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Ethiopia's Jerusalem: The Incredible Rock-Hewn Churches of Lalibela, EthiopiaBet Giorgis (The Mysterious Rock Hewed Churches Of Lalibela)From Stonehenge to the Pyramids to the Great Wall of China, the world is full of grand ancient stone monuments. Yet none are more amazing than a group of structures built entirely from one stone. One magnificent example is India's Kailasa Temple.[1] But there's another, larger example — 11 other examples, in fact. These are the stupendous underground churches of Lalibela, Ethiopia.In the heart of Ethiopia is situated one of its holiest towns, known as Lalibela, where a group of eleven monolithic rock-hewn churches stand.[2] They are the biggest monolithic temples in the world, and listed as a UNESCO World Heritage site, yet much mystery still surrounds their excavation.Were it not for these extraordinary churches, Lalibela would almost certainly be well off the tourist radar. A dusty rural town nestled into rolling countryside, Lalibela only recently received electricity.[3] It has few motorized vehicles, no gas stations and no paved streets. Isolated from the modern world, the town goes about its business much as it has for several hundred years.Of Lalibela's 8-10,000 people, over 1,000 are priests.[4] Religious ritual is central to the life of the town, with regular processions, extensive fasts, crowds of singing and dancing priests.[5] This, combined with its extraordinary religious architecture and simplicity of life, gives the city of Lalibela a distinctively timeless, almost biblical atmosphere.Scholars and historians continue to debate if Ethiopia or Armenia was the first country to convert to Christianity, but the edge probably goes to Ethiopia, which was then called Abyssinia.[6] During the 4th Century AD , two brothers from 'Tyre', St. Frumentius and Aedesius, introduced Christianity to Ethiopia at the time of King Ezana ( 303 - 350 AD).[7] St. Fumentius is considered the first Ethiopian Bishop.Sometime around 330 C.E., Emperor Ezana embraced the religion and declared his empire to be a Christian nation.[8] His decision simply followed his countrymen's lead, while the Armenian ruler who allegedly made a similar declaration about 30 years prior had a hostile country full of would-be converts to contend with.[9] More significantly, Ezana's conversion fits precisely in time from firsthand accounts — the Armenian version, by contrast, was only told a century or so after it happened.https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/acet/hd_acet.htmAll that is to say that Christianity has been in Ethiopia for millennia, so it's probably not very surprising that some of the most mind-blowing early Christian churches were built in Ethiopia.[10] The Ethiopian church followed the Coptic Church in Egypt till the Arab conquest in the 7th Century, when the Ethiopian church lost contact with any Christian neighbors. During the 12th century , the Patriarch of Alexandria appointed the Ethiopian Archbishop known as 'Abuna' who was always Egyptian Coptic Monk.[11] In 1929, when again Egyptian monk appointed 'Abuna', but four Ethiopian Bishops were also consecrated as his auxiliaries, till 1950 when Ethiopian 'Abyna' (Basil) was finally appointed, and in 1959 an autonomous Ethiopian Patriarchate was established.[12]The first Europeans to see these magnificent holy sites were the Portuguese explorer Pero da Covilha and the Portuguese priest Francisco Alvares, who noted in his journal that the sights were so unique that no one would believe his descriptions.[13]Originally, Lalibela was known as Roha, the capital of the Zague dynasty for over 300 years, named after King of Roha, and the last king of Zague dynasty 'King Lalibela '(1185-1225).[14]The Zagwe dynasty arose to power in the eleventh century, one hundred years after Queen Judith, a ferocious woman warrior had led her tribes up from the Semyen mountains to destroy Axum, the capital of the ancient Ethiopian empire in the north.[15]The charming Ethiopian folklore pictures telling the story of King Solomon and the Queen of Sheba, which are sold in Addis Ababa, give a popular version of how not only the dynasty of ancient Axum (and present day Ethiopia) descended from King Solomon, but also the medieval Zagwe dynasty. The Queen of Sheba gave birth to Menelik, who became the first King of Ethiopia. But the handmaid of the Queen, too, gave birth to a son whose father was King Solomon, and her son was the ancestor of the Zagwe dynasty.[16]The Zagwe kings ruled until the thirteenth century, when a famous priest, Tekla Haymanot, persuaded them to abdicate in favour of a descendant of the old Axumite Solomonic dynasty.[17]According to the Ethiopian legends, 'Lalibela' grew up in Roha, when his brother was the king. His name means ‘the bees recognize him as a king’, and it is said that the bees prophesied his great future (Present day Ethiopians believe that bees in dream foretell greatness, and good future).[18] The king became jealous by those prophecies about his brother, tried to poison him, but the poison cast Lalibela into a death-like sleep for three days. During these three days, an angel carried his soul to heaven to show him the churches which he was to build.[19]Lalibela - Ethiopian KingUpon returning to earth he withdrew into the wildness, then took a wife upon God's command with the name of 'Maskal Kebra ', and flew with an angel to Jerusalem.[20] Christ himself ordered the king to abdicate in favor of Lalibela, then anointed the king under the throne name ' Gebre Maskal' Lalibela, who dedicated himself to a severe level of monastic living.[21] During excavation of the churches, angels worked side by side with the stone masons, the men working through the day and the angels working through the night.[22] Within twenty four years, the entire work was completed.King Lalibela built 11 monolithic churches in Roha, in the hope of replacing ancient Aksum (with it's Ark of the Covenant) as a city of Ethiopian preeminence- a “New Jerusalem”, for those unable to make a pilgrimage to the Holy Land.[23] According to some reports, he had been to the Holy Land himself and was inspired by what he saw.[24] But the king made no attempt to copy the churches of the Holy Land; in fact, Lalibela's sacred architecture could not be more unique.The age of these buildings is unknown, but legends mention that they were fabricated during the reign of Gebre Mesqel Lalibela , who ruled Ethiopia at the beginning of the 13th century AD.[25] Restoration work in the 20th century indicates that some of the churches may have been used originally as fortifications and royal residence. However, David Phillipson, professor of African archeology at Cambridge University, has proposed that the churches of Merkorios, Gabriel-Rufael, and Danagel were initially carved out of the rock half a millennium earlier, as fortifications or other palace structures in the waning days of the Axumite Kingdom, and that Lalibela's name simply came to be associated with him after his death.[26]Inside Bet Madhane Alemm rock hewn church in Lalibela, Ethiopia (bet maryam {& the small chapels of bet meskel & bet danaghel)The Mysterious Rock Hewed Churches Of LalibelaThe churches were hewn out of solid rock (entirely below ground level) in a variety of styles. The geology of the region partially determined the structure of the churches and their hydraulic systems. Igneous in nature, the rocky massif of the church complex is primarily composed of two kinds of volcanic basalt.[27] The churches have been carved top-down from the sections of porous basaltic scoriae using chisels, axes, and other blades.[28]The workers cut free an oblong block of stone by sinking a rectangular trench in the tuff, from this monolith the stone masons chiseled out the church, shaping the exterior and the interior, retaining stones for the columns, Pilasters and arches.[29] The roof was probably decorated by senior masons while they were waiting for the lesser skilled craftsmen to excavate the walls. At each level of excavation the finishing sculptural work may have accomplish the work inside, entry was gained through the uppermost row of windows which are usually open, and only rarely provided with fillings.[30] The level of the proposed floor was reached first of all on the western side of the church in the area of the main entrance.Plan of the rock-hewn churches of Lalibela, Ethiopia. On the plan, the area marked 1 is the northern complex of churches; 2 marks the southeastern complex of churches; and 3 marks Beta Giyorgis. (The Rock-Hewn Churches of Lalibela - Biblical Archaeology Society)The churches of Lalibela are square or rectangular in form, with basilical or cruciform plans. Except where geological formations forced alterations, the churches follow the Orthodox custom of placing a door at each of the western, northern, and southern sides.[31] Steps and steep pedestals lead visitors upward into the churches, lifting them from the carved trenches and pathways.[32]Bracketed pillars support flat ceilings, barrel vaults, and domes, while partially carved structural elements indicate abandoned construction sites. Semi-circular arches dominate interior spaces, reflecting both Ethiopian architectural precedents and motifs common in manuscript illuminations.[33]Lalibela: Medhane Alem, north wall, north-west angle of the church (Lalibela-Medhane-Alem)The doorways and window frames exhibit multiple typologies throughout the complex, including steleform, ogival, cruciform, and Aksumite.[34] Both the steleform and Aksumite-style windows and doors are direct quotations from the architecture of the Aksumite empire[35] , which reigned in present-day northern Ethiopia and Eritrea from the first through the eighth century.Today, accomplishing this work using carbon steel tipped chisels & diamond blades would be remarkable.[36] There are also many other peculiarities about their construction, such as the absence of the massive amounts of stone and earth that would have had to be removed from around the churches and from their hollowed out interiors.The churches were arranged in two main groups, connected by subterranean passageways, 11 (36 ft) deep.[37] The churches of the first main group lie in their rock cradles one behind the other north of river Jordan. The whole complex may be divided into three smaller groups, Bet Medhane Alem in the east, The Bet Maryam group in the center, and the twin church Golgota Debre Sna with the Selassie chapel in the west.[38] Each sub-Group has a courtyard of its own, while the whole complex is surrounded by deep outer trench, 11 meters deep.The Church of Emmanuel at Lalibela, Ethiopia (Church of Emmanuel at Lalibela, Ethiopia)One group, composed of the House of Emmanuel, House of Mercurios, Abba Libano, and House of Gabriel, were all excavated from a single rock hill. House of Medhane is the largest church, 33 meters long, 23 meters wide, and 10 meters deep.[39]Resembling a massive Greek temple more than a traditional Ethiopian church, Bet Medhane Alem is impressive for its size and majesty. Said to be the largest rock-hewn church in the world, it measures 33.5m by 23.5m and is more than 11.5m high.[40] Some scholars have suggested it may have been a copy in rock of the original St Mary of Zion church in Aksum.[41]Bet Giorgis is isolated from the other two groups of churches, dedicated to the national saint of Ethiopia Saint George. Cruciform shaped, it is located in the southwest of the village on a sloping rock terrace, in its deep pit with perpendicular walls can only be reached through a tunnel which is entered from some distance away through a trench.[42] Small round caves and chambers have been found in the walls of the courtyard, graves for pious pilgrims and monks.[43]Unique monolithic rock-hewn Church of St George, Lalibela, Ethiopia (Church of Saint George, Lalibela - Wikipedia)There are two versions of the church’s history: one says that the church was built after Lalibela’s death (c. 1220) by his widow as a memorial to the “saint-king.” The other legend claims that when King Lalibela had almost completed the churches , St. George on his white horse reproached Lalibela for not constructing house for him. Then Lalibela promised the saint the most beautiful church , and the legend says that St. George supervised the work in the church in person. Monks today still show the hoof-mark of the horse to the visitors.[44]Bet Golgotha and Bet Maryam are noted for their frescoes, all of which are later in date, some originating in the 15th century, and others from 17th-18th century. Bet Golgotha, known for its artwork which includes life-sized carvings of saints on the walls is also home to the tomb of King Lalibela, over which stands a gold-draped Ark.[45]The most prominent church of this group, is Bet Maryam. Legend says that King Lalibela himself favored this church above all, having attended mass there daily.[46] A box of the Royal family of Lalibela is still shown on the western wall of the courtyard.The interiors were hollowed out into naves and given vaulted ceilings. In the east wall of the church is an array of geometric carved windows in a vertical line. From the bottom up is: a Maltese cross in a square; a semi-circle shape like that on the Axum stelae; a Latin cross; and a simple square window.[47]Carving of the Star of David on the arch of Bet Maryam (bet maryam {& the small chapels of bet meskel & bet danaghel)The windows illuminate the Holy of Holies in which the church's copy of the Ark is placed.[48] Other decorations include a Star of David combined with a Maltese cross, a Sun with a smiling human face flanked by eight-spoked wheels, Mary on a donkey accompanied by Joseph, and an Annunciation.[49]South of River Jordan, a bastion of red tuff was severed from the rock plateau in the north, east and south by a broad artificial outer trench, 11 meters deep. Another deep central trench cuts this area into two parts, leaving at its end a cone-shaped hill. The original function of this complex of churches not yet been clarified.[50] Two, Bet Emanuel and Bet Abba Libanos were originally planned as churches, while the other two might have been be part of the palace complex of Zague.[51] After the fall of the Zague, they were repurposed into churches.Biete Abba Libanos - WikipediaBet Emanuel church is considered to be the finest and most impressive church in this group dues to it's frescoes. Bet Abba Lebanos is connected to a legend of Lalibela's wife Maskal Kebra, who created this church in one night, with the assistance of angels.[52] Hewn into a rock face, Bet Abba Libanos is unique among Lalibela’s churches because only the roof and floor remain attached to the strata.[53] Many of its architectural features, such as the friezes, are Aksumite.[54] Curiously, although it looks large from the outside, the interior is actually very small. The carved corners of its cubic capitals represent angel eyes.The excavation of these structures raises many important questions such as: How were the buildings carved using simple tools? Where was the excavated stone and earth carried to? How were the stones carried away? Where did the accounts of ‘angels’ originate? And, why were these remarkable buildings constructed in the first place? The answers to these, and many more questions, are yet to be determined.Leap of faith: hiking to the vertiginous Tigray churches | Atlas & BootsFew tourists visit the country's other rock-hewn churches, those located in the Tigray region. That might be because in order to get to them, you literally have to scale a cliff.[55] But these are also where some of the oldest Christian churches in the world can be found. In Lalibela, 12th- and/or 13th-century laborers started from the top and worked their way down. In Tigray, the workers were using 4th-century technology, and they carved the churches into the sides of the mountain instead.[56]Lalibela is an extraordinary place to visit and offers something unique that cannot be found anywhere else in the world. It attracts about 100 thousand visitors per year, many of whom make the pilgrimage on foot.[57] It seems that Emperor Lalibela succeeded in founding his New Jerusalem. Even to people who don't practice Ethiopian Orthodox Christianity, these monuments are a major draw, with thousands coming from all over the world to explore the above-ground structures and below-ground tunnels.Footnotes[1] 10 mind-boggling images of the Kailasa Temple that prove ancient man had advanced technology | Ancient Code[2] Rock-Hewn Churches, Lalibela[3] Rock-Cut Churches of Lalibela[4] Rock-Cut Churches of Lalibela[5] Lalibela: Second Jerusalem for Ethiopia's Christians[6] Ethiopia: The First Christian Nation?[7] Bishop Frumentius, Apostle to Ethiopia | It Happened Today | Christian History Institute [8] How King Ezana of Axum made Ethiopia a Christian nation[9] Armenians were the first to adopt Christianity as a national religion by tradition in 301 AD - 100 Years, 100 Facts about Armenia to commemorate the centennial of the Armenian Genocide[10] Photos: The architectural mastery of Ethiopia’s ancient churches[11] Abuna | Ethiopian religious office[12] Ethiopian Orthodox - The Ecumenical Patriarchate[13] Lalibela is one of the holiest cities in Ethiopia, most famous for its unique monolithic rock-cut churches[14] "Gebre Mesqel Lalibela" on Revolvy.com[15] Lalibela[16] The Legendary Queen of Sheba and Her Iconic Visit with King Solomon[17] The Life and Miracles of St. Takla Haymanot the Ethiopian[18] King Lalibela : His supposed travels, tribulations and achievements[19] Lalibela and the Ark of the Covenant[20] A History of Ethiopia: Volume I (Routledge Revivals)[21] Ethiopia History: Lalibela/የኢትዮጵያ ታሪክ፥ ላሊበላ[22] Lalibela[23] Chapel of the Ark of the Covenant[24] Lalibela - Ethiopian King[25] "Gebre Mesqel Lalibela" on Revolvy.com[26] David W. Phillipson: Ancient Ethiopia. Aksum: Its Antecedents and Successors[27] https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/lali/hd_lali.htm#[28] https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/lali/hd_lali.htm[29] http://Phillipson, D. W. Ancient Churches of Ethiopia: Fourth–Fourteenth Centuries. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2009.[30] https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/lali/hd_lali.htm#[31] 10 Things You Didn't Know About The Rock-Hewn Churches Of Lalibela[32] http://Mercier, Jacques, and Claude Lepage. Lalibela: Wonder of Ethiopia: The Monolithic Churches and Their Treasures. London: Ethiopian Heritage Fund, 2012[33] http://Fauvelle-Aymar, François-Xavier, Laurent Bruxelles, Romain Mensan, Claire Bosc-Tiessé, Marie-Laure Derat, and Emmanuel Fritsch. "Rock-Cut Stratigraphy: Sequencing the Lalibela Churches." Antiquity 84 (December 2010), pp. 1135–50.[34] Lalibela, Ethiopa, Rock-Hewn Churches - World Archaeology[35] http://Phillipson, D. W. Ancient Churches of Ethiopia: Fourth–Fourteenth Centuries. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2009.[36] The amazing 900-year-old churches of Ethiopia's 'New Jerusalem' built into solid rock[37] http://Fauvelle-Aymar, François-Xavier, Laurent Bruxelles, Romain Mensan, Claire Bosc-Tiessé, Marie-Laure Derat, and Emmanuel Fritsch. "Rock-Cut Stratigraphy: Sequencing the Lalibela Churches." Antiquity 84 (December 2010), pp. 1135–50.[38] The Rock-Hewn Churches of Lalibela - Biblical Archaeology Society[39] http://earlyafricanart/[40] http://earlyafricanart/[41] Old Church of St Mary of Zion | Aksum, Ethiopia Attractions[42] Bete Giyorgis of Lalibela[43] St. George's rock-cut church, Ethiopia[44] Bete Giyorgis of Lalibela[45] bet mikael, bet golgotha, bet uraiel & the tomb of adam {northern lalibela churches}[46] https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=http://www.tadias.com/05/31/2009/ethiopia-lifting-the-mystery-on-rock-churches-built-by-angels/&ved=2ahUKEwjesafTzpvhAhUB7IMKHbzHBWoQFjASegQIBxAB&usg=AOvVaw2EYTjZNSy5Ka0wtL8knwFQ[47] Axum Stelae Field[48] Keepers of the Lost Ark?[49] bet maryam {& the small chapels of bet meskel & bet danaghel}[50] Ethiopia: Ancient churches, mysterious towers and Lucy[51] https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=http://www.tadias.com/05/31/2009/ethiopia-lifting-the-mystery-on-rock-churches-built-by-angels/&ved=2ahUKEwjesafTzpvhAhUB7IMKHbzHBWoQFjASegQIBxAB&usg=AOvVaw2EYTjZNSy5Ka0wtL8knwFQ[52] Bet Abba Libanos | Lalibela, Ethiopia Attractions[53] Lalibela is one of the holiest cities in Ethiopia, most famous for its unique monolithic rock-cut churches[54] Bete Abba Libanos (House of Abbot Libanos)[55] Leap of faith: hiking to the vertiginous Tigray churches | Atlas & Boots[56] The Church in the Sky[57] Lalibela rock churches: The Jerusalem of Ethiopia

The community in Nauvoo was under extreme hardship, the Saints having been forced to leave their homes in other states several times. There were political pressures building and many were afraid of the Mormons having too much power because they voted as a block. There had been considerable violence in Jackson and Caldwell Counties and other places, but they had relative peace in Nauvoo, where in just a few years, they built a city to rival Chicago.Joseph needed jobs for the destitute refugees, so he supported the building of the Masonic temple in Nauvoo and placed it in the hands of the Twelve Apostles to collect funds. Brigham Young, and most of the apostles had previously encountered the Cochranites in Maine and learned about polygamy from them. Heber C. Kimball joined the Masons and became entrenched in Masonic ritual, introducing it to the other apostles. With these two concepts, they began inducting members into a secret order of priesthood that allowed multiple wives, but on penalties of death if they betray the secret. Because it was controversial, they would use Joseph Smith’s name, telling people he received it as a revelation and endorsed it, but would deny it publicly. They were able to approach a man and ask for his young daughter’s hand as a second or third wife by promising him the same.Though they took an oath of secrecy on pain of death, rumors of polygamy and immorality began to spread, and Joseph, Hyrum and Emma began preaching against sexual uncleanliness and threatening to excommunicate anyone who violated chastity or the sanctity of marriage, which they made good on, taking a few polygamists to trial, which they would not do if they were practicing it themselves.To support their secret wives and several homes, the apostles turned to embezzling money from the temple fund. Joseph began to suspect and published a statement warning the public not to hand money to the apostles without obtaining a receipt.With Joseph catching on about the embezzlement, and threatening to excommunicate anyone practicing polygamy, the apostles, who enjoyed a very high status and several wives and houses, risked losing everything. Joseph had once excommunicated half his quorum of apostles at the same time, and was willing to do it again if he had to. They were not only desperate to eliminate the threat to themselves, but thought they could do a better job of leading the people than Joseph, who after all, had made a few mistakes and was dealing with many pressures.It is likely that they were feeding information to the Nauvoo Expositor, trying to frame Joseph to discredit him and set up a claim that he was a fallen prophet. There is some testimony that Joseph found out that Brigham was practicing polygamy and confronted him. Brigham sent Porter Rockwell to assassinate Gov. Boggs of Missouri in retribution for the Missouri Expulsion and the Extermination Order knowing that Joseph would be the prime suspect. Boggs was wounded and pursued Joseph, but he successfully defended against extradition. When Joseph ordered the destruction of the Expositor for printing libelous accusations against him and a warrant was issued for his arrest, his fate was sealed. The apostles met with Gov Ford of Illinois and worked out a deal to hand him over. They then convinced Joseph, who had gone on the run, to turn himself in on a promise of protection from Ford and the militia. They convinced him that the Saints thought him a coward for running, and he said, “If my life is of no value to my friends, it is of no value to me.”Joseph and his brother were taken to Carthage Jail and held there. John Taylor and Willard Richards (Brigham Young’s cousin) went in with them voluntarily. The other apostles thought it was a good time to go campaigning for Joseph’s presidency. They suddenly begin to be meticulous chroniclers in their journals (to establish alibis), however, some of the details conflict with what we know from documented history. For instance, where they claim to be in Philadelphia watching a parade at the national convention, we know that they had missed the convention by two weeks. Details like this have only recently come to light by comparing their personal diaries to news journals.Meanwhile a mob of up to 200 men with faces painted black stormed the jail where Joseph and Hyrum were kept. Gov. Ford did send the militia, but ordered them to march slow in formation, giving the mob time to get to the jail, do their job and escape. The guards, who had been doing searches of visitors, allowed John Taylor’s pistol to be smuggled into the room. Taylor and Richards’ official accounts have the gun in Joseph’s hands, there is no evidence of anyone in the mob being hit by a bullet and being treated. They claimed two men got hurt and disappeared, but this is suspect. It is likely that it was in Richards’ hands and pointed at Joseph himself to allow an easy surrender without struggle. The need to conceal a weapon at least would explain why Richards is said to be wearing his long blue coat on a hot day.We don’t know what really happened there because the only official accounts are from Taylor and Richards, who both survived the incident and were known polygamists and Masons, and part of Young’s conspiracy. Taylor reported having a flesh wound and produced a broken pocket watch that he claimed had miraculously stopped a bullet. Stories like this were frequently used to distract the Saints. His life being miraculously spared to fulfill a future calling would quiet suspicions as to why they had not been killed putting up a fight to save their prophets. The pocket watch was later studied and determined to have been smashed, but not by a bullet, perhaps intentionally to bolster their story about what happened.Hyrum was allegedly killed in the room, possibly having charged at the traitor Richards. Joseph was taken out and executed by the well in the courtyard. The mob with faces painted disappeared. This is the only time a mob arrived with painted faces, and it was likely to disguise the fact that they were Mormon Masons working for Brigham Young. They would later operate in similar fashion, dressing as natives to kill the pioneers in the Mountain Meadows.No effort was made by Mormons to protect Joseph and Hyrum, which is odd because they all seemed to know that to turn themselves in was death. Samuel undertook to go himself on a horse, but he was prevented by horsemen with the mob. Later when his mother, Lucy Mack Smith wrote her biography of her son, Young obtained it and had it rewritten. Both copies are available for comparison. Young’s version adds a line, having Samuel complain to his mother of sustaining a wound in the chase that he feared was fatal, thus covering for suspicious circumstances of his death.Young and his conspirators returned and began to take control of the Church. Joseph’s little brother Samuel was apparently well enough to assert his position as president of the High Priests Quorum to lead the church. A month after Joseph and Hyrum’s deaths, Samuel developed a fever and died while receiving a white powder from Hosea Stout. Another member’s wife was suspicious of her husband receiving the same powder and threw it in the fire. Samuel’s family accused Young of murder, but there was no proof. Many other people began to die in Nauvoo. John P. Green, who by Emma Smith’s reported was present with Richards when Joseph sent a letter of appointment to James Strang, began to tell people what he knew and ended up dead two months after Samuel.Over the next three years, James Strang, who claimed to have been ordained by an angel the same as Joseph and had a signed letter of appointment by revelation, and who received revelations the same as Joseph, began to steal more and more converts from Brigham Young, who was claiming that there would be no more prophets and attempted to lead the church as the president of the Quorum of the Twelve (actually ten, because two of them would not support him). Strang took him to court over the Kirtland Temple and proved in a court of law that his was the legitimate Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints.To maintain the remnant of his followers, Young began making preparations to relocate to California and began sending his mobs to terrorize the Saints there so that they would be willing to move. Young was an unpopular candidate, but they accepted his leadership primarily because the apostles were mostly unified and they formed the majority of church leaders. At this point most members knew nothing of their polygamy. To forestall losing the Nauvoo Temple to Strang as well, he attempted to sell it, and when he failed, Young ordered it burned and collected the insurance, blaming mobs. Around three thousand saints followed Brigham Young out west, and as many as 1500 died along the way, and were buried in shallow graves next to the trail, and among them you can bet were political enemies and men with attractive wives. By the time the gave up their plans for California and settled in what is now Salt Lake City, they each had quite a few wives to provide for.The Saints who stayed in Nauvoo and the other areas in the East, which were most of them, did not suffer any mob violence after Young was gone. It would be another decade before Young would publicly admit that polygamy was being practiced. It rocked Utah and scandalized the nation. Young sought to justify himself by claiming that Joseph had received the revelation instead of him. They crafted and spread folklore to help sell it, such as the angel with the flaming sword that threatened Joseph if he didn’t practice it, and Emma burning the revelation or locking his polygamous wife out of the house. These stories Emma emphatically denied. The revelation (D&C 132) has been proved a fraud written by Young, as it bears no literary relation to any of Joseph’s known works and many similarities to those of Young (compare the ending with D&C 136). Young had many women swear to have been married or sealed to Joseph, and some claimed children, but this has been proven false by DNA tests. There are no known children of Joseph outside of his marriage to Emma.So to answer your question, there were mobs in Missouri and Ohio, but the mobs in Nauvoo were those who helped Brigham Young murder Smith and hijack his church, after which he framed him for polygamy.