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Bitcoin birthed the concept of blockchain technology, and now even organizations as technologically advanced as NASA are considering its benefits. Yet cryptocurrency is often described as a fad, a bubble, and even worthless.Before i continue, let me introduce you to a platform i discovered where you can sell your Bitcoin and other top Cryptocurrencies at the exact rate in dollars any where in the world. The website is IBUYCRYPTO (www.ibuycrypto.store). It is safe and secure. The interesting part of it is that, you don’t have to drop your vital informations before you sell to them. You sell and get your money directly sent to your bank account immediately your deposit is confirmed. You can also sell and request the money is sent to someone else. Thank me later after using this platform.NASA EYES HYPERLEDGER BLOCKCHAIN FOR AIR TRAFFIC MANAGEMENTRonald J. Reisman, an aero-computer engineer at the NASA Ames Research Center, has put forward blockchain to solve issues of privacy and the prevention of spoofing, denial of service, and other attacks.He says a new system due for implementation in 2020, the Automatic Dependent Surveillance-Broadcast (ADS-B), does not provide for the protection of flight plans and positions and other state data. Reisman believes blockchain has the answer in the form of an engineering prototype built using a permissioned blockchain.The use of an open source permissioned blockchain framework to enable aircraft privacy and anonymity while providing a secure and efficient method for communication with Air Traffic Services, Operations Support, or other authorized entities.The proposed framework uses “certificate authority, smart contract support, and higher-bandwidth communication channels” to ensure private communication between aircraft and authorized participants.He details how the prototype could be “economically and rapidly deployed” at scale. Reisman bases the proposal on the use of Hyperledger Fabric, a blockchain he says has been developed away from fintech and designed for enterprise use.MANY BLOCKCHAINS LACK COHESIONnasa blockchain air traffic controlNASA believes blockchain technology could improve air traffic managementInterestingly, he appears to have considered other chains. He describes these chains as lacking cohesion and flexibility due to the platforms design limitations:Ethereum claims a >80% market share, followed by other platforms, including (in order of market share popularity): Waves, Bitcoin Fork, Stratis, Graphene, Hyperledger, Ethereum Classic, Maidsafe, Litecoin Fork, NEO, and Rootstock.Reisman further says his paper:Proposes to leverage an industrial-strength open-source enterprise-blockchain framework called Hyperledger Fabric to demonstrate potential solutions to vexing technical issues that threaten the adoption of ADS-B by Military, Corporate, and other aircraft operators who do not want their operations and movements discernable by the general public.And although his approach “is not perfected” it is “based on available technology,” says the paper. This could be interpreted as a mark of approval of readiness for the wider use of blockchain globally.

Page 214 of the extensive impeachment committee report answers this directly.I’ll paste their full explanation, which isn’t that long. I’m also going to annotate it to break it up and make it even easier to digest, but if you don’t want my two cents, just skip to the bottom for the original version…Here goes:Agency Attorneys Can Be (And Should Be) Excluded from Depositions:Just the headline, but a clear statement of their position — i.e. He’s wrongAccording to Mr. Cipollone, “it is unconstitutional to exclude agency counsel from participating in congressional depositions.” Mr. Cipollone cites no case law to support his position— because there is none.Okay, so they’re saying he pulled this out of his a**.Instead, he relies on a single opinion from the Trump Administration’s Office of Legal Counsel and ignores the ample legal authority and historical precedent that clearly support the Committees’ actions.Now they’re saying he’s full of sh*t… and has absolutely nothing to support his position.For example, the Constitution expressly delegates to Congress the authority to “determine the Rules of its Proceedings,” which includes the power to determine the procedures used for gathering information from witnesses whether via interview, staff deposition, or in a public hearing.So in terms of constitutional vs. unconstitutional, the Constitution backs up the Dems, not the Republicans.The basis for the rule excluding agency counsel is straightforward: it prevents agency officials who are directly implicated in the abuses Congress is investigating from trying to prevent their own employees from coming forward to tell the truth to Congress.And they have at least one really good investigative reason to do it this way.The rule protects the rights of witnesses by allowing them to be accompanied in depositions by personal counsel.And witnesses can still bring attorneys, just not attorneys that work for the guy under investigation, who have an obvious conflict of interest.Agency attorneys have been excluded from Congressional depositions of Executive Branch officials for decades,So this is nothing new, and is pretty normal, not a reason to declare the whole thing a sham, deny Congress has any authority, and tell every employee of the federal government to stonewall Congress.under both Republicans and Democrats, including Chairmen Dan Burton, Henry Waxman, Darrell Issa, Jason Chaffetz, Trey Gowdy, Kevin Brady, and Jeb Hensarling, among others.And there’s the real mic drop, exposing the hypocrisy. This list includes pretty well known Republican names who investigated the hell out of Democratic presidents, and they all took the same exact position Dems are taking now.And yet… all those other presidents, Republican and Democrat, produced documents and witnesses. There were some that were fought and litigated, but never a “categorical and indiscriminate” order to block every single witness and document from an impeachment investigation of his misconduct.To summarize:It’s constitutionalThere’s a good reasonRepublicans do it that way tooIt’s no excuse (or a pathetically weak excuse)It’s clearly just an excuse, but one with no grounding.Their response, without my commentary:Agency Attorneys Can Be (And Should Be) Excluded from Depositions:According to Mr. Cipollone, “it is unconstitutional to exclude agency counsel from participating in congressional depositions.”96 Mr. Cipollone cites no case law to support his position— because there is none. Instead, he relies on a single opinion from the Trump Administration’s Office of Legal Counsel and ignores the ample legal authority and historical precedent that clearly support the Committees’ actions. For example, the Constitution expressly delegates to Congress the authority to “determine the Rules of its Proceedings,”97 which includes the power to determine the procedures used for gathering information from witnesses whether via interview, staff deposition, or in a public hearing.98 The basis for the rule excluding agency counsel is straightforward: it prevents agency officials who are directly implicated in the abuses Congress is investigating from trying to prevent their own employees from coming forward to tell the truth to Congress. The rule protects the rights of witnesses by allowing them to be accompanied in depositions by personal counsel. Agency attorneys have been excluded from Congressional depositions of Executive Branch officials for decades, under both Republicans and Democrats, including Chairmen Dan Burton, Henry Waxman, Darrell Issa, Jason Chaffetz, Trey Gowdy, Kevin Brady, and Jeb Hensarling, among others.99The numbers you see are citations referencing end notes.For more answers like this, check out: Political Clarity, Demystifying U.S. Politics.

Thank you Lior for the A2A!I would like to see the sort of policing reforms that would result in Americans of all ages, ethnicities, genders and socio-economic backgrounds actually look forward to an interaction with the police.Could you imagine that? Can you actually imagine an America in the 2020s with police that you would actually want to interact with, not fearful of losing your life, liberty or pursuit of happiness?When was the last time you approached a police officer without trepidation that, despite your innocence, things might escalate into an unpleasant encounter? For me, it was the last time I was in France.Because even I — a white, male, retired Air Force lieutenant colonel without a single police infraction on my record — have little trust that an American policeman has the education, training, motivation or organizational culture to be a decent, self-controlled human capable of dealing with a situation calmly and professionally without escalating an issue into an unpleasant or even potentially violent or deadly situation.Believe it or not, I am not writing this answer to shit on the police. Almost no police man or woman — apart from white supremacists or mafia/cartel infiltrators — joins the police to become a thug, a gangster or a criminal. Yet the brutal and ugly police state we Americans have constructed and allowed to develop over the decades has transformed many police departments from embodying “To Protect and Serve” into “Dominating Anyone We Come Into Contact With via Overwhelming Force”. We owe it to our police men and women to liberate them from this degrading and dehumanizing system.Much smarter people than myself have painstakingly chronicled how we got into this mess including Radley Balko in The Rise of the Warrior Cop - Wikipedia. (Cliffs Notes version: Republican politicians adopting ‘Tough on (minority) Crime’ policies in the ‘War Against (some) Drugs’ and dragging reluctant Democrats along with them.) However, I must take exception to the title, because our police do not deserve the title of ‘warriors’ — elite, highly disciplined and professional operators. Instead they are frequently lowest-common-denominator, poorly educated, badly trained, undisciplined paramilitary wannabes. A gang, you might say, or an invading armed force.As a result, every day hundreds of thousands of Americans endure unnecessarily unpleasant and sometimes lethal encounters with police which further erode trust on both sides, leading to an almost unbridgeable Us vs Them chasm.This is the godawful mess we Americans find ourselves in during the miserable year 2020. How do we dig ourselves out of it and establish a police force in which American citizens have trust?Well, I am a firm believer that disciplined habits vastly outperform motivation. Similarly, while personalities come and go, setting up a system so that it encourages and rewards good habits is essential to long-term positive change. Keeping in mind that these reforms are only a small part of a much larger necessary economic and political reform — including the repeal of the ‘War on Terror’, the ‘War on (some) Drugs’ and ‘broken windows policing’ — I humbly offer the following four systemic restructurings:Community Policing - a police force of neighbors you know and trustProfessionalization of Unprofessional Police - mandatory education, training and organization … just like a real professionPolice Health and Wellness - mentally and physically healthy police officersCitizen-based Oversight of the Police - the only path to legitimacyThat probably comes off as a little pie-in-the-sky, so let’s examine specific actions within each of these focus areas where the rubber needs to meet the road.(I’d talk with this guy, just to figure out his wheelie technique.)COMMUNITY POLICINGResidency. All police would be required to live in the actual neighborhood that they police. Not the next county over, not in an adjacent state … the actual neighborhood that they work to maintain the peace in. The police department would provide a housing stipend (similar to the military’s Basic Allowance for Housing or BHA) for areas with high housing prices.Face to Face. To the maximum extent possible police would not patrol from enclosed vehicles, rather they would walk, bicycle or use other non-automotive means to patrol their neighborhood in order to actually meet face-to-face with the people they serve.De-paramilitarize.The vast majority of police would wear a white-colored and non-military style utility uniform similar to Postal Service workers without chevrons, stars or other military-style emblems.Police titles would use non-military terminology instead of ‘officer’, ‘sergeant’, ‘lieutenant’, etc.Most police would not carry lethal weapons and would be required to adhere to the “Absolute Necessity” doctrine for lethal force.Police would divest of paramilitary gear including armored assault vehicles, HUMVEEs, tear gas, pepper bullets, rubber bullets and water cannons.No-knock raids would no longer be conducted as they greatly increase the chances for accidentally wounding or killing innocent people.De-SWAT.The vast majority of SWAT teams would be disbanded unless they could prove their requirement to an independent Justice Department review board. The few deemed essential would not be permitted to take part in any routine, non-SWAT activity policing functions (e.g., enforcing liquor law violations, crowd control, etc).All SWAT teams would have an embedded member of the independent inspector body and an observer from the American Civil Liberties Union and Human Rights Watch participate in all aspects of planning, conducting and reporting on SWAT actions.De-monetize.Police would no longer have power to confiscate money or property through mechanisms such as civil forfeiture, asset forfeiture, etc.Police would be fully funded by taxes and would no longer be able to collect or use money from fines, bail or any other mechanism to enrich their department or themselves.All fines and fees collected by police would be directly deposited into the budget of the independent inspector body.Police would be forbidden to institute or enact quotas (e.g., speeding tickets, arrests, etc).De-Paperwork. Paper report forms would be replaced with an encrypted smartphone app generating easily filled out reports pre-populated with relevant data (e.g., GPS coordinates, date/time, police IDs, etc) with copies accessible to both the police and the independent inspector body (more on this later).Civilian Complaint Review Boards. Legally empowered by the mayor to review police misconduct allegations and make sure that discipline is administered when it occurs. This would combine with:Public Disciplinary Records. Because sunlight is the best disinfectant when restoring the public’s trust in a formerly secretive police force.PROFESSIONALIZATION OF UNPROFESSIONAL POLICEBoard Certification. Police would be required to meet minimum education and training requirements, including continuing education, in order to obtain a license good for 2 years. Only licensed police would be allowed to practice, and the independent inspector body could revoke this license.Background Vetting. Before being hired, police recruits would be thoroughly vetted by an external investigative service that is incentivized to uncover incidences of violent crime, domestic violence, financial wrongdoing, participation in violent extremist political groups (e.g., white supremacy, anti-abortion terrorism, organized crime, etc.) The independent inspector body would also conduct a separate background check of potential police recruits.Personal Liability Insurance. Police would be required, like medical professionals, to obtain and maintain personal liability insurance to settle misconduct lawsuits.Peace Fund. Each police department would be provided with a retirement fund for officers that would be tied to the peaceful versus non-peaceful incident rate for the department as a whole as an incentive to nonviolent policing.Training.Police training would focus on de-escalation, racial/ethnic bias, techniques for peaceful conflict resolution, customer service skills (politeness, attentive listening and smiling), and the importance of building community relations.Police would receive monthly training by professionals in the fields of mental health crisis resolution, conflict negotiation, social work, child advocacy, traffic safety, sexual assault counseling and emergency first aid.National Police Misconduct Database. The independent inspector body would provide information on all police misconduct to a Department of Justice database. Thorough review of this database would be a state requirement for due diligence during police board certification and licensure.Affirmative Intervention. All police would be required to adhere to the doctrine of affirmative intervention when they become aware one or more of their fellow police are abusing their authority. Failure to do so would result in the independent inspector body withdrawing their police license.POLICE HEALTH AND WELLNESSCompetitive Pay. Police salaries would set high enough to be competitive with other well-compensated career fields without the need to chase overtime hours in order to decrease the temptation to supplement pay with graft.Mandatory Physical Fitness. Like the military, police would be required to meet or exceed rigorous standards for physical fitness administered by an external testing agency with no connection to the police department.Mandatory Mental Fitness. Police would regularly participate in counseling sessions with external psychologists with no affiliation with any police department. Those exhibiting elevated mental stress would be rotated out of police work to de-stress and would be provided with mental health counseling until certified as fit for duty.Yoga and Meditation. Police would participate in an hour of yoga at the start of each shift, and the police department would either provide a yoga room with instructor or pay for police to take free yoga classes.Jiu-jitsu. Wait, what? Yes, police would be regularly trained in jiu-jitsu in order to improve their self-confidence, ability to defend themselves in a confrontation, and their knowledge of how restrain a suspect without injuring him or her.USADA-style Testing. Police would be regularly but aperiodically tested by an outside agency with no connection to any police department for abuse of drugs including steroids, testosterone, human growth hormone and other androgenic substances, similar to professional athletes. Those in violation would lose their professional license for six month (1st offense), two years (2nd offense) and lifetime (3rd offense).CITIZEN-BASED OVERSIGHT OF THE POLICEIndependent Inspector Body. Has complete and unfettered access to all police data including databases, communications, police reports, bodycam video/audio. Automatically launches an investigation into any incident of police-caused bodily trauma or death.Body Cameras. Police would be required to wear body cameras during duty hours over which they have no control. Encrypted video feeds would automatically be sent to the independent inspector body and could only be requested on an as-needed basis and by formally documented request from this body by the police department.Chain of Custody. Police would be required to maintain positive control over the evidence chain of evidence for every incident. Lost or tampered evidence would result in an automatic investigation by the independent inspector body.Violent Reports. Every single incident of police use of force would require a report that would be immediately reviewed by the highest ranking members of the department as well as the independent inspector body. Unjustified police use of force, particularly if manifested as a pattern of behavior, would be grounds for loss of their professional license as well as criminal and/or civil charges.Public Disciplinary Reports. As is being enacted in New York City, police disciplinary reports would be made public so citizens would be able to determine whether or not their tax dollars are being well spent on police who are acting professionally.End Grand Juries. Police accused of improper use of deadly force would no longer be tried by secretive grand juries but by independent prosecutors with no connection to the local police.End Police Unions. Just as the military with a monopoly on national-level violence has no unions, police departments with a monopoly on state-, city- and county-level violence should not have unions.End Qualified Immunity. Last but certainly not least, qualified immunity would be scrapped to deny violent rogue police the legal shelter from the consequences of their murderous actions. Hey, it’s just a few bad apples, right? If you have nothing to hide, you have nothing to fear.So there you have it, one citizen’s ideas on steps that can be taken to transform our current police force into actual public servants. Please also read the former President’s Task Force on 21st Century Policing report if you have a spare couple of hours on your hands.Do you think this is an important issue? Then please share it with your friends and family, discuss it with your co-workers and advocate for police reform to your politicians.