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KThe US out produced the Axis.“Powerful enemies must be out-fought and out-produced,” President Franklin Roosevelt told Congress and his countrymen less than a month after Pearl Harbor. “It is not enough to turn out just a few more planes, a few more tanks, a few more guns, a few more ships than can be turned out by our enemies,” he said. “We must out-produce them overwhelmingly, so that there can be no question of our ability to provide a crushing superiority of equipment in any theatre of the world war.”Two years earlier, America’s military preparedness was not that of a nation expecting to go to war. In 1939, the United States Army ranked thirty-ninth in the world, possessing a cavalry force of fifty thousand and using horses to pull the artillery. Many Americans — still trying to recover from the decade-long ordeal of the Great Depression — were reluctant to participate in the conflict that was spreading throughout Europe and Asia. President Roosevelt did what he could to coax a reluctant nation to focus its economic might on military preparedness. If the American military wasn’t yet equal to the Germans or the Japanese, American workers could build ships and planes faster than the enemy could sink them or shoot them down.In the wake of Pearl Harbor, the president set staggering goals for the nation’s factories: 60,000 aircraft in 1942 and 125,000 in 1943; 120,000 tanks in the same time period and 55,000 antiaircraft guns. In an attempt to coordinate government war agencies Roosevelt created the War Production Board in 1942 and later in 1943 the Office of War Mobilization. To raise money for defense, the government relied on a number of techniques — calling on the American people to ration certain commodities, generating more tax revenue by lowering the personal exemption and selling government war bonds to individuals and financial institutions. All of these methods served to provide the government with revenue and at the same time keep inflation under control.War production profoundly changed American industry. Companies already engaged in defense work expanded. Others, like the automobile industry, were transformed completely. In 1941, more than three million cars were manufactured in the United States. Only 139 more were made during the entire war. Instead, Chrysler made fuselages. General Motors made airplane engines, guns, trucks and tanks. Packard made Rolls-Royce engines for the British air force. And at its vast Willow Run plant in Ypsilanti, Michigan, the Ford Motor Company performed something like a miracle 24-hours a day. The average Ford car had some 15,000 parts. The B-24 Liberator long-range bomber had 1,550,000. One came off the line every 63 minutes.The University of South Alabama ArchivesThe newly built U.S.S. Fort Laramie is launched in a Mobile channel.America launched more vessels in 1941 than Japan did in the entire war. Shipyards turned out tonnage so fast that by the autumn of 1943 all Allied shipping sunk since 1939 had been replaced. In 1944 alone, the United States built more planes than the Japanese did from 1939 to 1945. By the end of the war, more than half of all industrial production in the world would take place in the United States.Wartime production boomed as citizens flocked to meet the demand for labor. Tensions were often high between labor unions, which in spite of no-strike pledges felt the need to protect worker’s rights and could not stop strikes altogether, and citizens were outraged to hear of any work stoppages. In one instance when the United Mine Workers went on strike in 1943, newspapers condemned the miners as traitors. On June 25, 1943, Congress passed the War Labor Disputes (Smith-Connally) Act that authorized the President to take over plants needed for the war effort or in which war production had ceased because of a labor dispute.While 16 million men and women marched to war, 24 million more moved in search of defense jobs, often for more pay than they previously had ever earned. Eight million womenstepped into the work force and ethnic groups such as African Americans and Latinosfound job opportunities as never before.“Most of the people who got out of high school if they were female and didn’t go to the war, they went to Mobile,” said Emma Belle Petcher, who moved to the city from the tiny town of Millry, Alabama. “That was the place to go and get a job. And there were all kinds of jobs.”World War II utterly transformed Mobile and its economy. The explosion began in the late 1930s, when local companies such as Alcoa began producing war materiel for Japan and European countries. Local shipyards won contracts to build Liberty ships and destroyers in 1940, and by the time America entered the war in late 1941, Mobile was already booming. The Alcoa plant processed millions of pounds of alumina used to build many of the 304,000 airplanes America produced during the war; the Waterman Steamship Company boasted one of the nation’s largest merchant fleets, and Mobile became one of the busiest shipping and shipbuilding ports in the nation. In 1940, Gulf Shipbuilding had had 240 employees; by 1943, it had 11,600. Alabama Dry Dock went from 1,000 workers to almost 30,000.Like the shipyards in Mobile and plane-repair facilities near Sacramento, factories in Waterbury, Connecticut were transformed to keep up with the war. The Mattatuck Manufacturing Company switched from making upholstery nails to cartridge clips for the Springfield rifle, and soon was turning out three million clips a week. The American Brass Company made more than two billion pounds of brass rods, sheets and tubes during the war. The Chase Brass and Copper Company made more than 50 million cartridge cases and mortar shells, more than a billion small caliber bullets and, eventually, components used in the atomic bomb.Library of CongressRows of airplane propellors, ready for shipment from a Hartford, CT plant.Sign in the background reads “Every Minute Counts.”Scovill Manufacturing produced so many different military items, the Waterbury Republican reported, that “there wasn’t an American or British fighting man … who wasn’t dependent on [the company] for some part of the food, clothing, shelter and equipment that sustained [him] through the … struggle.”Many factories ran around the clock. “It was seven days a week,” said Clyde Odom of Mobile. “And during the war when it was so strong, it was twelve-hour days five days a week, ten hours on Saturday, eight hours on Sunday, you felt like you've had a week off. And that went in and out, over, over and over and over.”“Money seemed to be the least of the concerns,” Ray Leopold of Waterbury said. “The thing was to produce material that will win the war and bring their boys home.”With the economy booming, Americans felt their lives improving.“Things started getting better and better and better for the people who had to stay behind,” Sacramento’s William Perkins said. “People were doing real good economically. And it was a big boost from the end of the Depression up until the war ended and it just rolled on.”sModern TanksShopGame NewsGoodiesUSA (WW2)Light, medium & heavy tanks, armored carsMedium tanksMarmon-Herrington MTLS-1GI4Medium Tank M2Medium Tank M3 Lee/GrantMedium Tank M4 ShermanMedium Tank M4A6Medium Tank M7Medium Tank T23Medium Tank T26E4 “Super Pershing”Medium/Heavy Tank M26 PershingLight tanksLight Tank (Airborne) M22 LocustLight Tank M2Light Tank M24 ChaffeeLight Tank M3 StuartLight Tank M5 StuartLight Tank/Combat Car M1Marmon-Herrington CTLS-4TAMarmon-Herrington CTMS-1TB1Tank destroyers37mm GMC M6 Fargo3in GMC M10 “Wolverine”76.2mm GMC M18 Hellcat90mm GMC M36 JacksonSPGsHMC M7 PriestHMC M8 “Scott”Flame-thrower vehiclesE7-7 Mechanized FlamethrowerLight Tank M3A1 SatanSherman CrocodileHalf-tracksHalf Track Car M2Half Track Car M3Armored carsArmored Car M1Armored Car M8 GreyhoundScout Car M3Landing Vehicle TrackedLVT-1 AlligatorLVT-2 Water BuffaloLVT-3 BushmasterLVT-4 Water BuffaloLVT(A)-1Other vehiclesAssault Tank M4A3E2 JumboCanal Defence Light (CDL) TanksDisston Tractor TankHeavy Tank M6Heavy Tank M6A2E1PrototypesAGF’s ‘Improved Medium Tank’APG’s ‘Improved M4’E9-9 Mechanized Flame ThrowerFlame Thrower Tank T33Heavy/Assault Tank T14Light Tank T1 “Cunningham”Medium Tank T6 – The Birth of the ShermanSutton SkunkWrona TankUnarmored vehiclesCargo Carrier M29 WeaselGMC DUKWWillys MB/Ford GPW JeepUS tactics related articlesEffectiveness of Tactical Air Strikes in World War II – “Tank busting”US tech related articlesImprovised Armor on M4 Shermans in the PTORocket Launcher T34 ‘Calliope’US Army Tank Crew HelmetsUS work on anti-magnetic coatingsIntroductionAt the end of WW1, the US Expeditionary Force was given some 144 Renault FT French tanks, and a license for production in the US, as the M1917 tank. But production organization took time and only a few were shipped to France and were operational before the capitulation. Nevertheless, this new weapon proved its ground. Embryos of the Tank Force, the Tank Corps in France and the Tank Service in USA were set, the first by Samuel Rockenbach, assisted by Georges S. Patton, the second headed by Ira Clinton Welborn, assisted by Dwight D. Eisenhower. Patton had already gained some experience, directing a squadron of three armored cars during the punitive expedition sent against Pancho Villa’s insurrection. At the end of the war, one of these units, the 301st Heavy Tank Battalion, was equipped with British Tanks Mk.IV–V. This led to a cooperation on a new design, which ultimately became the Liberty (Mk.VIII) tank.Along with the lighter M1917 tanks, they formed the core of the US Tank Force during the twenties. Georges S. Patton and Dwight Eisenhower played a great role in formulating tactical doctrines and organization.US tank development in the interwarThe Tank Service retained the Mark VIII Liberty and M1917, with no intermediate medium model, until 1928, when a new directive was issued for a medium tank, and a new light model, usable by cavalry. At the same time, William B. Christie, an American car engineer, devised a new, revolutionary tank suspension system, with a dual purpose train, allowing the vehicle to also run without its tracks. However, his project, quickly dubbed the “flying tank”, was never produced in the US except as a prototype, because it never fulfilled all the requirements of the Army and US Marine Corps. The design was not lost and served as a basis for many successful models abroad, in Great Britain (the Cruiser tanks) and Soviet Union (BT series and the T-34).An important place for the American armor projects was the design bureau of the Mississippi’s Rock Island Arsenal(between Iowa and Illinois), which designed, produced and tested tanks for the US Army. Not only did it produced the Liberty Mark VIII tanks in 1919-1920, but also artillery, gun mounts, recoil mechanisms, small arms, aircraft weapons sub-systems, grenade launchers and weapons simulators… that is outside tanks.Light tanksThe M2s were the only operational US light tanks at the beginning of the war. The M2A4 was the sole among the four types which actually took part in combat, especially in the Pacific (like here, at Guadalcanal) with the USMC. It was removed from active duty in 1943. All the others, the pre-series M2A1, the M2A2 “duplex turret” or “Mae West”, and upgraded M2A3, were kept for training in the USA.M1 Combat Car113 built. This early development, along with the M2, was the basis of the M3-M5 “Stuart” lineage, which formed the backbone of US light tanks. The M1A2 was upgraded with a 37 mm (1.46 in) gun in 1940.M2 Light Tank700 built in four variants. Closely related to the M1A2. The most produced version was the M2A4, which saw service in the Pacific and Africa, before being replaced by the mass-produced M3.M3 Stuart13,860 built. The M3 was a replacement for the M2, and was mass-produced, forming the core of the US light tanks during WW2.M5 Stuart8885 built. Based on the M3A3 with a modified hull and new Cadillac engine and transmission. Armor was reinforced, but the armament did not evolve.M24 Chaffee4731 built (and 720+ variants). Last WWII US light tank developed, it was better armored and armed, serving from 1944-45 until the late seventies.Medium tanksM2 medium tank112 built. With the M2A1 wartime production series, this was the earliest US medium tank in service, in 1939. They were retained in the homeland as training machines.M3 Lee/Grant3258 built. This long awaited model entered service as fast as possible with British units fighting in North Africa, through Lend-Lease. It was phased out in 1942, but served until 1945 in Asia. It was mobile, well armed and protected, but the high silhouette and sponson main gun were serious flaws. It was a transition model.M4 Sherman49,234 built. This mythical machine replaced the Lee/Grant and remains the most prolific tank of the western world. But it was a compromise and has some flaws as well, especially when facing German late tanks of 1943-45.M26 PershingAround 2000 built. Only 20 were deployed in Germany a few weeks before the end of the war. The development of this tanks started in 1942, but delays and modifications delayed the production until December 1944. It was well protected and fitted with a 90 mm (3.54 in). It was the base for Cold War US tank development, including the early T29 and T30.Heavy tanksAs pragmatic planners, the US military never seriously envisioned heavyweight breakthrough machines, as tanks were traditionally attached to the cavalry. Speed and easy production were the main concerns at the start of WW2. After war experience in Europe started accumulating, the need for more penetrating power and increased protection came, advocating for all-better medium tanks, specialized tank-hunters and ultimately to the first wartime US heavy tank. The only U.S. Army super-heavy tank ever produced was the experimental T28.M6 Heavy Tank40 built in 1941. Considered obsolete by 1944, they never left home, serving as training machines, for propaganda movies and war bond shows.T28 super-heavy tankTwo built. Experimental machine fitted with a very long barrel 105 mm (4.13 in) gun, in order to deal with the most formidable German tanks in the western European theater. The first was ready when the war ended. The second was scrapped in 1947.Tank destroyersWar experience quickly showed the limitations of the Sherman when facing German armor, as early as the Tunisian campaign. This was epitomized both in Italy (after Italy surrendered) and in France (after D-Day). The main limitation was the lack of range and penetrating power of the regular 75 mm (2.95 in) Sherman main gun. The obvious solution was to choose the British 17-pdr (76.2 mm/3 in) (which was added later to the Sherman Firefly), and to develop a new vehicle based around this gun and specially designed as a tank-hunter.M10 Wolverine6706 built. Ordnance “3-inch Gun Motor Carriage, M10”. Based on a Sherman chassis and drivetrain, with an open top turret fitted with a high-velocity M7 76 mm (3 in)M36 Jackson1772 built, between 1943-45. Fitted with the 90 mm (3.54 in) M3 high-velocity gun, a very effective solution, one of the few fit to deal with German armor in 1944.M18 Hellcat2507 built between 1943-45. Conceived from scratch, with its new suspension and powerful drivetrain, it was lightning fast and fitted with the effective 76 mm (3 in) M1A2 AT gun.Howitzer Motor CarriagesThis part does not include M3 half-track GMC versions; HMC tanks only.M8 Scott1778 built. M5 based HMC fitted with a 75 mm (2.95 in) short barrel howitzer.M7 Priest3490 built, between 1943-45. Fitted with the 105 mm (4.13 in) M1/M2 howitzer, its tall silhouette earned this model the nickname “Priest”.Armored scouts & transportsM1 Armored car12 built (1931) by Cunningham and Rock Island Arsenal. Largely test vehicles used by the Cavalry Corps.M3 Scout car20,918 built. Main US heavy scout car. Was armed with 30 cal. (7.62 mm) and 50 cal. (12.7 mm) machine-guns.M2 half-track13,500 built (+3500 M9 Lend-Lease versions). Was used for towing the 105 mm (4.13 in) howitzer and its crew.M3 half-track43,000 built. Standard armored troop transport of the US Army and USMC. Up to 28 sub-versions and adaptations.M8 Greyhound8523 built. Standard issue 6WD armored scout car.Christie T3E2 prototype during trials. It was one of the last of a whole lineage of cavalry (convertible) tanks.Convertible Combat Car T7. An early attempt in 1937-38 to develop a convertible tank in the idea first approached by Walter Christie in 1928-29. Despite some interesting characteristics the US Army decided to develop its own slower, but more sturdy and better protected type. The Christies were just too extreme for the military thinking of the day.The M1 Combat Car, the first modern tank in US service, came into production in 1937. By 1941, they were all serving as training machines.After the M1 Combat Car, the M2 was the first model available in numbers when the war began in 1939. They existed in several variants.Here, an M2A2 “Mae West” twin turret on display at the Fort Knox museum.M2A3 light tank at the Army Day Parade in 1939.M2A4 light tanks being prepared for delivery in Great Britain. The M2A4 saw action in the desert with British Forces and the Philippines and Guadalcanal.Marmon Herriginton CTLS in Surabaya, in service with the KNIL (Dutch East Indies Army), 1942. Marmon-Herrington was one of the rare private companies developing tanks chiefly for export (although the USMC tested and bough some). The first customer was the KNIL.CTLS of the Navy in Alaska, from a colorized photo – probably the only blue tanks outside LVTsMarmon-Herrington CTLS in Alaska, 1942, some of the rare actions ever performed by these tanks for the USMC.M3 Stuart training at Fort Knox Kentucky. The M3 was the first truly mass-produced wartime American tank. With its 4-6 machine guns and 37 mm main gun it was still up to the job in 1941.M3A3 Stuart passing by Coutances, Normandy, France, summer 1944. M3A1,A2,A3s were produced until replacement in 1942-43 by the M5.Chinese M3A3 Stuart on the road of Ledo, 1944.The M5 Stuarts built by Cadillac were the workhorses of the US military light tank force in 1943-44.M22 Locust light tank at Bovington. Also produced by Marmon-Herrington, it was the only model mass-produced for the Army, tailored to fit inside a heavy-duty glider for airborne operations. Unfortunately, too many compromises led inevitably to a tank which was desperately outmatched by everything the Germans had.US M24 Chaffee light tank on display at Fort Lewis. This was a brand new design, improved in every direction and saw service until the 1960s and even 1980s in many countries worldwide.The M2 medium tank was the first of its kind in the USA. Only 112 were produced by the Rock Island Arsenal, but they were seen as obsolete by 1941 and phased out as training tanks for the duration of the war. They never left the territory.The M3 Lee (Grant in British/Commonwealth service) was the first medium tanks largely available to the Allies and USA during the first part of the war, from 1941 to 1943. The British used them extensively against Rommel’s forces in Africa, and they served well in several Asian and Pacific campaigns, until 1945. On the western theater they were replaced by the M4 Sherman by 1943.M3 Medium tank front viewThe M4 Sherman was the most prolific and best all-around tank the US industry could offer in 1942. The full force of the USA’s production capabilities became obvious in late 1943, when swarms of M4s were seen in action with the US Army, USMC, British and Commonwealth forces, fighting until the end of the war. A legend in itself, with many variants and countless derivatives, and a career which spans decades into the Cold War.M4A3R3 Ronson flamethrower tank in Iwo Jima.The T28 super-heavy tank was the only one of the kind ever built in the United States, at Pacific Car and Foundry. With 95 tons it was indeed super heavy, originally designed to carry an exceptional gun, the 105 mm T5E1. However it was given a Ford GAF V-8 500 hp (372 kW) barely capable to move it, at 8 mph on a good road (that can support its weight). Quite a mobile blockhaus with 300 mm (12 in) of armour on the glacis and mantlet it was impregnable not only to the German 88 L71 and 128 mm, but also potentially the Soviet 120 mm. To lower ground pressure, it had double tracks, with four 2×4 double roadwheels suspended on two sets of HVSS (horizontal volute spring). Autonomy was limited to 100 miles, and it was not compatible with any known railway carriage. Tested until October 1947, the project was terminated. Only one prototype, rediscovered in 1972 at Fort Belvoir, was transferred to the Patton Museum of Cavalry and Armor in Kentucky where it can be found today, in static conditions

Here is an outline on Culture. I surfed a lot on different sites to find out answer to your question. This is the best outline in my humble view. Me sharing it with you as it is without adding my comments.Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia[ The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to culture:Culture – set of patterns of human activity within a community or social group and the symbolic structures that give significance to such activity. Customs, laws, dress, architectural style, social standards, religious beliefs, and traditions are all examples of cultural elements. Since 2010, Culture is considered the Fourth Pillar of Sustainable Development by UNESCOCultural groupsCommunity – social unit of any size that shares common values. Communities range in size and scope from neighborhoods to national communities to international communities. They can be physical (face-to-face) or virtual (on-line).People – plurality of persons considered as a whole, as is the case with an ethnic group or nation. Collectively, for example, the contemporary Frisians and Danes are two related Germanic peoples, while various Middle Eastern ethnic groups are often linguistically categorized as the Semitic people. See the list of contemporary ethnic groups for more examples.Ethnic group – socially defined category of people who identify with each other based on common ancestral, social, cultural or national experience. Membership of an ethnic group tends to be defined by a shared cultural heritage, ancestry, origin myth, history, homeland, language and/or dialect, symbolic systems such as religion, mythology and ritual, cuisine, dressing style, physical appearance, etc.Society – group of people involved in persistent interpersonal relationships, or a large social grouping sharing the same geographical or social territory, typically subject to the same political authority and dominant cultural expectations. Human societies are characterized by patterns of relationships (social relations) between individuals who share a distinctive culture and institutions; a given society may be described as the sum total of such relationships among its constituent members.Civilization – any complex society characterized by urban development, social stratification, symbolic communication forms (typically, writing systems), and a perceived separation from and domination over the natural environment.Elements of cultureThe arts – vast subdivision of culture, composed of many creative endeavors and disciplines. The arts encompasses visual arts, literary arts and the performing arts.Clothing – Fashion, JewelryGastronomy – the art and science of good eating,[2] including the study of food and culture.Food preparation – act of preparing foodstuffs for eating. It encompasses a vast range of methods, tools, and combinations of ingredients to improve the flavour and digestibility of food.Food and drinkCuisines – a cuisine is a specific set of cooking traditions and practices, often associated with a specific culture.Chocolate – raw or processed food produced from the seed of the tropical Theobroma cacao tree.Wine – alcoholic beverage, made of fermented fruit juice, usually from grapes.[3]Literature – the art of written works.Children's literature – stories, books, and poems for children.Fiction – any form of narrative which deals, in part or in whole, with events that are not factual, but rather, imaginary and invented by its author(s). See below.Non-fiction – form of any narrative, account, or other communicative work whose assertions and descriptions are understood to be factual.Poetry – literary art in which language is used for its aesthetic and evocative qualities in addition to, or in lieu of, its apparent meaning.Critical theory – examination and critique of society and culture, drawing from knowledge across the social sciences and humanities.Performing arts – those forms of art that use the artist's own body, face, and presence as a medium.Circus – performance of a company of clowns, acrobats, trained animals, trapeze artists, musicians, hoopers, tightrope walkers, jugglers, unicyclists and other object-manipulating and stunt-oriented artists, and a ringmaster.Comedy – any discourse or work generally intended to be humorous or to amuse by inducing laughter, especially in theatre, television, film and stand-up comedy.Stand-up comedy – performance by a comedian in front of a live audience, usually speaking directly to them.Dance – art form of movement of the body, usually rhythmic and to music,[4] used as a form of expression, social interaction, or presented in a spiritual or performance setting.Film – moving pictures, the art form that records performances visually.Theatre – collaborative form of fine art that uses live performers to present the experience of a real or imagined event before a live audience in a specific place.Music – art form the medium of which is sound and silence.Music genresJazz – musical style that originated at the beginning of the 20th century in African American communities in the Southern United States, mixing African and European music traditions.Opera – art form in which singers and musicians perform a dramatic work combining text (called a libretto) and musical score.[5]Musical instruments – devices created or adapted for the purpose of making musical sounds.Guitars – the guitar is a plucked string instrument, usually played with fingers or a pick. The guitar consists of a body with a rigid neck to which the strings, generally six in number, are attached. Guitars are traditionally constructed of various woods and strung with animal gut or, more recently, with either nylon or steel strings.Stagecraft – technical aspects of theatrical, film, and video production. It includes, but is not limited to, constructing and rigging scenery, hanging and focusing of lighting, design and procurement of costumes, makeup, procurement of props, stage management, and recording and mixing of sound.Visual arts – art forms that create works which are primarily visual in nature.Architecture – The art and science of designing and erecting buildings and other physical structures.Classical architecture – architecture of classical antiquity and later architectural styles influenced by it.Crafts – recreational activities and hobbies that involve making things with one's hands and skill.Design – the process for planning the overall look of an objectDrawing – visual art that makes use of any number of drawing instruments to mark a two-dimensional medium.Film – moving pictures.Painting – practice of applying paint, pigment, color or other medium to a surface with a brush or other object.History of paintingPhotography – art, science, and practice of creating pictures by recording radiation on a radiation-sensitive medium, such as a photographic film, or electronic image sensors.Sculpture – three-dimensional artwork created by shaping or combining hard materials - typically stone such as marble - or metal, glass, or wood.Entertainment – any activity which provides a diversion or permits people to amuse themselves in their leisure time. Entertainment is generally passive, such as watching opera or a movie.Fiction – any form of narrative which deals, in part or in whole, with events that are not factual, but rather, imaginary and invented by its author(s).James Bond – fictional character created in 1953 by writer Ian Fleming. Since then, the character has grown to icon status, featured in many novels, movies, video games and other media.Fantasy – genre of fiction using magic and the supernatural as primary elements of plot, theme or setting, often in imaginary worlds, generally avoiding the technical/scientific content typical of Science fiction, but overlapping with itMiddle-earth – fantasy setting by writer J.R.R. Tolkien, home to hobbits, orcs, and many other mystical races and creatures.Science fiction – a genre of fiction dealing with imaginary but more or less plausible (or at least nonsupernatural) content such as future settings, futuristic science and technology, space travel, aliens, and paranormal abilities. Exploring the consequences of scientific innovations is one purpose of science fiction, making it a "literature of ideas."[6]Games – structured playing, usually undertaken for enjoyment, involving goals, rules, challenge, and interaction.Board gamesChess – two-player board game played on a chessboard, a square-checkered board with 64 squares arranged in an eight-by-eight grid. Each player begins the game with sixteen pieces: One king, one queen, two rooks, two knights, two bishops, and eight pawns.Card gamesPoker – family of card games that share betting rules and usually (but not always) hand rankings.Video games – electronic games that involves interaction with a user interface to generate visual feedback on a video device.Performing arts – those forms of art that use the artist's own body, face, and presence as a medium. .Sports – organized, competitive, entertaining, and skillful activity requiring commitment, strategy, and fair play, in which a winner can be defined by objective means. Generally speaking, a sport is a game based in physical athleticism.Ball gamesBaseball – bat-and-ball sport played between two teams of nine players each. The aim is to score runs by hitting a thrown ball with a bat and touching a series of four bases arranged at the corners of a ninety-foot diamond.Basketball – team sport in which two teams of five players try to score points by throwing or "shooting" a ball through the top of a basketball hoop while following a set of rules.Tennis – sport usually played between two players (singles) or between two teams of two players each (doubles), using specialized racquets to strike a felt-covered hollow rubber ball over a net into the opponent's court.Canoeing and kayaking – two closely related forms of watercraft paddling, involving manually propelling and navigating specialized boats called canoes and kayaks using a blade that is joined to a shaft, known as a paddle, in the water.Combat sportsFencing – family of combat sports using bladed weapons.Martial arts – extensive systems of codified practices and traditions of combat, practiced for a variety of reasons, including self-defense, competition, physical health and fitness, as well as mental and spiritual development.Cycling sport – bicycle racing and track cycling.Motorcycling – riding a motorcycle. A variety of subcultures and lifestyles have been built up around motorcycling and motorcycle racing.Running – moving rapidly on foot, during which both feet are off the ground at regular intervals.Humanities – academic disciplines that study the human condition, using methods that are primarily analytical, critical, or speculative, as distinguished from the mainly empirical approaches of the natural sciences.Area studies – comprehensive interdisciplinary research and academic study of the people and communities of particular regions. Disciplines applied include history, political science, sociology, cultural studies, languages, geography, literature, and related disciplines.Sinology – study of China and things related to China, such as its classical language and literature.Classical studies – branch of the Humanities comprising the languages, literature, philosophy, history, art, archaeology and all other cultural elements of the ancient Mediterranean world (Bronze Age ca. BC 3000 – Late Antiquity ca. AD 300–600); especially Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome.Mass media – diversified media technologies and their content that are intended to reach a large audience by mass communication. Includes radio and television programming; mass publishing of books, magazines, and newspapers; web content; and films and audio recordings.Tradition – belief or behavior passed down within a group or society with symbolic meaning or special significance with origins in the past. Common examples include holidays or impractical but socially meaningful clothes (like lawyer wigs or military officer spurs), but the idea has also been applied to social norms such as greetings.Celebration –Festivals – entertainment events centering on and celebrating a unique aspect of a community, usually staged by that community.Tourism – travel for recreational, leisure, or business purposes. The World Tourism Organization defines tourists as people "traveling to and staying in places outside their usual environment for not more than one consecutive year for leisure, business and other purposes." Tourism is important, and in some cases, vital for many countries. It was recognized in the Manila Declaration on World Tourism of 1980 as "an activity essential to the life of nations because of its direct effects on the social, cultural, educational, and economic sectors of national societies and on their international relations."[7][8]Tourist attraction – place of interest where tourists visit, typically for its inherent or exhibited natural or cultural value, historical significance, natural or built beauty, offering leisure, adventure and amusement.Lists of tourist attractionsTypes of culturesOrganizational culture – behaviour of humans within an organization and the meaning that people attach to those behaviors. An organization's culture includes its vision, values, norms, systems, countries, symbols, language, assumptions, beliefs, and habits.Cultures by aspectConsumer culture – a society based on consumerismHigh context culture – a culture with the tendency use high context messages, resulting in catering towards in-groupsLow context culture – culture with a tendency not to cater towards in-groupsRemix culture – a society which allows and encourages derivative worksParticipatory culture – a culture in which private persons (the public) do not act as consumers only, but also as contributors or producers (prosumers)Permission culture – a society in which copyright restrictions are pervasive and enforced to the extent that any and all uses of copyrighted works need to be explicitly leasedTraditional culture – a community that chooses to remain focused on subsistence as a major cornerstone of their economic behavior, as well as, adheres to their ancestral belief-systems and mannerism.[9]Cultural cross-sectionsAnimal culture – cultural phenomena pertaining to animalsChildren's culture – cultural phenomena pertaining to childrenChildren's street culture – cumulative culture created by young childrenCoffee culture – social atmosphere or series of associated social behaviors that depends heavily upon coffee, particularly as a social lubricantCulture of capitalism – the lifestyle of the people living within a capitalist society, and the effects of a global or national capitalist economy on a populationCyberculture – cultural phenomena pertaining to cyberspaceDIY culture – refers to a wide range of elements in non-mainstream society, such as grassroots political and social activism, independent music, art, and filmDominant culture – the established language, religion, behavior, values, rituals, and social customs of a societyDrinking culture – the customs and practices of people who drink alcoholic beveragesFolk culture (Folklore) – traditional culture; traditional cultural traits of a communityLow culture – non-transcendent; not worth studying or researchingHigh culture – transcendent in two ways: internationally and timelessOfficial culture –Political culture –Civic political culture –Popular culture – totality of ideas, perspectives, attitudes, memes, images and other phenomena that permeate the everyday lives of a given society, especially those heavily influenced by mass media.Print culture –Safety culture – the way in which safety is managed in the workplace, which often reflects "the attitudes, beliefs, perceptions and values that employees share in relation to safety."Tea culture –Trash culture –Urban culture –Vernacular culture –SubculturesSubcultureLifestyle enclave –Types of culturesAlternative culture –Specific subculturesAssociation football culture –Cycling subculture – a culture that supports, encourages, and has high bicycle usageDeaf culture – social beliefs, behaviors, art, literary traditions, history, values and shared institutions of communities that are affected by deafness and which use sign languages as the main means of communication. When used as a cultural label, the word "deaf" is often written with a capital D, and referred to as "big D Deaf" in speech and sign.Ethical culture –Gun culture –Horse culture – a community whose day-to-day life revolves around the herding and breeding of horsesLGBT culture –Modern juggling culture –Surf culture –Video game culture –Academic disciplines that study cultureAnthropologyCultural anthropology – branch of anthropology focused on the study of cultural variation.Archaeology – history studies in the physical aspects or artefacts of cultures.Culture-historical archaeologySociocultural evolutionBiologySociobiologySocial neuroscienceCultural neuroscienceCultural history – academic discipline that combines the approaches of anthropology and history to look at popular cultural traditions and cultural interpretations of historical experience. It examines the records and narrative descriptions of past knowledge, customs, and arts of a group of people.Cultural studies – academic discipline that studies the forces from which the whole of humankind construct their daily lives. It seeks to understand the ways in which meaning is generated and disseminated through practices, beliefs, and political, economic, or social structures within a given culture.Ethnic studiesPopular culture studies – generally considered a combination of communication studies and cultural studies, it analyzes popular culture from a critical theory perspective.Culturology – social science concerned with the scientific understanding, description, analysis and prediction of cultural activities.Culture theory – seeks to define the heuristic concept of culture in operational and/or scientific terms.Human geography – social science that studies the world, its people, communities, and cultures with an emphasis on relations of and across space and place.Philosophy of culture –PsychologyEvolutionary psychologyCultural psychologySociology – scientific study of human society. The traditional focuses of sociology have include social stratification, social class, culture, social mobility, religion, secularization, law, and deviance.Sociology of cultureSound culture – interdisciplinary field which considers "the material production and consumption of music, sound, noise and silence, and how these have changed throughout history and within different societies, but does this from a much broader perspective than standard disciplines."[10]Visual culture –Cultures of the worldArea studiesArea studiesClassical studies –Sinology –Cultures by ethnicity or ethnic sphereWestern culture –Anglo America –Latin American culture –English-speaking world –African-American culture –Indosphere –Sinosphere –Islamic culture –Arab culture –Tibetan culture –Cultures of continents and major geopolitical regions(non-continents are italicized)Culture of AfricaCulture of AntarcticaCulture of AsiaCulture of EuropeCulture of North AmericaCulture of OceaniaCulture of AustraliaCulture of South AmericaCultures by political divisions of the World(arranged by continent or major geopolitical region)Cultures of AfricaCulture of AfricaWest AfricaCulture of BeninCulture of Burkina FasoCulture of Cape VerdeCulture of Ivory CoastCulture of the GambiaCulture of GhanaCulture of GuineaCulture of Guinea-BissauCulture of LiberiaCulture of MaliCulture of MauritaniaCulture of NigerCulture of NigeriaCulture of SenegalCulture of Sierra LeoneCulture of TogoNorth AfricaCulture of AlgeriaCulture of EgyptCulture of LibyaCulture of MauritaniaCulture of MoroccoCulture of SudanCulture of TunisiaCulture of Western SaharaCentral AfricaCulture of AngolaCulture of BurundiCulture of CameroonCulture of the Central African RepublicCulture of ChadCulture of the Democratic Republic of the CongoCulture of Equatorial GuineaCulture of GabonCulture of the Republic of the CongoCulture of RwandaCulture of São Tomé and PríncipeEast AfricaCulture of BurundiCulture of ComorosCulture of DjiboutiCulture of EritreaCulture of EthiopiaCulture of KenyaCulture of MadagascarCulture of MalawiCulture of MauritiusCulture of MozambiqueCulture of RwandaCulture of SeychellesCulture of SomaliaCulture of South SudanCulture of TanzaniaCulture of UgandaCulture of ZambiaCulture of ZimbabweSouthern AfricaCulture of BotswanaCulture of LesothoCulture of NamibiaCulture of South AfricaCulture of SwazilandDependencies in AfricaCulture of the British Indian Ocean Territory (UK)Culture of Mayotte (France)Culture of Réunion (France)Culture of Saint Helena (UK)Culture of the Canary Islands (Spain)Culture of Ceuta (Spain)Culture of Madeira (Portugal)Culture of Melilla (Spain)Culture of Socotra (Yemen)Culture of PuntlandCulture of SomalilandCulture of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic RepublicCulture of AntarcticaNo political divisions, just some scattered outpostsCultures of AsiaCulture of AsiaCentral AsiaCulture of KazakhstanCulture of KyrgyzstanCulture of TajikistanCulture of TurkmenistanCulture of UzbekistanEast AsiaCulture of ChinaCulture of TibetSpecial Administrative regions of ChinaCulture of Hong KongCulture of MacauCulture of JapanCulture of North KoreaCulture of South KoreaCulture of MongoliaCulture of TaiwanNorth AsiaCulture of RussiaSoutheast AsiaCulture of BruneiCulture of BurmaCulture of CambodiaCulture of East TimorCulture of IndonesiaCulture of LaosCulture of MalaysiaCulture of the PhilippinesCulture of SingaporeCulture of ThailandCulture of VietnamSouth AsiaCulture of AfghanistanCulture of BangladeshCulture of BhutanCulture of IndiaCulture of IranCulture of MaldivesCulture of NepalCulture of PakistanCulture of Sri LankaWest AsiaCulture of ArmeniaCulture of AzerbaijanCulture of BahrainCulture of CyprusCulture of Northern CyprusCulture of GeorgiaCulture of IraqCulture of IsraelCulture of JordanCulture of KuwaitCulture of LebanonCulture of OmanCulture of PalestineCulture of QatarCulture of Saudi ArabiaCulture of SyriaCulture of TurkeyCulture of the United Arab EmiratesCulture of YemenCultures of the Caucasus(a region considered to be in both Asia and Europe, or between them)North CaucasusParts of RussiaCulture of ChechnyaCulture of IngushetiaCulture of DagestanCulture of AdygheaCulture of Kabardino-BalkariaCulture of Karachay–CherkessiaCulture of North OssetiaCulture of Krasnodar KraiCulture of Stavropol KraiSouth CaucasusCulture of GeorgiaCulture of AbkhaziaCulture of South OssetiaCulture of ArmeniaCulture of AzerbaijanCulture of Nagorno-KarabakhCultures of EuropeCulture of EuropeCulture of Akrotiri and DhekeliaCulture of ÅlandCulture of AlbaniaCulture of AndorraCulture of ArmeniaCulture of AustriaCulture of AzerbaijanCulture of BelarusCulture of BelgiumCulture of Bosnia and HerzegovinaCulture of BulgariaCulture of CroatiaCulture of CyprusCulture of the Czech RepublicCulture of DenmarkCulture of EstoniaCulture of the Faroe IslandsCulture of FinlandCulture of FranceCulture of GeorgiaCulture of GermanyCulture of GibraltarCulture of GreeceCulture of GuernseyCulture of HungaryCulture of IcelandCulture of the Republic of IrelandCulture of the Isle of ManCulture of ItalyCulture of JerseyCulture of KazakhstanCulture of KosovoCulture of LatviaCulture of LiechtensteinCulture of LithuaniaCulture of LuxembourgCulture of MaltaCulture of MoldovaCulture of TransnistriaCulture of MonacoCulture of MontenegroCulture of the NetherlandsCulture of North MacedoniaCulture of NorwayCulture of PolandCulture of PortugalCulture of RomaniaCulture of RussiaCulture of San MarinoCulture of SerbiaCulture of SlovakiaCulture of SloveniaCulture of SpainCulture of SvalbardCulture of SwedenCulture of SwitzerlandCulture of TurkeyCulture of UkraineCulture of the United KingdomCulture of EnglandCulture of Northern IrelandCulture of ScotlandCulture of WalesCulture of Vatican CityCulture of the European UnionCultures of North AmericaCulture of North AmericaCulture of CanadaCulture of AlbertaCulture of British ColumbiaCulture of ManitobaCulture of New BrunswickCulture of Newfoundland and LabradorCulture of Nova ScotiaCulture of OntarioCulture of Prince Edward IslandCulture of QuebecCulture of SaskatchewanCulture of GreenlandCulture of MexicoCulture of Saint Pierre and MiquelonCulture of the United StatesCulture of AlabamaCulture of AlaskaCulture of ArizonaCulture of ArkansasCulture of CaliforniaCulture of ColoradoCulture of ConnecticutCulture of DelawareCulture of FloridaCulture of GeorgiaCulture of HawaiiCulture of IdahoCulture of IllinoisCulture of IndianaCulture of IowaCulture of MontanaCulture of KansasCulture of KentuckyCulture of LouisianaCulture of MaineCulture of MarylandCulture of MassachusettsCulture of MichiganCulture of MinnesotaCulture of MississippiCulture of MissouriCulture of NebraskaCulture of NevadaCulture of New HampshireCulture of New JerseyCulture of New MexicoCulture of New YorkCulture of North CarolinaCulture of North DakotaCulture of OhioCulture of OklahomaCulture of OregonCulture of PennsylvaniaCulture of Rhode IslandCulture of South CarolinaCulture of South DakotaCulture of TennesseeCulture of TexasCulture of UtahCulture of VermontCulture of VirginiaCulture of WashingtonCulture of West VirginiaCulture of WisconsinCulture of WyomingCulture of Washington, D.C.Central AmericaCulture of BelizeCulture of Costa RicaCulture of El SalvadorCulture of GuatemalaCulture of HondurasCulture of NicaraguaCulture of PanamaCaribbeanCulture of AnguillaCulture of Antigua and BarbudaCulture of ArubaCulture of the BahamasCulture of BarbadosCulture of BermudaCulture of the British Virgin IslandsCulture of the Cayman IslandsCulture of CubaCulture of DominicaCulture of the Dominican RepublicCulture of GrenadaCulture of GuadeloupeCulture of HaitiCulture of JamaicaCulture of MartiniqueCulture of MontserratCulture of Navassa IslandCulture of the Netherlands AntillesCulture of Puerto RicoCulture of Saint BarthélemyCulture of Saint Kitts and NevisCulture of Saint LuciaCulture of Saint MartinCulture of Saint Vincent and the GrenadinesCulture of Trinidad and TobagoCulture of the Turks and Caicos IslandsCulture of the United States Virgin IslandsCultures of OceaniaCulture of OceaniaAustralasiaCulture of AustraliaDependencies/Territories of AustraliaCulture of Christmas IslandCulture of the Cocos (Keeling) IslandsCulture of Norfolk IslandCulture of New ZealandMelanesiaCulture of FijiCulture of IndonesiaCulture of New Caledonia (France)Culture of Papua New GuineaCulture of the Solomon IslandsCulture of VanuatuMicronesiaCulture of the Federated States of MicronesiaCulture of Guam (USA)Culture of KiribatiCulture of the Marshall IslandsCulture of NauruCulture of the Northern Mariana Islands (USA)Culture of PalauCulture of Wake Island (USA)PolynesiaCulture of American Samoa (USA)Culture of the Chatham Islands (NZ)Culture of the Cook Islands (NZ)Culture of Easter Island (Chile)Culture of French Polynesia (France)Culture of Hawaii (USA)Culture of the Loyalty Islands (France)Culture of Niue (NZ)Culture of the Pitcairn Islands (UK)Culture of AdamstownCulture of SamoaCulture of Tokelau (NZ)Culture of TongaCulture of TuvaluCulture of Wallis and Futuna (France)Cultures of South AmericaCulture of South AmericaCulture of ArgentinaCulture of BoliviaCulture of BrazilCulture of ChileCulture of ColombiaCulture of EcuadorCulture of the Falkland IslandsCulture of French GuianaCulture of GuyanaCulture of ParaguayCulture of PeruCulture of SurinameCulture of UruguayCulture of VenezuelaCultures of the South AmericaCulture of Ascension IslandCulture of Saint HelenaCulture of Tristan da CunhaHistory of cultureMain articles: Cultural history and Cultural-history archaeologyCultural historiesBy periodCulture during the Cold WarBy regionCultural history of the United StatesCultural history of TaiwanHistory of Lithuanian cultureHistory of Russian cultureBy subjectEarth in cultureWorld War II in contemporary cultureMedieval maritime cultureHistorical culturesCulture of ancient ChinaCulture of ancient GreeceCulture of ancient RomeCulture of ancient RusClovis cultureMississippian cultureVinca cultureHuman sacrifice in Aztec culturePolitics of cultureThe arts and politics – as they respond to contemporaneous events and politics, the arts take on political as well as social dimensions, becoming themselves a focus of controversy and even a force of political as well as social change.Culture change –Culture of fear –Culture of life –Culture minister –Official culture –Political culture –Sociology of cultureAnimal culture –Constructed culture –Counterculture –Cross-cultural communication –Cultural bias –Cultural dissonance –Cultural evolution –Cultural icon –Cultural imperialism –Cultural movement –Cultural phenomenon –Cultural system –Cultural universals –Culture assimilators –Culture clashCulture gap –Culture hero –Culture industry –Culture note –Culture of poverty –Culture shock –Culture theory –Culture speculation –Culture war –Death and culture –Demographics –Emotions and Culture –Ethnocentrism –High culture –Intercultural competence –Low culture –Right to science and culture –Social fact –Symbolic culture –Third culture kid –Transformation of culture –Trash culture –Urban culture –Research fieldsSemiotics of culture – studies culture in relation to language and as a symbolic system of signsSee alsoSociety portalBread and circusesCountercultureCreative cultureCross-cultural communicationIntercultural competenceCultural biasCultural imperialismEthnocentrismCultural dissonanceCultural iconCultural Institutions StudiesCulture industryCulture theoryCulture warCulture 21 – The Agenda 21 plan of action applied to CultureFadsFolkloreInterculturalityLifestyleLow cultureMTV GenerationNetflixOne-Dimensional ManPop artPop iconPopular culture studiesSociocultural evolutionTrash cultureUrban cultureReferences"Archived copy" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2017-12-28. Retrieved 2017-12-28.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)Merriam-Webster "Gastronomy - Definition" Archived 2012-01-27 at the Wayback Machine"wine". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Archived from the original on 17 June 2008. Retrieved 25 June 2008."Dance - performing arts". Encyclopedia Britannica. Archived from the original on 27 July 2008. Retrieved 24 April 2018.Some definitions of opera: "dramatic performance or composition of which music is an essential part, branch of art concerned with this" (Concise Oxford English Dictionary); "any dramatic work that can be sung (or at times declaimed or spoken) in a place for performance, set to original music for singers (usually in costume) and instrumentalists" (Amanda Holden, Viking Opera Guide); "musical work for the stage with singing characters, originated in early years of 17th century" (Pears Cyclopaedia, 1983 ed.).Marg Gilks; Paula Fleming & Moira Allen (2003). "Science Fiction: The Literature of Ideas". http://WritingWorld.com. Archived from the original on 2008-05-26."UNWTO technical manual: Collection of Tourism Expenditure Statistics" (PDF). World Tourism Organization. 1995. p. 10. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 September 2010. Retrieved 26 March 2009.Manila Declaration on World Tourism (PDF). World Tourism Conference. Manila, Philippines. 10 October 1980. pp. 1–4. Archived (PDF) from the original on 20 November 2012.Primitive culturePinch, T. and Bijsterveld, K, 2004, Sound Studies: new Technologies and Music, in "Social Studies of Science", 34\5, pp. 635-648Making the Case for a Post-national Cultural Analysis of Organizations - Anne E. Witte, 2012 DOI: 10.1177/1056492611415279 Anne E. Witte Making the Case for a Post-national Cultural Analysis of Organizations, Journal of Management Inquiry 2012 21: 141 originally published online 13 September 2011External linksCultureat Wikipedia's sister projectsDefinitions from WiktionaryMedia from Wikimedia CommonsNews from WikinewsQuotations from WikiquoteTexts from WikisourceTextbooks from WikibooksResources from WikiversityThe Canadian Museum of Civilization - Culture sectionDetailed article on defining cultureHope it will suffice!