Universal Child Health Record 2012: Fill & Download for Free

Good I am thinking about this since last 1 Week, Changes around me and my status since last 20 years, for you here i would like mention changes on world front.Twenty years ago, the international community gathered in Cairo, Egypt, to explore how the world was changing and how those changes were affecting the most vulnerable. At the 1994 meeting, the International Conference on Population and Development (ICPD), the world agreed that population issues – including voluntary family planning, maternal and child health, migration, and gender equality – are not just about counting people, but about making sure that every person counts.At the conference, 179 governments signed on to the ICPD Programme of Action, which recognizes that women, their rights and equality are global development priorities. The governments committed to: providing universal access to voluntary family planning, sexual and reproductive health services and rights; delivering gender equality and equal access to education; addressing the impacts of urbanization and migration; and supporting sustainable development.Today, the world is very different, transformed by the digital revolution and advances in medicine and human knowledge. But has it changed in the ways we hoped it would?Below, UNFPA reflects on some of the biggest ways our world is different, and what more must be done.1. The world now has the largest generation of young people ever.Adolescents and youth, those between 10 and 24 years old, accounted for 28 per cent of the world population in 2010. The world must invest in the needs and rights of this group, supporting their access to quality health care and education, opportunities for safe paid work, and freedom from abuses such as early marriage and pregnancy.12. The proportion of people living in extreme poverty has been cut nearly in half – but economic inequality is now growing.The proportion of people living on less than $1.25 per day has fallen from 47 per cent in 1990 to 22 per cent in 2010. But growing inequality could undermine these gains.Today, 8 per cent of the world population has 82 per cent of global wealth, and more than a billion people continue to live in extreme poverty, without access to social protections, meaningful work, or public health or education services. The gains made over the past 20 years cannot be sustained if we do not address inequality.1,23. In the last 20 years, the world’s population grew by about a quarter, from 5.66 billion to 7.24 billion.Every one of the world’s 7.2 billion people – and every person still to come – deserves to have their human rights and dignity respected and protected. This includes ensuring the equal rights of women and universal access to sexual and reproductive health and rights.34. But the population is growing more slowly.Twenty years ago, the population was growing by 1.52 per cent per year. Today, it is growing by 1.15 per cent per year. On its current trajectory, we can expect the global population to reach 9.55 billion by 2050.1,3Population growth has slowed because…5. Women are having fewer children.In 1994, the average woman had about three children. Today, the fertility rate is around 2.5 children per woman. Lower fertility means improved outcomes for women, since pregnancy is accompanied by risks that multiply a woman’s chance of dying.But fertility rates remain high in some of the poorest places in the world. In 18 countries, fertility rates stand at five children or more per woman.1,36. Adolescent childbearing has fallen by 50 per cent or more in many countries.Adolescent fertility rates have fallen. Still, 20,000 girls under age 18 give birth in developing countries every day. And every year, there are 70,000 adolescent deaths from complications of pregnancy and childbirth.3,47. Contraceptive use has increased in the last two decades – but there remains a huge unmet need.Most women say they want between two and four children. Safe, modern contraceptives and family planning services help women achieve these goals by preventing unwanted pregnancies.But between 2008 and 2012, the proportion of married women in the developing world using modern contraceptives only changed from 56 per cent to 57 per cent. There are about 222 million women without access to modern contraception.5,6,78. Maternal deaths have fallen by almost half.Deaths related to complications in pregnancy and childbirth have dropped by 47 per cent since 1994. Back then, more than half a million maternal deaths occurred each year.But more must be done. Today, 800 maternal deaths occur every day, and the leading causes – post-partum haemorrhage, sepsis, obstructed labour, complications from unsafe abortion, and hypertensive disorders – are all preventable.1,39. Child deaths fell by nearly half.Deaths among children under age five fell from 90 per 1,000 live births in 1990 to 48 per 1,000 live births in 2012. A major factor contributing to this decline is increased education for women and girls. When women and girls are educated, they are empowered to make better choices for themselves and their families. Girls’ education is linked to lower rates of child marriage, lower rates of adolescent pregnancy, and increased access to maternal and child health care, all of which improves child survival.1,7,810. The number of births occurring under the care of a skilled attendant – a doctor, midwife or nurse – has grown.The proportion of deliveries attended by skilled health personnel rose in developing countries, from 56 per cent in 1990 to 67 per cent in 2011. Skilled birth attendance is one of the most critical ways to ensure safe delivery for both mother and child. That, along with increased access to antenatal care, emergency obstetric care and family planning services, accounts for much of the decline in maternal deaths.1,6,711. Around the world, life expectancy has increased by 5.2 years.Life expectancy grew from 64.8 years in 1990-1995 to 70 years in 2010-2015. The greatest increases were in the least developed countries, where life expectancy rose by 8.9 years.Still, too many women continue to die early – often from causes related to pregnancy or extreme poverty – a result of their lower status throughout the world.1,312. Fewer abortions are taking place.Globally, abortion rates have declined, from 35 per 1,000 women in 1995 to 29 per 1,000 women in 2008. This brought the total number of abortions down, despite increased population size.But improving access to sexual and reproductive health services, including voluntary family planning, would bring these numbers down even further. Addressing unmet family planning needs would avert 54 million unintended pregnancies and result in 26 million fewer abortions.1,5,913. The number of people contracting HIV/AIDS has dropped sharply.New HIV infections fell 33 per cent between 2001 and 2012. Despite this progress, more can still be done to prevent the spread of this illness, especially among youth. In 2009, 41 per cent of new HIV infections were among young people aged 15 to 24. Age-appropriate comprehensive sexuality education helps youth protect themselves against sexually transmitted infections, including HIV.1,9,1014. But there has been a significant increase in major curable sexually transmitted infections.Incidence of the four major curable sexually transmitted infections – syphilis, gonorrhoea, chlamydia and trichomoniasis – has spiked among people aged 15 to 49, from 333 million cases in 1995 in 499 million cases in 2008. This development underscores the importance of equipping young people with the sexual and reproductive health knowledge and services required to keep themselves healthy.1,915. More people are dying of non-communicable diseases.Deaths from non-communicable diseases, such as heart disease, cancers, diabetes and chronic respiratory diseases, rose by 30 per cent between 1990 and 2010. Most of these diseases are strongly associated with four harmful behaviours that often begin in adolescence: smoking, alcohol abuse, inactivity and poor nutrition.Adolescents must be given the tools to protect themselves from these and other harms. Lifelong health education should begin with young people, in concert with comprehensive sexuality education.1,916. More children are attending school than ever – and the largest gains have been among girls.Primary school enrolment rates have jumped from somewhere over three quarters in 1990 to about 90 per cent in 2010. This is an especially huge victory for girls, who have gained parity in primary school enrolment in a majority of countries. Girls with access to education are better able to avoid adolescent pregnancy and better able to access health care and livelihood opportunities. They and their future families are healthier and more likely to exit poverty.But gender inequalities in education persist, with girls lagging behind boys in secondary school enrolment.1,11,12,13,1417. The world is increasingly urban.The global urban population rose by 1.6 billion between 1994 and 2014. More than half the world’s people now live in towns or cities.But too much of this growth is taking place in slums. Over 650 million people lived in slums in 1990. In 2010, that number was 820 million. Impoverished urban women and girls are especially vulnerable: they are less likely to have access to reproductive health services, education and security.1,3,1418. More people are migrating than ever before.There are more international migrants than ever. In 1990, 154 million people travelled from their home countries in search of new opportunities. In 2013, this number was 232 million.Migration offers important opportunities and helps drive development. But it can also leave migrants – especially women and girls – exposed to abuses, such as trafficking, exploitation and discrimination.1,3,1419. The world is getting older.Older people – those over age 60 – are the world’s fastest-growing age group. The number of older persons increased from 490 million in 1990 to 765 million in 2010.The world must do more to accommodate the needs of this group, including through social protections and systems that ensure their safety and meaningful participation in society.1,320. Record numbers of people are displaced within their countries by conflict or violence, taking a disproportionate toll on women and girls.Gender-based violence is often exacerbated by conflict and displacement; protections are stripped away and sexual violence is used as a tactic of warfare. Twenty years ago, the world saw record numbers of people displaced within their countries’ borders by armed conflict. But today’s numbers are even higher: by 2012, 28.8 million people were internally displaced due to conflict, violence or human rights violations. Additionally, an estimated 15.4 million people were forced to flee their countries as refugees.1,14Much more work to be doneAnd there are many more ways in which the world has not changed enough.Female genital mutilation/cutting (FGM/C) and child marriage remain prevalent in much of the world, even in countries where these practices have been outlawed. Each year, 3 million girls, the majority under age 15, are at risk of undergoing FGM/C. And if current trends continue, by 2020, an additional 142 million girls will be married before age 18.Gender-based violence continues to be a global epidemic. An estimated one in three women report experiencing physical or sexual abuse, most commonly by an intimate partner. And in a recent survey of 10,000 men in Asia and the Pacific, one in four reported committing rape.Discrimination against women continues in every society in the world, and belief in gender equality is not yet universal. Women are still denied equal access to opportunities and the ability to define the direction of their lives.This week, the United Nations Commission on Population and Development will hold its 47th session to address many of these issues, reviewing the progress made and the significant work that remains to be done. As the last 20 years have made clear, human rights – including women’s and girls' rights – must be placed at the heart of global development.

1. His real name is Jung Ho-seok.2. Before his debut, he considered “Smile-Hoya” as a stage name.3. J-Hope was born Feb. 18, 1994, in Gwangju Metropolitan City.4. He is part of the rap line and main dancer/choreography of BTS.5. J-Hope dreamed of becoming a professional tennis player during his elementary school years.6. He has one elder sister.7. He likes melodramatic movies.8. He is 5’109. He reads the Bible every night before he goes to sleep.11. His favorite color is green.12. His favorite song is Radiohead’s “Creep.”13. His specialties include street and freestyle dance and beatboxing.14. J-Hope’s ideal type is a woman who is considerate and good at cooking.15. He enjoys window-shopping and listening to music.16. He attended the same dance academy as TVXQ’s Yunho, Big Bang’s Seungri and 2NE1’s Minzy.17. J-Hope and Zelo of B.A.P went to the same academy in Gwangju to learn rap and dance.18. Before his debut, he was a member of a street dance team called Neuron.19. The first album he bought was g.o.d’s.20. Big Hit Entertainment was a small agency in its early days, but J-Hope was already a well-known dancer even before his debut. Back then, the agency was known as “Jung Ho-seok’s company.”21. J-Hope had tough times during his trainee days, prompting him to leave the team for a while.22. His bandmates persuaded him to come back, and then they made their debut as BTS.23. He is enrolled in Global Cyber University along with bandmates V and Jungkook.24. He disliked math in his school days.25. J-Hope loves traditional Korean foods such as kimchi.26. J-Hope is affectionately called “Manager Jung” because he plays a key role in choreographing dance moves for BTS songs.27. His favorite BTS choreography includes that for “Save Me” and “DNA.”28. He is considered the cutest band member.29. He used to post his dance-practice videos under the title “Hope on the Street” on BTS’ official blog and Twitter account.30. He danced in Jo Kwon’s video “I’m Da One” in 2012.31. He went to a high school where his father taught literature.32. He hates exercise.34. He is scared of needles, roller coasters, bugs, anything scary.35. J-Hope is the only BTS member who doesn’t have any piercings. He has finally got a piercing and you can see it during MAMA 201936. He started rapping only after joining the agency.37. On March 2, 2018, J-Hope released his first mixtape, “Hope World,” with the title track “Daydream.”38. He ranked 63rd on the Billboard 200 in March last year, a record for a Korean solo artist. His bandmate RM later broke that record with his mixtape song “Mono.”39. “Hope World” was inspired by Jules Verne’s novel “Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea.”40. His role models are ASAP Rocky, J. Cole, Beenzino and G-Dragon of Big Bang.41.His favorite designer is Brian Donnelly, aka Kaws, who is best known for his Bearbrick art. J-Hope also loves to collect the bears.42. Actor and World Wrestling Entertainment wrestler John Cena picked J-Hope as his favorite BTS member.43. He has a dog named Mickey.44. J-Hope was a fan of the anime “Atashin’chi” as a child.45. His ideal date is holding hands and walking on the beach together.46. J-Hope’s Myers-Briggs personality type is ESFJ: extroverted, sensing, feeling, judging.47. For J-Hope, the three elements of happiness are family, health and love.48. His motto in life is, “If you don’t work hard, there won’t be good results.”49. J-Hope has a loveable personality. He’s funny, making jokes during interviews with the rest of the group.50. Favorite American food Spaghetti & Sprite. It was hamburgers though.51. He often donating money to non-profit organizations.52. His newest single Chicken Noodle Soup featuring Becky G. Has earned over 90 million views on YouTube since it was released.

First, a bit of a deep dive into global numbers is necessary to properly contextualize US infant mortality rates; not high per se but certainly higher than expected compared to several countries with similar or even much lower GDP per capita.Specifically, the 2018 US neonatal* mortality rate of 3.5 deaths per 1000 live births is higher compared to not just Japan but also several less wealthy countries. These numbers become even more interesting when examined in light of rates back in 1990 when the US rate was 6 (table below using data from 1).*Neonatal mortality rate: probability of dying between birth and 28 days of age, expressed per 1,000 live births.Similar trends apply to infant mortality rates which typically include mortality of neonates, under-5 and children (5 to 14 year olds). The upshot is less wealthy countries such as Poland and Slovakia that spend far less per capita on healthcare than the US and which had much higher infant mortality rates in 1990 could nevertheless reduce their rates by 2019 to such an extent that the US ranked below them at an embarrassingly low 33 out of 36 OECD countries (below from 2).In light of such data, the question needs to be modified to 'Given how wealthy it is, why does the Unites States continue to have such unexpectedly high infant mortality rates?'.Obviously only one factor couldn't possibly explain such a complex issue. Instead, many stubborn structural and cultural idiosyncrasies set the US healthcare system apart from practically all others, especially in ways that adversely impact the outcome of birth even as it is by now well known that US healthcare spending per capita far outstrips all other countries by an increasingly wide margin. Here are some factors that contribute to less than optimal maternity and birth-related outcomes in the US.Perverse incentives make US workplaces hostile to maternity needsCurrent incentives make US workplaces singularly hostile to pregnancy and childcare. Being lackluster to say the least, current US regulations are unable to effect beneficial social and cultural changes in this regard.The US is the only developed country without mandatory paid maternity leave.~25% of new US mothers return to work within 2 weeks of giving birth (3).It's telling that the few big US and multinational corporations that do offer maternity leave to US workers do so in the form of short-term disability (4). Surely, giving birth isn't a disability! Such a mindset only serves to emphasize that the US is a long way away from considering birth in a more humane and natural fashion.For example, France has a maternity care system where nurses make house calls after a baby is born (3).Consider the UK where new mothers can avail themselves of at least 6 months time off (4).As things stand today, only the very affluent could realistically consider such options in the US.Stark and steep racial, geographic and inter-state disparities in socioeconomic status and access to good quality healthcare further conspire to help ensure that both maternal and infant mortality rates stay relatively high in vulnerable US communities.A 2017 comparison of black versus the rest showed a shockingly high average of >11 neonatal deaths per 1000 live births for black women, >2X higher than for babies born to white women (5). No wonder then that black mothers and their babies are in crisis mode in various American communities (6, 7). Not just black women, infant mortality rates are also higher among American Indians, Alaska Natives and Pacific Islanders (8).Deepening rural versus urban divide in accessing adequate healthcare. With profit making the dominant idea in US healthcare, no surprise that hospitals and healthcare clinics continue to close down across the rural US as its population empties out. Since medicalized births dominate US maternity, this means women living in rural areas often have to travel further, sometimes even 100s of miles, to even access pre, peri and antenatal care (9, 10).In 2019, Mississippi had the highest infant mortality rate of 8.6 deaths per 1000 live births, >2X the rate compared to Massachusetts at 3.8, which had the lowest (2).Giving birth is more expensive in the US than anywhere else in the worldAlready back in 2013, a New York Times article reported that US hospital birth costs an average of ~$3400 out of pocket (11). News reports suggest that many American women and families are even now forced to declare bankruptcy after giving birth (12, 13).Contrast this state of affairs to Finland's average of just ~$60 (14). And yes, Finland has universal healthcare coverage.Thailand and Rwanda's examples show that universal healthcare coverage can help bring about a steep drop in neonatal mortality (from 21 and 41 per 1000 live births, respectively, in 1990, to 5 and 15.9 in 2018), with an unprecedented abolition of historic disparities between poorer and richer regions in Thailand, according to Amartya Sen (15).In his book Pathologies of Power, Paul Farmer contrasts Cuba's healthcare, a country with universal healthcare coverage, to the US, a country famously lacking such coverage (16),That Cubans say, “We live like poor people, but we die like rich people”.And that Cuba's infant mortality rate is lower than even that in the Boston neighborhood of the prestigious Brigham and Women's hospital!Good quality US childcare is increasingly out of reach for many new parentsAt an average of ~$10000 per year, cost of full-time childcare for 0 to 4 year olds is so expensive in the US (17), it's becoming increasingly out of reach for many new mothers.Trustworthy data on US maternal mortality is also increasingly out of reachUS maternal mortality rates are perhaps the highest among OECD countries and in some states such as Texas, they appeared to be actually increasing and not the other way around; appeared because according to a 2017 ProPublica investigation (18), “Data collection on maternal deaths is so flawed and under-funded that the federal government no longer even publishes an official death rate”. Mind-boggling, that conclusion.The Texas example underscores the extent of this data collection crisis. After numbers showed that Texas maternal mortality rates doubled over just a two year period from 2010 to 2012 (19), a task force established to figure out what was going on found such “sloppy and erroneous data collection”... “that more than half of the deaths that were recorded as pregnancy-related that year were recorded that way in error” (20).CodaFor far too long, emphasizing the importance of American families has become an empty rhetorical tool cynically deployed to whip up primeval passions during US political campaigns even as in recent decades, actual US government policies and regulations have become increasingly hostile towards them.As long as the politically dominant thought in US society continues to pretend against all evidence to the contrary that childbearing, birth and child rearing are optional luxuries among a smorgasbord of consumer choices instead of common social goods necessary for human society to truly flourish, the US will continue to outspend other countries and yet get worse outcomes from healthcare spending on the natural processes of pregnancy and birth.Bibliography1. Every Child ALIVE2. 2019 Annual Report3. The Guardian, December 5, 2017. The Mother Load: America is failing mothers. Help us change that4. The Guardian, December 14, 2017. Your stories about motherhood in America: 'There are no social safety nets'5. 2017 Annual Report6. The Los Angeles Times, Ann M. Simmons, October 26, 2017. The quiet crisis among African Americans: Pregnancy and childbirth are killing women at inexplicable rates7. The Guardian, Leslie Casimir, June 26, 2018. Why are so many of San Francisco's black mothers and babies dying?8. What do we know about infant mortality in the U.S. and comparable countries? - Peterson-Kaiser Health System Tracker9. The Politico, Lisa Rab, October 3, 2017. Rural Hospitals Are Dying and Pregnant Women Are Paying the Price10. The New York Times, Jack Healy, July 17, 2018. It’s 4 A.M. The Baby’s Coming. But the Hospital Is 100 Miles Away.11. The New York Times, Elisabeth Rosenthal, June 30, 2013. American Way of Birth, Costliest in the World12. The Guardian, Jessica Glenza, January 16, 2018. Why does it cost $32,093 just to give birth in America?13. The Guardian, January 16, 2018. Bankrupted by giving birth: having premature twins cost me everything | Jen Sinconis14. The Cut, Gabriella Paiella, March 21, 2019. What It’s Like to Live in the Country Where Giving Birth Costs $6015. The Guardian, Amartya Sen, January 6, 2015. Universal healthcare: the affordable dream16. The Atlantic, James Hamblin, November 29, 2016. How Cubans Live as Long as Americans at a Tenth of the Cost17. The Guardian, Emma, December 16, 2017. How new moms are supported – or not – in France v the US: a feminist cartoon18. ProPublica, Robin Fields and Joe Sexton, October 23, 2017. How Many American Women Die From Causes Related to Pregnancy or Childbirth? No One Knows. — ProPublica19. The Guardian, Molly Redden, August 20, 2016. Texas has highest maternal mortality rate in developed world, study finds20. The Washington Post, Meagan Flynn, April 11, 2018. https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/morning-mix/wp/2018/04/11/texas-maternal-mortality-rate-was-unbelievably-high-now-we-know-why/Other references consulted for this answer:Papanicolas, Irene, Liana R. Woskie, and Ashish K. Jha. "Health care spending in the United States and other high-income countries." Jama 319.10 (2018): 1024-1039. https://www.oregonlegislature.gov/committees/hhc/WorkgroupDocuments/staff%20-%20(report%2005-23-2018%20meeting).pdfhttps://www.unicef.org/reports/levels-and-trends-child-mortality-report-2019Hug, Lucia, et al. "National, regional, and global levels and trends in neonatal mortality between 1990 and 2017, with scenario-based projections to 2030: a systematic analysis." The Lancet Global Health 7.6 (2019): e710-e720. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2214109X19301639Thanks for the R2A, Gabriel Guzman.