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Biosensors are the devices in which there is a coupling of biological sensing elements with a detector system using transducer. It converts a biological response into an electrical signal.It has 3 main sections:SensorTransducerElectronicsSensor: It is a sensitive biological element such as tissue, microbes, organelle etc. Which sense the analyte. Sensors can be electrochemical sensors, Optical sensors, Piezoelectric sensors, etc.Transducer: A detector element that transfers the signal resulting from the interaction of the analyte with the biological sensor to user-friendly display. The transducer can be Amperometric or Potentiometric.Associated electronics: It comprises a signal conditioning circuit processor and a display unit.Image[1][1][1][1]Principle:The desired biological material, such as specific enzymes are immobilized by conventional methods (such as physical or membrane entrapment, non-covalent or covalent binding).This immobilized biological material is in intimate contact with the transducer. The analyte binds to the biological material to form a bound analyte which in turn produces the electronic response that can be measured.The product (such as H+, O2, electrons etc.) formed can also be measured. The transducer can convert the product linked changes into electrical signals which can be amplified and measured.DNA-based biosensors, Bacterial biosensors, Enzyme-based biosensors, Antibody-based biosensors etc. are commonly used for detection of various molecules, and compounds in the day to day experiments.In a flow chartBiological Material + Analyte → Bound analyte → Biological response → Electronic response → Measurement.Further readings:Mehrotra, P., 2016. Biosensors and their applications–A review. Journal of oral biology and craniofacial research, 6(2), pp.153-159.Bhalla, N., Jolly, P., Formisano, N., & Estrela, P. (2016). Introduction to biosensors. Essays in biochemistry, 60(1), 1-8.Harsh Oza's answer to How can bacterial biosensors be used to detect pollutants?Biosensor - WikipediaFootnotes[1] Image on wordpress.com[1] Image on wordpress.com[1] Image on wordpress.com[1] Image on wordpress.com

Yes!Though not magnetizable in the same way as iron (Ferromagnetism) or other materials (Paramagnetism), most biological materials are diamagnetic. See Diamagnetism and Magnetic levitation for the physical details of the process.To see experimental proof of this diamagnetic magnetization, we will approximate the human body as a frog. In this case, a static 16T magnetic field is enough to magnetize the frog enough to cause levitation.​Since there are no special magnetic properties of frogs (mice have also successfully been levitated in this way as well), the human body can in fact be magnetized. However, large magnetic fields are necessary to see the effects. For example, in order to levitate the frog, the magnetic field used was more than one hundred thousand times stronger than the magnetic field of the Earth.

The short answer is: yes.Here is the long answer.Our planet is finite, and we depend on its resources for survival. Theoretically, by utilising some mysterious mechanism that allows for 100% efficiency (physically impossible), this is what we get:Humans consume about 100 watts of power each and the Earth gets 174 petawatts of incoming solar radiation. Unless you reengineer humans, this gives you an absolute upper bound of 1.74 × 10^15 humans. (current earth pop. is nearing 10^10, 100,000 times less than this bound.)However, let's consider the practicality of it and real data.Biocapacity is shorthand for biological capacity, which is the ability of an ecosystem to regenerate useful biological materials (resources) and to absorb wastes generated by humans.The Global Hectare (gha) is a common unit that quantifies the biocapacity of the earth. One global hectare measures the average productivity of all biologically productive areas (measured in hectares) on earth in a given year. Examples of biologically productive areas include cropland, forests, and fishing grounds; they do not include deserts, glaciers, and the open ocean. "Global hectare per person" refers to the amount of biologically productive land and water available per person on the planet.Ecological Debt Day, also known as “Earth Overshoot Day”, is the calendar date each year in which the total resources consumed by humanity will exceed the capacity for the Earth to generate those resources that year. It is calculated by dividing the world biocapacity, the number of natural resources generated by the earth that year, by the world Ecological Footprint, humanity’s consumption of the Earth’s natural resources for that year, and multiplied by 365, the number of days in one Gregorian calendar year; expressed as:[ world biocapacity / world Ecological Footprint ] x 365 = Ecological Debt DayThough humanity first went into overshoot in 1986, Ecological Debt Day was first observed on December 19, 1987. Before that date, humanity’s consumption of the Earth’s natural resources was outweighed by the Earth’s ability to regenerate its resources. To elicit discussion on the topic of natural resource consumption, the New Economics Foundation (NEF) marked Ecological Debt Day on that calendar year. Every year since then, NEF has calculated the calendar date of Ecological Debt Day for each subsequent year using the above formula. Ecological Debt Day has on average, each year fallen on an earlier date than the previous year. The authors of Ecological Debt Day argue that this fact constitutes a notorious trend in human society, in which humanity is falling deep into ecological debt.Year Overshoot Date1987 December 191990 December 71995 November 212000 November 12005 October 202007 October 262008 September 232009 September 252010 August 212011 September 27Where do we stand now?In 2011, Earth Overshoot Day, the approximate date our demands on nature for a given year exceeds the planet’s ability to replenish, fell on September 27. We have since been in ecological overshoot, with a projected consumption of 135 percent of the resources the Earth will create this year. We make up the deficit by depleting stocks of fish, trees and other resources, and by accumulating waste such as carbon dioxide in the atmosphere and oceans.There were ~ 12 billion hectares of biologically productive land and water on this planet in 2008. Dividing by the number of people alive in that year (6.7 billion) gives 1.79 global hectares per person. This assumes that no land is set aside for other species that consume the same biological material as humans.SummaryThe planet has an upper bound limit, and we actually already surpassed it. In fact, we are reducing its capacity to support life, and almost every life-supporting system on the planet is in a state of decline. The math is simple: the world biocapacity is ~ 12 billion gha. Americans use 7 each. We are 7 billion. If we all lived like them we would need 4 planets. If we consumed 1 gha each, there could be 12 billion of us. Considering that the population is expected to stabilise at 9-10 billion, it is an achievable goal, but we have to re-think about the way we live. If we can manage to increase efficiency, and live with less usage of resources, we can fit even 20 or 30 billion, but the gha per capita has to decrease proportionally.Sourceshttp://www.wwf.org.uk/what_we_do/about_us/living_planet_report_2012/http://www.footprintnetwork.org/http://www.footprintnetwork.org/en/index.php/GFN/page/glossary/http://www.footprintnetwork.org/press/EODay_Media_Backgrounder_2011.pdfhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecological_Debt_Day