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Yesterday, in answer to differently-worded questions that basically ask for the same information as this question does, I posted a long and documented answer, to which here I simply refer, without re-posting it yet again.As I mentioned at the end of my answer a few days ago concerning “Sherlock Holmes’” (author Conan Doyle’s) 1892 statement wishing for a united country of the British Empire and the United States, whenever I come to a question on Quora that concerns the principles animating the Americans in the American Revolution, invariably I find that there are already two short answers that just insult the Americans.I have spent ten years using our marvelous internet, enriched as it is by the forward-thinking generosity of governments, universities, and nonprofits, to fill it with scans of the original pages of the original documents from the libraries of hundreds of college and universities, that make it possible for anyone, for free, to do better and faster and more accurate research than has ever before been available to even the most prestigious scholars.Prior to undertaking this effort, I was an associate and then partner at Arnold & Porter law firm in Washington D.C., maintaining a large pro bono docket, in addition to being immersed in huge “document” cases brought against the United States government by more than 100 banks and bank investors. I have ten years’ experience researching through thousands of documents, and from them, building arguments that had to stand-up to challenge not from PhD review committees, but by the elite lawyers of the U.S. Department of Justice, motivated to protect the U.S. Treasury from claims that in aggregate constituted $100 billion, claims that the audited financial statements of the U.S. government noted were the only litigations facing the U.S. that, if lost, represented a material adverse threat to the balance-sheet of the United States. I was, as usual, “second chair” to the lead counsel in each case, as the central coordinator of all the 65-some law firms for all the different plaintiffs.In December 1997, the trial judge in the case issued a decision on the “contract liability” phase of the case (calculation of damages would come later) agreeing with the positions I had documented through this research, and castigating the Justice Department for borderline frivolous resistance. I was in Paris, France at the time, visiting my parents with my wife and children, and we all saw the decision reported in the International Herald Tribune. This was affirmed on appeal in 2001. See California Federal Bank, et al., v. U.S., 39 Fed. Cl. 753 (1197), aff’d, 245 F.3d 1342 (Fed. Cir. 2001).The position I took was that in the 1980s, to persuade new investors to come-in with their investment capital to rescue banks ruined in the 1980s by their cowboy managers, the government had made a binding contract deal with each of the banks and investor-groups (using a common form of contract with each bank or investor), and that in 1989 the government had enacted a federal statute that broke the contract deal, for which the government had to pay damages, providing that the banks could prove their individual losses (which turned out to be pretty hard to do; most banks got no award at the damages phase).The effect of the 1989 change in law was that in many cases, the government seized the money invested into the banks by the new investors based on the contract promises of freedom from government interference in the management of the banks, and threatened to seize the rest of the banks unless the new investors poured-in more of their own money into the banks - where that additional investment would be vulnerable to government seizure by any new change in the law.The government in the 1990s took the position that what the government had said in the 1980s was no contract deal; the government could ignore it and change the rules at-will. We resisted with documented arguments. We won.This, as it turns out, is the same kind of conflict that led to the American Revolution. The Americans said that they had received binding contract promises, in the form of charters, from all the kings and queens from James I through George II, promising elected representative law-making assemblies in each of the colonies, and that the Parliament of Great Britain, backed by King George III, was breaking the contracts, by asserting that no lawmaking by any of these elected assemblies was of any effect at all. The Parliament of Great Britain asserted a power to override everything done by all the elected assemblies, and even asserted a power to order the elected assemblies what laws they must enact, even if the people of the colonies did not want those to be their laws.The ministers of George III denied that any of the kings before George III had had the power to bind the government in contract in the future. They said that the Parliament of Great Britain was the “supreme legislature” and had all lawmaking power in America, despite all the elected representative law-making assemblies in all the colonies, promised the lawmaking powers, by the earlier kings and queens, in the charters.We will see this very clearly in the words of the Colony Minister, Lord Hillsborough, in February 1768, in a discussion with a future U.S. Senator in the First Congress, who then was an agent for the colony of Connecticut, visiting in London.This ties-in directly with my pro bono legal work. One of my pro bono matters was aiding The National Endowment for Democracy. The purpose of the NED is to promote democratic self-government in countries that do not have it. For some seven years I was “second chair” to partner Ken Juster of A&P, a former State Dept. appointee, who is now the U.S. Ambassador to India. The NED board is comprised of sitting U.S. Senators and Representatives, former Executive Branch policy appointees, and experts in democracy.One of the experts who sat on that board while I was there was Francis Fukuyama, author of a famous book that indicated that the administrative welfare state of the European model was the culmination of centuries of arguments concerning what is the best form of government.After I left the practice of law and began to do the research, I discovered what appears to me to be a fundamental problem with the Fukuyama position: it fails to take into account the irresistible element inside each person to be free to make his or her own decisions about the laws and the shape of government, and to be free to make decisions about how the individual will live his or her own life. There is an element in the conception of the administrative welfare state that seems to see the people as a kind of animal-herd that has to be managed, and whose highest goal is bodily health (medical care) and satisfaction of bodily needs and desires. If these can be but managed and provided reliably, government has done what it must do. Encouragement of the free, individual, inventive mind is an after-thought in this; it is treated as a detail whose effects have to be managed.This I found quite offensive, particularly as my prior-to-law career was being a producer of experimental, avant-garde live performance based in San Francisco in the 1980s, for ten years. Here were the quintessential inventive individual minds - and I was dedicated to seeing that their visions achieved reality. I had success here, too; we toured the U.S. and Europe to prestigious festivals, culminating in an invitation from the U.S. State Department - with it paying our expenses - to represent United States creativity and innovation behind the Iron Curtain in 1987, just as the movements that would bring that curtain down were growing. My last production in June 1988 played the Kennedy Center Opera House - but by that point I attended the show I had produced merely as a spectator, because I would be entering Georgetown University Law Center just a few months later. I had decided to move-on from theater to law, after seeing the unhappiness of the young and inventive persons who lived behind the Iron Curtain, at the festivals we had performed in. It was the oppressive, all-controlling nature of the governments that they lived under that was crushing their spirits and rendering them hopeless and depressed. I saw it and heard it from them, personally.Lately, Fukuyama’s position has been challenged by those who say the more controlling Chinese model is the true best form of government. But I think the flaw in Fukuyama’s vision comes from the opposite side: a fundamental misunderstanding of human nature. We are not just bodies, but minds; and the Fukuyama vision fails to accommodate the power of this.That is certainly what occurred to cause the American Revolution - as I have found repeatedly and without contradiction in all the original source documents.But this is an understanding of the American Revolution that discredits the increase of power in governments; and thus encounters a reluctance to report it or to teach it, because such a high percentage of our teachers, from the kindergarten level all the way up through the top-levels of post-graduate education, rely on government for their career-long income, and for the security of their pensions to the end of their lives. This is an unexpected consequence of the argument that all people have a “right” to education that must be delivered by the government.Of course it is best if everyone is well-educated.But the consequence is that almost all teachers, at all levels, are either directly paid by government, or rely on government subsidies - state-guaranteed tuitions, and government research grants. None of these people will be inclined to see merit in teaching that in the past, some very intelligent, very well-informed and well-educated people - indeed, almost all of the intelligent, well-educated Americans - rejected the increase in power of government. To teach this today would tend to lead to a weakening of the power of government today, and thus, to increase the risk that governments will not be able to deliver the cash promised to them in today’s paychecks and tomorrows pensions. When government is so much in debt as ours in, everyone who depends on government for their life-sustaining income is rightfully very nervous that the government might suddenly fail to meet its financial promises. In a time of threatening debt, ensuring that the government has ever-more money-collecting power is vital to everyone who lives on the government.Until the development of the internet, it has been impossible for anyone except those dependent on government income (directly paid or by guarantees of payments by others) to see the original documents. But now it is possible for persons outside the financial incentives of the system to see these materials.It then remains for someone competent in research to take the vast amount of time necessary to search out all the relevant material, and for someone competent in analytical writing to present the results of that research, with a competence that withstands the most challenging inquiry. Such a person I propose myself to be, having in the past withstood the challenge of elite Department of Justice lawyers, as confirmed by both a federal U.S. trial judge in 1997, and of the appellate U.S. judges in 2001.My works are very lengthy, because I include all the research to back-up what I say, and I note repeatedly that anyone can check my work. The results of my first five years of research, 2009 to 2014, are on amazon kindle in a massive unedited data-dump, basically, which no one else appears to find useful, but which I already know, and use to locate relevant material for questions such as this.In 2016–2017 I decided to focus on the reasons for the American Revolution, specifically by looking at those who later became officials in the federal government, and on what they did in relation to firearms in the period before the Declaration of Independence. This has been on SSRN since September 2017. Subsequently I have found and corrected many typographical errors, in an updated pdf that anyone may request from me.Now: as regards this specific answer, I will not re-post everything that I just posted twice on Quora yesterday. In summary, I established that beginning with Queen Elizabeth I, the Crown of England, and later the combined Crown of England and Scotland, established a policy unique among European monarchs, of making contract deals of the Crown with its own subjects. A key step in the process had been in 1215 with the Magna Charta, and then with the establishment of the House of Commons, which permitted those subjects who had money in the kingdom to intercept all Crown demands for money, treat them as mere requests, insist on explanations for the use of the money, and, if freely judging the uses to be good, and if freely judging that the money would be well-managed and thus applied to the stated purpose, they would “give and grant” their money.When James I succeeded Elizabeth, he inherited and adopted this long-established practice, that the Crown could make binding contracts with the subjects. Technology of ocean-sailing and economic developments coincidentally had progressed to the point that establishing colonies of English settlers in North America was not only feasible, but desirable.But, there not having been any traces of gold or silver discovered in North America, the British king had no incentive to send soldiers over to seize the gold; and thus, no incentive to send soldiers over at all. The gold and silver that motivated the King of Spain to send military missions into South America answerable to him did not exist in Britain regarding North America.And thus, beginning with King James I, the practice in Britain developed, that groups of subjects would conceive a colonization plan, either for economics or to serve as a religious refuge for dissenters, and they would come to him to seek a charter - which, by its own written terms, was a binding contract enforceable against future kings and queens.The settlers proposed to put their bodies and lives on the line in a wilderness, to develop it; but they insisted on having their own self-government, sot hat if they generated wealth through their efforts, they would have the power to protect it, more than the power that they would have in England or in Scotland. They were not going to leave civilization, risk death on the seas or in the wilderness of North America, then, having survived that, labor to build a wealthy land, only to have it all then taken-away by the government in London. They would not go unless they had a binding promise of self-government that would provide protection.And beginning with King James I, consistently through King George II, that is just what the kings promised.The settlers, in reliance on those contract promises, went out, and were successful. Or more substantially, their descendants were successful. The colonists were always thinking about their descendants; their documents are filled with their concern for “out posterity,” which was their term for their children, grandchildren, great-grandchildren, etc. The king’s promises were perpetual, so as to protect “our posterity.”What developed was what the British Commonwealth is today: a collection of states, each independent of all others, but united by having one King or Queen. No one elected assembly or parliament, no one set of ministers, had any role in advising the king on what laws to make in any other state.The only exception to this was ocean-trade, which was managed from London; but the writ of power arising from this extended only to the landward-side door of the customs-house in each port, and along the coasts only as needed to ensure “no smuggling,” so that every product that was supposed to go through a customs-house did indeed go through customs-house.In 1760, with the death of King George II, his grandson ascended the throne as King George III. He was young and inexperienced, only 22 years old. Sensitive to the fact that his grandfather and great-grandfather had been German in birth and culture, he volunteered in his accession speech (otherwise drafted by ministers) “Born and educated in this country, I glory in the name of Britain.”In his first act of law, he designated virtually all of his independent income to Parliament, in exchange for an annual “civil list” payment from Parliament - and thus the king put himself solely financially under the control of the Parliament of Great Britain, apart from any connection he had to any other elected legislature in any colony. That property today is managed by an entity called, since 1955, “The Crown Estate,” and its website, on it history page, accessed today, says“Since 1760, the net income of The Crown Estate has been surrendered to the Exchequer by the Monarch under successive Civil List Acts, passed at the beginning of each reign.”In 1761, there was a national election for the House of Commons, which wikipedia today calls “one of the most undemocratic in British history.” There would not be another national election until May 1768.In 1760, the Parliament of Great Britain had taken-over control of the king, a naive young man seeking emotional acceptance from Britain, by means of monopolizing the king’s money; and then a year later a group of rich insiders took-over control of the Parliament of Great Britain. Thus these rich and greed-driven insiders now had control of the king.That is the reality of the situation.In 1763, with Britain’s spectacular victory over France and Spain simultaneously in the Seven Years War, North America was freed of French and Spanish troops and claims of power.In 1764, the ministers and the Parliament of Great Britain - without any legal-analysis forethought so far as I have found - announced that in 1765 it would enact a law disqualifying all the American colonial governments from issuing court decisions, enacting statutory laws, registering land-title changes, etc., unless these government actions were written on paper imported from Britain. The price of this paper would include a sales-tax, payable to the government in London, and symbolized by a stamp printed or impressed upon the paper.The basic concept was to turn the internal lawmaking of each colony into a matter of the ocean-trade - because everything internal to government in the colonies now would have to be done on an import product - the paper - and thus, within the power of London to rule.Each colony would have a government-appointed agent, known as the stamp-agent, who would manage the import and distribution of this paper.Colonial leaders in London, such as Benjamin Franklin, and such as a brother of Virginian Richard Henry Lee, official representatives of the colonies as registered agents, spoke against this law on policy grounds, but they lost, and in 1765 the Parliament of Great Britain enacted, and King George III assented, and this became law.Benjamin Franklin and Richard Henry Lee, and others, who had opposed the law on policy but had lost, then began to strategize how they or their friends could get the lucrative and powerful posts as the colonial stamp-agents.But to their surprise, a massive, continent-wide explosion of opposition to this Stamp Act occurred all over America.Because if this could be done with paper, it could be done with any tangible object. Imagine, for example, clothing. Parliament could announce that no judge could issue a decision, unless wearing clothing imported from Britain; no lawyer could argue a case, unless wearing clothing imported from Britain; no witness could take the stand and testify, unless wearing clothing imported from Britain; no legislator in any assembly could have his vote on a bill counted, or have his words in debate recorded, unless he was wearing clothing imported from Britain at the moment he voted or spoke; and even, that no one could register a complaint of crime of robbery or battery, unless, when the person suffered this bodily attack, the person had been wearing clothing imported from Britain - such that it was British-made cloth that the criminal’s knife or bullet penetrated, before penetrating the flesh of the victim.This is what one answer to this question refers to merely as better-management of the colonies, colonies that, according to that answer, heretofore had experienced the “benign neglect” of Parliament.In 1766 Parliament resentfully backed-down, but in so doing, enacted a sweeping assertion of power to all lawmaking in North America, known as the Declaratory Act.New ministers came in, whose attitude was that no colonial government was anything to be regarded in any way. In response to the American resistance, they then developed a legal theory, a conception of what government was, that said in any government, there had to be one supreme source of power, able to override all other supposed sources of power.One of those ministers, who came into the office of Secretary of State for the Colonies in January 1768, was born Wills Hill, son of the first Viscount Hillsborough, an Irish peerage. Unlike English or Scottish peers, Irish peers could sit in the House of Commons. In 1742, his father’s death made him second Viscount Hillsborough, but he kept his seat in the Commons (elected in 1741) until in 1756 he was made a Baron in the English peerage (Baron of Harwich) which moved him into the House of Lords. Later, in 1772, after his service as Colony Secretary, he would be rewarded for his conduct of that office - rewarded for the treatment that we are about to see that he gave the colonies - by being made Earl of Hillsborough in the English peerage. In 1789 he would be made Marquess of Downshire in the Irish peerage. Marquess being the highest title he earned (the next highest is Duke), this is how he is labeled on wikipedia today.In the documents of the time, he is always referred to as Lord Hillsborough (sometimes with one “l”).Wills Hill’s very first act on becoming Colony Secretary was to assert that there was then, and had always been from the beginning of time, a power in the government in London to veto every law made by any American colony, regardless of the language any king or queen had ever signed in any charter, an inherent power of government which had - until he obtained government power as Colony Secretary - been left unasserted due to what a prior answer here calls “benign neglect.”One of America’s best-educated and most respected lawyers, William Samuel Johnson of Connecticut, happened to be in London on Connecticut business (a long-running lawsuit over borders and Indian claims) and he had become Connecticut’s official representative in London on general matters.Johnson - later to become a U.S. Senator in the 1st U.S. federal Congress - promptly called on Lord Hillsborough to make the case that Hillsborough’s assertion of veto power violated the Connecticut Charter, and thus, that Hillsborough’s demand was unenforceable.Here is what Lord Hillsborough wrote, and then Johnson’s report to the Connecticut Governor of his meeting with Hillsborough, as reported in my September 2017 SSRN paper:>On 23 January 1768, in London, the new Colony Minister, Lord Hillsborough, addressed a circular letter to each of the governors of the American colonies (the copy I review is to John Penn of Pennsylvania, in the Pennsylvania Archives, but I presume the same letter went to each governor):“His Majesty having been graciously pleased to appoint me to be one of his principal Secretaries of State, and to commit to my care the dispatch of all such business relative to his Majesty’s colonies in America … your dispatches be for the future addressed to me. …“[A]ll possible facility & dispatch should be given to the business of his colonies, and as nothing can more effectually contribute to this salutary purpose than a frequent and full communication of all occurrences that may happen, and a regular and punctual transmission of all acts and proceedings of government, and legislature, and of such papers as have any relation thereto;“I have it in command from his Majesty to recommend this to your particular attention, his Majesty having observed with concern, that this essential part of the duty of his officers in America has scarcely any where been duly attended to, and in several colonies, particularly the Charter and Proprietary governments, almost entirely neglected.”>On 13 February 1768, in London, future 1stUS Congress Senator William Samuel Johnson wrote Connecticut Governor William Pitkin III in Connecticut at Hartford, to report in detail on his recent meeting with the new Colony Minister, Lord Hillsborough (Wills Hill). Governor Pitkin received this on April 18, 1768:“As soon as Lord Hilsborough publicly entered upon his office of Secretary of State for the American department [officially appointed February 27], I thought it my duty to wait upon his lordship and congratulate him upon his appointment to that important office, and to recommend the Colony of Connecticut to his lordship’s favor and protection. …“[H]e said, we were a very free Colony … we were very deficient in our correspondence, seldom writing to his Majesty’s Ministers … they were often quite in the dark about us, and seemed to have too little connection with that Colony.“I assured him, in answer, that I believed he might depend upon it that everything was communicated which the government there could imagine it fit to trouble the King’s Ministers with … from the nature of our constitution, his lordship would see that fewer occasions would occur of troubling the King’s Ministers with our affairs than in those governments immediately under the Crown, which must necessarily be, in some sort, actually administered by the Ministers themselves; and if in any cases real delays had happened [various excuses justified the delays].“He seemed pretty well satisfied with this apology, but then proceeded to a much more interesting subject. He had, he said, in his circular letter, requested that a copy or our colony laws should be sent him …. I told him, I believed the colony had several times sent over the printed law book; that I thought there was one or more at the Plantation Office, and imagined they might even be had in England.“He replied, however that might be, as his was a new office, it would be necessary that a copy should be lodged there; and he thought it the duty of government to send it, and transmit from time to time, not only the laws that should pass, but all the minutes of the proceedings of Council and Assembly, that they might know what we were about, how government was administered, and rectify whatever might be amiss.“I said, if his Lordship wanted a copy of our laws for his private perusal, or to remain in his office for the information of his secretary and clerks, or to be referee to whenever any affairs of the colony were under consideration, I did not doubt the colony would send him one of their law books … but if his Lordship meant to have the laws now in force there, and those which should hereafter pass, transmitted (as from the colonies immediately under the Crown) for the inspection of the Ministry as such, and for the purpose of approbation or disapprobation by his Majesty in Council, (which I saw very plainly was what he was driving at,) it was what the colony had never done, nor thought themselves obliged to do, and I was persuaded would never submit to; and if his Lordship would be pleased to attend to the charter granted us by King Charles II., I did not doubt he would be clearly of the opinion, that the colony were thereby vested with a complete power of legislation, and that their acts needed no farther approbation, nor were subject to any revision; and in point of fact, his Lordship well knew that those laws had never been re-examined here, that the colony had been for more than a century in the full exercise of these powers, under the eye and with the approbation of government here, without any the least check or interruption, except in a single instance [referring to actions by an agent, Edmund Andros, of about-to-be-deposed King James II, in 1687], in such times, and under such circumstances, as I believed his Lordship would not mention but with detestation, much less consider as a precedent.“He said, he had read our charter with some attention, and he knew what powers we had exercised under it; that it was very full and expressive, but there were such things as extravagant grants, which were therefore void; and however great a latitude of expression was made use of in it, still there might be a doubt, perhaps, what would really pass by it in legal construction; that he believed I would admit there were many things which the King could not grant, as the inseparable incidents of the Crown, &c.; and it might deserve consideration whether some things which King Charles had pretended to grant to the Colony of Connecticut were not of that nature, particularly the power of absolute legislation, which tended to the absurdity of introducing imperium in imperio, and to create an independent state.“I replied, that, for the purpose of his argument, I apprehended it was not necessary either to admit or deny that there were some prerogatives of the Crown so inseparably incident or annexed to it that they could not be granted away, (upon which subject some lawyers had, however, refined so much as to render themselves very unintelligible,) since nobody had ever reckoned the power of legislation among those inseparable incidents of the Crown; all lawyers were agreed, that it was a peculiar and undisputed prerogative of the Crown to create corporations, and that the power of law-making was incident to every corporation, at least in some degree … founded in the reason of things … that every corporation in England enjoyed it as really, though not so extensively, as the Colony of Connecticut, they to their particular purposes for which they were created, we to ours ….“That the colony charters were in several respects of a higher nature, and founded upon a better title than even those of the corporations of England, particularly that those here were mere acts of grace and favor, whereas those in America were granted in consideration of very valuable services done, or to be performed, which having been abundantly executed, at immense expense by the grantees, by the peopling and cultivation of a fine country, to the vast extension of his Majesty’s dominions, and the prodigious increase of the trade and revenues of the Empire, they must now be considered as grants upon valuable consideration, sacred and most inviolable. …“Parliament, as well as the Crown, having for more than a century acquiesced in the exercise of the powers claimed by it [the Connecticut government], this would amount to an approbation, so that the colony had now a Parliamentary sanction, as well as a title by prescription, added to the royal grant; by all which they must be effectually secured in the full possession and exercise of all their charter rights.“His Lordship endeavored to distinguish between the ordinary corporation powers (in which he would admit the power of making by-laws was included) and that legislative power exercised in the charter colonies, upon which he was pretty full; and I still endeavored to avail myself of those distinctions in favor of my argument, upon this principle, that the very creating of a corporation for the purpose of establishing a colony included in its idea the full power of legislation, the government of a colony being a more extensive and complicated object than that of a single city or town, and necessarily requiring more full and absolute powers, which it must therefore be injudicious to limit by comparing them strictly with those of corporations for inferior purposes.“Finally, upon this point, his Lordship said, these were matters of nice and curious disquisition, and required a longer time for full discussion than he could then well spare; he seemed, however, to yield the necessity of any royal approbation as requisite to the validity of our laws, but still insisted that (admitting the validity of King Charles’s grant) they ought to be regularly transmitted for the inspection of the Privy Council, and for disapprobation, if found within the saving of the charter, ‘repugnant to the laws of England;’ that those who claimed under the charter must admit the force of that limitation of their legislative powers, at least, and that alone would render it necessary that their laws should be transmitted and inspected here.“Upon which I begged leave to observe to his Lordship, that the colony did not apprehend that any extrajudicial opinion of his Majesty’s Ministers, or even of the King’s Privy Council, could determine whether any particular act was within that proviso or not; that this could only be decided by a court of law, having jurisdiction of the matter about which the law in question was conversant; that though perhaps we should not contend, but that, if the General Assembly [of Connecticut] should make a law repugnant to a statute of Great Britain, (not in the sense of diverse form [from], but flatly, and in terms contradictory to it,) such law, by the saving in the charter, might be void, yet a declaration of the King in Council would still make it neither more nor less so, but be as void as the law itself; because its being void or not depended merely upon the restraining clause in the charter, not upon any authority reserved to the Crown, or the Privy Council, to decide about it, from which they were by other words in the same charter clearly and expressly excluded; that therefore the only method which could be taken in such case must be for the persons aggrieved by such act to bring their action at law, in such manner as to bring in question the validity of such act of Assembly, when the court before whom the trial should be, could fairly and legally determine upon it; that this might be done in the courts of law in the colony, and I doubted not would be very fairly decided there, and leave no room for an application here, or, if the contrary should ever happen, the interposition here (if any) I conceived must be in the judicial only, not by any means in the official way.“As against the Crown, especially, the charter grant was completely, and to all intents and purposes, conclusive; King Charles II. had, for himself and his successors, absolutely granted all their power, by which the Crown must be bound, and forever estopped to say that there was any ground for the Privy Council, or any of the King’s Ministers, who were still but the delegates of the Crown, and acting in behalf of it, and by authority derived only from thence, to interpose in confirming or disannulling the laws of that colony, and consequently there could be no manner of [or] occasion for transmitting our acts to his Majesty’s Ministers, or for their giving themselves any trouble about them.“The judicial power of the Privy Council … his Lordship did not mention, nor indeed, as he had stated it, did it properly belong to the argument ….“As to the minutes of Council and Assembly … I told his Lordship that there were none kept, but only in short notes … perfectly unintelligible unless the colony sent their Secretary, after every session, to explain them ….“His Lordship said that we had a very particular method of doing business; that he had not seen these things quite in the light which I had endeavored to place them in, and he feared we were in danger of being too much a separate independent state, and of having too little connection with or subordination to this country, upon which our security and well-being depended; that, however, these things merited a farther consideration; he hoped, at least, the colony would send him their laws, and we might perhaps talk farther upon these subjects, upon some future occasion ….“[I] left him not well to find that he had entertained such ideas, and was in danger of such opinions, as you see, from the tenor of his conversation … [ideas which had] been revolving in his mind ever since he was at the Board of Trade… as this nobleman is now at the head of all American affairs… I imagined it might be of some use to acquaint you … to see what loose, mistaken notions those who are esteemed very great men (and really are so in many respects) are capable of entertaining of colony rights ….”When Lord Hillsborough asserted that the promises of King Charles the Second in the Connecticut charter were “extravagant grants, which were therefore void,” he effectively said that the promises in the charter were lies, and that Parliament and the ministers and the king could act as if those promises never existed, despite the truth of what Johnson asserted, that the promises “were granted in consideration of very valuable services done, or to be performed, which having been abundantly executed, at immense expense by the grantees, by the peopling and cultivation of a fine country, to the vast extension of his Majesty’s dominions, and the prodigious increase of the trade and revenues of the Empire.”It is true that Lord Hillsborough concluded this discussion by saying that “these things merited a farther consideration,” which might mean that he had not finally concluded that the charter promises were “extravagant grants, which were therefore void.” However, as we will see, and as Johnson wrote, there never was a “farther consideration” – Lord Hillsborough always spoke and acted as a man who had unshakably decided that the charter promises were “extravagant grants, which were therefore void.”There had never been a duty to send “a regular and punctual transmission of all acts and proceedings of government” from each colony for review by ministers chosen by the Parliament of yet another of the governments all under the same king. In the colonies in which the governor was appointed by the king (chosen by the ministers), the king might direct his governor to do this, but that would be a personal obligation of the individual, not of the colony itself as a legal entity. In the proprietary and charter governments of Connecticut and Rhode Island, there was no such individual in existence (the governors there not being appointed by the king) and thus no such duty attached even to specific individuals.Colony Minister Lord Hillsborough thus asserted a duty applicable to colonies as legal entities that did not exist and had never existed. On this false foundation, he then made a complaint that the supposed pre-existing duty “has scarcely any where been duly attended to, and in several colonies, particularly the Charter and Proprietary governments, almost entirely neglected.” Hillsborough thus made a basis of complaint about bad conduct by colony leaders that was a false complaint, because there had never been any such duty, and thus there was no neglect of duty.Making a complaint of bad performance of duties in the past is the usual path by which someone who wants to fire the current officials, and replace them with his own favorites, seeks to build the case for firing. And that is what Colony Minister Hillsborough was doing here.Concoct a new duty; assert that the duty had always existed; criticism the current office-holders for having failed to perform their duty in the past; and castigate and denounce them if they fail to begin now to perform that duty in the present or into the future; and then fire them. This is a standard manipulation technique, in which the subject of discussion is always the targeted person, and never the person who is trying to control and dominate that person.More fundamentally, when Colony Minister Lord Hillsborough spoke of the colonies as “his Majesty’s colonies,” he meant something far more significant than merely the polite formulations of words that are used when a democracy operates within the forms of royal government. When people referred to the Parliament of Great Britain as “his Majesty’s Parliament,” they did not mean thereby that the king owned Parliament and that he had a right to give unlimited orders to Parliament or to its individual members. The king could not command the individuals in the House of Commons or in the House of Lords how to vote on particular bills, or what to say about particular matters of public concern.Not so with the American colonies. When Colony Minister Lord Hillsborough used the words “his Majesty’s colonies,” he meant ownership and control – the right to give orders to the colonies as governments, and to the individuals within each colony government, and to all the individuals living within the colonies.The ministers in London would never have dared to speak and act in this fashion so long as the French and the Spanish had large armed forces on the continent of North America – and in fact they did not, except briefly during the reign of King James the Second, who by applying the same attitude within Britain itself, got himself overthrown and exiled. So long as France and Spain held large portions of North America, the leaders in London needed the active aid and support of the Americans, and thus, treated the Americans with respect.It was only after the expulsion of the French and the Spanish from Canada and from Florida in 1763 that the leaders in London began to feel that they could now command and order the Americans.In essence, what Lord Hillsborough asserted over America was the kind of power that William the Conqueror had asserted over England in 1066.The entire British history over 700 years, of limitations upon the sovereign, of rights of the subjects enforceable against the sovereign, and of the sovereign as a deal-maker with subjects, who honored the deals - all this, the London ministers and the Parliament of Great Britain threw-away in 1764, just as stated by Lord Hillsborough in January and February 1768, as quoted above.The American descendants of the original British colonists would have no more claim to that 700 years of British constitutional history than would the Natives of India, or the Natives of Africa.To stop this is the “main reason for the American Revolution” that this question asks for.

America TodaySomething is broken in the American political system. The country is wallowing in pessimism and cultural conflict; Congress has an approval rate somewhere around 7 - 9 per cent and is useless as a governing body. For years technology has replaced blue collar jobs and globalism has increased competitive pressures and painfully changed the rules for economic development. Now demigods push racial reasons like non white immigration for the decline of the economic stability the average American. In today's America, the predominant emotion among the majority of its citizens is dissatisfaction with not getting what they deserve, fear of the non white mixture brewing in America's melting pot and anger with established political system. It happened before! Remember the 1960s social revolution? Traditionalists feared and fought it, but it happened anyway with dramatic organizational and moral changes to society and government. Society changed for the better, with things like Civil Rights for African Americans and women. Today the civil rights battles are being fought for woman controlling their own bodies, homosexual rights, and immigrants being recognized as an asset rather than as a problem.The USA is overwhelmed now with left and right crybaby dissenters. They complain and blame instead of exhilarate! Anti everything ideologues coming from a racial blend of black or white, evangelical religious nuts, all uneducated to the issues but full of righteousness, they think the worst of everything. And they are ruining my America! You can easily recognize them right off the bat, they have an enemies list, lots of things they don't like, they have an 'Us or Them' mentality. They believe they are right and non believers are wrong, there can be no compromise, for their views are sacrosanct. And do we ever have demigods! They are not lovers of humanity, innovation, imagination, science, intellect, but are contented with extremism, fears and anxieties, their minds full of conspiracy, threats and end times. They have got us pegged too, to them you are either a socialist, immoral or the worst, someone who is an open minded 'Free Thinker' and believes modernity and in the First Amendment and wants to change the world for the better.Even religion plays an ugly hand. Not a good guy anymore, but a firestorm builder. Once upon a time, the Christian faith had an overwhelming influence on every day life in America. But the evangelicals have soured the taste for religion what with their discriminations and fears towards others not like them. Contrary to popular belief, it was segregation - and not abortion - that mobilized the religious right in the 1960s and '70s. Conservative political activists worked to organize evangelicals around segregation as an issue of "religious freedom." Today they organize to stop abortion and Gay Marriage. Evangelicals are also against non white immigration, free trade, environment and global warming. Prior to the 1970s, the relationship between evangelical Christians and the Republican party was negligible. In 2016, it's hard to imagine a Republican party without its hard core evangelical voting bloc.I thought America was well past its ugly past - you know that slavery, Jim Crow, Ku Klux Klan thing - and we had grown into a more moral and altruistic nation like we were founded to be . . . that shinning light on the hill that illuminated the glimmers of hope throughout the world that looked to us for inspiration, freedom, better things and ideas.America is not perfect and we suffered though great changes, from southern slavery into being a free nation, we manifested ourselves as a liberal democracy, won two world wars, fought a Cold War against communism, won Civil Rights battles, led the world's free economy and were a nation of ideas for the good life and betterment of mankind. That was my America! We were always moving forward and setting an example. It was so easy to see the divide in the USA back then. I think that today these are the same 'bones' for our present day division. It's more subtle today, a cultural, governing, religious, economic divide . . . something like between communism/fascism and democracy. You could even call it our own "Cold War." It manifest in adjectives like optimism verses, pessimism, theocracy verses secularism, progress verses regression, freedom verses restrictions, absolutism and monolithicism verses diversity. But underneath it all were very unhappy and angry people exhibiting a creeping ugliness that was boiling away . . . e.g.: like the Christian Right working on getting the USA to be a theocracy and the removal of separation of church state, the rise of white nationalism, my way or the highway thinking by outlawing other peoples freedoms - born that way homosexuality and women's choice for abortion, practicing religion and voting like you want to, stopping immigration especially from non white or Muslim countries and a paranoia toward modernity and open minded critical thinking.These days we are fighting Islamic terrorism, gun violence and mass shooting at home, a horrific black on black crime wave, nasty populist movements across the world [and in the USA too] seeming to move toward fascism. Our major problems are trying to understand and work with the impacts of highly advancing technology and competitive globalism, the resulting weakening of the old economy and loss of good jobs and the shrinking of the middle class. And enter Donald Trump! He will make America great again! Trump is an ugly person with hateful messaging, he personifies the ugliness, the fear and anger, he feeds it, lives off it, enables ugliness to being the new normal, which is seriously diminishing the greatness of the USA. Our bright light is dimming and only fervently glows now. What we need is a leader who shows us to create the new high tech economy the most people can succeed in.Yes, I have concerns; I think [in general] our government has gotten bloated, bureaucratic fat and sloppy. We have corrupt ideological politicians who work for their own selfish ends and not for the good of the country. There are too many people and corporations on the dole and even looking for more handouts (benefits and tax breaks), some actually expecting bailouts from the government. That includes the unethical "To big to fail" banks, protected government [oxymoron] workers getting can't be fired security with platinum benefits, the Wall Street mentality where anything goes to make a buck, health care that cost to much and provides limited results and misses the poor (we need a single payer system like Europe), the Christian Right that exhibits the worst bigotries, the South looking like the confederacy again and loving it, the bloated military industrial complex - its become a safety net jobs program e.g.: we don't need any more M1 Tanks, southern cultural backwardness Bible Belt mentality that loves the 19th century and is afraid of scientific modernity and social progress.So what happened to my country? We used to be the world's leader and now we follow the devil incarnate. We are terribly divided and our government is totally dysfunctional. What is next?American ValuesOur American Values remain strong on several things; The absolute freedom of speech. Yes it is OK to offend people. Yes it is ok to make fun of people. Some so called liberals are trying to change that but as of right now it is still ok. And yes freedom of speech gives you a right to be racist, anti-Semitic, etc. It is your right to be an a-hole.America is a huge country formed on immigration and consequentially is very diverse what with its different races, religions and ethnicities. America has always been considered strong on 'Rugged Individualism' and 'Self Reliance' and in its gut still retains these values in the 21st century. The belief in a small government and (for now) rejection of socialism, a system for the weak and needy while capitalism is a system for the strong and competent.The American dream is what makes' US produce companies like Apple, Tesla, Google, etc. No other country comes close to the opportunities that US has. As John Steinbeck said "Socialism never took roots in America because the poor see themselves not as an exploited proletariat but as temporarily embarrassed millionaires."What Does America Look Like?I am going on 84 and been around the block a few times. I was raised in 1940s - 50s Milwaukee, then a very liberal city that was diverse and on the top of civilized accoutrements e.g.: ethnic - religious diversity, top education, good jobs, lots recreation - cultural, Music - Milwaukee Fest, infrastructure - parks, museums, libraries, health care, etc. That progressive environment existentially formed my life to this day. In between I lived in the 1950s - 1960s Jim Crow segregated conservative South and saw a very primitive, poverty stricken, violent poor man's existence exemplifying man's inhumanity to man all set up by local/state governments implementing legal and institutionalized racial - social restrictions all supported by the evangelical church who said the Bible justified a segregated society with no diversity of ideas and life styles, For some of those years, I was in the Navy and traveled the western world and saw countries struggling to recover from the destruction of WW II and appreciated the USA. But I needed social, economic and intellectual freedoms and moved to New York City where I found a completely different universe, even better than my Milwaukee growing up altruistic experiences.As a Corporate salesman for the Fortune 500 headquarter and Banking accounts, I traveled to more than 40 states in America for customer meetings, training, setting up district and regional computer installations. I think every state is different and the USA is a really large country, the third biggest in the world. New York is totally different from Laredo, Texas. The South is different from the North, West from the East. So I basically experienced culture shocks in different states. Rout 66 does exist all over the USA. It's easy to have a road trip in America. I often traveled America by car and I don't remember how many nights we just parked in front of Wal-Mart and slept in the car.I felt safe and it saved me a lot of money. You can take showers in service stations and everything was simple and comfortable. There is not much traffic on highways too, so you can just enjoy the view! An 8-hour road trip is really not that long; it's fairly common since living in such a large country twists your perception of distance. I used to think any drive taking more than an hour is basically a road trip, now I've realized there's people that commute for over an hour… every single day. I've also gotten the opportunity to drive from NC to Montana (~40 hours) twice. The US have every landscape imaginable. Anywhere you go there is 24 x 7 shopping. You want to buy cheese, bread, jeans, rifle and a TV at 3am? You can do that. Then you can visit a fast food place on your way home. Everything is just open … all the time. Try that in Europe!From what I've observed, big cities tend to have lots of Universities, high tech, industry and immigrants. States that have big immigrant populations include: Hawaii, California, Washington, Oregon, Texas, and New York, Florida. So where are good places to live in the United Stares if you don't want the hustle of places like New York but not want to live in the middle of nowhere? Places with good schools, decent job prospects, low crime rate and not stupidly expensive? I would suggest the middle south, like Tennessee, Kentucky or Georgia.America is made up from great towns with lots of diversity, low cost of living, good jobs, not too crazy at all, plenty of outlying neighborhoods and small towns to live in that are low crime, traffic isn't horrible except on maybe 3 roads but there are ways around it, everyone gets along for the most part, we don't have all the craziness of the big cities, nobody gets too worked up about anything. The downside is the weather; hot and humid for about 6 months out of the year, chilly and rainy for 4 months. The birth of the Rust Belt was created by the loss of industries to automation and the flight of low-skill high-pay manufacturing abroad; the flight of the middle class to the suburbs; and government neglect. Many Black communities were stuck on the sinking urban ship, and (to keep the metaphor going) were already in the bottom holds of the ship to begin with.So, who are the Americans? There has been debate about this in recent times, but it still holds true. Anybody that lives in America is considered an American. Asians are Americans, Blacks are Americans, Indians are Americans, Whites are Americans, Arabs are Americans, Italians are Americans. People can retain their home culture, but they dissolve into the large American society and are considered a part of it, not strangers or outsiders.If you would believe the media, you'd think there's a race war going on and there's an open season on black people. This is grade-A bullshit. I've traveled coast to coast, right through the Deep South, and people in general get along just fine pretty much everywhere. Sure, racism is a real thing, but it is not nearly as bad as they'd like you to believe. They just like to put the cameras on the scumbags of society like the KKK, Neo-Nazi's, BLM, and Antifa. These assholes don't represent the population, thankfully. Remember: news media is a for-profit business. All they give a shit about is ratings, and they've been caught by video-bloggers plenty of times fabricating and twisting stories. They are the main reason for the bullshit that's been going on lately.Friendships seem to be one dimensional. Most people live in bubbles. In my experience, your school friends remain your school friends. You may occasionally grab a bite to eat, but the topics of a conversation focus on school. Your sport friends remain your sport friends. Your work friends are simply your work friends and so on. Friends from one circle of life don't automatically enter other circles or groups. Everything seems very isolated from each other. Friendships also don't have such strong bonds. You may have some good childhood friends that you keep in touch with, but for the most part, people simply do not have a strong nucleus of friends that lasts forever.People tend to veer to the extreme sides of things on almost everything. A good example is the way people look. There's a lot of fat people and super-fit people in the USA, and not much in-between. Most of all, it's an awesome place with a wide variety of people. Some of them are assholes, but most of them are great. Americans have a kind of happy excitement about them that I find very fun and pleasant. Europeans are generally a little more stoic compared to them.Beneath the glorious and over fantasized "American Dream" is the harsh reality that Americans slog their back off to survive. On an average 35% Americans are doing more than one job, either to pay bills or to reach a level of a lifestyle that they aspire for. American Dream is not a fallacy. But Americans are really wanting to work hard to achieve it. There is a charm to America, beautiful landscapes, friendly people. But for all the stuff they talk about how great they are, seeing reality is actually really shocking! The people I met were genuine, friendly warm hearted individuals. There are a lot of hugs and kisses. In my entire life I have seen people of different sex, even the married ones hugging or kissing all across the USA.I have an International friend who traveled around the USA too with the following observations.I was raised in England, lived in India for years and now call New York City home. The diversity of people in NY is unbelievable. The whole world lives there. The first day I was here I walked the streets of New York, where 47% are foreign born from every country in the world, but everyone spoke English, not just the upper lasses, academics, musicians and actors. I would go to a café, or to a bookstore, and stay there, pretending I was reading a book while listening to people talk. What a pleasure to see that English was a real language! All these racial, ethnic and religious differences between people and everyone gets along. Pakistanis and Indians in the US are friends. Palestinians and Israelis are friends. We see that common man is no different and has more problems in his life than border wars. How exuberantly friendly people are. Unfailingly upbeat and polite, Americans are really friendly . . . to almost everyone on first contact. It's probably the "oil" needed to lubricate the tremendous social and economic dynamism in this 30 million metro city area in this continental-sized nation.I moved to Brooklyn seven months ago. What amaze me here were the people! They are smiling when we cross eyes, willing to help and have a sense of civism. I don't want to generalize for the rest of the country but I felt the same in the south (Louisiana, Virginia, Carolina) when I was traveling there, in small towns. This is definitely refreshing, especially if you lived in Paris. My first restaurant experience in the US was a Vietnamese restaurant, where I ordered a bowl of noodle soup. When the soup arrived, I thought I was supposed to use that bowl to wash my face before eating the soup. Then the Mexican restaurant. I sat down, the waitress very quickly came over, placed a HUGE basket of tortilla chips and a bucket of salsa in front of me, and a menu. When the tacos came, I was already full. I didn't see many averagely fit person in the US. Rather, I saw very athletic or very obese people.There were tons of fun cultural shocks I got used to and actually adopted a few, I would like to share some of the shocks I encountered. People ask you how are you even though they don't know you at all, neither did they care how your responses are. Waiters will come to your table, asking you "how is everything" while you were eating and can barely talk with food in your mouth. No security checks entering the subway, and no mobile signals in the subway. God knows where the subway will go and when it will come during weekend and holidays. You can always find someone or the other performing in the NYC subway. It is a big stage for them to showcase their talents. Many subway performers are front runners now in American music industry. People stop their busy life and watch them perform, they show respect. It's not for money they perform always, sometimes. It's just for respect.It was my first day at a job and like most places we had a custom that a new employee would send an email introducing themselves. I did the same. Three hours later I was washing hands in the restroom and the janitor comes from behind and says "Hey Man, Welcome. It's your first day." I still don't know how he knew it was my first day. I doubt he might have been in that email distribution list, but anyway he made me feel welcome. We talked for about a good 10 minutes. He told me about his kids, what they want to be when they grow up. What he wants them to be when they grow up etc. The shocking part was, while having that conversation I started wondering is he really the Janitor? I worked in India as well for a short period of time. The support staffs such as Janitors were treated so differently there - there was a class system, servants called everyone "Sir" and wore uniforms. This man had the confidence to come and talk to me so effortlessly, maybe because he had never been made to feel different. People around him never behaved as if the job he does as a janitor is in any way less than the others, who would typically be converting coffee to code. Later, I found the guy was surely popular amongst my techie colleagues. They would call him by his first name and so would he. No "Sir" involved. Dignity of Labor, it matters here and rightfully should.Contrary to popular belief, there are almost no [legal] guns on NYC streets, neither are uniformed soldiers. The only guns I saw were in police officers' holsters, and they were invariably small arms. European cops sometimes carry assault rifles; railway security has sub machine guns. No such thing in NYC, except for, possibly, in airports. I took a road trip from NYC to my old university in Connecticut. Wow! The USA is too BIG. The day I landed in JFK Airport and my first road journey from JFK to Hartford was on I-95. The highways were so huge and the roads were filled with cars, SUVs and trucks. The way everyone behaved while driving and the way others followed rules while driving in the interstates showed an excellent example of discipline. People seem to be respecting law and order. If tourists want to cover a lot of landmarks in USA, then Northeast is the best option, as we can cover most areas with road trips. We can pretty much cover Boston, Rhode Island, NYC, Philly, Washington, D.C. I have heard my friends say that in Texas we can drive all day and still be in Texas. USA simply is too BIG and people love their cars and driving. Road trips are so common here thanks to the extensive Interstate system that made this possible.I traveled straight away to Atlanta, Georgia and points south into Alabama and Mississippi. It's a very poor White and Black region, with lots of poverty, lousy healthcare, crime and social dysfunction. It seems most people live in trailers, drop out of school, have lots of babies and have few skills. There is an over-presence of religion. Religious billboards everywhere, churches on every corner, with signs admonishing to believe or else. I can't figure the South out! It seems they are still living their Civil War over and over again . . . always fighting what is good for them because of their animosities toward outsiders and especially what they call Yankees. IT almost seems that the Age of Enlightenment had never occurred, stuck in pre-18th Century mind sets regarding science, logic and humanism. Logical discussion seems beyond the range, almost an alien concept, of many who just tout set slogans and opinions, with no basis in observation or research for themselves. It's mind boggling to find in a "Developed Nation." It shows all the signs of Brainwashing. For example, in Europe many of the "uneducated poor from the sticks" (who would be called rednecks, trailer trash etc. in the U.S.) vote for left-wing parties which are known for complex social compensations of the lack of responsibility for one's life, whereas many right-wing parties (unless they are far too nationalist) are associated with white-collar jobs, business etc. Ironically, had the U.S. poorest (but still with shelter over their heads, warm beds, running water and possibly jobs) lived in Europe, they would probably be communists. So my biggest cultural shock visiting the U.S., for a long time, was that the Southern rednecks, trailer park residents etc. are nearly uniformly right wing conservative Republicans who politically have absolutely no interest in their well being.I experienced colorism in my world travels, but never racism. But America! Wahoo … that was a different kettle of fish. I have friends of every hue, I know the lighter hued you are, the better you get treated in society, but with me and my people, your character is what really sells you. I never understood why someone's color or the country they came from determined who they were in America. I mean people are just people . . . Aren't they? My worst experiences were in several small Southern towns like Mobile, Biloxi and Gatlinburg. Especially Gatlinburg, where I was heavily discriminated until I opened my mouth to speak, and then they heard my accent and all was right in their but by then the damage was already done. The south is so white, and religious and pure, and perfect! The only things that will make this perfect American image even more perfect is Jesus Christ in the background with an American flag and gun on his hip! The most annoying ones with the patriotic stuff are the middle-aged white Americans who have never been outside of the US. In my country, for the most part, if we believe you're a good person we like you, if we think you're not, we won't go near you … regardless of your skin tone, or financial status. Actually, except for the south, I didn't see so much racism across the country, there are a lot of open-minded Americans.From what I noticed, you can probably encounter racism to some extent in small cities in the southern states, but in big cities like New York, Washington, Dallas, people are generally quite open. I find most Americans I met in my trip are very friendly and open-minded. Almost everyone I encountered at stores and restaurants were really nice. They were very warm, always asked about my day and were helpful in every way possible. Some of the best conversations I had when I was in America have been with people I randomly met on the street.Overall my biggest culture shock (or reality) of America is that it's a very highly contrasting society and country, with huge geographic differences and that even people's opinions varied hugely, people are not people but a black woman, white man, Asian guy, Mexican dude, white girl, black kid! And each subsection of Americans has their own stereotype assigned to them and they meet it more or less.A few days into my trip, I noticed a trend. Every time I made a cash payment with a large bill, the person at the cash register would have to stop in order to thoroughly inspect the note to ensure that it was not fake, usually using a detection pen or some other contraption. I was in Chick-fil-A buying lunch one afternoon and I handed over a 100-dollar note. There was no one behind me so I struck a conversation with the girl taking my order. I'm really sorry, I don't have a smaller one, and you will have to run this through your detection machine. Oh don't worry honey; I can hold it up to check the watermark and the security thread. She was really kind too; giving me all the extra sauces I wanted for my chicken nuggets. Also, Chick-fil-A is the BOMB! There are a lot of fat people in the south. It was shocking to see how many people suffered with obesity compared to the numbers you see in New York. The fast food, and in general food, culture is much more apparent with food portions being of a much bigger size, and in some cases quite cheap. Going to the cinema and seeing the portion sizes of popcorn and Coke was definitely a shock.I have said it before "Americans are very friendly." "How are you doing?" is a common generic question you are going to be asked when you go up to a counter to get your coffee or place order at McDonald or Burger King. Strangers smile at you. Even girls. And the worse thing about an introvert like me is that I am expected to smile too. Imagine a very average looking guy smiling at an attractive young lady in the streets of Delhi and Kolkata? Yeah, you end up being in Police station making promises that you won't repeat your ill-behavior in public again. Here, you are smiled at. Such is life.In the USA, everything is huge, the space between the stores, the roads, the cars, the people. I found when driving in the Midwest the sense of endlessness to the land around me gave me vertigo. It was a really strange and discomforting feeling. It is no wonder Americans find the UK so quaint and cramped. In most American cities, you don't see people walking on streets, all you see are cars, cars, cars! When I was in Dallas, I noticed that except in downtown area and tourist spots, you basically don't see people walking on streets! A small city of 200k people ends up being the size of London because it's all massively spread out, and of course there is no public transportation so you need a fucking car to get around whether you like it or not. As a result no one walks, no one is on the street, you don't see anyone anywhere, all you see is cars and cars and people in them. How insular American culture is, they are generally oblivious to anything outside of the US. But they were intrigued and very keen to learn. I felt like the people were deliberately kept in the dark. Everything here is Real BIG! The cars, food portions, grocery quantities, supermarket like Wal-Mart, Target, CostCo etc. is massive. And people here buy stuff in bulk. How big the divide between rich and poor really is. I was shocked how many ordinary people were struggling to get by. Historic items 200 years old is considered old in the US. In England it is usual to see a church or castle nearly 1000 year's old. The way people in America abide road rules and regulations is amazing to watch. I had very rarely seen a person skip a red signal when he is waiting to cross a road or when he is driving. The respect pedestrians get in this country is tremendous, I had seen big trucks coming to full stop just to let pedestrians cross to road even if he has a green signal to go.People here are very independent and they rely on themselves by setting strict schedules for every task at hand. When they give their time for you, it is 100% dedicated for you by clearing out rest of their tasks. This discipline is astonishing. people can be anything they want to be and work whatever they may please. Example, in India, if I see a carpenter guy working on a door, I would assume he is a carpenter all the time and he doesn't do anything else. He would be sorted into a certain social class and be given a certain level of respect and not more. In the US, the same carpenter guy could be a programming genius on a hefty scholarship plus a high paying job waiting when he graduates and yet chose to be a carpenter for one day to earn money for a concert ticket. Or the Mayor of the town could do bartending work on weekends just for fun. The janitor could be your classmate. (All true stories)Here, a job is a job and there is no such thing as low level job which is unheard of for Indians. You never know who you are talking to and all that they are capable of. Hence giving equal respect for a fellow human is established deep in their values. I have heard story of Indians treating a waiter boy bad by demanding everything in assertive tone(and not saying thank you, please, etc. which are considered polite requests). Later they came to know that the kid was the son of two professors in the university and wished had they known he was from an elite family, they might have treated him better. The point they are missing is no job is elite or degrading in the US. A job is a job. Waiter, professor, janitor, student, Mayor deserve the same respect.There aren't any class distinctions in the USA. I have seen a man wearing a suit and moving trash bags. I have witnessed high profile executives addressing the taxi driver, the Barista at coffee shop as Sir and Mam. And I know for sure that in large corporation, referring your seniors/superiors as Sir is offending. And this is shockingly divergent from a culture that I come from. This comes naturally to all Americans - they can wait in traffic lanes depending on which direction they are turning, they can wait at coffee shops till the server has finished serving the previous customer, at ticket counters, at football games . . . you name it. Despite their aggressive stances, Americans can wait like no other culture.There are two United States. There are the US of A we all know, the USA that we see in the news and the imprint the country leaves in the world's history. That's the West and East coast. The cities there are insane. People are techie and advanced. Cars are either European or Teslas. Society is very forward on most issues. You'll see gay couples, people in the middle of gender transition, and so many cultures in one place your mind will get boggled. Then you go inland and detract about 200 years from the current date. Now, I am quite certain there are big cities and advanced bubbles of society inland, but most of it simply isn't.My average day of traveling through the inland was a four-hour drive through nothing (that alone is crazy to Europeans. Four hours gets you to another country over here), then by random finding a tiny tiny "town" in the middle of a bloody desert, or bloody mountains, or bloody wilderness. There is nothing there, nothing. Tiny, ragged, sometimes even torn down houses, three massive "Pick Ups" in front of each of them. No people in sight. No shops, no businesses, no internet. This is followed by two to three more hours of drive through nothing. What exactly do those people do? Where do they go every day, how do they make money, where do they buy food? I drove through northern states where there was snow stacked up everywhere on the sides of roads. It was really cold for me. I couldn't remove my jacket for first 2 weeks at least. On the other hand, starting from the very airport, people were roaming around in T-shirts like it was middle of summer! I could not get used to it since every day I go out, covering myself and still shivering while people all around me are half naked! It's spring for them and pretty usual, rather nice weather for them. I kept having this shock throughout my whole trip of three weeks. Even though it was very cold for me, everyone everywhere greeted me with a very warm smile and tone. This of course melted my heart every time and felt very good with this method of greetingsIn summary, here are some of my Observations:Americans are nothing like Europeans. Americans are not as educated or knowledgeable about the world, history and politics in general. Here obesity is rampant. They can be very generous and kind hearted. Believe it or not, they're not nearly as racist as some of the other western cultures. Americans tend to dress for comfort not style. Other than a few older areas, America is not built based on a human scale. Everything is grand, distances are great, food portions are extra large and the roads are super wide. America is a multi cultural society. You will have a culture shock going from the North to South or East to West. Americans are trained to be outstanding consumers. For most Americans, America can be a harsh place to live. They live by the strap of their own boots. As long as they are healthy and have a job, they can live somewhat comfortably. But all that can be destroyed with one serious illness or a job loss. The odd thing is that this idea seems normal to them. America is truly the land of plenty.Plenty in beauty, and resources. Almost all believe in the notion of "American exceptionalism." While the politicians feed this narrative, behind the scenes they are doing all they can to undermine it. Corruption is rampant. Corporations are now people. They have deeper pockets and are more powerful. They run the show!So far I had great experience here, US is vast with awesome free highway system. I can also feel the breeze of freedom. Friendly people. People greeting me in the street, in bars, in cafes, in airports - everywhere! The confidence and self-assuredness of people generally are wonderful! Nobody seems to doubt themselves or think twice about expressing themselves. It can be a little too much sometimes but I'm envious of it for the most part. Multiple religious places and spiritual centers everywhere including small cities. Surprised to see Indian cashiers at Wal-Mart and CostCo talking in Hindi with Indian customers. Americans don't walk. It is so strange. They drive for even short distances. Number of cars are more than number pedestrians. Even in grocery stores. Some people use some kind of electrical shopping cars. And drive-thru. Drive-thru pharmacy, drive-thru ATM! So weird! The style. ANYTHING goes. Absolutely anything at all. People, for the most part, dress casually but nobody bats an eyelid if you wear bright pink shorts and a bright yellow T-shirt with green sneakers/trainers. In larger cities, eccentricity is accepted and nobody will look at you twice - you can be whom you want to be without judgment - I loved that.Food is cheap and comes in huge portions. I once ordered a chili and tortilla dish at a simple Mexican restaurant for $6.5. It was huge - I couldn't even finish half of it, and I am a person with a big appetite. In Israel you would pay more than this for half the amount of food at the same quality. The same goes to all restaurants I went to. Food is cheap, and comes in huge portions. Fast food restaurants are all over the place. Political satire: The late night show hosts mock, question the residents of highest offices on national television and make money. I can't imagine the same happening in India.Flags, flags, flags. Everywhere. It's like no one in US would know which country they are living in if they didn't put US flags on every square foot of their porch, front lawn, a cemetery, shopping malls . . . Exception to confederate flags - those folks are proving they don't know which country they are living in. Or maybe they do. There was this one huge flag, probably almost the size of a house, in Interstate-5, with a sign, "GOD BLESS AMERICA. Support our troops!" In the South, religion is in your face and mixed up with everything. Everywhere. Only in US have I seen "Jesus is Lord" sign under "Mike's furniture" or bible verses on store flyers. In your face and everywhere, just like the flag.Homeless people. They are everywhere. They stay in public spaces and use toilets at fast food restaurants. Too weird to me. The poverty in cities, so many homeless people with absolutely nothing and suffering from severe addiction and mental health issues. And at least in the cities I visited most of them were black. I didn't expect that from a wealthy country and it was quite upsetting. You don't get that scale of poverty in most of Europe.Many of these thoughts are contextual to the background that I come from and may not be shocking to a large number of people. But my background is inherent part of my being and hence the world is how I see it. Cheers.

Read this educational piece: quicly up vote or Quora will collapse itCorona virus 3 16 20 and forwardCoronavirus 2019, Covid19, the Wuhan or Chinese corona virus, SARS CoV2-19.“First principles. Simplicity”H. Robert Silverstein, MD, FACCThis corona virus CoV2-19 is a RNA virus (as opposed ta DNA virus) with 30 proteins that is brand new. A human cell has 20,000 different proteins. Being an RNA virus, it is similar to hepatitis C; it is not a DNA virus like hepatitis B. There are 200 viruses that can cause the common cold and several of these are corona viruses. That specific genetic RNA fact will affect anti-viral treatment decisions. It was detected by its having a new genetic sequence as recognized by GenBank—it may have been around for a thousand years, but it is just now discovered. The Chinese symbol for it is pronounced “wayG” and means both “crisis” and “opportunity”: two sides of the same coin. The first known novel and important coronavirus was called SARS = severe acute respiratory syndrome. There are only 2 known previous serious corona virus versions: SARS and Middle East respiratory syndrome = MERS.This Covid19/CoV2-19 corona virus is named for its site of origin as was the Ebola (a river in Zaire), German measles, Rocky Mount spotted fever, Norovirus, Spanish flu, etc. Symptoms are initially fever (50%) and later 90%, dry cough, mild shortness of breath, malaise, headache, but usually not a runny nose, diarrhea or vomiting. X-RAY/thin slice CT scan findings show “ground glass” bilaterally in both lungs, no lymphadenopathy, effusions, or pneumothorax. 80% of non-severe CoV2-19 cases have normal chest X-rays or CT scans. Symptoms develop on average 5 days after exposure. Onset to recovery is 12-32 days. High risk is the presence of high blood pressure, a d-dimer blood test greater than 1, and having an adverse SOFA sepsis score. One is safe 3 days after no fever + resolved respiratory symptoms + improved chest CT scan + 2 negative PCR tests separated by 1 day. Viral shedding can occur for up to 37 days after onset of symptoms. Viral RNA can persist in the blood for up to 29 days and does not correlate with symptoms.Although the Chinese are currently stating that the virus originated in the United States, almost certainly it originated in either what is called a live market where wild and animals are sold for food in the Wuhan, China, or the virus escaped the research Wuhan National Biosafety Laboratory close to Wuhan, China. Currently 80% of pharmaceuticals are manufactured abroad, mainly in China and India. Industrial rare earth metals are predominantly from China.Here is a link to what life is like in Wuhan as of today:What is it like inside the quarantine zone in Wuhan City?There is no prior experience with this current CoV2-19 virus and it spreads easily. 95+% of the Chinese population did not contract the virus. In China, infectivity has decreased from 2 to 3 other people per infected case to 1.5 per case now. Incubation is 2 to 11 days, for an average of five days. A cough can send infected droplets 15 feet. A sneeze can send infected droplets 25 feet. The virus can live in the air for three hours, on wet surfaces for three days, after 45 minutes the viral count is reduced by half on copper, 24 hours on cardboard, and 3 days on plastic or the half life is 5 hours on stainless steel. The virus count decreases by half every 7 hours on plastic so that by day 2 there is only 1/100th of the original viral count on plastic. The first known USA case was 1/20/20. Infectivity doubles every five days. In China with their strong quarantine and isolation procedures, new cases have slowed to a trickle. South Korea has been the best and most effective country in dealing with this infection by using strong quarantine and GPS tracking of contacts: “acceptance of surveillance.” South Korea has drive-through testing which is ramping up in the USA. Unfortunately, South Korea, Hong Kong and Taiwan are seeing a second wave of CoV2-19 infections as infected returnees come back to these areas.As reported by Anthony Fauci, MD, Chief of the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Infectious Disease section, the current influenza virus is 0.1% lethal and this CoV2-19 virus is 1% lethal, ONLY 5% will need the ICU.As of 3/20/20, there are 330 million Americans, 15,000 known cases of CoV2-19, and 217 have died from this disease. Worldwide there are 272,000 reported cases, 82,000 have recovered, and there are 11,000 deaths. Most of those in the USA were elderly nursing home residents in Washington state. In the USA there are 500,000 flu hospitalizations per YEAR, and 35,000 flu deaths per YEAR. Pneumonia is known as “the old man’s friend” and is the usual cause of death for CoV2-19. 7500 Americans die of all causes every DAY normally. 127 have died so far in France as of 3/16/20 with its much smaller population of 67 million, compared to the USA = 330.000,000General suggestions and thoughts are at the bottom of this note.An excellent website to follow the virus world-wide is by 17-year-old self-taught prodigy Avi Schiffman: Coronavirus Dashboard . Johns Hopkins University website is also excellent. Johns Hopkins Coronavirus Resource Center For optimism, check out the twitter of a garbage man whose handle I lost: it had 3 letters in caps at the end.A fine source of information & perspective on CoV2-19 is Harvard's infectious disease specialist Dr. Lindsey R. Baden of Brigham and Women’s Hospital.In 1348, the BLACK PLAGUE killed 1/3 to 1/2 of the world’s population. That was due to the bacteria Pasteurella or Yersina pestis carried by the rat flea. As a further sense of perspective, the SWINE FLU H1N1 virus of 2009-2010 originated in Mexico when there was an open Southern USA border during the Obama administration era. Should the border have been closed immediately? That is uncertain since the 2 nations were already so connected. The Swine Flu virus was in the United States 7 months before a national emergency was called and several months after it was named a pandemic by the WHO/World Health Organization. The current national emergency was called 2 months after the virus was first here and several days after the WHO named it as a pandemic. 61 million Americans contracted the Swine Flu and 12,000 died. 34 million Americans have been affected by the 2019-2020 INFLUENZA virus. 400,000 have been hospitalized and 35,000 have died.” In 2015, Ian Goldin, an Oxford University professor, warned in his book "The Butterfly Defect" about the risks of a global pandemic in a modern, interdependent world” no government[h1] , including that of the USA, listened.Travel bans have been set up by Saudi Arabia, Russia, Poland, Kenya, Morocco, Argentina, Brazil, Canada, Denmark, and others as well as the quite appropriately and early on, the USA beginning on 1/31/20. That early quarantine was supported by the NIH’s infectious disease chief Dr A. Fauci. The virus is in 110 countries.The Israeli company MIGAL says it has a vaccine that will be finalized in three weeks and ready for distribution in 90 days. J Craig Venter, the team leader who first sequenced the human genome and an originator of chromosome insertion has his own California institute that in all probability more quickly than anyone else in the USA will develop an efficient CoV2-19 testing and the relevant & an effective CoV2-19 vaccine. Distirbuted Bio/Dr Jacob Glanville is developing an antibody that neutralizes the virus in 20 minutes: see also below.At the present time almost all of us feel off balance because of the inability to find out if we are (+) or (-) for the CoV2-19. There has been a general loss of joy across the United States.The stock market is responding to FUD: fear, uncertainty, doubt—all of which translates to me as anxious uncertainty. The PRESS with its model of "if it bleeds, it leads" has been acting as if its moniker is "Project Fear" which is translated as a "loss of reason and a wave of fear.” The press and media as a whole have functioned as the voice of doom avoiding the evenhandedness demonstrated by the federal government. And although I believe allowing oneself to panic is a personal responsibility, in my mind, the press and media were responsible for predisposing the susceptible to panic on a nationwide basis. People will eventually adjust out of reason and/or necessity. It is important to be careful, but not to be paranoid.Early on it was apparent that the hold up for reliable and adequate testing was caused by mistakes at the CDC (Center for Disease Control) and specifically virologist and chief there Robert Redfield, MD—had he and his predecessors not learned, started preparing after Ebola, SARS, and MERS what preparedness was needed?!?!. He and the previous Bush and Obama CDC people were responsible for the current lack of preparedness and for not having the necessary vision to understand what was happening and what the appropriate response should be. Old and outdated legislation empowering the CDC has been swiftly and correctly discarded by the current administration. Those rules held back allowing cities, states, and the private market to independently create their own testing. Moreover, the tests that were available from the CDC had a technical flaw and proved unreliable. Now that the President has joined hands with industry; the Roche pharmaceutical company in particular has developed a simplified and automated technology that will increase testing from 30 to 1,000 tests per day and Roche will be quickly able to upscale its production and distribution of this simpler and accurate CoV2-19 virus testing. Independent test development by D S Chugh, MD, of Washington state allowed the recognition of the first case of coronavirus/CoV2-19 which, remarkably, was in a teenager--as it is now felt that they are relatively immune to the serious consequences of CoV2-19. Initially she was held back by the CDC and eventually decided on her own to correctly develop accurate testing by NOT adhering to CDC guidelines. The proper sample culture areas are nasopharyngeal, oropharyngeal, and sputum, but not urine, blood, or stool. Companies that are making test kits: GeneMatrix, Chembiao Diagnostics, Hologic, GenMark, Integrated DNA, Pharma Mar, GeneMatix, Thermo Fisher. 3M is scaling up N95 face masks.From elsewhere: “A State Department official ignored a presidential order to hold returnees from China overseas in quarantine. Worse, due to a 1938 regulation, inattention and foot dragging in the CDC, the bureaucrats there and in prior administrations, the CDC was not prepared and actually, hindered a faster response. ...officials at the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) stymied private and academic development of diagnostic tests that might have provided an early warning and a head start on controlling the epidemic that is now spreading across the country. …the CDC required that public health officials could only use the diagnostic test designed by the agency. That test released on February 5 turned out to be badly flawed. The CDC’s insistence on a top-down centralized testing regime greatly slowed down the process of disease detection as the infection rate was accelerating. … On February 29, the FDA finally agreed to unleash America’s vibrant biotech companies and academic labs by allowing them to develop and deploy new tests for the coronavirus that causes COVID-19.”Quoting the New York Post:“Overregulation of diagnostic testing has played a major role in this delay... Test protocols using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) were publicly available shortly after Chinese researchers published (or described) the sequence of the virus in mid-January. The World Health Organization (WHO) used a freely available German procedure to create a test kit, shipping 250,000 tests to 159 laboratories worldwide. … CDC testing criteria have precluded recognizing community spread because of requirements stipulating recent travel to China or exposure to an infected person. Adherence to these guidelines delayed testing in the first probable case of community transmission… The FDA has not allowed the experienced and highly skilled professionals at public-health, academic and commercial laboratories to set up their own laboratory developed tests (LDTs), and no manufactured test kits have been authorized for sale in the US. In Europe, several companies, at least one US-based, have regulatory approval to sell test kits there.”In the American population there are 950,000 hospital beds, 45,000 ICU beds and 150,000 available in ventilators. Entrance is gained to the human body via a protrusion on the virus’s outside cover that attaches to an enzyme called ACE2 in the human body. Interestingly that is an enzyme that is blocked in the treatment of high blood pressure; it has been reported that patients who are on a related blocker called an “ARB” such as losartan are resistant to the CoV2-19 virus infection.“Pipeline: Investigations therapies fo COVID-19/CoV2-19.Diana Ernst, RPh MPR March 11, 2020Currently, there are no antivirals licensed by the FDA to treat patients with COVID-19. While no specific treatment for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is currently available, several therapies are being investigated globally.AntiviralsAbbVie: the Company is collaborating with select health authorities and institutions to determine the antiviral activity of lopinavir/ritonavir (Kaletra) against COVID-19.AIM ImmunoTech: developing Ampligen, a broad-spectrum antiviral that will be tested as a potential treatment for COVID-19 in Japan. A significant survival effect was observed in a trial evaluating mice infected with the earlier Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) coronavirus.Gilead: developing remdesivir, a broad-spectrum antiviral agent that is being investigated in a double-blinded, placebo-controlled study sponsored by the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, part of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). In addition, Gilead is initiating two phase 3 trials to evaluate the safety and efficacy of remdesivir in adults diagnosed with COVID-19, following a rapid review and acceptance by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) of the investigational new drug filing for the novel antiviral.Chloroquine or hydroxychloroquine combined with azithromycin initially seems quite effective in CoV2-19 treatment. The HIV protease inhibitors ritonavir and lopinavir are ineffective for CoV219Immunotherapies and Other Investigational TherapiesDistributed Bio/Dr Jacob Glanville: using computational-guided immunoengineering to create an antibody that neutralizes the virus in 20 minutesAlgernon Pharmaceuticals: developing ifenprodil, an N-methyl-d-aspartate (NDMA) receptor glutamate receptor antagonist, which is being prepared for US clinical trials for COVID-19 based on results of an animal study that showed the investigational therapy significantly reduced acute lung injury and improved survivability in H5N1 infected mice.CEL-SCI: developing an immunotherapy using LEAPS, a patented T cell modulation peptide epitope delivery technology, to stimulate protective cell-mediated T cell responses and reduce viral load.Innovation Pharmaceuticals: developing brilacidin, a defensin-mimetic, that mimics the human innate immune system and causes disruption of the membrane of pathogens, leading to cell death. It has already been tested in humans in phase 2 trials for other indications.Mesoblast Limited: investigating remestemcel-L, an allogeneic mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) product candidate, as a treatment for patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome caused by COVID-19. Remestemcel-L, which is comprised of culture-expanded MSCs derived from the bone marrow of an unrelated donor, is administered in a series of intravenous infusions and is believed to have immunomodulatory properties to counteract inflammatory processes.Q BioMed: partnering with Mannin Research to develop a potential treatment that addresses vascular leakage and endothelial dysfunction, which may potentially help patients with severe cases of COVID-19.Takeda: developing an anti-SARS-CoV-2 polyclonal hyperimmune globulin (H-IG) to treat high-risk individuals with COVID-19 (TAK-888). Pathogen-specific antibodies from plasma will be collected from recovered patients (or vaccinated donors in the future) and will be transferred to sick patients to improve the immune response to the infection and increase the chance of recovery.Tiziana: developing TZLS-501, which has been shown to rapidly deplete circulating levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6) in the blood, a key driver of chronic inflammation. Excessive production of IL-6 is believed to be associated with severe lung damage observed with COVID-19 infections.VaccinesAltimmune Inc: developing a single-dose, intranasal vaccine against COVID-19 using its proprietary NasoVAX technology. The vaccine is moving toward animal testing.Applied DNA Sciences: collaborating with Takis Biotech to develop a DNA vaccine candidate using PCR-based DNA (“LinearDNA”) manufacturing systems; preclinical testing in animals are expected to begin in the second quarter of 2020.Codagenix Inc: co-developing a live-attenuated vaccine with the Serum Institute of India using viral deoptimization.GlaxoSmithKline: collaborating with Clover Biopharmaceuticals to develop a protein-based coronavirus vaccine candidate (COVID-19 S-Trimer) using Clover’s proprietary technology (Timer-Tag©) and combining it with GSK’s pandemic adjuvant system.Inovio Pharmaceuticals: developing a DNA vaccine (INO-4800) to address COVID-19; human trials to begin in the US in April.Johnson & Johnson: partnering with the Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority (BARDA) to develop a vaccine using Janssen’s AdVac® and PER.C6® technology, which provide the ability to rapidly upscale production of an optimal vaccine candidate.Moderna Inc: vials of the Company’s mRNA vaccine (mRNA-1273) have been shipped to the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases to be used in a phase 1 study in the US.Novavax: currently evaluating multiple recombinant nanoparticle vaccine candidates in animal models; initiation of phase 1 testing is expected in late spring of 2020. The COVID-19 vaccine candidates will likely include the saponin-based Matrix-M™ adjuvant to enhance immune responses.Sanofi: collaborating with BARDA to develop a vaccine using Sanofi’s recombinant DNA platform. The DNA sequence encoding the antigen will be combined into the DNA of the baculovirus expression platform and used to produce large quantities of the coronavirus antigen which will be formulated to stimulate the immune system to protect against the virus.*This list is not all inclusive. Updates will be made as more information becomes available.”Israelis moving quickly to get out a COVID19 VACCINE0By Howard Richman 3/15/20“Israeli scientists at the MIGAL Galilee Research Institute had worked for four years and had successfully developed a Coronavirus vaccine for chickens which passed clinical trials. When they saw the genetic sequencing of the COVID-19 virus, they realized that they could quickly adapt their chicken vaccine to the human virus. Ella Dagan, a spokesman for MIGAL told Europorter:When the genetic sequence of the new coronavirus COVID-19 was published, the researchers realized that the two viruses have the same infection mechanism similarities so they can use it, with small amount of adaptation, to achieve an effective human vaccine in a very short period of time.Dr. Shahar, one of the scientists told NoCamels - Israeli Tech and Innovation News:It’s a little bit like fate that we were working on this coronavirus vaccine at the same time that the world was suddenly hit by this epidemic of coronavirus for humans.MIGAL created its vaccine by synthesizing two proteins. Unlike vaccines that are created by injecting a dead or weakened disease-causing virus, there is little danger that synthetic virus protein segments) will give patients a disease.Its vaccine creates antibodies in the mucosal immune system of the body which consists of thin permeable barriers to infection in the lungs, gut, eyes, nose, throat, uterus, and vagina. Dr. Chen Katz, MIGAL’s biotechnology group leader, gave Europorter a detailed cellular-level description of how MIGAL’s vaccine works:The scientific framework for the vaccine is based on a new protein expression vector, which forms and secretes a chimeric soluble protein that delivers the viral antigen into mucosal tissues by self-activated endocytosis (a cellular process in which substances are brought into a cell by surrounding the material with cell membrane, forming a vesicle containing the ingested material), causing the body to form antibodies against the virus.Israel’s Minister of Science and Technology, Ofir Akunis, is expediting the human vaccine through Israel’s approval process. According to Eureporter:The minister has instructed the Director General of the Ministry of Science and Technology to fast-track all approval processes with the goal of bringing the human vaccine to market as quickly as possible.Dr. Katz of MIGAL told Times of Israel that Israel’s approval process only involves about two months of actual testing:The clinical testing experiments themselves are not so long, and we can complete them in 30 days, plus another 30 days for human trials. Most of the time is bureaucracy -- regulation and paperwork.CEO David Zigdon of MIGAL told Europorter that MIGDAL’s goal is to get their vaccine approved in just three months:Given the urgent global need for a human Coronavirus vaccine, we are doing everything we can to accelerate development. Our goal is to produce the vaccine during the next 8-10 weeks, and to achieve safety approval in 90 days.There are at least two American COVID-19 vaccines in the works:1. Moderna Therapeutics has developed a synthetic virus made from mRNA and has gotten it approved by NIAID (National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases) for testing with human subjects. Those tests won’t begin until April.2. Regeneron Pharmaceuticals will soon have a treatment that will serve as a vaccine for those who don't have coronavirus and a treatment for those who do. They will inject corona virus antibodies directly into the bloodstream instead of relying upon a vaccine to create those antibodies. They used a similar treatment to prevent and cure Ebola.The Israeli government could approve the Israeli vaccine in as little as three months. President Trump may have to intervene in order to get NIAID moving just as fast with an American vaccine.”Here are some of the Preventive Medicine Center positions: these are based on fact, judgment, reasoning, and experience.Avoid MILK-DAIRY products 100 (100!!!) %. My belief is that ANY MILK-DAIRY thickens the mucus reducing clearance of the invading virus, allowing it to “settle in and invade.” A single drop begins this allergic type adverse pathway. It is 100% milk-dairy avoidance or as you choose. SWEETS including dried fruits, and juices except Pom Wonderful pomegranate juice function as sweets = sugar = reduce/immobilize immune functioning at multiple levels. Basically, consume an organic unprocessed whole foods diet, ideally “macrobiotic” grains-vegetables-beans-fruit-nuts-seeds = GVBfns. See the Preventive Medicine Center website for general wellness information + this paper + how to prevent and or reverse high blood pressure, diabetes, open heart surgery, angioplasty, high triglycerides, overweight at the 95+% level.Read Bill Spear’s Primer on Macrobiotics: William Spear. For cooking, rely on “The Changing Seasons Cookbook” making 1 recipe EXACTLY according to directions-avoid as many processed foods and wheat products as possible therein. Take the book with you to the natural food store to be sure to get the exact ingredients in that one recipe. Miso soup with kombu, millet + cauliflower, scallions and daikon, brown rice with pickled shiso. Live refrigerated sauerkraut. “Cough Sync” is a newly developed tool for aspirating thick lung secretions more effectively. CLEANING solutions: 4 teaspoons of bleach in a quart of water, 0.125% peroxide, 80% ethanol, and 75% isopropyl alcohol.Medicine and supplement considerations to be specifically decided between you and your physician: take supplements daily for the first 2 weeks and then 5 DAYS A WEEK thereafter. Chew gum to keep your throat lubricated in order to “wash out” the virus. For colds or CoV2-19: the PMC position is to take vitamin C 500 mg 3 times a day, vitamin D3 5.000 units a day 5 days a week, Immune Renew 2 twice a day (Host Defense & OM manufacterers) also have beta glucan immune stimulating products, as is Brewer’s yeast). AHCC 2 twice a day (as just said, 5 days a week) is the top selling supplement in Japan. Manuka honey has anti-bacterial and possibly anti-viral properties. Pau d’arco is an herbal anti-inflammatory as is curcumin. Berberine, spirulina, glucosamine. Singulair (montelukast) is a lung leukotriene inhibitor that reduces lung inflammation and is worth considering in the armamentarium. If you are taking high blood pressure medication, try to have that be an ARB (angiotensin receptor blocker such as losartan). If on cholesterol lowering medicine, Livalo/pitavastatin seems more beneficial than Crestor/rosuvastatin or Lipitor/atorvastatin. Personally, my guess is that the gout treatment medication allopurinol would be helpful for serious CoV2-19 infectionAn excellent air purifier company: Sun Pure Ultra Sun SP-20 C Portable Air Purifier. Dulera inhaler for bronchial cough issues. Zantac (or Pepcid as famotidine once daily)+ Zyrtec (for complete histamine blockade) twice a day for nasal congestion. Fish oil is a generally anti-inflammatory: Carlson’s Cod Liver Oil (2 teaspoons = “a swig”) once or twice a day. Elderberry capsules for further immune enhancement. For a bothersome cough for my patients I recommend elderberry syrup 2 tsp 3 times a day. Generic Robitussin DM 2 tsp 3 times a day as necessary only for bothersome cough. For chest issues, the glutathione supporting antioxidant NAC 600 mg 2 or 3 a day. If there is a deep cough, in order to prevent scarring due to fibrosis/scarring consider taking serrapeptase 2 three times a day. If there is bacterial invasion in the lungs and pneumonia development, antibiotics should be chosen based on sensitivity: if treatment is begun without a culture, doxycycline or azithromycin would be my antibiotics of choice as they has an anti-inflammatory effect. Read the 2020 Progress in Cardiovascular Diseases article by Mark McCarty & J DiNicolantonio regarding nutraceuticals inhibiting NOX2, thereby stimulating type 1 interferon response via Toll Receptor 7 (TLR7). HO-1 (heme oxygenase-1) enhancement to treat RNA viruses. Discussed/“recommended” in that article are alpha lipoic acid, sulforaphane, ferulic acid, resveratrol, spirulina (phycocyanobilin). EGCG as capsules or as green tea, with white tea for its high antioxidant content.---H. Robert Silverstein, MD, FACCMedical Director, Preventive Medicine Center1000 Asylum Avenue #2109Hartford, CT 06105(860) 549-3444 or (800) 789-PREV fax (860) 549-3569Preventive Medicine Center[h1]---H. Robert Silverstein, MD, FACCMedical Director, Preventive Medicine Center1000 Asylum Avenue #2109Hartford, CT 06105(860) 549-3444 or (800) 789-PREV fax (860) 549-3569Preventive Medicine Center