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Red CountryThe year is 2017. My name is Lachlan. As I go back in time, I try to make sense of the last couple of decades standing behind me. I'm heading fast to my 50th. Quite a date. Half a century! I know, I know, it's all spurious. Two hands, five fingers each; ten in total. Twentyfour hours in a day, 365 days in a year. It would all be different if we had descended from the birds, or evolved in a different planet. But, still. Half a century is a dry gulp for a man to swallow. As dry as the air I breathed day in, day out for the last fifteen years at the Pilbara mines in the outback of Western Australia. At this day and age, being a half-centenarian is hardly a big deal. Fifty is the new forty, right? I've got mates my age running ultramarathons and doing 10km ocean swims over in Bondi, that look like they're straight out of cereal commercial. But not me. I was spent. I don't look a day older than sixty. The outback sun and hot air are killers. They suck you dry. There are more lines on my f ace than on a high-definition screen.But, I'm not here to talk about me. My story is not special. It's one of many. We all went through this together. We all jumped onto the same bandwagon together, and eventually got run over and crushed by it together. In this sense, this as much my story as any of my fellow mates. We all had our losses. For me it was wife and family. But, I was lucky. For others, that was it; no more. The one thing we all lost together was our country. And we didn't even have it for long; a little over a couple hundred years. We dug it inside out, till eventually it was all gone. How did we end up here? It wasn't long ago that I had traded my city slick journo job at the Herald to drive trucks the size of mammoths in the mines.It wasn't exactly a dream job, but, mate, the money that was to be made digging dirt at that time was unbelievable! And with property prices going through the roof in Australia, a man had to do what a man had to do to feed and shelter his family. That's what I did as a political journo anyway, so not much change there. Just different kind of dirt. Especially that I covered state politics in NSW. The desert dirt was probably cleaner. Or so I thought.Mining doesn't require a whole lot of brain matter, you know? Unless of course you're working as a geologist or a mining engineer. But driving a tractor up and down the pit ain't no rocket science. Especially now that much of it is all mechanised and automated. So the mind is left to its own devices, and starts to wonder. Where was it all going? What was to be of it? Yes, yes, to the steel mills of China. I knew that. Everyone did. But, what that meant for us was as bewildering as it was mysterious. I knew of the Great Recession or the GFC, i.e. the Global Financial Crisis, as we called it in Australia, but only because I read the news. For all I could tell, times were good. Let me rephrase that. Times were great! Business was booming. The Chinese appetite for iron ore was insatiable. No wonder! One point three trillion people is an unfathomable number to build apartment units for. At least for us in Australia. A couple of decades ago, we were less than twenty million. China was sixtyfive times bigger. That's a lot of highrises to be built! At the beginning of the decade, for a moment people despaired of the sheer number of empty apartments in China. Sixty-eight million empty units, imagine that! It's comical now, in hindsight, to talk of a property bubble in China. Now we know what that was all about, but not then. Except, of course, the Chinese Politburo. They knew exactly what they were up to. Hard to see all that when you have your head buried in the sand, though. Literally! But, as the days ticked past, I would still notice the fluctuations of my daily routine. It wasn't hard. It was all very real; very tangible. Ten tons, eleven tons, nine tons... It's amazing how the human brain is wired to read patterns into things. Stock prices, temperatures, lines on one's hand, tea leaves... iron ore volumes. They had to mean something. Those changes had to have a reason. Otherwise, our days were wasted. Our lives were hollow. We were just soldier ants, ferreting dirt back and forth. No, there had to be a reason. And I kept looking for it. After all, I still had it in me. The bright and bold investigative journalist that I once was hadn't left me entirely.Life at the mines wasn't the most stimulating. Now we have plenty of technology to keep ourselves busy and connected, but when I started at the mines, some fifteen years ago, it was pretty early days for internet in Australia. We still didn't have NBN, the National Broadband Network. It was all satellite. That was junk! Pretty impossible to hold a skype video call. So I only got to see the mrss. and the kids once every 23 weeks. And only for a weekend! That's not to say that those weekends were heaven either. There was so much anticipation, so much anxiety built up by the separation over those weeks, that when we did all meet, after a brief moment of silent and giddy reunion, all hell would break loose. Everyone would be dissatisfied about something. Kids fighting amongst themselves; they wifey giving me the word about something I wasn't doing quite right, and about how unappreciated she felt. What an emotional rollercoaster it was! But, somehow, we persevered. We reasoned it was temporary, and necessary to save enough to afford our own place in this land. See, house prices started taking off in Australia, and especially in Sydney, around 2000, when we got married. By the time we were no longer playing the rent around dinkies game in Balmain, with two kids to feed and shelter, the Sydney property market had gone through the roof. House affordability was on everyone's mouth[1]. Adding insult to in jury, journo salaries got smashed by offshore outsourcing and online media[2]. That was it, no choice. When I was eventually made redundant, the penny dropped that we career I had chosen and studied for at Sydney Uni was over. So we bitt he bullet and packed our bags to Perth. Not that moving to Perth was such an ominous destiny. It’s not Sydney, that’s for sure. But it’s sunnier, and less congested. At that time, property in Perth was a lot more affordable than in Sydney, and would be much closer Kim’s family in Nanjing. All stars were aligned west, and west we went.Of course, by the time we had saved enough for a deposit, five years later in 2008, the Perth market had skyrocketed. If we thought house prices in Sydney were high, Perth prices were on zylox! It was beyond silly. Obviously it was a reflection of the mining rush China had sponsored all around the world. The simple metric for all that was BHP’s stock price. At that time, the Anglo-Australian miner was the world’s largest. BHP’s stock had been trading around $11 at the NYSE for over a decade spite of booms and busts at the NASDAQ . Then , in , on a fatidic 3 Jul 2003, it turned a corner. On that day, the whole resources industry turned a corner, and never looked back. BHP went from $11.51 at the close of trading on 3 Jul 2003 to $95 on 16 May 2008. That’s over 700% growth in less than 5 years! An average fifty-four percent a year!! No wonder everything was going up in prices around Perth. Everyone and their dog was heading to the mi nes, and there were no shortage of jobs. Washing dishes paid $2,000 a week! Even McDonald’s was struggling to compete, and started offering to cover FIFO (fly in, fly out) costs[3]. I had to move up in the food chain, if we were ever to get ahead of the market. And so I started training on the tractors.That was about when it hit us. Like an abrupt gust, all of a sudden everything was gone. Jobs, people, plans and dreams. China had pulled the plug. It had put a hold on all purchases. We weren’t quite sure what was happening at the time. Had the Pagoda collapsed? The news were all speculation and no fact, even from within China. Those were some very long three months. The uncertainty was torture; Chinese torture. My family was no longer used to cohabiting with me. Worst of all, I wasn’t used to sharing my space with them either. It was one thing coming over for short visits weekends, but not being able to fully kick back and relax day after day drove me insane. Kim was now used to running the house her way, and my presence there while not being under her motherly authority sure made her uncomfortable. She never mentioned it, but I could tell. Instead, it all came through as snappy remarks which had out of nowehere adopted the colouring of a cultural clash. Perhaps, it wasn’t ‘out of nowhere’. Perhaps she had it bottled inside her all along, and now it was finally coming through. And it was coming in tsunami waves. See, when Kim moved to Australia for her studies, she was that shy, young Chinese girl with broken English, fragile limbs and soft skin. This was at a time that China was nowhere near the superpower that it became. China was a joke! It was the last man standing in a post Perestroika era among other luminaries su ch as North Korea, Vietnam, Laos and Cuba. The Chinese had none of the air of importance they breathe now. They came to Australia in droves to study here, and learn English, so they could eventually get a job and a life in the US. Many of them stayed. Kim was one of them. In fact, Kim is not even her real name. They all adopted English sounding names before coming over. Afraid of inconveniencing us with their 1,600 unique syllables, they dumbed themselves down to fit in. But, no more. Try mispronouncing someone’s Mandarin name now!When ships loaded with iron ore started hitting the Chinese ports, it all came into perspective. The ships read ‘Vale Brasil’. They were all valemaxes, the largest bulk carriers ever built. Vale, Brazil’s mining giant, had these custom built by the South Korean Daewoo[4]. These are classed as VLOCs, Very Large Ore Carriers, and carry over 400,000 DWT (deadweight tons), 10% more than its predecessor, the Norwegian Berge Stahl[5]. The sole purpose of having the vessels was to reduce shipping costs to China to an even level with Australia[6]. And it did it in style, being the the first ship to ever receive NorShipping's Clean Ship Award[7].China had Australia cornered. Through those crazy noughty years, Australia caught a serious case of ‘Dutch disease’ (the term was coined in 1977 by The Economist to describe the decline of the manufacturing sector in the Netherlands after the discovery of a large natural gas field in 1959). Australia had completely deindustrialised itself. Some believed it had become a service economy, but the truth is that those services, mainly financial services, were simply ancillary to the mining sector, and the labour it employed. It became a monoculture at the service of a single client. China became our biggest trade partner in 2007, surpassing Japan and the US, our traditional partners until then. As the US economy dug itself into an ever deeper hole, and Japan’s already fragile economy became increasingly more vulnerable after a series of unfortunate natural disasters that hit its shores and landmass, we were left to our own devices up against the largest nation ever in human history. It was a biblical case of David and Goliath, but I’m afraid we weren't quite as lucky or skilled as Hebrew David.We should have seen it coming. I mean, c’mon! If you knew you were the sole buyer of a given supplier, while having the option of buying from other competing buyers, wouldn’t you want to squeeze him? You’d be daft not to. It’s not a matter of cruelty; it’s sovereignty. Sovereignty and national security. Not much more than a decade ago, China still had about two hundred million people living on less than $1.25 a day. That was six hundred million better than what it was in the early 1980s, but still… two hundred million! That’s still a lot of people!! It was two thirds of the American population, and ten times ours!! When you have this many people in need, no use of market power is abusive. This has a name in economic theory: it’s called monopsony. To think we ever presumed to teach commerce to the Chinese! To the Chinese?! To the Chinese!! You gotta be kidding me! The Chinese have the longest unbroken mercantile tradition of all nations. They invent ed paper money for God’s sake! And fourteen hundred years ago!! Marco Polo was so mesmerised by what he saw there five hundred years later, that he wrote a whole chapter just on paper money. And it still took Europe another five hundred years to adopt it! It took a full millennium for Europe to catch up to the Chinese on this most simple of all financial technologies!! And we were going to teach them commerce??Some people actually called it. Ernst & Young released a report in March 2011 saying that China h ad ‘shifted its strategic direction’ towards Brazil, Ecuador and other parts of Africa, and away from Australia, for its iron ore requirements. Truth be told, the Chinese had gripes accumulating with us, especially at BHP, for a long time. "BHP Billiton ha s had a frosty relationship with China over the past 2½ years. Some Beijing officials and executives blamed BHP's lobbying for helping to scuttle the 2009 Rio Tinto and Chinalco joint venture deal, which would have been China's most ambitious mining venture[8]. At that time, the Chinese are started to show their hand: "CHINA'S giant stateowned companies are becoming frustrated with delays in commissioning projects in Australia amid "unrealistic expectations of how quickly you can get th ings done", says BHP Billiton chief executive Marius Kloppers"[9]. And the Chinese Politburo had more than one reason to want to take down BHP: "BHP offered to swap China info with USWikileaks"[10]. Earlier, the whole acquisition, rather dispute was about the merger of Rio by BHP: "China has started an anti-monopoly review on a proposed iron ore joint venture between mining giants BHP Billiton and Rio Tinto amid growing tensions over pricing."[11].Then, for those watching closely, the weather changed when Dilma Rousseff, Brazil’s then president, spent a week in China, and it wasn’t for the yum cha. Dilma and Hu Jintao are all lovey dovey, and China doesn't need to offer much more than buying a fe w airplanes to get Brazil on board: "Presidents Hu Jintao of China and Dilma Rousseff of Brazil signed a joint statement Tuesday urging deeper cooperation between the emerging powers. The countries also announced a series of commercial agreements, notably the sale of aircraft from Empresa Brasileira de Aeronautica SA, or Embraer, to Chinese companies."[12]But China’s ultimate goal wasn’t iron ore, as it later became evident. That was just a pillar of our house of cards. The crown jewel we re the REEs, the rare earth elements. Rare earths are used in high-tech equipment. A lot of it is in Greenland, but much of it is also in Australia.Up until then, China produced 95% of it, but that’s just because their processing has environmental implications,leading producers to hunt for regulatory arbitrage[13] in less regulated or more easily corruptible jurisdictions. Lynas, the only Australian rare earth miner has been given approval from the Foreign Inves tment Regulatory Board (FIRB) to receive Japanese funding[14]. This is a proxy battle between China and Japan that remounts to WWII[15]. The FIRB is a key element in our story, as it is the part of the Australian government that works as a gateway for foreign investment in Australia. It has repeatedly curbed China from taking over the country[16]. There is even a wikileaks story on this[17].Rare earth cerium is actually the 25th most abundant element in the Earth's crust, having 68 parts per million (about as common as copper). Only the highly unstable and radioactive promethium "rare earth" is quite scarce. REEs are often found together. The longest lived isotope of promethium has a half life of 17.7 years, so the element only exists in nature in negligible amounts (approximately 572 g in the entire Earth's crust). Promethium is one of the two elements that do not have stable (non radioactive) isotopes and are followed by (i.e. with stable elements, i.e. higher atomic number). Due to lanthanide contraction, yttrium, which is trivalent, is of similar ionic size to dysprosium and its lanthanide neighbours. Due to the relatively gradual decrease in ionic size with increasing atomic number, the rare earth elements have always been difficult to separate. Even with eons of geological time, geochemical separation of the lanthanides has only rarely progressed much farther than a broad separation between light versus heavy lanthanides, otherwise known as the cerium and yttrium earths. Yttria was discovered in 1794 and ceria in 1803. As originally found, each comprised the entire mixture of the associated earths. Rare earth minerals, as found, usually are dominated by one group or the other, depending upon which size range best fits the structural lattice. Thus, among the anhydrous rare earth phosphates, it is the tetragonal mineral xenotime that incorporates yttrium earths, whereas the monoclinic monazite phase incorporates cerium earths preferentially. The smaller size of the yttrium group allows it a greater solid solubility in the rock forming minerals that comprise the Earth's mantle, and thus yttrium earths show less enrichment in the Earth's crust relative to chondritic abundance, than do cerium earths. This has economic consequences: large ore bodies of the cerium earths are known around the world, and are being exploited. Corresponding ore bodies for yttrium tend to be rarer, smaller, and less concentrated. Most of the current supply of yttrium originates in the "ion adsorption clay" ores of Southern China. Some versions provide concentrates containing about 65% yttrium oxide, with the heavy lanthanides being present in ratios reflecting the Oddo Harkins rule: even abundances of about 5% each, and odd-numbered heavy lanthanides at numbered lanthanides at abundances of about 1% each. Similar compositions are found in xenotime or gadolinite. China ’s strategy to lay its hands on Australia’s REE deposits was Sun Tsu at its best. By cutting off Australia’s life support, China demolished its currency, and made all Australian assets cheap as chinky chips. Why Australia? Y es, it had the REE, but Brazil also had stuff China wanted. Brazil was and still is the largest exporter of soybeans and beef on the planet. It has its own problems with social inequality and weakness of institutions. But, Guido Mantega, the Brazilian phil osopher turned Finance Minister of then called the game early on. He is the one who coined the term ‘currency war’[18]. At the time, he wasn’t referring as much to China as he was to the US and Europe, who were devaluing their currencies at an ever increasing rate to both depreciate their debts and protect their industries. Brazil, having been a victim of extractivism by Portugal throughout its colonial past, and later of industrial imperialism first by Britain, and later by the US, sure as hell wasn’t going to let itself be raped again . Yes, China was also its largest customer, but it made sure it didn’t put all the eggs in the same century basket. We didn’t. Come to think of it, we were always a bit naïve, a bit sheltered. You can only be ‘the lucky country’ for so long. Sooner or later the world was going to catch up with you. For a while distance protected us. It isolated us, but it also protected us. Transp ort and information technologies changed all that. Coming and communicating with Australia became increasingly easy. This was a great sea changer for us, for the better, as many of us still had long lasting ties to the UK. But, in with the good, also came the bad. Telecommunication technology not only meant that we could chat with our families longer and more often, but it also meant that the Australian currency and assets became more easily tradeable. Trade automation completely eliminated any sand that To bin had left in the gearbox. This meant that the AUD could be at par with the USD at noon, and the country’s financial sector suddenly insolvent by the end of the lunch hour . And that’s exactly what happened.Footnotes[1] http://www.theage.com.au/business/property/australia-faces-housing-affordability-time-bomb-developer-20100317-qdii.html (http://www.theage.com.au/business/property/australia-faces-housing-affordability-time-bomb-developer-20100317-qdii.html) [2] http://www.smh.com.au/business/fairfax-confirms-outsourcing-plans-with-82-jobs-to-go-20110512-1ejwh.html (http://www.smh.com.au/business/fairfax-confirms-outsourcing-plans-with-82-jobs-to-go-20110512-1ejwh.html[3] http://jobcontax.wordpress.com/2011/05/30/maccas-imports-workers-to-fill-gap-caused-by-mines/ (http://jobcontax.wordpress.com/2011/05/30/maccas-imports-workers-to-fill-gap-caused-by-mines/)[4] The Vale Brasil : The Longest Ore Carrier in the World[5] http://antipodeanmariner.blogspot.com/2011/03/vale-brasil-400000-dwt-very-large-ore.html (http://antipodeanmariner.blogspot.com/2011/03/vale-brasil-400000-dwt-very-large-ore.html[6] http://uk.reuters.com/article/2010/09/28/china-ironore-ships-idUKTOE68R03C20100928 (http://uk.reuters.com/article/2010/09/28/china-ironore-ships-idUKTOE68R03C20100928[7] Non-Existent Domain[8] http://www.theage.com.au/business/bhps-china-story-continues-20110427-1dwuc.html (http://www.theage.com.au/business/bhps-china-story-continues-20110427-1dwuc.html[9] http://www.theaustralian.com.au/business/chinas-ceos-want-action-on-mining-projects-bhp/story-e6frg8zx-1226045876688 (http://www.theaustralian.com.au/business/chinas-ceos-want-action-on-mining-projects-bhp/story-e6frg8zx-1226045876688[10] http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/02/15/wikileaks-bhpbilliton-idUSL3E7DE27I20110215 (http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/02/15/wikileaks-bhpbilliton-idUSL3E7DE27I20110215[11] http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2010/04/16/2875461.htm (http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2010/04/16/2875461.htm[12] http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748704336504576258823758492268.html (http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748704336504576258823758492268.html[13] http://www.smh.com.au/environment/climate-change/rare-earth-gold-rush-extracts-a-price-20110527-1f835.html (http://www.smh.com.au/environment/climate-change/rare-earth-gold-rush-extracts-a-price-20110527-1f835.html[14] Finance News Network[15] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanking_Massacre (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanking_Massacre[16] http://www.theaustralian.com.au/business/opinion/china-faces-mining-investment-curbs/story-e6frg9lx-1111116736126 (http://www.theaustralian.com.au/business/opinion/china-faces-mining-investment-curbs/story-e6frg9lx-1111116736126[17] Business Spectator[18] The definitive dictionary of economic, financial and business terms

Entrepreneurial is the strong desire of using the available resources to achieve somethingdifferent from the everyday things that other people have accomplished. It implies thinkingcreatively without confinement (Kirzner, 2015). Thinking creatively to achieve what seemsimpossible to accomplish. It includes creativity and innovation to create a unique product thatcan attract a large client base. It is out of the entrepreneurial knowledge and skills that aprofitable product is created. The product needs to have the ability to generate wealth thatimpacts the economy positively. Several notions are used to discuss entrepreneurship; theyinclude; behavioral idea, occupational, and the entrepreneurship that is primarily focused on thecreation of ventures for incentive gains (Audretsch et al, 2017). The behavioral entrepreneurialfocuses on the visionary of a firm to seize monetary chances from the industry they are operatingin. Occupational entrepreneurial refers to owning a personal venture (Audretsch et al., 2017).They create economic value by modifying the available resources in regions which is consideredto be of low efficiency into areas of high-profit returns, hence giving them a notable yield.Entrepreneurs are vigilant of any business opportunity, they always try to incorporatinginnovation of technology by creating a viable business (Kirzner, 2015). The three entrepreneursthat are icons in their field are Oprah Winfrey, Steve Jobs, and Walt Disney. The entrepreneurssuccessfully turned their businesses into havens. This paper will evaluate how the threeentrepreneurs successfully modified their products and became on the most successfulentrepreneurs in the world.Steve JobsSteve Jobs is the pioneer of Apple Inc. Limited. He was a social entrepreneur who hasventured into the technological world. He was birthed in the year 1955 in San Francisco. Steve’sENTREPRENEURIAL AND INNOVATION DIVERSITY 4entrepreneurial story is unique. After birth, he was abandoned by his biological parents beforebeing adopted by Clara and Paul Jobs (Fouché, Plessis, & van Niekerk, 2017). Growing up in atechnology-oriented family, Steve was always urged by his guardians Paul and Clara to examineany possible invention he could do in their garage. Steve naturally fell in love with computers,and his passion was uncontrollable. He was an excellent student who at times, topped his class.After completing his grades in California, Steve moved to Reed College in the year 1972, beforedropping out of college barely a year after joining. The few skills he learned in calligraphy whilein Reed College were the backbone of his journey to success (Fouché et al., 2017).Steve met his co-founder Steve Wozniak in the year 1971. Wozniak was a computertechnician, and his interaction with Steve Jobs was mainly catalyzed by the love of thecomputers, which Wozniak was maintaining in the labs. After a short interaction with Wozniak,Steve Jobs was hired by Atari computers where his ideas of venturing into technology were fullyimplanted. The chemistry between Wozniak and Steve jobs grew stronger, and they modifiedtheir first Apple personal computer in 1976. Steve gained fame after he invented the Apple II. Itwas a highly successful mass-produced computer that earned him wealth and recognitionglobally. Using his entrepreneurial skills, Jobs identified commercial opportunities in Apple andfully invested in by developing the famous Macintosh in 1984, which created the desktoppublishing (Wu, Wang, & Hao, 2018).Just like any other business, power wrangles were witnessed in Apple Inc. Steve Jobsopted out in 1985. He recruited some of his former business partners in Apple firm andemployed them under his new centers; NeXT. He sported a gap in production of computers forhigher learning institutions and homes. He invested in his NeXT, which started manufacturingcomputers and visual graphics for the computers. He invented first ever 3D computers that wereENTREPRENEURIAL AND INNOVATION DIVERSITY 5highly successful in terms of sales volume. The need to partner and utilize a common market sawJobs company expand its productivity after departing Apple firm partners. Within a few months,Jobs became the Chief Executive Officer (CEO) for the merged companies. He revived Appleindustry, which was on the verge of bankruptcy (Fouché et al., 2017). The experience Steve Jobshas gained in entrepreneurial activities is exceptional. He has gained the skills in studying themarket trends and utilizes the gaps available to the benefit of his ventures. In the list of hisinvestments are the iTunes, iPods, Apple Store, and App Store, among others (Wu et al., 2018).Steve Jobs has distinguished himself as a business magnet with unique market skills which heuses to turn around fortunes for his companies that he currently manages; Apple being the main.He used different management styles; the democratic form of leadership is the major one.Oprah WinfreyOprah has become a household name both in the media and business industries. Oprahwas born in Mississippi on the 29 th of January in 1954 (Malika & Djihane, 2018). While growingup, Oprah was often sexually assaulted by some of her close relatives and friends to her mother.The troubled childhood with her mother saw her move to Nashville and live together with anentrepreneur who ran his barbershop. She later joined Tennessee State University (TSU), whereshe engaged herself in telecommunication. Subsequently, she gained some experience in media,she later in 1976, went to Baltimore in Maryland where she was the host of a famous TV chatshow called “people are talking.” Her TV show was a success, and she hosted it for eight yearsbefore being recruited by Chicago based TV station to host a morning show titled A.M Chicago(Malika & Djihane, 2018).Oprah utilized her unique voice to conquer competitors in the media industry. PhilDonahue was her primary competitor in the media industry, but within months of practice andENTREPRENEURIAL AND INNOVATION DIVERSITY 6evaluation of the entertainment market, Oprah exceeded her rival with more than one hundredthousand viewers. The win led to her national recognition leading to her high demand in moviesand events. She featured in “The Color Purple” film in which she was nominated for Academyawards for the best supporting actress. Oprah’s level of accomplishment in business isunprecedented. In 1986 she started her show “Oprah Winfrey” which was syndicated as anational program. The show had a placement on more than one hundred and twenty TV channelswith a mass following of over ten million followers. The profits generated from the show sawOprah get $30 million yearly. Upon seeing the opportunities in GBE show, Oprah gained theownership rights from ABC and registered it under her new formed Harpo Company. In 1994she pledged her show to be free of topics of tabloid and also signed other TV ministries underher company (Tyler, 2017).Oprah has also ventured in magazine production. Some of the magazines she haslaunched include the Oprah Book Club and the famous Oprah Winfrey magazine which hasmonthly publications. The magazine production has earned her a fortune; some of her magazineshave recorded best sales throughout. In 2009 she ended her contract with ABC and signed a newdeal with Oprah Winfrey Network (OWN), which was a co-venture with DiscoveryCommunications (Tyler, 2017). Her show also suffered the setback in the 2012 but picked upwhen she hosted Lance Armstrong; an American cyclist and Tour de France champion who hasstripped off all his titles in 2002 due to doping claims. The show on which Lance admitted tohaving used doping pills throughout his cycling career generated millions of revenues to Oprah.She downsized her business in 2015 and 2017 she announced that Discovery had become themajority shareholder of her OWN Company; she retained 25% of shares hence remaking theCEO as per the agreement (Tyler, 2017).ENTREPRENEURIAL AND INNOVATION DIVERSITY 7Walt DisneyWalter “Walt” Disney was born in 1901 in Illinois. The strong bond between him and hisbrother Roy birthed the Walt Disney Production. The two brothers heavily invested in motionpictures which later on paid them handsomely. While living in Missouri, Disney focused ondrawing and selling pictures to close family members, friends, and neighbors (Keller et al.,2015). Walt Disney moved to venture in newspaper artistic. His brother sought a job for him inthe company where he met with a famous cartoonist Ubbe Eert Lwwerks who mentored himthrough animations. Walt started commercial animation, which he used both drawings andcamera motions. He recruited Harman Fred into his company where they partnered to andinitiated a deal with the Kansas Theater to help screen the cartoons they had created. Theynamed the cartoons Laugh-O-Grams. The comics gained recognition nationwide hence makingDisney a popular creative figure in the media (Keller et al., 2015). Walt used the revenues hegained from the first sales to open up his studio, which he gave the same name -Laugh-O-Grams.The success of the company saw the recruitment of more employees where Disney hired Lwerksand Hugh’s (brothers to Harman). They produced a series of animations their breakthrough beinga seven-minute, which was a combination of both animation and live action. The video wasgiggled “Alice in Cartoonland.” In 1923 Disney’s studio was overwhelmed with debts, whichcompelled him to announce it bankrupt (Keller et al., 2015).After the closure of the studio, Disney and Roy once again pooled their entire funds andmoved to start shows in Hollywood. They created the Disney Brothers Studio. The two brothersengaged Margaret Winkler to distribute their creation where each was to be sold for $1,500.After a year of operation in the industry, they realized that Margaret and her husband MintzCharles had stolen all the rights to Oswald and the other animations they had created all along.ENTREPRENEURIAL AND INNOVATION DIVERSITY 8This forced them to forego their creations and focused on making other new creations (Keller etal., 2015).In 1929 Disney Walt created silly Symphonies which showcased Mickey’s friends.Disney’s breakthrough in the animation business was in 1937 when he produced a first full filmcalled "Snow White and the dwarfs.” The cast was premiered in Los Angels and in spite of thegreat depression at that period; the film unimaginably generated a profit of $1.499 million. Thefilm also scooped eight distinguished Oscars, and it remained one of the most ever viewedanimations globally. Between 1940 and 1944 Disney and the brother produced other four full-length animations; challenges rocked the Disney Studio which saw a majority of the animatorsresign. It took time for Walt Disney to bring up the company after the exit of his crucialanimator. His focus on business helped him regain the management of the studio, and in 1950 hesuccessfully produced the "Cinderella" film which gained universal acceptance. Disney wasamong the pioneers of television entertainment (Keller et al., 2015). He always seizedopportunities and got viewership rights to broadcast his great animations on TV channels. Someof the creations that remain to be the children's favorites include the "MickeyMouse,” SavvyCrocket, and Zorro. Disney died in December 1966 after a lucrative business career in animation(Keller et al., 2015).ConclusionEntrepreneurship takes numerous forms depending on the environment in which anindividual is operating in – media, technology, among others. The three business moguls haveexcelled in their respective field, leaving a mark to copy. Steve Jobs' entrepreneurial innovationin technology has significantly impacted the world. Apple computers and related software areENTREPRENEURIAL AND INNOVATION DIVERSITY 9used globally. The communication between different individuals is accessible irrespective of thedistance and physical barriers. Various organizations use Apple computers to undertake theirdifferent activities within their offices. Winfrey Oprah has a landmark career seizing differentbusiness opportunities to be among the richest and most influential women on earth. She hascommercialized her voice in marketing different product. She has also established numerouscompanies such as the OWN which significantly rose her income. Oprah has also participated incommunity activities as a way of giving back to the community for the excellent environment thesociety presented to her to excel in her career. The animations industry has dramatically evolved.Despite the rapid evolution, Walt Disney's production is still being aired on our TV screens. Theanimations have never gotten out of fashion as each generation of young children are often gluedto the screen watching them. The three entrepreneurial icons have also had their low moments intheir own business, but the consistency they had always gave them an advantage. They havesuccessfully paved ways for other innovations to take place. Their success will always be areference generation after generation, thereby making a milestone in exploiting their skills toachieve a desired outcome.ENTREPRENEURIAL AND INNOVATION DIVERSITY 10ReferencesAudretsch, D. B., Obschonka, M., Gosling, S. D., & Potter, J. (2017). A new