were wiped out due to overhunting and habitat destruction. Since the Shahgarh Landscape is fenced along the Indo-Pakistani border region, the addition of more fencing will ensure adequate protection for the cheetah population. The Nauradehi Wildlife Sanctuary (1197km2) is part of a much larger forested landscape (5500km2 ) which can host the cheetah as well.At a future date, when sufficient population has built up, other former range habitats in India (after revitalizing them) may also be considered for reintroduction like the Banni grasslands and Desert National Park etc.A few wildlife groups have suggested the Moyar river valley in Tamil Nadu's Satyamangalam FD, part of Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve as it is a pristine forest with flourishing population of prey and a good record of conservation. Frederick Augustus Nicholson, the then British Collector has reported to have shot a few individuals near Kothamangalam, Velamundi and Bolampatti (all in NBR). This region is on the leeward side of SW monsoon.Southeast African/Namibian cheetah reintroduction:The Asiatic cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus venaticus) has, for a long time, been theoretically classified as a sub-species of the cheetah with the suffix "venaticus" applied at the end of its scientific binomial name Acinonyx jubatus. However, at a cheetah reintroduction workshop organised in India on 9 September 2009, Stephen J. O'Brien from Laboratory of Genomic Diversity of National Cancer Institute of the US who has in the past conducted numerous prestigious genetic studies - including those on Asiatic lions - said that according to the latest modern genetic studies, it was discovered that the Asiatic cheetah was, in fact, genetically identical to the African cheetah with which it had separated only about 5000 years ago. This was not enough time for a sub-species level differentiation; O'Brien said that in comparison the Asian and African lion subspecies were separated some 100,000 years ago, as was the African and Asian leopard subspecies 169,000 years ago. Cheetah expert Laurie Marker of the Cheetah Conservation Fund and other wildlife experts advised the Indian Government that for reintroduction purposes India should source the cheetah from Africa where they were much more numerous instead of trying to have some removed from the critically endangered low population of about 70 to 110 or so Asiatic cheetahs left in Iran.India's Union Minister of State for Environment and Forests Jairam Ramesh, chief wildlife wardens of Rajasthan, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh and Chhattisgarh, officials of the environment ministry, cheetah experts from across the globe including Laurie Marker from Cheetah Conservation Fund, representatives from the Wildlife Institute of India (WII) including Yadvendradev Jhala, and IUCN, an international conservation NGO, among others, participated in a meeting about this issue.Subsequently, in 2011, a much more detailed five-year genetic study involving gathering of DNA samples from the wild, zoos and museums in eight countries was published in Molecular Ecology (Journal) on 8 January 2011. This newer study concluded that African and Asiatic cheetahs were in reality genetically very distinct and had in fact separated 32,000 to 67,000 years ago. Sub-species level differentiation had taken place due to longer separation from the African population.The effect of this latest revelation on India's plan to reintroduce cheetahs to the country was left unknown.Introduction of South African/Namibian cheetah:As the world's last Asiatic cheetah population in Iran is currently classified as critically endangered, with an estimated total of below 100, the cheetah experts felt that it would not be conducive to disturb it. India is therefore exploring an alternate plan of importing the South African cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus jubatus) from some African countries, such as in Namibia, where they are in greater abundance, with a view to breeding them in captivity, and then setting them free in protected, semi-arid habitats in India.Since the Asiatic cheetah became extinct in India about half a century ago, suggestions to reestablish the cheetah in India have been ongoing.For this purpose a meeting of International cheetah experts was organized in Gajner, near Bikaner in the Indian state of Rajasthan during September 2009. As per the discussions held at the meeting cheetah experts from around the world favored importing South African cheetahs for the proposed reintroduction in India as against getting them from the world's last remnant population of the Asiatic cheetah, which is also called "Iranian cheetah," since it survives in Iran, where it is currently critically endangered, with the entire population estimated to be below 100.International experts including Laurie Marker of Cheetah Conservation Fund, credited with developing cheetah conservation programmes in a number of countries, including Iran, argues that the world's last Asiatic cheetah population in Iran is abysmally low to spare any individuals for reintroduction efforts in India. Stephen J O'Brien, world's leading conservation geneticist and Chief of the Laboratory of Genomic Diversity at the National Cancer Institute, United States, has clarified that there is no significant genetic difference between the African and the Iran's Asiatic cheetah, as per genetic research carried out by him African and Indian cheetahs were only separated just some 5,000 years ago which is not enough for a sub-species level differentiation. "African and Asian cheetahs are similar in nature and have same genetic make-up. So India can have the animal from South Africa if it is not getting from Iran (which has already refused to part with its Asian cheetah)," noted the cheetah genetic expert Stephen J O Brien. At the meeting experts also identified South Africa, Botswana, Kenya, Tanzania and UAE as countries from where the cheetah could be imported for India. "About 5 to 10 animals annually have to be brought to India over a period of 5 to 10 years," recommended another working group, which was formed for exploring sourcing and translocation of the cheetah.The Ministry of Environment & Forests, Government of India has approved the recommendation for a detailed survey of potential reintroduction sites in the four Indian states of Rajasthan, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh and Chhattisgarh, shortlisted during the consultative meeting. Three more Indian states Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh and Maharashtra are being also considered. This survey will form the basis for the roadmap of reintroduction of cheetah in India, and will be carried out by the Wildlife Institute of India (WII).Current statusThe Ministry of forests and environment of India is now hammering out the details of the cheetah conservation plan. As a first step, a two-day seminar of technical experts on cheetahs was held in Gajner from 9 September 2009. Experts on cheetah, including Divyabhanusinh Chavda and M K Ranjitsinh presented their papers on how to go about bringing cheetahs to India.The initial plans were to bring the cheetahs to Gajner Wildlife Sanctuary. "We want to set up a breeding ground for the cheetahs and Gajner seems to fit the bill perfectly. Thereafter, they will be transported to various states," he added.India is also in talks with the Islamic Republic of Iran over the possibility of sending a pair of Asiatic cheetahs to India. The Iranian embassy in Delhi said that its government was in the process of "arranging" talks.The Union Minister of State for Environment and Forests Jairam Ramesh said that African cheetahs could be brought to India within three years having just returned from a trip to South Africa, one of the potential source-habitats of cheetahs to be moved to India.The Wildlife Institute of India is spearheading the project, and will unveil a road map and destination for the African cheetahs – possible options are in Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh and Gujarat – by the end of May.Kuno Palpur and Nauradehi Sancturies in Madhya Pradesh and Shahgarh landscape in Jaisalmer in Rajasthan have been selected in by the Wildlife Institute of India as most suitable sites for the reintroduction project.Plans on holdAs of May 2012 the Indian Supreme Court has put the project of importing cheetahs from Africa and reintroducing them in India on hold. Some Conservationists have been fighting a legal battle in Indian Supreme Court to get the Indian State Government of Gujarat to break its monopolizing of wild Asiatic lions and release a few overpopulated prides of lions spilling out of Gir National Park for reintroduction in the Kuno Wildlife Sanctuary in the neighbouring Indian State of Madhya Pradesh which was prepared for them after relocating over 24 villages out of the forest. In the past, for last two decades the State Government of Gujarat had concocted every possible reason to maintain its monopoly on wild Asiatic lions and the tourism revenue generated by them and of recent Gujarat's legal council had put forward the argument that Kuno Wildlife Sanctuary is being used for the introduction of African cheetah which might take several years to fully settle down and repopulate the area and hence reintroduction of lions should only be done after that, this scared the conservationists that Gujarat will use this pretext to delay the reintroduction of native lions by many more decades using the cheetah argument. Indian Supreme court has taken note of the arguments put forth by some Indian conservationists that importing African cheetah for reintroduction in India is misguided as it is against the International Union for Conservation of Nature's reintroduction guidelines and no clearance had been sought from India's National Board for Wildlife. The Indian Supreme Court has put the project on hold till further notice asking for clearance from India's National Board for Wildlife, meantime it has fast tracked the case for the re-introduction of lions to Kuno Wildlife Sanctuary and is hearing it every Monday.Senior advocate PS Narasimha, court-appointed adviser and the amicus curiae in the Asiatic lion's relocation case in India's Supreme Court, filed an application seeking a stay on the implementation of African cheetah reintroduction project in India. The Indian Supreme court granted the stay and the matter has been scheduled for further hearing in July 2012 after the court returns from vacation. During its hearings, the Bench was informed that India's Ministry of Environment and Forests (MoEF) has decided to introduce the South African cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus jubatus) from Namibia into Kuno Wildlife Sanctuary in the Indian state of Madhya Pradesh, the same proposed habitat being developed as the second home for the translocation of lions from Gir Wildlife Sanctuary in the neighbouring Indian state of Gujarat which did not want to shift any lions out of the state. Narasimha said the proposal for reintroduction of African cheetah "has not been either placed before the Standing Committee of India's National Board for Wildlife, nor has there been a considered decision taken in this regard". He stated in an application that "scientific studies show that the African Cheetahs and Asian Cheetahs are completely different, both genetically and also in their characteristics" and the reintroduction of African cheetah in India was also against the International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) guidelines on translocation of wildlife species. "In fact, the (IUCN) guidelines categorically warn against the introduction of alien or exotic species. The African Cheetah obviously never existed in India. Therefore, it is not case of intentional movement of an organism into a part of its native range," the application stated. Asiatic cheetah became extinct in India in the 1950s, In the past, India's last recorded cheetah in the wild was said to have been shot in the Rewa area of Madhya Pradesh in the late 1940s. It was mentioned that the introduction of alien or exotic species is universally shunned by wildlife experts and "in fact countries such as South Africa, Australia are spending huge amount of funds to eradicate and remove exotic wildlife species from wilderness areas or wild habitats". Narasimha also sought a direction of India's Ministry of Environment and Forests (MoEF) to produce before the apex court all relevant records and decisions relating to introduction of cheetah. He said the Indian cheetah in genetic composition is a different animal than the African cheetah and a different sub species altogether and "therefore one cannot be introduced in place of the other". Conservationists say fewer than 100 of the critically endangered Asiatic cheetah subspecies remain only in Iran, roaming the central deserts. The vast majority of the 7,100 cheetahs left in the world are in Africa.Kuno Sanctuary became National Park, open tourism and Daily employment opportunities.Empower committee will visit KunoPreparation of necessary resources will startIn 2003, Kuno Sanctuary was ready to receive its first batch of lions. Now, again it is ready for the expansion of Asian lions, is a national park now. In the meeting with forest department officers headed by new Chief Minister Kamal Nath, a decision has been taken to make Kuno National Park. On getting the status of National Park to the Kuno Palpur Wildlife Sanctuary, as soon as the Shopur District falls on the world tourism map. Tourism and daily job or employment will start to grow and develop in the district.Simultaneously, shifting Lions from Gujarat's Gir Sanctuary will be discussed soon with the Central Government, after which the Empower Committee will be visiting Kuno. In order to make Kuno National Park was added to adjacent Shivpuri district, with an increment of 413 sq. Km area to make it eligible for National Park status. For this action, de-notification of the Son Chiraya Sanctuary of Shivpuri district had already started.The biggest condition set by Gujarat government was to extend the area of Kuno Palpur Sanctuary for translocation of Asiatic Lions and the area of sanctuary is increased another 413 sq km then, Gujarat demand fulfilled. Before, Kuno Palpur Sanctuary is spread over 345 sq km of area and now another 413 sq km area is added into it.The condition has been laid: In order to give Asian lions, the Gujarat government had laid the condition to increase the area of Kuno and giving it the status of National Park. Works and attempts were done on the scheme of transfer the Asian Lions to the Kuno Sanctuary Project since 1993. The displacement of 24 villages has been done under this project of spending about 900 crore of Sate government and Central govt. But the Gujarat government has been playing flaws in giving lacs to translocate lions. In January 2017, the Empower Committee had inspected kuno and suggested it to increase its area and said that it is the most favorable habitat for the lions.He said at present Asiatic lions is only in Gir National Park of Gujarat. In year 1991, proposal came up to translocate few Asiatic lions in Madhya Pradesh to save the endangered species from extinction. Madhya Pradesh Government selected Kuno Palpur area for the project and started preparing the jungles of Kuno Palpur sanctuary. In year 2003, state government staked claim for translocation of Asiatic Lions from Gujarat by saying that Kuno Palpur sanctuary is ready in this regard. However, Gujarat Government had certain objections over the issue and still issue pertaining to translocation of Asiatic lions which is in doldrums.Movements has been done: 72 agitations, protests and movements have been organized since 2008 for shifting Asian lions in Kuno Sanctuary, Madhya Pradesh. Apart from the demonstration of the "Babbar sher Bassao Sangharsha" committee protest against the State and Central Government from the district headquarters which was held at Tikoli, the entrance of the Kuno, but the Gujarat government is still in indispensable attitude. Atul Chauhan, President of the Sangharsh Samiti, welcomed Kamal Nath's decision on granting the status of National park to the Sanctuary. Chauhan, president of the Sangharsh Samiti, says that this is the only oppurtunity in case of development and this is the only ray of hope or chance for the Sheopur district which is the most backward districts of the state because the situation of employment sources, industrial development and transport facilities is pathetic here in geographically.The notification was published on December 14, minutes after Congress announced Kamal Nath as the new chief minister of the state. If everything goes right then there will be a final structure designed to bring lions by the next new year's January month and by February a smooth pavement to transfer will be implemented and second phase of the Project-Shifting of healthy lions will be started. Shivraj never spoke on this issue publicly considering Modi’s possessiveness over Gir Lions.State government has declared Kuno National Park with inclusion of an area spread along 404.0758 sq km area in addition to the earlier notified area of 344.686 sq km making a total of 748.7618 sq km area and the state government got orders to implement translocation.The case here is still stuckDespite the proposal to de-notify the 202 sq km area of Karera Wildlife Sanctuary under district Shivpuri and 80 sq km of area of Ghatigaon Sonchidiya/Sonchiraiya Sanctuary under Gwalior, it is still yet to be implemeted.After de notification of both the areas, Government "would add them into Kuno Palpur" in Ghatigaon area and the Forest Department had sent proposal to the government to de-notify/decrypt the 25 villages in the Ghatigaon region, these proposals have already been approved by the government, but the permission from State Wildlife Board and Central Wildlife Board is yet to be received. After this permission, the diagnosis will be implemented.The state declared 748.7618 sq km area within more than 1200 sq km Kuno wildlife division (inside 3300 sq km Kuno forested Landscape) as a protected area to resolve the issue. Gujarat government had moved a curative petition in Supreme Court as its last legal resort to retain its Asiatic lions. While MP won the eight-year-long legal battle with Gujarat in 2013, the latter had been dilly-dallying compliance. Nath met officials later and promised to take up the matter towards a logical conclusion. MP government circles had gone to the extent of suggesting that they were not averse to retaining the tag of ‘Gir' or ‘Gujarat' to identify the relocated lions at their new home in Kuno-Palpur.Since when the process is going on?In 1996, work on planning to shift lions began.Project was prepared in 2003.Gujarat had expressed its inability to give the lions to the lions.During the inspection, the committee talked of giving the status of National Park along with increasing the area of the sanctuary.The Forest Department initiated action for denotification of 202 sq. Km of land of Son Chiraiah and Kerera Sanctuary.In January 2017, the Empowers Committee inspected the Kuno Sanctuary.what will happen now?After getting the national status, the Empower Committee will come again to visit Kuno.After getting the green flag of the committee, the arrival of lions will start.A decision has been made to make Kuno/Koono a national park, on Saturday the government issued its notification. The Gujarat government is not ready to give lions right now. Our process is continuing. Proposal for denotification of entire area of Karera Sanctuary has to be sent to the Supreme Court soon.Shahbaz Ahmed, Principal Chief Conservator of Forest (Wildlife) BhopalThe expert committee had visited Kuno in December 2017. After visiting the sanctuary, the panel members had found the atmosphere in Kuno-Palpur suitable for shifting of lions. Gujarat, too, could not question much on MP’s preparedness to host the lions, sources said.Planning of Corridor: With the approval of the Kuno National Park status, it is planned to build corridor by combining Ranthambore Tiger Reserve's Ranthambore National Park-Shivpuri National Park-Sawai Madhopur to improve gene flow of WITL and maintain meta populations. Tourists from all over the world come to Sawai Madhopur to see the tiger right now. At present, the tourism industry and employment turnover of Sawai Madhopur is one and a half thousand crores annually. The Bengal tiger found here is also living in more than 50 sanctuaries of the country. Whereas the Asiatic Lion is only in Gir Sanctuary and can be seen in Kuno Sanctuary soon.Wildlife Institute of India researchers confirmed that the Palpur-Kuno Wildlife Sanctuary is the most promising location to re-establish a free ranging Asiatic lion population. In 2007, the protected area was ready to receive a first batch of lions from Gir Wildlife Sanctuary. where the population is too big. There are large scale deaths in the population annually because of ever increasing competition due to animal overcrowding. Asiatic lion prides require large territories but there is limited space at Gir wildlife sanctuary, which is boxed in on all sides by heavy human habitation.The Kuno Wildlife Sanctuary was selected as the reintroduction site for the endangered Asiatic lion because it is in the former range of the lions before it was hunted into extinction in about 1873.It was selected following stringent international criteria and internationally accepted requirements and guidelines developed by the IUCN/SSC Reintroduction Specialist Group and IUCN/SSC Conservation Breeding Specialist Group which are followed before any reintroduction attempt anywhere in the world.Currently the Asiatic Lion Reintroduction Project is underway. The lions are to be reintroduced from Gir Wildlife Sanctuary in the neighboring Indian state of Gujarat where they are currently overpopulated. This has involved the displacement of twenty four villages of the Sahariya tribe, which had lived in the remote core area set aside for the reintroduction of the Asiatic lions, who agreed to move out.Kuno Wildlife Sanctuary acts as a buffer zone or corridor for tigers from Ranthambore National Park to Madhav National Park and from other tiger reserves will help the gene pool of Western Indian Tiger Landscape (WITL) by maintaining meta populations to overcome inbreeding. Usually sub-adult male tigers who cannot establish a territory of their own after being driven out by dominant male tigers reside in buffer areas. Currently a tiger named T-38 and recently another young male from Ranthambore is said to be residing in Kuno Wildlife Sanctuary. Currently, 6–9 tigers are sighted infrequently. Ranthambore is 120 km away from Kuno connected by small forest patches, thin degraded and fragmented surrounded by human habitations. On 22 April 2015, the Union government has admitted that Madhya Pradesh will have to enlarge the wildlife sanctuary's size in order to translocate Asiatic lions to Palpur-Kuno from Gujarat's Sasan Gir, which is the first time the government accepted the sanctuary needs to be enlarged. However, that would require relocating several big villages.As the state government of Gujarat was refusing to relocate the Asiatic lions to the sanctuary, this ensued a long battle. Finally on 18 April 2013, the Supreme Court of India gave a verdict that asked the Gujarat government to complete the translocation of the Asiatic lion within six months.As of now, Madhya Pradesh still has not received lions from Gujarat. For this reason, it was considered to turn Kuno Wildlife Sanctuary into a protected area for tigers instead, by bringing in tigers from other parts of Madhya Pradesh.In October 2018, a number of lions were found dead in Gujarat. 4 of them were found to have died from canine distemper virus, the same virus which had earlier killed many East African lions in the Serengeti ecoregion, and which prompted the concern that an epidemic could threaten the Asiatic lion's survival.Between 1996 and 2002, 24 Sahariya tribal villages (at least 1,400 families) were relocated on the outskirts of the sanctuary, around the Agraa village.The kuno is best habitat in the world for lions with no conflicts and recently , Kuno-Palpur Sanctuary area was extended by 413 sq km.Biggest barrier of bringing Asiatic lions in Kuno Palpur Sanctuary (758 km2) of Madhya Pradesh is almost to end as the Madhya Pradesh Government is released notification for extending limits of the area of sanctuary by 413 sq kilo meter. After extending the limits of Kuno Palpur Wildlife Sanctuary, it got status of National Park.Moreover, as its area is increased, it fulfilled also the condition of Gujarat government for translocation of its (not it’s, they belong to world, country in particular, they are not someone’s pets or property acc to Indian constitution) world-famous Asiatic lions.Total Kuno wildlife division under protection is 1200 sq km of the total 3300 sq km Kuno forested landscape.Asiatic Lion Reintroduction Project - WikipediaMadhya Pradesh: Kuno notified as national park, path clear for Gir lions - Times of India?https://www.bhaskar.com/mp/gwalior/news/...19754.htmlIt was proposal sent by wildlife wing of Forest Department sees the day light then Kuno Palpur Wildlife Sanctuary. The proposal sent by Wildlife Wing envisages extension of sanctuary by another 413 square kilometers.Now after extension of this area, Kuno Palpur National Park, which has been developed for translocation of Asiatic Lion, will spread over 1,288 sq km of area more than gir with additional 2300 km2 area for growing population of lions as buffer in the landscape. If contiguous Ranthambore and keladevi are reckoned then, it has mind frying 6800 km2 of area as lion habitat.The proposal to de-notify the 202 sq km area of Karera Wildlife Sanctuary under district Shivpuri and 80 sq km of area of Ghatigaon Sonchidiya Sanctuary under Gwalior are under way to get finished soon too.After de notification of both areas, Government would add them into Kuno Palpur Sanctuary. Karera Wildlife Sanctuary was established in year 1981 to protect the population of Great Indian Bustard in the area. Now the area is being notified by Government due to protest by the local people and extinction of the Great Indian Bustard bird locally.“Sanctuary has been developed for translocation of Asiatic lion project which is pending from over the years,” said Alok Kumar, Additional Principal Chief Conservator of Forest (APCCF).India is the part of Gondwanaland landmass of pangea and eventually joined Eurasian plate during continental drift i.e.., tectonic plate movements. Indian plate at during drifting has one of the highest speeds of any other plate up to 16cm/year towards north. It is part of Madagascar and Africa tens of million years ago. So the soil has similar minerals, alluvial deposits etc…, flora and fauna. primarily, the habitats of India at that time are grasslands like other gondwana like Australia, Africa etc.., and other arid habitats. After collision, geography changed and newly evolved angiospermic dense forests called jungles from south east Asia conquered North West, west and most of Central and South India. Remaining west India is conquered by expanding desert ecosystems from west Asia/Arabian peninsula. As the former grasslands are drastically replaced by other habitats, grasslands become less in India in comparison and now they are critically endangered ecosystems in India as they are least concerned and most of them are labelled as revenue lands and humans favor open grassland areas we evolved from there combined with replacement from other ecosystems.But still some places in India have grassland environments like in states of Gujju, Rajasthan, Chattisgarh, Maharashtra, MP, UP, Haryana, Punjab and middle of Deccan peninsula. In north east India those are replaced by flood plains which is tiger environment. hence not suitable for reintroduction of grassland species like lion, cheetah and GIB etc..,All last strongholds mentioned in the last post marked on satellite image of Indian subcontinent.Prime habitats on IndoGangetic plain already gone.Asiatic lion last strongholds in India map.Kuno is one of the best in the world and the best in country. 1000*better than Gir. You can see why…Kuno is more grasslands than deciduos forest when compared to palpur. You can see how Kuno resembles African savanna with open plains, grasslands, thorny and scrublands.Filthy foul play & drama of Gujarat and BJP aka Modi sab in Asiatic Lion Conservation and Reintroduction ProjectGujarat (Porbandar) is the place where the greatest soul ever to walk on earth born mahatma but it is the same place where the dirtiest (BJP) politicians ruling, corrupting for money. The place where the greatest soul mahatma ever walked on earth born. These corrupted, cruel and money greedy people are ruling. They are killing lions. Misusing funds, torturing people etc..,ruled by some of the darkest and shameless politicians on the planet and these people are assured by the great iconic, so called Prime minister Narendra Modi ji sab.ScrollGujarat readies Barda Dungar as second abode for its lions - Times of India (wtf!!!?) but ‘Barda Dungar within reach of outbreak’ - Times of IndiaUnclaimed kingdomPride and prejudice: Why have reports on Gir lion deaths been pulled from ICMR site?India wants to reintroduce cheetahs, even as it is failing its lionsReports on Gir lion deaths taken off medical site?Gir lions continue to be tested for Canine Distemper Virus symptomsThey don’t have mercy even don’t leave animals like extincting lions and try to make a brand and monopoly of commercialize and cash them for tourism money deceiving people around world that the lion is pride of Gujarat or Asmita instead of pride of India.They conserve lions only to make money and they die for tourism income by caging them in place called without giving them freedom to disperse to other parts of India, and making them to infight and compete in small area called gir.CDV (Canine distemper) viral infection which transmits via aerosol/air borne, body fluid contagious from dogs, canids and feliforms due to interaction as expected (WHICH KILLED 1000 East African lions in 30,000 km2 Serengeti eco region and Ngorongoro crater of Tanzania!!!!Ridiculously low area of 1412 km2 official area of 5 protected area GCA (gir conservation area) for 600–700 lions (Some say even 1000) living in 30,000km2 across Gujarat covering 9 dist which reached about 10 times carrying capacity with 56% population outside GCA, in 2000+ villages, farm fields, cotton mills, urban areas, roads, cities, forest patches of Saurashtra sometimes reaching up to state borders.Inbreeding like cloning from 12–20 lions founder stock since 200 years from Nawab of Junagadh’s time in gir sanctuary named zoo during which 2nd bottle neck effect occurred along with founder’s effect, genetic depression, 1st bottle neck happened during early/start of this Holocene epoch.high mortality, low immunity, high disease susceptibility,natural disaster/phenomenon, All eggs in one basket,Epidemics/endemic outbreak like CDV as said earlier that Serengeti Tanzania 1990, 1/3 rd i.e.., 1000 of 3000 lion population killed, CDV appeared in Gir twice once in 2018 and this year is killing many lions.Infighting, competition for resources and territories with not only lions and also overwhelming 500+ leopards and territories as single lion pride home range require 140 km2 area human-animal-man conflict,low prey base, degradation by illegal mining (lime stone, sand, timber and teak etc…,),poaching like in 2007 and other cases, body parts like nails and teeth trade and hunting, lion mafia,poisoning by live bait for cattle and buffalo losses, depredation of stray or street dogs, feral cats, goat/sheep, donkeys, camels, pigs or feral hogs, and chickens and other pheasants/domesticated game birds like ducks and some human to people safety/human fatalities and agriculture and staging it as infighting and old age in news by Gujarat politics,killing their instincts of wildness with high human contact and they are most timid and least aggressive big cats of the world due to dependency on humans for food resources i.e.., live stock,exploiting natural resources of gir, doing injustice to people and wildlife, corrupting the lion funds,open well accidents, conserving lions only for the purpose of tourism income and political dominance over other parties and their schemes and projects,corruption, to become sole owner of all the lion tourism income, monopoly, greedy, brand value assured by PM modi born state,electrocution, illegal feeding of stray dogs by forest dept (or lion mafia),human interference/encroachment by tourists and people making pollution inside protected area with plastic, lion harassment like dogs by trackers,Violating SC order 2013, violated international norms like IUCN and national law for wildlife conservation i.e.., wildlife act for damn monopoly tourism income greed and made or linked it as political and public issue saying pride/Asmita/prestige and showing resistance to other national front governments like NDA or congress who initiated this vital reintroduction conservation project so that BJP can gain popularity and tourism revenue money not crossing the state boundary.Establishing lots of safari parks to make commercial money which have no conservative importance without authorized licenses from central govt,road and rail accidents rating the gir as the most hostile and torturing environment.A depiction of Lion growling giiirrr…. instead of grrrr….. to let it go from the gir to other areas like kuno and sita mata etc..,“NATURE IS THE PROPERTY OF THE NATION NOT ONE’S OR ONE PLACE’S IN PARTICULAR AND EVERYONE HAS RESPONSIBILITY TO PROTECT IT” - article of Indian constitutionICMR rings alarm bells as 21 Gir lions test CDV+ve