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This is not my story, this is a story from another business visionary who as of now made his own effective website design enhancement firm and doing great.What I'm going to show you, is something I never had. A well ordered, extreme guide on the most proficient method to begin a SEO business. I needed to learn everything through experimentation, which took an amazing measure of time and vitality. I wish somebody had posted a definite guide that would have spared me the time and cash I spent taking in the business side of SEO. That being stated, will let you know all that I learned beginning a fruitful SEO business and going from making a couple of hundred dollars a month to making over $120,000 every month. In the end, my SEO organization was so fruitful an enormous office in Chicago gained it, which is the manner by which and why I established MySiteAuditor. In any case, that is another story.How I Got CustomersThe main question any individual who begins an organization ought to ask themselves is, "How would I get clients?" It's a question that I didn't have a response to when I first began. Along these lines, I simply opened up the telephone directory and began cool calling organizations, truly. In the event that you didn't have a web deliver by your name and telephone number I called you. That was my system. On the off chance that your heart is beginning to race and you're starting to sweat, quit stressing. I'm not going to instruct you to icy get anybody out of the telephone directory. Do they even make telephone directories any longer? All through the 10 years my office was good to go, and before I sold my SEO business to a major organization, I created 10 systems on the best way to reliably get SEO clients.1. I Got Ranked on Page #1 of GoogleYou have to end up noticeably fixated and battle like insane to get the chance to page #1 of Google for SEO benefit related watchwords in your land range. More often than not, the best watchword to target clients is "Website optimization" + your city. At the end of the day, in case you're beginning a SEO organization in Albany, New York, you ought to target "Search engine optimization Albany". I'm certain some of you are getting stressed right now since you live in enormous urban communities where other SEO organizations overwhelm the main page of Google. Quit stressing. While you're battling your approach to page #1 of Google for an exceptionally focused watchword, target low hanging organic product like "Search engine optimization administrations Albany", "web optimization organization Albany NY", or "Albany SEO organization". The trap is that you must be on Page #1 for something. This will give you validity when it's an ideal opportunity to settle the negotiations. Will potential clients discover you, as well as in deals gatherings you can likewise point that your SEO business is on the highest point of page #1 of Google for "Search engine optimization organization in Albany". Your potential clients have no clue which watchwords are the hardest catchphrases to focus in SEO; being on page #1 among and in front of your SEO rivals will awe the hell out of potential clients. I can't tally the quantity of clients who revealed to me they acquired our administrations since we were on the highest point of page #1 of Google, in front of our SEO rivals.Remember that I suggest focusing on greater catchphrases like "Search engine optimization Albany" from the very beginning. You'd be astonished how simple it may be to get on page #1. A considerable lot of your SEO rivals neglect to do a pack of simple SEO strategies, and rather they simply depend on their area's age and expert any that is not generally enough. There is more than one approach to skin a feline in SEO. Here are a couple SEO traps I did to rule page #1 of Google for "Chicago SEO", the #1 watchword for SEO benefits in all of Chicago. Remember, my office's site right up 'til today, has reliably remained in the main a few natural spaces in Google.The most effective method to begin a web optimization business2,000 Words – Hardly anybody does this since they are super sluggish or simply don't have a clue about that this basic methodology has exactly the intended effect. In case you're focusing on "Website design enhancement Albany" on your SEO administrations page, then ensure that page has no less than 2,000+ elegantly composed words or more. This worked for me and the information has demonstrated this to fill in also. Look at this diagram underneath by serpIQ. As should be obvious, there is an immediate relationship between's having more words on a page and higher rankings in Google.Correct watchword in URL – I was on page #3 in Google for "Chicago SEO" for quite a while, and after that one day I changed my URL from "http://ocean19.com/web optimization to "http://ocean19.com/chicago-website optimization". Blast! We hopped up like 20 spots with that basic change.Page Optimization – Remember, Google positions pages in their query items, not sites. So concentrate on upgrading one page for maybe a couple catchphrases. My mystery sauce for enhancing a particular page is distributed and yielded for nothing here on MySiteAuditor. When you run a review and view a PDF report you can plainly observe an agenda of all that I do to a website page to upgrade it for an objective catchphrase. In case you're not as of now a client your don't need to pay for this, simply run a free review on MySiteAuditor, then review and take after the report.2. I Offered a Free SEO Audit ToolAs per the 2015 Form Conversion Report by Formstack, just around 1% of little contact shapes (around 4 fields) get rounded out on sites. That implies just 1 out of 100 individuals that visit your SEO organization's site will round out your contact shape. The other 99 will leave your site and presumably never get in touch with you for SEO administrations. This is a colossal issue. Such a large number of potential customers who require SEO visit and leave your site perpetually, never having reached you. You require an approach to get far a greater amount of your guests, and potential clients, to give you their contact data when going to your site. As I brought up before, depending on your contact shape isn't adequate.This is the reason I made MySiteAuditor. I had precisely the same with my office's site. Our movement was not too bad, however our transformations stunk! MySiteAuditor is a white-name, SEO review instrument that is free for your guests. It takes around 5 minutes to set up and add to your SEO organization's site. Simply transfer your logo, hues, and contact data, then effectively implant MySiteAuditor's SEO review device shapes all through your site… then sit tight for new SEO leads in your email inbox. Your guests will love producing a free 9 page SEO review of their site, the length of they enter their web address, an objective watchword, and their email and telephone number.What's Your SEO Score?Enter the URL of any presentation page or blog article and perceive how enhanced it is for one catchphrase or expression.http://catchphrase+ Competitor URLemailtelephoneFilter NowTakes around 15 secondsAttempt it on your site. It's 100% free for 10 days. You needn't bother with any cash or a charge card. Sorry for the pitch, however this is vital. Once more, I truly made MySiteAuditor on the grounds that the contact shapes on my office's site were so problematic.3. I Gave Away Free ResourcesAll through your SEO organization's site, deliberately put free downloads that your guests will love. For instance, do some exploration on estimating in the SEO business, make a basic maybe a couple page report, and give it a route for nothing on your site the length of the guest shares that free download first. In return for offering your site to a speedy snap, your guest gets an exceptionally important asset (with your name on it). It's a gigantic win for you and your guest. Underneath I've recorded my most loved apparatuses for giving endlessly a free download in return for sharing your website.PaywithatweetWorks for a siteEffortlessly introduceFree and paid adaptationsSee an ExampleSocial LockerChips away at WordPress. (Download the module)Free trialOne-time charge (currenlty $24)See a case4. I Made Strategic PartnershipsAround here you'll see that there are numerous offices who have some expertise in one range of advanced promoting. That could be website composition, versatile, web-based social networking, PPC, online PR, and so forth. Customarily, their customers will get some information about SEO administrations which they don't offer. You need to cooperate with these offices. Offer them a standard 10% discoverers charge on the off chance that they send you any business. As it were, whether they send you a customer that you sign for $20,000, send them a check inside 5 days of marking the new customer for $2,000.You can even make this a stride more remote than your opposition by making an official letter with your signature, just to make it sound all the more genuine and authority to your accomplices. In the event that conceivable, attempt to convey it by hand so you can meet your accomplices.It would be ideal if you recollect that you should take additional care of customers that originate from your accomplices. In the event that they're troubled, the main individual they will gripe to is your accomplice. That is bad for future referrals.Remember that you can send accomplices possibilities customers also. That is an extraordinary beginning stage and an astounding indication of good confidence. Sending another accomplice a customer first is an incredible approach to help take care of business. I did this before I sold my office and it was phenomenal. A couple times each month I would get a couple discoverer's charge checks for doing for all intents and purposes nothing, aside from giving out a name and telephone number to a present customer.5. I Gave Referral RewardsIndividuals love to boast about new organizations they are working with. It's a decent and energizing feeling about their future. Exploit this. Give each new customer a referral letter that offers a money compensate for sending and alluding any new customers that your organization signs. This is like the association program, with the exception of I don't trust you need to pay 10%. A straightforward settled sum or little rate of the main contract is sufficient.step by step instructions to begin a website optimization business6. I Answered Questions on QuoraBefore Quora existed, I was on Linkedin Answers answering questions and always trying to be helpful. One day I answered a question some random person was asking, and the recipient was so grateful they sent us a RFP (Request for Proposal). Long story short, we signed that client for $20,000 per month… just by being helpful and answering questions.You should note that it’s never a good idea to pitch your business in QA forums like Quora. Just be helpful. People will see your profile, and hopefully you’ve linked to your company’s website so they can reach out to you for business if needed.Takeaways:Answer SEO related questions on QuoraWhen: Towards the end of each dayHow long: 30 minutes (answer 1-3 questions)Be helpful, and never pitch your services7. I Marked My TerritoryAdding a link to your site in the footer of your client’s sites use to be great for SEO purposes, but not anymore. Today it’s great for getting new business. Add a clause in the contract that lets you put a link to your SEO company’s website in the footer of the page. When you get your client on page #1, potential clients can easily find your link and hire you to do the same for them.My SEO company landed the business of many of the top real estate firms in Chicago simply by adding our name and link in the bottom of a small real estate agent’s website we were working with. We got this guy to page #1 for “Chicago condos” and of course, all of the big real estate firms wanted to know how we did it and if we could do it for them.Note: Use a “No Follow” tag in the link so search engines don’t think you’re trying to manipulate the search results with links. It should look something like the below:<a href=”http://YourDomain.com” rel=”nofollow”>Powered by: XYZ Agency</a>Note: This clause shouldn’t be mandatory. Let your customers remove it if they want. However, many won’t care. You can also use it as leverage. If you’re having a ton of success with a client, offer free or discounted services if you can add your link to their site.8. I Added a Live ChatLive Chats aren’t the most annoying thing in the world anymore. They actually work really great if set up right. We used Olark for the last couple of years and sold thousands and thousand of dollars in deals because of it. With a live chat on your SEO company’s website you’ll get notified when a potential client is on your site. They can message you for help or you can even message them. Think about walking into store. What if you had a questions but the store had no employees on staff? Strange, right? Be in your store at all times in case a potential customer has a question. Live Chats let you do that.starting an seo businessI love Olark because they let you add a profile photo of yourself in the chat window. Transparency is huge. People want to see people they could potentially buy SEO services from.Takeaways:Add Live Chat (like Olark) to your websiteUpload you profile photo so potential customers can see youBe available and helpfulTest different scenarios like engaging with them first9. I Started Offering Web Design ServicesI believe SEO and web design go hand in hand. In fact SEO should be done before, after and during web design and development. If you don’t offer web design and development services, you could be hurting your SEO results and losing business. When you just offer SEO consulting to a third party web design and development team, and don’t do the actual SEO work, much of what you recommend could get lost in translation. Something won’t get implemented properly and something won’t get done at all. This will hurt results and make you look bad.Start off by partnering with a couple local web design freelancers, then start offering web design to your SEO clients. After all, many SEO projects require an overhaul of the client’s site because the development is super old and very SEO unfriendly. Once you’re getting more web design business, and only when you’re getting enough web design business, bring on the web designer full-time.Do not hire a web designer too early. You need to watch your overhead. Partner on a few projects first and when it makes sense, then bring them on a full-time employee.Takeaways:Add a web design service page to your SEO company’s website.Partner with a couple local web design freelancers (do not hire them full time!)Only offer a freelancer a full-time job when you have enough full-time business.Start offering your SEO clients web design and your web design client’s SEO.10. I Outsourced Cold EmailingUse sites like Upwork, the world's largest online workplace to find inexpensive admins that will send cold emails to your target market. This is key because cold emailing is far below your pay grade. An admin level person should be doing this, not you. If fact you can find someone in Asia or India to cold email for a couple dollars per hour.Takeaways:Create a short cold call email templateHire someone for $3 per hour in Asia or India using Upwork, the world's largest online workplaceSet your geographical and industry target market (i.e.; lawyers in Mobile, Alabama)Set your daily and weekly goalsMap every detail out for your admin. Don’t rely on them to make any key decisions.Track your progress.SEO startupIf you want a little more detail about how I got my customers. Check out the guest post I did for the HOTH, a White-label SEO service for SEO agencies.Your WebsiteYour website is the hub of your SEO business. In the 10 years I ran my agency, I had at least 15 different sites. Pay attention, because I’m going to save you a lot of time, energy and AB testing by telling you exactly what worked and what didn’t work. To make this easy, just remember two simple words, “clean” and “simple”. Forget everything else, and ignore everything you see in web design today. Most website are terrible, even the ones created by amazing and talented graphic designers. Here’s why. When a customer comes to your website they want to know three things. Who you are, what you’ve done and how to contact you. That’s it. Everything else is bullshit. This isn’t just my opinion. It’s a conclusion based on analytics and years of obsessive studying and experience.Who You AreTransparency is huge when selling any service. People want to see and hear the person they will be working with. On the other hand, if you were selling a product like a printer, nobody would care who you were. But when you sell SEO services your potential clients want to work with people they know, like and have a relationship with. You can start that relationship on your SEO website by being super transparent. This is beyond important, and so many of your competitors won’t do this. Add real-life photos of you (and members of your team) throughout your website, not just your About page. Create videos of you talking. Let potential clients see and hear you, and you will win more business than your competitors. That is a guarantee!In my 10 years running an agency, the About Us page was the number one most visited page for us and all our service clients. Nothing else came close, not even our pages that showed previous work and case studies.What You’ve DoneYou’re going to need a page dedicated to the success of your current or past customer successes. This is often the second most visited page on your site, next to the About Us page. If possible, ask your happy clients to whip out their iPhone and shoot a 20 second video about their experience with you. Slap that on your website and watch the leads start rolling in.How to Contact YouMake it super easy to contact you. One thing we noticed at my agency was that the more contact forms we had, the more submissions we would get. So we added a contact form on almost every page and our conversions went way up. We also made sure our contact forms were only 4-5 to fields at most. Statistically, that gave us the most conversions. Here’s a blueprint of the perfect contact form that will get the most conversions.CapitalQuite a few people have asked me how to raise capital to start a new business. My response is always, “what for?” They usually have a blank look on their face when I ask that. The reason they often look perplexed is that most people just think you need to raise capital to start a business. We refer to those people as “wantrepreneurs”, not entrepreneurs. Don’t fall for this excuse.mark-cuban“Sweat Equity is the best start up capital” ~ Mark CubanPricingPricing is alway a tricky topic to discuss because everyone tends to price their SEO services a little different. Pricing is based on experience and industry standards. Since there is no turn key solution, pricing tends to fluctuate a lot in the SEO industry. It’s not like buying a printer or a car, so you have to be very strategic in order to get business. It’s also not an industry where the lowest bid wins the client. There are many factors that come in to play.The best way to charge a client is by charging an hourly rate; however, this can be kind of difficult when starting an SEO business. Your clients will not like paying for your learning curve, and they won’t like an open ended price. Fixed pricing seems a lot safer to most clients… until you get bigger and better clients. So, I recommend doing a combination of both an hourly rate and a fixed cost when starting an SEO business. Here’s a break down:FreeSEO Audit – This is on your website and will get your foot in the door.Manual Website SEO Review – Helps you price out the entire project.1 hour consultation – Helps you win the business.Fixed CostsSEO Strategy Report – This is a word document that lays out a 6-12 month plan of attack, based on the SEO audit, site review and consultation.Website and Web Page Optimization – This is making all the initial modifications to the client’s website so Google can properly crawl and index the site. This is often referred to as “on-site” optimization.Hourly CostsMonthly SEO and Reporting – This is how many hours you’re going to spend consulting, creating, reporting and optimizing content to grow your client’s domain authority and improve their rankings in Google.Whether you’re doing work hourly or for a fixed rate, think about how many hours it will take you. Try to be as accurate as possible. If you think an SEO Strategy Report will take about 20 hours, then charge them a fixed rate of about 20 hours. It’s up to you to stay in the time frame. Here’s a breakdown of current hourly rates in the SEO industry.Beginner (1-2 years experience) – $25 – $50 per hourIntermediate (2-5 years experience) – $50 – $100 per hourAdvanced (5+ years experience) – $100 – $200 per hourContractsLet me start this section by clarifying that I am not a lawyer. If any of this seems like legal advise, it’s not. I’m just telling you my personal experience and preference with SEO contracts. Since 2003, I’ve used about five or six different SEO contracts. In that time, my SEO contracts grew and grew in length until they were about 30 pages. Then, about two years before I sold my SEO company, I threw my giant, colossal, and scary SEO contract in the garbage and started a fresh one, one more time. But this time I did it on my own. No lawyers. No outside advice. I just went with my gut.The goal for my new SEO contact was three things:Keep it simple.Keep it short.Keep it clear.I got rid of all the fluff and removed 80% of the BS clauses random lawyers had added throughout the years. I got the SEO contract down to five simple pages. I re-wrote areas of the SEO contract over and over until each area was super short, simple and clearly communicated everything we need to communicate.ResultsBusiness skyrocketed with my short, simple, and clear contract. In fact, I had several clients remark on how simple our SEO contract was to understand, and that’s the reason they were working with us.Think about it. The longer the contract the longer the decision process. Why make things complicated for your clients? Why make them think harder about whether or not they want to work with you. Again, I’m not an attorney, but shorter, simpler, and clearer contracts close way more deals.Sample Contract TemplateI hope you didn’t think I was going to do all this talking about how great my SEO contracts are without giving you a sample template. My SEO contract template is totally free, but you have to share this article before downloading it. It should only take you 5-10 seconds to do this. Current clients can just login to their dashboard and click on “Free downloads” in the footer. You can also download the contract for free, just by sharing this blog post. Share using the link below and your free SEO contract template will instantly appear.Software and ToolsBe prepared to get slammed and inundated with tools and software in this industry. They are everywhere. Hopefully I can save you some time and energy by listing all the tools I used while running my SEO business.Basecamp – Project ManagementMoz – To manage and monitor the SEO of clientsOlark – Live Chat on my agency’s websiteMySiteAuditor – Free SEO audit tool for my agency’s website visitors. Helps generate way more SEO leads and sales.Checkli – Create checklists for personal productivityGoogle Analytics – Monitor and report traffichttp://SEOinvoice.com – Create free invoice for SEO clientsLess Accounting – Simple accounting software for small businessSocial Locker – Free downloads in-exchange for sharingPay With a Tweet – Free downloads in-exchange for sharingTweet Deck – Manage multiple Social Media ProfilesGrooveHQ – Customer supportGoogle Keyword Planner – Keyword researchCrazy Egg – Visually monitor activity on your siteQualaroo – Ask your website’s visitors specific questions (Qualitative Analytics)Upwork – Find freelancersHow to Resign SEO ClientsI wrote a long, in-depth article about this already, so I will highlight the points here. Re-signing an SEO client is about 10 times cheaper than finding a new one, so I would really focus on this. There are five easy steps to re-signing an SEO client:Step 1: Show clients the slope of SEOThe Slope of SEO is a graph that prepares SEO clients for the time it takes to get results. This graphs helps manage their expectations leading to more trust and continued business.Step 2: Show Clients the ContentDespite what your competitors are doing and despite what you’ve read and may have been doing for the past few years, SEO is not just tweaking, optimizing and link building. It’s optimizing and mostly link earning. Earning links to your client’s site is more natural and safer. you can earn links by creating amazing content that your client’s target market would love to read and share. Here are a few examples:VideosInterviewsInfographicsCharts and graphsBlog postsFree downloadsStep 3: Incentivize Account ManagersOnce you grow a little bit you’re going to want to hire account managers. These are the people who work directly with your clients, making sure the work gets done and properly reported. It’s important that these people aren’t just given a salary. Like sales people, and everyone else in your office, they should be incentivized with commission and bonuses when they re-sign an existing client. Incentivizing account managers subconsciously pushes them to go above and beyond making your clients happy.Step 4 Develop Next Phase Strategy BriefsWhen you client’s contract expires develop a clear strategy brief of things you want to do during the next contract. Make sure you have a clear list of the amazing content you want to create. Excited clients re-sign contracts!Step 5: Schedule End of Contract MeetingsA couple weeks before an SEO contract expires hold a face-to-face meeting to discuss the success of the the contract and the above Next Phase Strategy Brief. After all, SEO, web design and all of digital marketing never ends. There is no finish line. It’s an ongoing process.HiringThere are two areas of hiring I’m going to focus on. These two key pieces of advice helped make my agency valuable enough to be acquired by another bigger agency.Contract to HireThe first thing you need to know is that there are unlimited freelancers and contractors in the digital marketing industry. You can find local freelancers or remote contractors everywhere. That being said, grow your SEO company by hiring freelancers first. Find a freelancer that you’d like to work with and hire them for your different projects. Pay them only when you get paid. You never want to pay your freelancers before you get paid. Maintaining positive cash flow is very important to keeping your business running. Only hire your freelancer or contractor when you have steady business for them. That could be after a few months or even years. There’s no need or reason to commit a salary to anyone until you are ready, and it’s totally OK if you’re never ready.The AssistantI truly belive the assistant should be your first hire. You are the most valuable person in your company and you always will be. Your time is priceless, literally. What you’re going to find out is that 80% of your time is going to be bogged down by B.S. admin work that anyone can do. Following up, contracts, emailing customers, being on the phone and much more that you probably don’t even realize.Your time needs to be dedicated to what you do best, getting SEO results. Trust me on this. Don’t waste your valuable time on things anyone can do. The person you hire as your assistant should be a entry level person, looking to get into the industry. This is the perfect job for them. They can assist you for a couple years, then when they get experience and knowledge of the industry you can move them into a more important position, like doing some of the things you do. After all, they’ve shadowed you for years. They must have learned a lot.IncorporatingAgain, I’m not an attorney, but this is what I did. I waited a few months before creating an LLC for my business. I made a little money first, then incorporated. The reason I did this is because incorporating costs money. In Illinois it’s about $500-$600, plus $250 per year. No need to waste that money if you never get business. I asked my accountant, Gaurang Patel of Southloop CPA in Chicago, IL, about this. Here’s what he said:When you start an SEO Business, you should consider setting a legal entity as soon as possible. A Legal structure as you may know is important for legal purposes. In additional to the legal benefits, it may also help you save on Taxes. Setting a legal entity early also helps develop a track record for the business and is helpful when you decide to sell the business at a future time.The Limited Liability Company and Corporation are the 2 most common legal structures. A Limited Liability Company (LLC) is a hybrid business entity having certain characteristics of both a corporation and a partnership. The primary characteristic an LLC shares with a corporation is limited liability, and the primary characteristic it shares with a partnership is the availability of a pass through income taxation. Corporate tax rates are typically higher than tax rates at the personal level, therefore having income taxed at the personal level may help save on taxes. A Corporation is an independent legal entity owned by shareholders. Corporations are more complex than other legal entities because they tend to have costly administrative fees and complex tax and legal requirements. Because of these issues, corporations are generally suggested for established and larger companies.There are both advantages and disadvantages to each of the legal entities and therefore it is important that you speak with a lawyer or accountant to figure out the best structure for your specific needs.Here’s a critical piece of advice. Always stay a student of the SEO industry. Read blogs, case studies, and everything the big search engines like Google release. So many people stop studying after a couple years. They think they know it all. Those same people soon go out of business. Here are a few good resources to stay educated.Moz Blog - SEO and Inbound Marketing Blog - MozSearch Engine Land | Must Read News About SEO, SEM & Search Engineshttp://www.quicksprout.com/blog/YouMoz - A User Generated Search Industry Blog - MozWhiteboard FridayBlogA Video Guide IntroductionI’ll do my best to monitor this article very closely. So, if you post any questions below, I’ll try to answer them as quickly as possible. If needed, I may even update this article over time. Anyways, I hope this was helpful. Be sure to checkout our free resources page. You might find a few helpful items in there. Thanks for reading and good luck!

It is not really news that businesses today need to have a strong online presence and for that building, a website is of great importance. The internet and the digital world are evolving continuously and growing at an impressive rate. With this continuous evolution and growth, things are done a lot differently today with scope for experimentation.Here is some information from the Appy Pie blog on the same.Here’s the list of the most popular web development frameworks:1. Ruby on RailsQuite popularly referred to, as RoR, Ruby on Rails has emerged as one of the favorites among the web developers today. Since its launch in 2005, RoR is still completely free to use, is open source, and runs on Linux. It is fun to work with and is remarkably quick in getting you through the planning stage and on to the developmental stage. Some of the biggest websites that were built using RoR include Hulu, Airbnb, Basecamp among others.2. SymfonyThis is one of the more stable frameworks and is ideal to be used for projects that are of a higher complexity. Using this framework, developers gain the ability to build websites that can change as the business requirements evolve with time. Any business would be inherently dynamic, and developing a website that does not have the ability to change, would not do well for long. It comprises of a set of PHP components, a community, and an application framework which can work really well in tandem to help the websites accomplish their objectives.3. Angular JSOne of the most popular and well-known frameworks – Angular.js comes from the digital giant of the day, Google. It is essentially a JavaScript open-source framework that can help you make single web-page applications using an MVC (Model-Controller-View) architectural pattern. It is not really a full stack framework, but you can consider it as a front-end framework which is great for handling your WebPages. If you are building an e-commerce site, it is important that you have Angular.js in your toolkit for great results.4. React.jsAn open-source JavaScript library, React.js is maintained by Facebook while being supported by a massive community of developers. Though it is an e-commerce website development tool, React.js is particularly useful in the development of user interface for the website applications.5. Cake PHPA PHP framework is probably best suited when it comes to e-commerce website development and CakePHP is preferred by most developers when it comes to choosing one of the better tools in the written PHP format. A popular framework, CakePHP is created on the MCV (Model-Controller-View) model. What makes CakePHP particularly interesting is that the code for all your older projects may be reused through it. This in turn ends up saving the developers a whole lot of time and money by speeding up the whole process of web development.6. Asp.netThis is probably the most popular framework built by Microsoft and has managed to gain the respect of developers from all over the world. Established in the year 2002, ASP.NET | Open-source web framework for .NET is especially popular because of its ability to create rich and dynamic websites, web pages, and even web portals. In fact, a great number of companies from the world over prefer ASP.NET | Open-source web framework for .NET and deem it as the best technology in website development.7. Node.jsNode.js is decidedly the best when you are looking to build a lightweight, yet highly efficient website. It is uncanny how perfectly well it works with real-time applications that have a huge amount of data running through on distributed devices. Node.js is more than a mere framework. It has the ability to ensure scalability and fast network applications as they are capable of dealing with multiple applications at the same time without compromising on performance.8. Yii FrameworkIn it s essence, Yii Framework is strikingly similar to ASP.NET | Open-source web framework for .NET. However, the framework is particularly good in developing applications for systems that need a certain repetitiveness in tasks and follows the Rapid Application Development (RAD) concept. This essentially means that the framework enables the developers to get their applications in a ‘good to go’ phase in a really short time. Additionally, it also lends you and easy data migration utility so that you can upgrade or downgrade the application versions on various installations.9. MeteorMeteor, a JavaScript based framework enables fast software development and that is exactly why it is so popular. A full stack JavaScript framework, Meteor is composed of a collection of libraries and packages bundled together. The framework needs a lot fewer codes which goes on to indicate that there would be much lesser bugs and a product that would be highly scalable. This is what makes this framework especially beneficial for e-commerce web application development.10. LaravelIf you are looking to take care of the back-end e-commerce web development tools, Laravel is one of the tools that are an absolute must in your toolkit. Since it was first established in 2011, it has only shown great promise by delivering great results for the developers in the world over. An open-source PHP based framework, Laravel is built with the intent of creating only the best quality applications. The framework offers a system that is equipped with a dedicated dependency manager, has an inclination towards syntactic sugar, and helps in the application maintenance and deployment. This, is precisely why Laravel is considered the best PHP based framework and is considered one of the most important frameworks in building an e-commerce website.11. EmberOne of the most trusted and mature JavaScript web development frameworks, Ember has grown rapidly since its release in 2011. The framework has managed to expand its influence all over the field of web development. The core features of the platform include strict organization, advanced version management system and support of both the latest and the older technologies simultaneously. The framework lets you create properties out of functions and this feature comes in handy while working with bindings. Ember has a stellar reputation when it comes to creating complicated web apps and has been used by companies like Google, Microsoft, Netflix, and Heroku.12. DjangoDjango is a popular framework when it comes to building quality web apps. The framework was created with the intent of meeting rapidly moving newsroom deadlines while ensuring that they still live up to the demanding requirements of seasoned web developers. Developers favor Django because they find it impressively quick, secure, scalable, and versatile. The language used in the framework is Python and the websites that have been developed using this framework include Disqus, Pinterest, Instagram, and Quora.13. Express.jsExpress.js also called Express is a framework known for being minimal and flexible. The framework offers a robust set of features for both, web and mobile applications. As I mentioned earlier, the framework is relatively minimal, which means that many of the features are available as plugins. The framework is known for speedy development of web applications based on Node.js. The framework is a critical component of the MEAN software bundle. The framework uses JavaScript as the language and has been used by websites like Storify, Myspace, and LearnBoost.14. SpringComing from Pivotal Software, Spring is the most popular app development framework for enterprise Java. The framework is popular among a huge section of developers globally for creating high performance and strong web apps. The framework is particularly known for creating JVM-based systems and applications that are simple, portable, fast, and flexible. The framework uses Java and has been used for creating websites like Mascus and Allocine.15. FlaskOne of the most popular frameworks used by professional we development services, Flask has managed to establish itself as one of the top and most vigorous web app development frameworks based on Python. This is one of the classic web frameworks for operating web applications through diverse devices and has a Unicode-based maintenance and great documentation. Flask framework is used by big names like Pinterest, LinkedIn, and their own community web page. Flask doesn’t have a database abstraction layer, but it supports extensions for adding application features as if they were executed within Flask. There are extensions available for object-relational mappers and these are updated a lot more frequently as compared to the core Flask program.16. Active Server PagesActive Server Pages (ASP) which later came to be known as Classic ASP or ASP Classic is the first server side script engine from Microsoft that is used for dynamically generated web pages. It uses server-side scripting for generating content that is then sent to the client’s web browser. The web pages created with ASP Classic are not affected by the type of browser used by the visitor on your website. Even though the default scripting language used here is VBScript, but you can use JavaScript or some other scripting languages as well.17. jQueryThis one is more of a JavaScript library that is designed to simplify HTML DOM tree traversal and manipulation in addition to event handling, CSS animation, and Ajax. It is a free, open source software that uses the permissive MIT License. Its syntax is designed particularly to make it easier to navigate a document, choose DOM elements, create animations, handle events and develop Ajax applications. jQuery enables developers to create plugins on top of the JavaScript library. The core features here including DOM element selections, traversal and manipulation which are further enabled by the selector engine Sizzle has led to the creation of a unique style of programming combining algorithms and DOM data structures.18. CodeIgniterCreated by EllisLab, CodeIgniter is a well-known web application framework for building dynamic websites. Loosely based on the MVC architecture, the framework mandates Controller classes, but models and views are optional here. The platform is quite popular as it promises and delivers exceptional performance, almost zero configuration and massive monolithic libraries. The language used in the framework is PHP and the websites built using this framework include Bufferapp, The Mail and Guardian.19. DrupalAn open-source content management framework, Drupal is available for free. The framework is written in PHP and distributed under the GNU General Public License. One of the most popular options for developers, Drupal is known to provide the back-end framework for more than 2.3% of all the websites from all over the world including personal blogs, enterprise, political and even government sites.Drupal Core comes with the basic features like registration and maintenance of user accounts, menu management, RSS feeds, page layout customization, system administration, taxonomy and more.20. BootstrapAn open-source CSS framework, Bootstrap is available for free and focused on delivering responsive, mobile-first front-end web development. It contains CSS and (if you choose) JavaScript based design templates for everything from typography, forms, CTA or other buttons, website navigation and other critical components of a stellar UI.The main focus of the framework is to simplify development of informative web pages.21. web2pyweb2py is an open-source web application framework and is written Python programming language. The unique feature of this web framework is that it lets the web developers use Python for programming dynamic web content. The platform is preferred by the developers as it is great for reducing the tedious tasks involved in web development.Designed initially as a teaching tool, web2py prides itself on being easy to use and deploy. Inspired by the design of frameworks like Ruby on Rails and Django, web2py is known for rapid development, preferring convention over configuration approach while following a model-view-controller or MVC architectural pattern.22. TurboGearsTurboGears, a web development framework is written in Python and consists of multiple WSGI components like WebOb, SQLAlchemy, Genshi and Repoze. This framework like many other prominent names on this list is developed around MVC architecture, making the rapid web application development in Python easy and maintainable.23. SinatraSinatra, a free, open-source software web application library is written in Ruby and is a great alternative to other web application frameworks written in Ruby, like Ruby on Rails, Merb, Nitro, and Camping. It is small and flexible and does not follow the model-view-controller pattern. Instead it focuses on rapidly creating web applications in Ruby with least effort. The framework has been used by websites like Apple, BBC, LinkedIn, the NSA, Engine Yard, Heroku, GitHub, Stripe, and Songbird.24. Zend FrameworkZend is an object-oriented web framework that is based on agile methodology and was built for development of enterprise-level applications. The framework is known for being characteristically fast, secure, and extendable. It means that this unique web development framework is open for customization. Developers who are planning to look at including some project-specific functions with minimum fuss find Zend to be perfect for them, as the framework adheres to PHP best practices.25. CherryPyAn object-oriented web application framework that uses Python programming language, CherryPy is designed specifically for rapid development of web applications. The framework can act as a web server by itself or can be launched using any WSGI compatible environment. CherryPy does not deal with certain tasks like templating for output rendering or backend access but is extensible with filters.26. PhalconA full-stack PHP framework, Phalcon was written originally written in C and C++ languages. Though it is more or less a C-extension, but that doesn’t mean you would have to learn C to understand the framework. The framework is really fast because it uses only a few resources, and this is really good for developers who work on systems that have low overhead expense. The great thing about Phalcon is that the framework is updated quite frequently and has been upgraded the right way.27. Sails.jsSails.js is a web app development framework based on Model-View-Controller pattern architecture and is developed in the Node.js environment. It is available for free and is an open-source software under MIT License. The framework makes it easy to create custom, enterprise-grade web apps and APIs. The framework is known for reducing the cognitive burden while swapping between different frameworks and languages. As it is built on Node.js and Express.js, you can create apps with Java.28. Pylons web frameworkAn open-source web application framework Pylons is written in Python programming language. It extensively uses WSGI standard to promote reusability and for separating functionality into separate modules. Pylons is influenced heavily by Ruby on Rails and two of its primary components named Routes and WebHelpers are essentially reimplementations of Railes features in Python.29. Apache Struts 1An open-source web app framework, Apache Struts 1 is great for creating Java EE web applications. It extends and leverages the Java Servlet API and inspires developers to adopt a model-view-controller architecture.30. PLAYWritten with Java and Scala, Play is considered to be one of the modern web application frameworks. The underlying aim of this framework is to optimize developer productivity by using convention over configuration, hot code reloading and display of errors in the browser. The framework follows the MVC architecture and calls itself as “The High Velocity Web Framework”. Website built with PLAY include LinkedIn, Coursera, and LendUp.31. FuelPHPA flexible and extendable PHP framework, FuelPHP uses Model-View-Controller (MVC) pattern but can also leverage the Hierarchical-Model-View-Controller (HMVC) pattern at the framework architecture level. The framework has a provision for adding a voluntary class named the Presenter class between the Controller and view layers. The purpose of this particular class is to hold the logic needed for generating views.FuelPHP is known for its special attention to security and has some great features like input and URI filtering in addition to output encoding. Some other useful features of the framework include HMVC implementation, URL routing system, caching system, and vulnerability protection. The framework is perfect for delivering end-to-end web solutions of varying size, scope, and complexity.32. GrailsAn open source web app development framework, Grails uses Apache Groovy for programming. The framework is based on MVC pattern architecture and uses controllers to implement web pages behavior. The framework targets developers with experience in Java or Groovy and want to develop web based applications in an integrated development environment and Java developers who are looking for a high productivity environment.As the Grails framework is built atop and is a part of the Java platform it is pretty easy to integrate with Java libraries, frameworks and existing code bases33. BottleOne of the prominent WSGI micro web-frameworks, Bottle uses Python for programming. The framework is particularly quick, is simple and quite lightweight. Also, Bottle is distributed as a single file module with no dependencies at all except the Python Standard Library. The framework has the ability to run as a standalone web server or with any WSGI supported web server.34. MojoliciousMojolicious is an amazing real-time web all development framework which is licensed as a free software and uses Perl for programming. The framework is designed in a way so that it can be effectively used in both, simple and complex web apps. It has out-of-the-box support for multiple components including RESTful routes, static file server, session management, testing framework, Perl-ish templates, and signed cookies in addition to providing complete Unicode support.35. Apache WicketA component-based web app framework, Apache Wicket is often called Wicket and uses Java for programming. It uses plain XHTML for templating creating a clear divide of presentation and business logic and lets you edit the templates with their WYSIWYG tools for design. It comes with some basic built-in features like form, links, repeaters etc.36. CatalystAn open source web app framework, Catalyst is written in Perl and is based on MVC pattern architecture and supports multiple experimental web patterns. It has a built-in HTTP server to help with development and testing. Though any web server with CGI or FastCGI support works pretty well, but it is recommended to use Apache, lighttpd, Hiawatha, Cherokee or Nginx. Similarly even though you can run Catalyst with any database supported by Perl’s DBI, but it is recommended that you use a proper RDBMS or ODBMS. Some of the prominent websites that use Catalyst include Magazine Subscription Discounts, community platform for Duck Duck Go and the back end for BBC - Home iPlayer.37. ScalatraA free and open source web app framework, Scalatra uses Scala as its programming language and is essentially a port of Sinatra web development framework written in Ruby. It is a great alternative to Lift, PLAY and unfiltered frameworks. It is the perfect example of a microframework which is essentially a web software development framework that strives to be as minimal as possible.38. MooToolsMy Object Oriented Tools or as it is more commonly called – MooTools is a lightweight object-oriented JavaScript framework which has been released under free, open-source MIT License. This framework has the potential to be used as an alternative to script.aculo.us - web 2.0 javascript or other bigger libraries. The framework is compatible with and supports Safari 3 and up, Internet Explorer 6 and up, Mozilla Firefox 2 and up, Opera 9 and up, and Chrome 4 and up.MooTools is extensible and modular in structure, hence lets the developers select combination of components to suit their customized requirements. The framework comes with enhanced DOM which enables the developers to add, edit, select, or delete DOM elements with great ease. The framework has a robust Class creation and inheritance system that is similar to most of the classically based object-oriented programming languages.39. WtPronounced as ‘witty’, Wt is an open-source widget-centric web framework for C++. The API for Wt resembles the one from Qt framework which also uses a widget-tree and an event-driven signal/slot system. The library for Wt primarily uses desktop software development process, but it does extend support to a few chosen web specific features like Semantic URLs, navigation of browser history, and more.Wt is known for its automatic graceful degradation and progressive enhancement and for supporting server-initiated events. It also boasts of robust security features to prevent cross-site scripting and cross-site request forgery events.40. PRADOPHP Rapid Application Development Object-oriented known better by its acronym PRADO is an open source, object-oriented, event-driven, component-based PHP web framework. The framework is known for having a clear separation of presentation and content, input handling and business logic, that follows MVC approach. PRADO has a built-in URL mapping support for semantic URLs that are search engine optimized, which means that it will work without the need for URL rewriting support from the web-server.41. GrokAn open-source web framework, Grok is based on Zope Toolkit technology. The main intention behind the framework is to make Zope Toolkit more accessible and easier to use for the beginners. It also speeds up application development as per agile programming paradigm. Grok leverages convention over configuration approach instead of using an explicit XML based configuration language.42. YesodA free, open-source web framework, Yesod is based on Haskell and is great for productive development of type-safe, REST model based, high performance web applications. A template based framework, Yesod is used to generate instances for listed entities. The great thing about Yesod is that it segregates its functionalities in separate libraries which means that a developer has the liberty to select the functionality library as per their needs and preferences.43. PadrinoLike so many other frameworks on this list, Padrino too is a free, open-source framework and is written in Ruby. This Sinatra based framework is a great alternative to other frameworks based on Ruby including Ruby on Rails, Nitro, and Camping.Padrino is preferred by developers for a number of reasons. The web framework extends full support to multiple prominent testing , prototyping, database and other libraries and is designed in a manner that allows mounting multiple apps. The framework also has a built in Admin interface quite like Django.44. QuixoteQuixote is a great software framework for developing web applications using Python as a programming language. The web framework is based on a simple flexible design which allows you to write applications rapidly. Typically, a Quixote app is a Python package, a set of modules grouped into a single directory tree. Quixote then maps a URL to a function or method within the Python package. This function is called with the contents of the HTTP request and the results are returned to the client.45. LiftDesigned for Scala, Lift is a free and open-sourced web framework. One of the most popular web platforms using Lift is called Foursquare. Drawing upon concepts from contemporaries like Grails, Ruby on Rails, Seaside, Wicket, Django and others, Lift is quite an expressive framework to write some great web application. In the typical Ruby on Rails style, Lift favors convention over configuration, but it does not follow the MVC pattern of architecture. In fact, it is based on the ‘View First’ approach to web page development.46. MasonWritten in Perl and distributed on CPAN, HTML::Mason or Mason is a great web application development framework. It has some great features which make it the perfect backend for high-load sites that serve dynamic content, much like online newspapers or e-commerce sites.Mason’s general style is pretty similar to StoryServer and PHP, but it uses Perl as the control language, and the best part is that you can use almost any CPAN module.47. Apache CocoonApache Cocoon or Cocoon as it is often called, is a web application framework is based on the concepts of pipeline, separation of concerns and component-based web development. The primary focus of this Java based framework is on XML and XSLT publishing. As it relies heavily on XML, there is a certain flexibility about it which helps with rapid content publishing in multiple formats including HTML, PDF, and WML. The framework is typically used as a data warehousing ETL tool or as middleware to transport data between systems.48. Fat-Free FrameworkHosted by GitHub and Sourceforge, and distributed under the GNU General Public License, Fat-Free Framework is an open-source web framework. The basic feature set of the framework includes a URL router, cache engine, and support for multilingual applications. Additionally, it has a number of plugins which stretch its functionality as well as data mappers for SQL and NoSQL database backends.49. StripesStripes is an open-source web app development framework that is based on the MVC pattern architecture. It uses Java technologies like annotations and generics which helps it become a lighter weight framework when compared to others like Struts. The best part here is that the applications developed using Stripes hardly require any configuration files which cuts down development and maintenance work substantially.50. SeasideSeaside is a unique web development framework that uses Smalltalk as a programming language. The framework is available for free and is an open-source software distributed under MIT License.One of the most unique features of Seaside is its integrated development environment that offers access to development tools and debugging support within an app. An application developed on Seaside is essentially a set of interacting components, each of which stores state across page views and has the ability to render itself into the HTML stream.51. JHipsterDerived from ‘Java Hipster’ JHipster was initially aimed at using all the modern and ‘hyped’ tools of the time. The goal today has changed and gained an enterprise inclination and focuses primarily on the productivity of the developer, tooling and quality.

Effective January 26, all airline passengers to the United States ages two years and older must provide a negative COVID-19 viral test taken within three calendar days of travel regardless of where they are traveling from. Alternatively, travelers to the United States may provide documentation from a licensed health care provider of having recovered from COVID-19 in the 90 days preceding travel. If you need to travel due to an extraordinary humanitarian emergency and you are unable to obtain a test, please see COVID-19 Testing Waivers, below.  In addition, the order also requires a passenger attestation stating they have received a negative Qualifying Test result (this is not in place of a test). Check the CDC website for additional information and Frequently Asked Questions.The test must be a viral test (NAAT or antigen test) to determine if you are currently infected with COVID-19. Travelers should avoid the antibody tests which look for prior infection.Test results should state any/all of the following:Negative,Sars-CoV-2-RNA Not Detected,SARS-CoV2 Antigen Not Detected, and/orCOVID-19 Not DetectedAlternatively, if the traveler has recovered from COVID-19, they may instead travel with written or electronic documentation (Documentation of Recovery) of a positive viral test result (within the last 90 days) that confirms the previous SARS-CoV-2 infection and a letter from a licensed health care provider or public health official stating that the traveler has been cleared for travel.Test results and/or Documentation of Recovery plus the Attestation are required prior to boarding and must be shown to your airline. The Attestation may be found at the CDC website “Passenger Attestation Form” (PDF). For additional questions, please see the CDC FAQ site.U.S. State Department – Level 3: Reconsider travel to the United Kingdom due to COVID-19 and exercise increased caution due to terrorismOn December 28, the CDC issued a Level 4 (Very High) Travel Health Notice for the United Kingdom due to COVID-19. For information on what you can do to reduce your risk of contracting COVID-19, please see the CDC’s latest recommendations.If you are planning on traveling to the United States, it is important that you check quarantine regulations for the state you are visiting before you depart. You can find the most-up to date information on the CDC website and your state’s health department website. Please note you will still be required to quarantine as required by CDC and local guidelines even if you are an automatic exception to the current Presidential Proclamations or have received a national interest exception in order to travel directly to the United States. U.S. citizens residing in the United Kingdom are subject to the UK government’s regulations. You should not travel abroad unless it is permitted under the rules. This means you may not go on holiday.Country-Specific InformationFor the latest information and advice for travel to the United Kingdom with regards to COVID-19, please visit the U.K. Government’s webpage on Coronavirus (COVID-19): latest information and advice.[UPDATED] UK COVID-19 RestrictionsThe UK response to COVID is updated frequently as the government monitors the situation. For the latest information, please go to the below websites.For England, visit: National Lockdown: Stay at Home from January 5For Northern Ireland, visit: New restrictions from December 26For Scotland, visit: National Lockdown from January 5For Wales, visit: Alert Level 4U.S. citizens residing in the United Kingdom are subject to the UK government’s regulations. You should not travel abroad unless it is permitted under the rules. This means you may not go on holiday.If you are visiting the UK, you may return home to the United States. You should check whether there are any restrictions in place at your final destination. Please consult directly with your airline and follow all UK government guidelines when making travel arrangements.From March 8, passengers travelling abroad will need to carry a new form stating that their trip is permitted under UK national lockdown rules. The form must be downloaded, signed before travel, and carried or downloaded onto a mobile phone. Passengers who do not have a valid form may be denied boarding. It will be an offence to fail to produce a completed form and individuals could face a £200 fine.[NEW] From March 29, anyone in England attempting to travel abroad without a ‘reasonable excuse’ will be subject to a £5000 fine. Please see the UK government’s website for more information.Face CoveringsAll travelers 11 years and older must wear face covering on public transport and on aircrafts. Passengers using taxis and private hire vehicles should also use a face covering for the duration of their journey. Drivers may refuse to transport passengers who do not follow guidance for safe travel. Different regulations exist in different parts of the UK, for complete details, visit: Face coverings: when to wear one and exemptions.COVID-19 TestingAre PCR and/or antigen tests available for U.S. citizens in the United Kingdom? YesAre test results reliably available within 72 hours? Yes. (Travelers require two tests after arrival. See Quarantine Information below.)Please see the requirements for your region:EnglandNorthern IrelandScotlandWalesIf you are not a part of the NHS, you will need to seek a private clinic for testing. Testing may cost anywhere from £40 – £500 depending on where you are tested and the type of test you take. COVID-19 tests differ in the amount of time they take to get results (from 45 minutes to 48 hours).For testing at Heathrow, please visit the Heathrow Airport COVID-19 testing site. DO NOT travel to Heathrow Airport if you are showing any symptoms of COVID-19 or are feeling unwell.Some local laboratories are (this is not an exhaustive list of every facility performing COVID tests in the UK):Concepto ClinicCorona Test CenterHarley Medic InternationalThe London ClinicThe London General PracticePExpo DiagnosticsPrivate Coronavirus TestsThe Private Harley Street ClinicTDL PathologyIn Scotland, private testing is available at a number of facilities.Edinburgh AirportNewington PharmacyGlasgow Medical RoomsHawkes HealthIn Northern Ireland, please visit the Public Health website for more information on testing sites.The inclusion of a specific company or organization does not constitute a recommendation, and the Department of State assumes no responsibility or liability for the professional ability, reputation, or quality of services provided by the companies or organizations whose names appear on such lists.COVID-19 Testing Waivers for travel to U.S.Waivers to the testing requirement may be granted by the CDC on an extremely limited basis when extraordinary emergency travel (like an emergency medical evacuation) must occur to preserve someone’s health and safety, and testing cannot be completed before travel. There are no waivers available for individuals who test positive for COVID-19. Individuals – or air carriers seeking to allow boarding by potentially qualifying individuals – who believe they meet the criteria for a waiver should contact the U.S. Embassy London and provide the information below. The U.S. Embassy will then submit the request to the CDC for consideration.The following information must be provided by email for each passenger:Name (family name/surname, given name), passport number and countryCell phone number including country code of passenger or head of household if family unitEmail address of passenger or head of household if family unitU.S. destination addressIs U.S. destination home address?Departure dateFlight itineraryName of submitting entity if different from passengerName of company submitting on behalf of passenger(s) (if applicable)Name of point of contact submitting on behalf of passenger(s) (if applicable)Phone and email address for POC submitting waiver request on behalf of passenger(s) (if applicable)Purpose of travel to the U.S. (provide brief explanation of why urgent travel is needed and how travel will contribute to health and safety of passengers(s))Justification for testing waiver (e.g. no testing available, impact on health and safety)Documentation to support justification for test waiver, if available (e.g. medical records or orders for medical evacuation)COVID-19 Vaccine InformationHas the government of the United Kingdom approved a COVID-19 vaccine for use? YesAre vaccines available in the United Kingdom for U.S. citizens to receive? Yes. Anyone registered with their local NHS doctor will be eligible to receive the vaccine if they are part of an eligible group.Which vaccines are available in the United Kingdom? Pfizer/BioNTech, Oxford/AstraZeneca, ModernaThe United States Government does not plan to provide COVID-19 vaccinations to private U.S. citizens overseas. Please follow the United Kingdom’s developments and guidelines for COVID-19 vaccination.If you qualify for NHS treatment, please see here for more information including links to vaccination procedures in Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland.Please see the UK government website for frequently asked questions about the COVID-19 vaccine in the UK. The COVID-19 vaccination is only available through the NHS to eligible groups and it is a free vaccination. It is not available privately in the UK.Click here for information from the CDC regarding COVID-19 vaccination. Visit the FDA’s website to learn more about FDA-approved vaccines in the United States.Entry and Exit RequirementsAre U.S. citizens permitted to enter? Yes, if not traveling from a ‘red-list’ country. Please see the UK government website for more information.Is a negative COVID-19 test (PCR and/or serology) required for entry? YesAre health screening procedures in place at airports and other ports of entry? YesPlease see UK Visa and Immigration’s website for information on visa extensions for residents and tourists.You will not be able to travel to the United Kingdom from a country on the travel ban list. The United States is not currently on the list.Public Health Locator FormNew arrivals will be required to provide UK officials with contact and travel information prior to arrival by completing the Public Health Locator Form. This form must be completed by each member of your traveling party. You may not submit the form until 48 hours before your arrival in the UK.Movement RestrictionsIs a curfew in place? NoAre there restrictions on intercity or interstate travel? YesTravel in and out of your local area is to be avoided. For information about when travel is permissible please see the websites for England, Wales, Scotland, and Northern Ireland above under UK COVID-19 restrictions for regional variations.U.S. citizens residing in the United Kingdom are subject to the UK government regulations. You should not travel abroad unless it is permitted under the rules. This means you may not go on holiday.If you are visiting the UK, you may return to your permanent residence in the United States. You should check whether there are any restrictions in place at your final destination. Please consult directly with your airline and follow all UK government guidelines when making travel arrangements.From March 8, passengers travelling abroad will need to carry a new form stating that their trip is permitted under UK national lockdown rules. The form must be downloaded, signed before travel, and carried or downloaded onto a mobile phone. Passengers who do not have a valid form may be denied boarding. It will be an offence to fail to produce a completed form and individuals could face a £200 fine.[NEW] From March 29, anyone in England attempting to travel abroad without a ‘reasonable excuse’ will be subject to a £5000 fine. Please see the UK government’s website for more information.Quarantine InformationAre U.S. citizens required to quarantine? YesMandatory 10-Day Self-Isolation for Arrivals to the UKIndividuals arriving in the UK may need to self-isolate. As the rules are constantly being updated, please see the UK government’s website for the latest information.For England(Note that these rules apply to England only)You will not be able to travel to England from a country on the travel ban list. The United States is not currently on the list.If you’re coming from a country not on the banned travel list, you’ll need to self-isolate at home for 10 days and book 2 COVID-19 tests.For Northern Ireland(Note that these rules apply to Northern Ireland only)You will not be able to travel to Northern Ireland from a country on the travel ban list. The United States is not currently on the list.You must self-isolate for 10 days if you return to Northern Ireland from a country outside the Common Travel Area (CTA) unless you are travelling from, or transiting through, a low to medium risk country that is exempt. You do not need to self-isolate if you’re travelling to NI from within the CTA. For the latest information visit: Coronavirus (COVID-19): international travel advice (Welcome to GOV.UK).For Scotland(Note that these rules apply to Scotland only)You will not be able to travel to Scotland from a country on the travel ban list. The United States is not currently on the list.Passengers arriving to Scotland from outside the Common Travel Area (CTA) are required to book and pay for managed isolation in a quarantine hotel for 10 days. For the latest information visit: Coronavirus (COVID-19): international travel and quarantine (GOV.SCOT).For Wales(Note that these rules apply to Wales only)You will not be able to travel to Wales from a country on the travel ban list. The United States is not currently on the list.Persons arriving to Wales are required to enter via England and follow the guidelines for entry into England. For the latest information, visit: Travel: coronavirus (GOV.WALES).For Transiting TravelersPersons transiting (or who have a layover in) the UK and are in the UK for less than 24 hours are not required to take a COVID-19 test to meet the new U.S. testing requirement.Any travelers who pass through UK border control and leave the “airside” portion of the airport may be required to take a test even if they are only “transiting” the UK. Travelers should not pass through UK border control if they do not want to be required to take a COVID-19 test.If transiting with onward travel outside of the UK and not passing through UK border control, you are also exempt from self-isolation requirements. If transiting but passing through UK border control and entering the UK, you may travel directly between ports (such as Eurostar to Heathrow) without self-isolating.You may end self-isolation to go to your departure point (airport, train or bus station), if you are leaving within the 10-day quarantine time. You should travel straight to the departure point and avoid public transportation.All transiting persons will still be required to fill out the Public Health Passenger Locator Form.Transportation OptionsAre commercial flights operating? YesIs public transportation operating? YesFor information on how to stay safe on public transportation in the UK, please see the UK government guidance. You must wear a face covering on public transport unless exempt.Commercial Flights Available from UK to USAU.S. citizens in the UK who wish to return home to the United States should make commercial flight arrangements as they need to travel.U.S. citizens residing in the United Kingdom are subject to the ‘Stay at Home’ regulations. You should not travel abroad unless it is permitted under the rules. This means you may not go on holiday.If you are visiting the UK, you may return home to the United States. You should check whether there are any restrictions in place at your final destination. Please consult directly with your airline and follow all UK government guidelines when making travel arrangements.Commercial flights continue to be available from multiple UK airports connecting to London Heathrow for direct flights to the United States. Trains from Scotland to London are also available. Please check the airport and rail websites for the latest information.Please see above for new COVID-19 testing requirements.Services at Airports and HotelsOnward tickets should be purchased prior to traveling to the UK as ticketing counters may not accept cash. Please see individual airport and hotel websites for further information.At the Airport(s)DO NOT travel if you are displaying any symptoms of COVID-19 (high temperature, persistent cough, loss of taste or smell).CHECK the status of your flight with your airline as some schedules are still subject to change.ONLY TRAVEL to the airport if you have a flight booked. Only those people who are flying will be allowed inside the terminal building.PACK a suitable face covering, as this will be required at all times inside the airport.ONLY limited “essential” shops and restaurants are open in most airports. See individual websites for the latest information.If symptomatic at an airportIf a traveler is denied boarding because of potential COVID-19 symptoms, they might be directed to an airport self-isolation room while the traveler arranges their own transport to quarantine accommodations.Travelers exhibiting symptoms are required to find a location for self-isolation and quarantine.On Arrival At HeathrowTerminals: All flights at Heathrow are now operating from Terminals 2 and 5 following the temporary relocation of airlines from Terminals 3 and 4. All passengers should double-check their arrival and departure terminals, as they may change. Please check http://www.heathrow.com/whichterminal for more information.Screening: Enhanced monitoring is in place for all flights. This includes the provision of advice leaflets, social distancing measures, increased hand sanitiser units, complimentary face coverings required for all passengers and colleagues, having Public Health England (PHE) colleagues and doctors on site, and trialing temperature screening in terminals.COVID-19 Testing: See: https://www.heathrow.com/at-the-airport/fly-safe/covid-19-testSocial distancing: Do not come into the terminals at Heathrow unless you are traveling. It is important that passengers who do come into the terminals for essential travel adhere to the UK Government’s social distancing guidelines. All passengers aged 11 and older are required to wear face coverings at all time within terminal buildings. There is no guarantee a mask will be available on arrival, please come prepared with your own face covering.. See: http://www.heathrow.com/coronavirusShops and Restaurants: Open, see airport website for more information and times.Departing passengers: It is not necessary to arrive at the airport early. Please arrive at the airport 2 hours before a European flight and 3 hours before a long-haul flight. Bring your own face coverings.Airport Transit: Many local travel partners continue to operate services to and from Heathrow. See transport operator contact details here: https://www.heathrow.com/transport-and-directions/operator-contactsMore information: https://www.heathrow.com/On Arrival At GatwickTerminals: The North Terminal is open for flight arrivals and departures. Passengers should check which terminal their flight is departing from, as airlines may operate from a different terminal. All passengers should keep in contact with their airline for the latest information.Screening: Currently there are no permanent temperature checks at Gatwick.COVID-19 Testing: See: COVID-19 testing informationSocial distancing: Persons aged 11 and older are required to wear a face covering while traveling through Gatwick. Signs have been installed to remind passengers to maintain social distancing and respect others around them as they travel through the airport. In addition, only family groups or people travelling in the same party can travel in lifts together, and some may also restrict the number of people at any one time. Staircases will also be segregated and designated either for up or down travel. https://www.gatwickairport.com/at-the-airport/passenger-services/coronavirus/Shops and Restaurants: Reduced offerings. See airport website for more information and times.Airport Transit: Gatwick Express services are suspended until further notice. Southern and Thameslink rail services are still running to and from Gatwick with reduced schedules as are coaches and other public transportation: To & from | Gatwick AirportMore Information: Home | Gatwick AirportOn Arrival At LutonTerminals: Open.Screening: There are enhanced monitoring procedures for flights arriving from affected countries and displays with the latest public health information across the terminal.COVID-19 Testing: COVID-19 Testing | London Luton AirportSocial Distancing: Persons aged 11 and older are required to wear face coverings while in the airport. Face coverings should be removed if requested by police, border control or airport security. Coronavirus COVID-19 | London Luton AirportShops and Restaurants: Reduced offerings. See airport website for more information and times.Airport Transit: Reduced bus and rail services available to and from the airport. How To Get To & From London Luton AirportMore information: The Official Website for London Luton AirportOn Arrival At StanstedTerminals: Open, but flights are subject to change and cancellation. Currently, there is no overnight access to the terminal building. The building does not open until 0500.Screening: Enhanced monitoring procedures for flights are in place along with information leaflets and posters. Temperature screening trials are being undertaken to test equipment.COVID-19 Testing: Stansted Airport Coronavirus TestingSocial distancing: Persons travelling through the airport are required to cover their faces and wear gloves. Passengers are encouraged to bring their own gloves and face coverings/masks. Coronavirus (COVID-19) advice for travellersAirport Transit: Available, see: Travel and Directions | London Stansted AirportMore information: London Stansted AirportOn Arrival At London CityTerminals: London City Airport has resumed domestic routes and is providing connections to cities and regions around the United Kingdom.Screening: A range of screening measures are in place including non-contact, automatic temperature checking technology for rapid preliminary screening both on passenger departure and arrival.COVID-19 Testing: Testing Centre | London City AirportSocial Distancing: Passengers are asked to observe social distancing rules wherever possible in the terminal and the airport will deploy measures which will enable the detection of areas where there is a high concentration of passengers who will then be directed to quieter areas. Safe, careful, speedy journeysAirport Transit: Given the disruption caused by coronavirus, London City Airport recommends all passengers check the status and schedule for their preferred mode of transport before they travel. More transit information: Reaching LCY by DLR Docklands Light RailwayMore information: Parking, Flights and InformationOther TransportationNational Express CoachNational Rail ServiceTransport for London (TfL)Car and Rideshare Services: The following companies are still operating and may be able to provide airport transfer service.Addison LeeGreen Tomato CarsTravelhireBlacklaneKaptenOlaFree NowTaxi CodeIf Travel Plans Have Been CancelledThe Embassy is unable to assist with obtaining refunds for travel that has been cancelled. We recommend you contact the company or website from which you purchased your tickets or with whom you have reservations. You may also wish to contact your credit card company for their assistance.The U.S. Federal Trade Commission provides information on its website that directly addresses COVID-19 related travel at COVID-19 ruined my travel plans. Now what?The U.S. Department of Transportation has mandated airlines to refund passengers in the event flights are canceled, significant schedule changes or made, or government restrictions prevent flying due to the coronavirus outbreak. More information is available at the U.S. Department of Transportation Refunds page.For more information about rules and regulations about refunds for travel, we recommend you visit the below sites:In the United Kingdom, visit Welcome to GOV.UKFor the European Union, visit Wählen Sie eine SpracheFines for Non-ComplianceFines for not following rules on meeting in larger groups range from £100 for the first offence up to £10,000.Fines for failing to comply with rules for face-coverings range from £100 for the first offence up to £6,400.For EnglandYou may be denied UK entry or fined £100 if you refuse to provide your contact details and £10,000 if you refuse to self-isolate, or you may face further action. For complete details on UK guidelines, visit: Entering the UKFor Northern IrelandIf you refuse to provide passenger information you may be fined £60. If you are required to self-isolate and leave self-isolation within the 10-day period you may be fined £1,000. For complete details, visit: Coronavirus (COVID-19): travel advice (http://NIDIRECT.GOV.UK).For ScotlandUK Border Force will carry out spot checks at the border and can impose a fine of £60 to those who refuse to provide passenger information. Those who fail to self-isolate can be fined £480. For complete details, visit Coronavirus (COVID-19) (via http://GOV.SCOT.UK).For WalesYou may be denied UK entry or fined £1,920 if you refuse to provide your contact details and £10,000 if you refuse to self-isolate, or you may face further action. For complete details on guidelines for Wales, visit: Coronavirus (COVID-19)Consular OperationsThe U.S. Mission to the United Kingdom has suspended routine consular services. For emergency American Citizens Services, including emergency passports, please visit our Information for American Citizens page for important information.We will continue to provide emergency and mission-critical visa services as resources and local conditions allow. Visa appointments remain limited. Due to the impact of COVID-19, visa services and travel restrictions may change rapidly so please check this website regularly. Please see our U.S. Visa and Travel FAQs for the most up to date information.Local ResourcesFor the latest information with regards to COVID-19, please visit the UK government’s webpage on Coronavirus (COVID-19): latest information and advice.To find out more on what you can and can’t in the UK, please visit the UK government’s webpage on Coronavirus outbreak FAQs: what you can and can’t do.View U.S. Embassy London’s Most Recent Alerts.Resources for Staying at Home During the COVID-19 OutbreakUK Government GatewayCoronavirus (COVID-19): UK government responseNHS Coronavirus (COVID-19) pageU.S. Centers For Disease Control ResourcesU.S. Centers for Disease Control: Coronavirus (COVID-19)Other linksCurrent Outbreak of Coronavirus Disease 2019Department of State InfoCentral Coronavirus pageDepartment of State COVID-19 Traveler Information pageHow To Self-Isolate(via Welcome to GOV.UK)U.S. Department of State - United States Department of State – UK Country Information and Travel Advisory page for the UKU.S. Embassy London (this website)White House Corovirus WebsiteSecurity UpdatesThe Department of State encourages all U.S. citizens to enroll in Smart Traveler Enrollment Program (STEP) to receive security and health updates. Visit Travel to view individual Travel Advisories for the most urgent threats to safety and security.Embassy AssistanceU.S. Embassy London, United Kingdom33 Nine Elms Lane London, UK SW11 8DG+44 (0) 207-499-9000from U.S.: 011 44 (0)20 [email protected] or our website at U.S. Embassy & Consulates in the United KingdomU.S. Consulate General Edinburgh+44 (0) 131 [email protected]. Consulate General Belfast+44 (0) 28 [email protected] Department – Consular Affairs888-407-4747 or 202-501-4444United Kingdom Country Information page.