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I’m in Strasbourg right now, visiting for a few days.This is a french city and with a German architectural appearance, especially around the city centre. There are many half timbered houses.The half timbered house in Strasbourg city centre.The local Alsatian food includes sauerkraut, ham and potatoes. There’s also tarte flambé, which is the French version of the German Flammkuchen.The excellent local tram network crosses one of the Rhine bridges and into the German town of Kehl. There’s no checks or controls or any sense of international travel.Strasbourg Tram D on in its way to Kehl, Germany. A journey of 20 minutes.Strasbourg is an utterly delightful city with great food, fine city waterways, architecture, public transport and with an Franco-German appearance.The waterways in Strasbourg.Nicholas Stone, enjoys Strasbourg, July 2019. The author of this answer and all responsible for the pictures.

London is rife with history, and many well-known people have left their mark in surprising ways. Here’s a selection…1. Of AlleyThe area to the east of Charing Cross Station was originally the site of York House, owned by George Villiers, Duke of Buckingham. The land was sold for development in the 1670s, on the condition that all the streets were named after him. And so there’s a George Street, a Villiers Street, a Duke Street and a Buckingham Street… and Of Alley. The name was changed to York Place by some tiresome Westminster Council bureaucrat, but the original name is retained as an afterthought.2. Camden Ladies LavatoryThe Ladies lavatory in Camden Town was the first public convenience for women in the UK. It was installed on the instruction of the playwright George Bernard Shaw when he was a Camden Councillor.3. St Pancras ChurchyardSt Pancras Churchyard has an interesting history. It was here that the poet Percy Bysshe Shelley met his future wife, Mary Wollstonecraft (author of Frankenstein), when she was placing flowers on her mother’s grave. But the most noticeable oddity is the group of gravestones clustered around a tree. These were moved here by the novelist Thomas Hardy in the 1860s, when he was in charge of excavations for the construction of the Midland Railway’s London terminus. (Photo courtesy of John Salmon)4. 10 Hyde Park PlaceLondon’s smallest house (now demolished) was at 10 Hyde Park Place. It hid the entrance to a graveyard behind, where Laurence Sterne (author of Tristram Shandy) was buried. Shortly after his death, his corpse was stolen by bodysnatchers, and was recognised on the dissection table by a surgeon in a teaching session. The surgeon petitioned for the creation of this three foot wide building to house a watchman who could prevent such atrocities from recurring.5. Carting Lane gas lampThe gas lamp at the back of the Savoy Hotel is the last remaining example of the Victorian Webb Patent Sewer Lamp, which until the 1950s was powered largely by methane generated from the lavatories in the Savoy.6. K2 phone boxThe iconic red phone box at the entrance to the Royal Academy isn’t just any old phone box. Made of wood, it’s the original prototype, designed by the architect Giles Gilbert Scott in 1924.

I think that few people know of the Hazara genocide that took place in the late 19th century. The effects of this genocide can still be seen in this part of the world today.The perpetrator of this genocide was the Emir of Afghanistan, Abdur Rahman Khan. Also known as the Iron Emir.Emir Abdur Rahman KhanThe story of the Hazara genocide begins with a conflict between two men in 1888. Emir Abdur Rahman and Ishaq Khan, his governor of Turkistan. Ishaq Khan began to lose faith in his Emir as things became worse with time. He disliked the Emir’s authoritarianism and his unjust punishments. To top it all off Afghanistan’s economy was becoming worse and the British were seen to have too much control over Afghanistan’s foreign policies. Ishaq Khan was popular and well liked in the northern parts of Afghanistan.Ishaq Khan began to resist the Emir of Afghanistan. He would regularly disobey the Emir in what he deemed as wrong. He refused to send more Uzbek men as soldiers for the Emir’s army. He would even deny orders to punish certain figures if he decided that the punishment was unjust. The Emir arrested and exiled his political opponents to the region and Ishaq Khan released them claiming that there was no proof of any crime. This was the last straw for the Iron Emir. He ordered Ishaq Khan to appear before him in Kabul. Ishaq Khan made an excuse to delay this visit. He, as well as all of his commanders, knew that he would be executed or at best imprisoned. Instead all of the local leaders met and swore to support Ishaq Khan in a rebellion to take the throne.The First Hazara Rebellion (1888–1890)The Sheikh Ali Hazara during this revolt sided with Ishaq Khan and joined his rebellion. The revolt failed and the Iron Emir won. The Emir took control of Hazarajat, the central part of Afghanistan and the home of the Hazara. The Emir stamped his authority of the region by arresting and executing many of the tribal leaders and persecuting the Hazara for their part in the war. Pashtun administrators loyal to the Emir were put in control of Hazarajat. The Hazara people were disarmed and treated poorly by their new rulers. Land was taken from the Hazara and given to other ethnic groups who had been more loyal.HazarajatSome Hazara pleaded with the Emir to allow them to migrate to Persia. They were denied this migration. Instead they were told that they would be allowed to migrate to Kandahar or British India if they wished. This is when the first migration of the Hazara people began to the city of Quetta. Some chose to uproot their lives and move to a new land as a better alternative than living under the rule of Abdur Rahman.The Second Hazara Rebellion (1891-1892)The treatment of the Hazara became worse with time. Many Hazara having been deprived of their ancestral farmlands were forced to move to the cities for work. The became the lowest class within these cities. Doing the most menial of jobs to survive. Like all of the lowest classes, they were despised by their “betters”.To make matters even worse, Abd al-Quddus Khan was appointed as governor of Bamiyan. This man was a Pashtun ethno-nationalist and supremacist. To top it all off, he was also a Sunni extremist with very anti-Shia views. The Hazara of the region were treated horribly. The tribal leaders would be arrested or executed on a whim. The Hazara women would be raped by the military garrison with no repercussions.In 1891, the soldiers broke into the house of a tribal chief and raped his wife in front of him. The Hazara of Uruzgan had enough.They killed the soldiers and took the garrison. Here they armed themselves with weapons. Soon more and more Hazara chiefs hearing of this uprising joined the rebellion. Soon all of Hazarajat was in open revolt.The Emir of Afghanistan did what he did best. He resorted to sectarian violence to resolve the issue. He declared Jihad on the Shia Hazara and called upon the Sunni Tajik and Uzbeks to join him. This resulted in persecution of the Shia Hazara throughout the nation. Shia Imams were removed from the Shia mosques and replaced with their Sunni counterparts. The Hazara in the cities were forced to flee.Abdur Rahman gathered an army of 40,000 soldiers and even more civilians to fight in his “jihad”. The British Empire served as his ally providing him protection from a Persian invasion as a response to the Shia genocide. The rebellion was crushed.The persecution of the Hazara became even worse. Entire villages were massacred. Lands taken from the Hazara and given to the loyalists. Thousands of women and children were taken as slaves to be sold for profit.A depiction of the Hazara Genocide. Men and women being killed and taken as slaves. Women leaping to their deaths rather than to be raped.The Third Hazara Rebellion (1893)In 1893 Muhammad Hussain Hazara rebelled against his Emir. Many Hazara joined his cause. However this rebellion was crushed within a few months. Each rebellion was met with more cruelty. Entire villages were wiped out and many Hazara deported. Even more Hazara lands were taken from them. According to some historians almost 50% of the entire male Hazara population died within these 5–6 years. Thousands of women were taken as slaves and forcibly married to the Pashtuns. Even more raped. All Hazara were removed from power. To really rub it in, the Emir forced the Shia Hazara to pay the jizya tax. Many Shia holy days were banned throughout the nation.During the course of these rebellions and genocide, thousands of Hazara fled to the city of Quetta in the neighboring British India. Now Quetta is a city of Pakistan close to the Afghan border. It has a large Hazara population.The genocide resulted in bad publicity for the British as the Emir was their ally and they had supplied him with weapons. There were calls to remove him from power but the British Empire could not afford to do so as the Emir was a great weapon against the encroaching Russians. Instead the British met with the Emir in 1893 and signed the Durand Line Agreement. The Emir signed the treaty being heavily dependent on the British arms to maintain control over Afghanistan.The city of QuettaHazara Town, QuettaThis genocide changed the demographics of Afghanistan forever. It is believed that about 50–60% of the entire Hazara population was either killed or forced to flee Afghanistan. The effects of this genocide can still be seen in the world today.The tomb of Emir Abdur Rahman Khan in Kabul