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OPEN WORK TYPE VISA NAME IS A CANADIAN VISA NOT USA;Requires Canada Labour Market Impact Assessment (LMIA) exemptions.it requires: an LMIA authorisationWhat is the US visa approved : H-1B ?I may perhaps understand your wife is waiting : An Employment Authorization Document (EAD), also known as a "work permit", is issued by United States Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS), allowing the holder to legally work in the United States. In order to obtain an EAD card, a foreign national must file form I-765, Application for Employment Authorization with the USCIS.Some foreign nationals who are temporarily in the U.S. may request employment authorization document. An EAD card is issued for a specific period of time based on alien's immigration status. Individuals who possess a valid EAD are authorized to freely work in the United States without their employer having to file a non-immigrant worker petition. An EAD card is issued for a specific period of time based on depending on the foreign national's immigration status.Individuals may file Form I-765 for the following reasons:Renewal of an EAD - Your previous EAD is about to or has expired.Replacement of an EAD - Your previously issued EAD has been lost, destroyed or your card has incorrect information on it.Interim EAD - This EAD is granted for a designated period of time, not to exceed 240 days. An interim EAD is an eligible applicant when USCIS has failed to approve an application within 90 days of receipt of a properly filed EAD application or within 30 days of a properly filed initial EAD application based on an asylum application.This visa is most likely different than yours and is in a pool in line in another visa center, for approval. EAD visa are somewhat under revision with some new laws in effect Spetember 11 -2018.What’s the implication of the recent change in H1B policies? Would that mean a petitioner has no chance to substantiate an application, and a petitionee can be deported as soon as the H1B visa is expired or rejected whichever is earlier?Charles Dupre,New York (CNN) Visa policy change will make it easier Trump administration to deny applications[ It will soon be easier for the Trump administration to deny visas.In a move that further curbs immigration, the U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services is giving anyone who reviews visa applications or petitions the discretion to deny requests, without first seeking additional evidence that might be needed to complete an application, or issuing a notice stating the intent to deny a request. The change takes effect September 11. ][The memo, quietly issued on Friday, means the government can deny visas if applications do not include all the necessary information when submitted. It also lets the government deny visas without specifying what additional information would have been necessary to complete the application.[ "Under the law, the burden of proof is on an applicant, petitioner, or requestor to establish eligibility -- not the other way around," said USCIS spokesperson Michael Bars, who emphasized the policy is part of a move to cut down on abuse and "frivolous" applications.]¸[ It rescinds 2013 guidance that outlined the process for requesting more information or issuing notice about the intent to deny a visa request. The process of requesting more information effectively granted applicants more time to complete applications if something was missing. It also created a constructive dialogue between immigration lawyers and USCIS on applications for visas. ][ The memo came about one week after USCIS announced it would start initiating removal proceedings -- which can lead to deportation -- against visa applicants who lack immigration status when their visa applications are denied. Hassan Ahmad, an immigration rights advocate and founder of HMA Law Firm, noted the two memos issued in near tandem is significant. ][ "Read together, this means one thing: You better get it right the first time," he wrote in a series of tweets on Sunday. "As an immigration and citizenship lawyer, this effectively means the system just got a lot more unforgiving. Even a simple, straightforward application, one that might be considered 'routine' -- can no longer be so considered."]Previously, USCIS was typically required to submit a "request for evidence" on incomplete visa petitions, unless there was no possibility new information could lead to a complete application.[ According to the memo, the new policy is "intended to discourage frivolous or substantially incomplete filings used as 'placeholder' filings and encourage applicants, petitioners, and requestors to be diligent in collecting and submitting required evidence."It adds the new guidance is "not intended to penalize filers for innocent mistakes or misunderstandings of evidentiary requirements."][ The memo applies to most visas, including the popular yet controversial H-1B visas that tech companies rely upon to used to add skilled employees to their workforces. ][ Is Canada getting too many immigrants from India and is it good or bad for Canada? ]Some deportation in process on expired H-1BThe new rules are very close to what was in the newspapers with few variances. There is no way out if your H-1B is expired besides going to Mexico or Canada in order not to become a illegal Alien and deported.https://www.uscis.gov/sites/defa...[ Green Cards for working Indian Citizens is a maximum Cap of 65,000 per year (2016 / 64,287 Issued )The first moves, which come into force on September 11,2018 provides U.S Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS) adjudicators full responsibility to refuse applications, petitions, and requests without first announcing an R.F.E or Notice of Intent to Deny (N.O.I.D).¨][ Harish Shanthinikethanam's answer to How has the new rule on the extension of an H1-B visa affect the people in the US? ]Besides, a memo published on June 28 shifts the power to declare Notices to Appear (N.T.A) in maximum instances from U.S Immigration and Customs Enforcement (I.C.E) to USCIS.Views About H1B Changes[ This should mean that U.S.C.I.S can announce an N.T.A and begin deportation proceedings if someone’s H-1B visa expires, even while they are expecting for an increase request to be adjudicated.Except for the ones converting to the EB-1A / Extraordinary talented expertise group or if you work in a medical faculty in a hospital. Those are unaffected by the H-1B changes in 2018. However fee will go up to $8.000 + per H-1B under the proposed reform.Green Card Up Date for citizen from India (1,500,000 ) green Card applications are from IndiaU.S.C.I.S as of May 2018, there is a Total of 306,601 unfinished green card applications listed by Indian citizens below the employment-based favorite category,][ Trump signed an executive order calling for a review of the H-1B program in order to suggest changes to ensure the most skilled and highest–paid applicants receive H-1B visas. “This historic action declares that the policy of our government is to aggressively promote and use American-made goods and to ensure that American labor is hired to do the job. It's America first, you better believe it,” Trump said in April when announcing the executive order.]in WASHINGTON.[ The Department of Homeland Security is considering new regulations that would prevent H-1B visa extensions, according to two U.S. sources briefed on the proposal. The measure potentially could stop hundreds of thousands of foreign workers ( 1,500,000 ) from keeping their H-1B visas while their green card applications are pending.][ “The idea is to create a sort of ‘self- deportation’ of hundreds of thousands of Indian tech workers in the United States to open up those jobs for Americans,” said a U.S. source briefed by Homeland Security officials. Officials at U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services, which is under DHS, said they can’t discuss “any part of the pre-decisional processes.”“The agency is considering a number of policy and regulatory changes to carry out the President’s Buy American, Hire American Executive Order, including a thorough review of employment-based visa programs,” said Jonathan Withington, chief of media relations for USCIS. On the other side, critics of the program say H-1B visas are increasingly being abused and that American workers are being laid off as U.S. companies send work to outsourcing companies that employ thousands of H-1B workers. ][ The H4 visa - PTI reports the "Trump administration has sought a 60-day suspension in the appeals court proceedings" in a follow up of an ongoing case filed by Save Jobs USA which has found new resolve after the Trump win last November. Save Jobs USA wants the government to dial back the H4 work authorization and this is not a new demand. They have been at it ever since the benefit was conferred on certain category of H4 workers in 2015. On February 1, the Department of Justice filed a petition in the court titled ‘Consent motion to hold proceedings in abeyance for 60 days’.][The proposal is part of a series of new regulations the Trump administration is taking at the same time a bipartisan group of lawmakers moves forward on legislation to tighten rules that award visas to H-1B holders. The administration also has announced plans to end work eligibility for spouses of H-1B holders. In addition, the administration is considering changes to the allocation of H-1B visas to give priority to more highly educated and skilled workers. He has proposed pulling back the number to even three years. But expected that ultimately Congress would need to approve such a change.][The administration is specifically looking at whether it can reinterpret the "may grant" language of the American Competitiveness in the 21st Century Act to stop making the extentions, if changes to the program were sought without Congressional approval.][ “This would be a major catastrophic development as many people have been waiting in line for green cards for over a decade, have U.S. citizen children, own a home,” said Leon Fresco, who served as a deputy assistant attorney general for the Justice Department in the Obama administration who now represent H-1B workers.][Fresco estimates more than 1,5 million H-1B visa holders in the country are waiting for green cards, many of whom are from India and have been waiting for more than a decade.]Green card for the H-1B children may no longer be acceptable for minor kids (1–21) under the new regulations. Kids will have to apply for a green card at age 21 and wait 15 years to receive their green card.They approved 236,000 H-1B in 2017 / 75,6 % to India 7% China , in majority to women. Expect the new H-1B back to a lower quantity per year. Minimum salary may be $140,000 . The cost of the H1B is going up and more expensive up to $10,000. H4 for spouse may be eliminated or under restrictions for only a special category of H-1B in the near future.}Here are the latest 2018 new regulations on approving this famous H1B Visahttps://www.uscis.gov/sites/defa...FORM i -129 Covers renewals for H1B- H2A- H2B—H3- L-1-O-1 - O-2, P-1, P-2- P2S -P3- P3S- Q1- R1 Visas.Petition for a Nonimmigrant WorkerTech's beloved H-1B visa is flawed. Here's why.[ Microsoft , Google- Alphabet- Facebook- Amazon are lobbying for extensions in Washington very strongly. Regardless of the new Trump government executive order currently in implementation and revisions very few of these visas will be affected as they are almost guaranteed renewal regardless of the new review analysis for conformity by the book of each of these visas. I believe than no more than 10%-15% will be terminated upon extending for another 3 year renewal. Congress is involved something complicated to understand. on very talented or super qualified immigrants badly required in the USA.]Doctors, Sport Experts, Zoo keeper, Journalist ans some expert professors will not be targeted or hospital workers. Any special International expert should not be concerned as experts are in shortage in the USA.However any new visas in these classes are under extreme reduction scrutiny to reduce the quantity back to the original total of 85,000 per year authorisation,down from 236,000 in 2016.The lottery is also under review to allow more super qualified experts based on a total expert point system to continue to receive these visas…It is now early to understand , but on Donald Trump executive order that will allow many of you to be or will maybe deported if you cannot find another type of visa. Consider immediately witch other visa you could qualify in this group to continue your everyday life in the USA.Some of you now know officially you will have to make some changes in your visa type or will be deported ! You may be incapable to return to the USA for (10) yearsVISA change example Visa (EB-1A).You can go to Canada or Mexico or a close islands with diplomatic US consulate to modify your visa to another type if required.75,6% of the H-1B US Visa are for India. So they are clamping down on the 70 % of the women from India that own all these H!B with with so much bad publicity.The quota was for 85,000 VISAS ( 65,000 + 20,000 Scientific-Medical per year) Total of 266,000 where granted in a few weeks in the last years out of the scope of control by the government immigration agency, including the (20%) medical internship programs in hospitals that are not required to report.The Trump administration has so far annulled the Paris climate accord, NAFTA is going no where and The Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) is a trade agreement between Australia, Brunei, Canada, Chile, Japan, Malaysia, Mexico, New Zealand, Peru, Singapore, Vietnam, and United States signed on 4 February 2016, …Now is cancelled by the USA.H-1B once expired you will have to exit the USA into Mexico or Canada and return later under another visa…If you stay you will be deported .Do not overstay over the days limit to exit and depart urgently as you will never be capable to come back (10) years to the USA under a new different government policy. Take a travel to Mexico or Canada or a vacation outside the USA to re-position yourself in a different visa type that may be applicable to you under some different guidelines.If you overstay you can be given an entry ban of up to 10 years back into USAI have insufficient data : any further as the H1B is also 100 % under review for mostly this group :This H1B reform is specifically addressed to workers from India as they have 77% of them in circulation in 2018 .You make a mistake on the application in 2018 : Your are RejectedRation 2016 : 73 % Indian & 6% Chinese women.[ Alternate Options for H-4 Workers To Continue Working After Trump Bans Program /June 11 , 2018 H1B Visa News Updates ¸][ 1.H1B visaGetting your employer to sponsor you through the H1B visa program is the most basic alternative. Many H4 EAD workers applied for the H1B visa program in this year’s lottery as a fall-back option if EAD program ends. If you already have a job, you won’t find it very challenging to get your employer to sponsor you because he has already seen your work.

Is there a particular “UK naval fiasco” that you want to remember? In recent times these fiascos have been more embarrassing than true disasters but you could write down the details and keep it to hand, bookmark a website that has the details.But such fiascos are minor compared to the capability of the UK’s Royal Navy.There is this from 2012Britain's £10,000,000,000 fiascoBritain has no aircraft carrier and new ones won’t be ready for years. Worse, ministers don’t even know what type of fighter will fly from themLast Monday morning Britain’s Navy — or what is left of it — seemed to have lost its rudder and started sailing in circles. Rumours were rife of yet another change of tack over plans for two expensive new aircraft carriers.Senior officials and top commanders were pressing to make a drastic change in the type of aircraft that would fly off the carriers, claimed media reports. The prime minister summoned Philip Hammond, his new defence secretary, to find out what was going on.But we have one of the world’s best submarines.https://www.naval-technology.com/features/astute-vs-virginia-best-submarine/Attack submarines, sometimes called hunter-killer submarines, are specifically designed to battle and sink enemy submarines, warships and merchant vessels. For that reason, they are smaller, quicker and stealthier than other types of submarine.Astute vs Virginia: head-to-headThe Royal Navy’s Astute class designed by BAE Systems Maritime and the US Navy’s Virginia class built by General Dynamics Electric Boat and Newport News Shipbuilding. Both are among the best nuclear-powered attack submarine classes in the world. We put them head-to-head in the ring on factors like size, speed, armament, technology and cost.Round 1: SizeThe Royal Navy’s Astute-class of submarines is currently the tenth-biggest submarine class in the world, with a surfaced displacement of 7,000t to7,400t, and a submerged displacement of 7,400t to 7,800t.At a length of 97m (318ft 3in) and a beam of 11.3m (37ft 1in), the Astute-class is smaller than US Navy’s Virginia class.The Virginia class has a displacement of 7,900t, making it the ninth-largest submarine when comparing all submarine variants. It is longer than the Astute class, at 115m (377ft) but also narrower – with a beam measurement of 10m (34ft).Winner: TieRound 2: Speed and enduranceThe Astute is powered by the latest Rolls-Royce pressurised water reactor (PWR 2) design, the Core H, which eliminates the need for refuelling, and means that the sub’s nuclear reactor only requires one refit instead of the traditional two refits throughout its service life.Astute has unlimited endurance and can provide unlimited air and water supply for crew members. However, the amount of provisions carried for the crew typically last up to 90 days.Meanwhile, the Virginia class uses an S9G reactor, a ninth-generation core designed by General Electric. Again, the Virginia class can go indefinitely in terms of propulsion, only limited by food and maintenance requirements.The Royal Navy’s Astute class has a top speed of 30kn (56km/h; 35m/h) when fully submerged. The Virginia class is slower, reaching speeds of around 25kn (46km/h; 29m/h).Battle of the Submarines: Akula versus VirginiaWinner: AstuteRound 3: WeaponsBeing attack submarines, both classes are naturally armed to the teeth with the latest maritime weaponry.Astute-class submarines come with six 21 in torpedo tubes capable of firing Spearfish heavyweight torpedoes. It also launches Raytheon Tomahawk Block IV cruise missiles for land-attack operations. The Astute class offers storage for up to 38 weapons.The Virginia class is packed with more of a punch, incorporating 12 Tomahawk vertical launching system tubes and four 5 21 in torpedo tubes for the Mk-48 torpedo. The latest Block V boat generation incorporates the new Virginia payload module (VPM), which boosts the number of torpedoes and missiles it can carry from 37 to 65.Winner: VirginiaRound 4: EW countermeasures and sensorsThe Royal Navy’s Astute class electronic warfare (EW) array incorporates electronic support measures (ESM), sonars and decoys. The ESM system is Thales Sensors Outfit UAP(4), which has two multi-function antennae mounted on non-hull penetrating optronic masts.It also uses Eddystone Communications’ band ESM system that provides enhanced communications, signal intercept, recognition, direction-finding and monitoring.The main sonar suite is the Thales 2076 integrated passive/active search and attack sonar with bow, intercept, flank and towed capabilities, while Raytheon was contracted to provide its Successor IFF friend or foe naval transponder system.Virginia is fitted with Northrop Grumman’s AN/WLY-1 acoustic countermeasures system, which provides range and bearing data. Lockheed Martin is also developing a mast-mounted AN/BLQ-10 electronic support measure for the US Navy’s Virginia-class submarines. The AN/BLQ-10 provides full spectrum radar processing, enhanced situation assessment and an automatic threat warning system.Its sonar suite includes a range of active and passive sonars, two Kollmorgen AN/BVS-1 photonic masts instead of optical periscopes, and the Boeing long-term mine reconnaissance system and Northrop anti-submarine warfare sonar system.Winner: TieRound 5: CostWhile it is difficult to get an accurate unit cost for defence equipment, one Royal Navy Astute-class submarine was last priced at more than £1.4bn ($1.83bn), according to the UK National Audit Office’s Major Projects Report 2015.Meanwhile, the Virginia class is more expensive. The Congressional Research Service report of October 2018 priced standard Virginia-class submarines at $2.7bn, with the upgraded VPM model costing around $3.2bn per unit.Winner: AstuteFinal bellThe Astute vs Virginia contest has ended with both submarines matching each other blow-for-blow on each of the comparative measures, but on the bell, Astute edges ahead on affordabilityWe now have an aircraft carrier with planes.Watch: UK and US F-35 jets take off from HMS Queen Elizabeth together for first timeBritish and American military personnel took part in a joint military exercise off the coast of Scotland over the weekend.Footagegathered during a broadcast opportunity arranged by the British Navy shows fighter jets from UK and US forces landing and taking off from the 65,000-tonne carrier HMS Queen Elizabeth. It is the last exercise before she sets sail on deployment in early 2021.Or a very capable Anti-Aircraft Warfare frigate which could do with some improvements admittedly.Improving the Type 45 DestroyerThis article will primarily review the destroyer’s current and future armament fitout. At the launch of the first T45, HMS DARING on 1 February 2006, the then First Sea Lord, Admiral Sir Alan West, declared that she would be the most capable destroyer ever possessed by the Royal Navy, as well as the world’s best air-defence ship.These are significant claims, and while there is considerable evidence that the T45s are indeed the RN’s most capable destroyers it has ever had, the assertion that they are the world’s finest air-defence destroyer is debatable, at least in their current configuration.This article was submitted to the UK Defence Journal by Kelvin Curnow. Kelvin’s particular area of interest is naval aircraft and aircraft carriers. He is a keen writer and over the past fifteen years he has had a number of articles published in different journals.NOTE: For the purpose of this article Anti-Ship Cruise Missiles (ASCMs) and Ant-Ship Missiles (AShMs) are designated by the latter nomenclature.FILE PHOTO: A Type 45 being constructed in Govan.BACKGROUNDThe lessons learned from the tragic loss of the Batch 1 Type 42 (T42) destroyers HMS SHEFFIELD and HMS COVENTRY in the Falklands war led to a very different approach when a replacement for the T42 was considered. The T42s were built in three batches. The first two batches, comprising ten ships, were followed by four Batch 3 ships which were 12 metres longer and possessed better sea-keeping qualities.The Batches 1 and 2 were cramped and this affected the number and type of weapons which could be carried. Worse still the six Batch 1 ships were equipped with the ancient Type 965 or 966 ‘double bedstead’ air search radar and the Type 992Q radar used to designate targets for the gun and missiles which lacked Moving Target Indication (MTI). Both radars therefore lacked the ability to detect moving targets at low level, or with a land mass behind them. These deficiencies led directly to the loss of two T42s and severe damage being inflicted on HMS GLASGOW.However, the situation changed when the two Batch 2 T42s, HMS CARDIFF and HMS EXETER arrived in theatre. Both were equipped with the Type 1022 L-Band, long range Surveillance, and Target Identification Radar (STIR). Most importantly the Type 1022 added a MTI capability. With the benefit of better radars and combat system EXETER shot down three Argentine aircraft and an Exocet AShM by GWS-30 Sea Dart Surface to Air Missiles (SAM).Launch of HMS Duncan on the Clyde.The latter claim was disputed. However, supporting evidence for the Exocet shoot down could come from the verified kill of a similar first generation Iraqi Silkworm AShM by a Sea Dart fired from HMS GLOUCESTER. On 23 February 1991 during the First Gulf War, the battleship USS MISSOURI, escorted by GLOUCESTER, the Type 22 (T22) frigate HMS LONDON and USS JARRETT, was engaged by two Silkworms.One missile crashed into the sea, the other was intercepted and destroyed by the Sea Dart. This action was in many ways prove to be a watershed in RN thinking, both confirming its previous experiences in the Falklands war and setting the pattern for future warship design and tactics. Two essential lessons arose from this one engagement. First, JARRETT’s Raytheon Phalanx 20 mm Close In Weapons System (CIWS) designed specifically to shoot down incoming AShMs was placed in autoengagement mode but failed to engage the Silkworm and instead targeted chaff launched by MISSOURI. Second, LONDON which carried the MBDA Sea Wolf SAM, which like to Phalanx was an anti AShM system, did not engage the Silkworm. This reflected the earlier Falklands experience when the missile failed to engage Argentine Exocet AShMs.HMS Daring, the first Type 45, was launched in 2006.Likewise, in various Middle-East conflicts the Phalanx has failed to intercept incoming AShMs, the first occasion being in 1987 when the USS STARK was accidentally attacked by an Iraqi Dassault Mirage F1 which fired two Exocet missiles at the frigate. The failure of both ‘last ditch’ weapons systems gave rise to consideration of how to effectively protect ships against AShMs particularly as these develop in sophistication and can now attain hypersonic speeds or be fired over a ballistic trajectory.DESIGN OF THE TYPE 45The Type 45 is often negatively compared to the American Arleigh Burke design which is equipped with ninety-six BAE Systems (BAES) Mk 41 Universal Vertical Launching System cells (thirty-two fore and sixty-four aft). They are allocated for SAMs, Raytheon Tomahawk Land Attack Missiles and Honeywell Subroc Anti-Submarine missiles although the mix is varied in order to meet specific mission needs.For a maximum Anti-Air Warfare (AAW) load out seventy-two cells carry forty-eight Raytheon RIM-66 SM-2 and eight RIM-174 SM-6 Standard SAMs, together with sixty-four Raytheon Evolved Sea Sparrow Missiles (ESSMs) which are quad packed in sixteen cells. (These are figures for Flights I and II ships, Flight IIA vessels have an additional six Mk 41 cells.) Interestingly the Burkes were not initially equipped with the Phalanx CIWS, close-in defence against AShMs was provided by the ESSMs.A Type 45 launched a Sea Viper missile.They are now equipped with at least one Phalanx. In comparison the T 45s have forty-eight A 50 Sylver cells for MBDA Aster 15 and Aster 30 SAMs. Additionally each ship is equipped with two Phalanx CIWS, while four T45s may be equipped with eight canisters for Harpoon missiles at any one time, the Harpoons having been removed from the Batch 3 Type 22 Cornwall class frigates when they were decommissioned in 2011.These figures would appear to afford the Arleigh Burke class an overall superiority in terms of AAW capability. However, there are some factors which are not apparent in the statistics which tip the balance in favour of the T45. The Burkes are equipped with the Aegis combat system which currently uses the Lockheed Martin AN/SPY-1D(V) S-band radar featuring four passive electronic system arrays (PESAs) as the primary system for threat detection, searching and tracking targets at a range of 189+ nmi (350+ km). Being a PESA radar it cannot provide target illumination for Semi-Active Radar Homing (SARH) missiles of which the SM-2 and ESSM Block 1 are the most widely used examples. These missiles must be guided to a target by three SPG-62 continuous wave illuminators (CWIs) controlled by a Raytheon Mark 99 fire-control system. This places the Burkes at a considerable disadvantage if a destroyer was to experience a saturation attack of twenty to thirty AShMs because the mechanically steered SPG-62 can only guide a limited number of SM-2s at once.Type 45 destroyer HMS Dragon at sunset.These shortcomings will all begin to be addressed from 2023 on Flight III Arleigh Burke destroyers which will be equipped with the introduction of the AN/SPY-6 active electronic scanned array (AESA) Air and Missile Defense Radar (AMDR). Together with active radar homing (ARH) SM-6 and ESSM Block 2 missiles these destroyers will be formidable AAW and ballistic missile defence (BMD) platforms and gain superior capabilities over and against the T45.The T45 features the BAES SAMPSON S band AESA multi-function radar (MFR) which is primarily used for fire control, although it can also carry out long range search to a distance of 216 nmi (400 km). It is the radar component of the Sea Viper air defence system, the other being MBDA Aster SAMs. SAMPSON features two back-to-back planar arrays which rotate at 30 revolutions per minute leaving no area of the sky without coverage for less than 0.5 seconds. Being smaller and lighter than fixed radar arrays such as the AN/SPY-1D(V) or the Thales Nederland Active Phased Array Radar (APAR), SAMPSON is sited approximately double the height of either and consequently has a considerable advantage in its ability to detect sea-skimming targets over a longer range. Early detection of such threats was one of the lessons coming out of the Falklands war as was the necessity to have the maximum number of missiles available to bring to bear on incoming targets.HMS Daring escorting US Navy carrier, the USS Enterprise.Being an AESA radar SAMPSON has inherent advantages in countering a saturation attack with the ability to simultaneously illuminate and steer Aster missiles to thirty-two or more targets. The US Naval War College has suggested that SAMPSON is capable of tracking 1,000 objects the size of a cricket ball travelling at Mach 3, consequently emphasising the radar’s performance against high speed stealth targets. SAMPSON is complemented by the BAES S1850M PESA L band volume search radar capable of tracking of up to 1,000 targets at a range of 216 nmi (400 km). It is also capable of detecting stealth targets, and is able to detect and track missiles in the outer atmosphere at short range, therefore making it capable of forming part of a Theatre Ballistic Missile Defence (TBMD) system.For long range defence against AShMs the 65 nmi (120 km) range Aster 30 and the 130 nmi (240 km) range SM-6 are currently the West’s most advanced shipborne SAMs. Both missiles feature inertial guidance and active radar homing. The Aster 30 has a terminal speed of Mach 4.5, the SM-6 Mach 3.5. Both are designed to provide area defence. The Aster is fired on a one shot one kill basis and features a unique combination of aerodynamic control and direct thrust vector control called ‘PIF-PAF’ through which the missile is capable of high speed end manoeuvres. Together these features are claimed to give Aster an unmatched kill (Pk) capability. In addition to providing anti-aircraft defence, the SM-6 is designed to perform terminal phase Ballistic Missile Defence (BMD) as are the Aster 30 Block 1NT/Block 2 BMD missiles. American practice is to ripple fire missiles with at least two directed at each target. (Perhaps recognising the practice of firing multiple Standard missiles at one target, the South Korean Sejong the Great class destroyers carry no less than one hundred and twenty-eight missiles of different combinations.) Hence, the T45’s seeming disadvantage of carrying fewer SAMS is offset by the number of missiles directed at a target, forty-eight Asters prospectively destroying the same number of targets, while ripple firing ninety-six Standard missiles would normally be required to achieve the same outcome.HMS Dauntless.IMPROVING THE T45’S ARMAMENTWith a displacement of 9,400 tons full load, the T45s are nearly twice the weight of its T42 predecessor at 5,350 tons (Batch III). The T42 was constrained by its size which inhibited its growth potential. An initial proposal was for the T42 to be equipped with both Sea Dart and Sea Wolf SAM systems for long range AAW and point defence against AShMs respectively. However the T42 was too small to accommodate both systems particularly the Sea Wolf missile system which was both large and heavy. The Sea Wolf system meant that the three batches of T22 frigates were both larger and heavier than the T42s. In the Falklands war Sea Wolf suffered from problems with hardware failure causing launches to fail, and computer malfunctions causing broken lock onto targets.Nevertheless, there is some argument that had COVENTRY been equipped with both Sea Dart and Sea Wolf she may have survived the 25 May 1982 attack which sank her. Consequently, in designing the T45 provision was made for a multi-layered AAW capability with Aster 30 missiles providing long range area defence, Aster 15 missiles short range defence and Phalanx CIWS providing ‘last ditch’ defence against AShMs. This considerable capability is enhanced immeasurably by SAMPSON, arguably the most capable naval radar extant. Yet, while the T45s are a considerable improvement over their predecessors and match or exceed the capabilities of other Western AAW destroyers they can nevertheless be improved in their armament and sensors.HMS Defender along with one of her seaboats.Gun ArmamentThe inability of chaff to prevent the destruction of the ATLANTIC CONVEYER in the Falklands war demonstrated to the RN the limitations of passive defence systems. This was later reinforced by the inability of chaff fired from the MISSOURI to decoy the incoming Silkworm AShM. Both events confirmed that the greatest defence against incoming missiles was via a hard kill. What is also apparent from attacks by AShMs is that the Phalanx CIWS has failed in every instance to shoot down an incoming missile. In addition to the MISSOURI and STARK incidents, on July 14, 2006 Hezbollah fired two Chinese made C-802 AShMs at Israeli warships one of which hit the corvette INS HANIT. The HANIT possessed sophisticated a multi-layered missile defence capability including a Phalanx CIWS, Barak 1 anti-missile missiles, chaff and ECM and an Identification Friend or Foe (IFF) system which was activated at the time of the attack. These should have detected and brought down the AShMs but did not. With respect to both this and the STARK incident it was claimed that their ship’s defensive systems, including Phalanx, were switched off. Despite there being some evidence proffered to support these claims, it seems either implausible or negligent that ships operating in war zones had their principal defensive systems turned off.HMS Diamond.A far superior alternative to the Phalanx would be a system which combines a gun and missiles to provide defence against incoming AShMs. In my article for the UKDJ Wartime Operations – Employing the Queen Elizabeth Class Aircraft Carriers[1], I noted that mounted on the DS30M Mark 2 remotely operated 30mm cannon turret Thales Martlet Lightweight Modular Missiles (LMMs) and Thales High Velocity Missiles (HVMs) would provide a formidable anti-surface and anti-air capability. Jed Cawthorn supports my opinion in relation to this option and further adds that ‘I am no fan of the Phalanx, it was introduced to the RN…in the early 80s…so hope to see it retired in favour of a more modern and capable system’.[2] In the same article he gives a detailed analysis of weapons options for the Type 31e (T31e) frigate, much of which also can apply to the T45. In particular he notes that the with the T45 unlikely to be used for Naval Gunfire Support (NGS) a good option for the ships would be to replace the BAES Mk45 Mod 4 127 mm/ 4.5 inch main gun and Phalanx CIWS with the BAES Bofors 57 mm Mk3 gun in non-deck penetrating mounts.There is a strong case to support this argument. The gun can fire up to 220 rounds per minute out to a range of 10.6 miles (17 kms). With a greater range and firing a heavier round the 57 mm gun arguably has a greater Pk than the Phalanx CIWS. Additionally, the gun can fire BAES Ordnance for Rapid Kill of Attack Craft (ORKA) projectile which is a one shot-one kill round fitted with an imaging semi-active seeker. It can be guided to its target through laser designation or autonomously by downloading an image of the target prior to firing.HMS Dragon behind F-35Bs onboard HMS Queen Elizabeth.In development is the US Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency’s (DARPA) Multi-Azimuth Defense Fast Intercept Round Engagement System (MAD-FIRES) rocket propelled projectile. Fired from the Bofors 57 mm gun, it will combine the speed, rapid fire and the availability of the rounds of a gun weapon system with the precision and accuracy of guided missiles. Both ORKA and MAD-FIRES use enhanced ammunition rounds able to alter their flight path in real time to stay on target, together with a capacity to continuously target, track and engage multiple fast-approaching targets simultaneously and re-engage any targets that survive initial engagement.The current and future ammunition possibilities provide the 57 mm gun combined with the Sea Viper missile system would provide the T45 with a greater capability to defeat cruise missiles, AShMs, unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), aircraft as well as surface threats simultaneously.Missile ArmamentJanes reported in May 2014 that the UK was committing more funds to explore the development of the T45’s SAMPSON radar and Sea Viper missile system’s anti-ballistic missile (ABM) defence capabilities. This followed a live firing event hundreds of miles north of Kwajalein Atoll in the Western Pacific Ocean, where DARING successfully demonstrated the ability to detect and track at considerable range two medium-range ballistic missiles. Further signalling the UK’s intention to equip the T45s with an ABM capability, in March 2016 Britain and France announced a joint procurement programme with the intention of France acquiring MBDA Brimstone anti-tank missiles and Britain acquiring Aster Block 1NT missiles capable of intercepting medium range ballistic missiles which have a range of 539 nmi – 808 nmi (1,000 – 1,500 km). Once purchased the ABM Aster will match the capabilities of the SM-3 and SM-6 Standard series of missiles.However, it is not the capabilities of the Aster missile which is questioned when the subject of missile armament is raised in relation to the T45. As noted above, negative comments are directed towards the T45 with respect to the low number of Aster missiles carried. Increasing the number of available anti-aircraft missiles could be achieved by replacing eight Aster missiles with quad-packed MBDA Sea Ceptor missiles, increasing the load out to seventy-two missiles. The Sea Ceptor (also designated the Common Anti-Air Modular Missile [CAMM]) is an active radar homing missile which requires no fire control or illumination radars. It has a speed of Mach 3 and a range of 13.5+ nmi (25+ km), although Janes have reported that the missile has achieved a range of 32 nmi (60 km).HMS Duncan fires an Aster 30 missile.The CAMM-ER (CAMM-Extended Range) has a range of 24 nmi (45+ km). The Sea Ceptor has similar characteristics to the Aster 15, with a high rate of fire, 360 degree coverage and a high degree of manoeuvrability the missile can provide defence against saturation attacks by supersonic AShMs as well as aircraft. In addition to its primary role the RN has confirmed that the missile has a limited surface-to-surface role with the capability to engage small naval vessels.Beyond this limited capability should the RN determine to equip the T45s with a more substantial AShM capability many possibilities remain open. With the Harpoon Block 1C missiles in RN service now obsolescent they will be removed from both T23 frigates and T45 destroyers by 2023. Anti-surface capability will rely entirely on the Martlet and MBDA Sea Venom lightweight AShMs carried by Leonardo Wildcat HMA2 helicopters. However, in an acknowledgement that a heavyweight AShM would be required to sink vessels larger than a corvette, in March 2019 the Ministry of Defence (MoD) issued a Prior Information Notice (PIN) document which sets out the general requirements for a Harpoon replacement to potential contractors.These requirements for the Interim Surface to Surface Guided Weapon (I-SSGW) include capabilities to provide over-the-horizon precision anti-ship strike and a terrain-following precision maritime land attack. Missiles in contention to meet this requirement include the Lockheed Martin Long Range Anti-Ship Missile (LRASM) AGM-158C, the Kongsberg Naval Strike Missile (NSM) and the Saab RBS15 Mk 4 ‘Gungnir’ (Odin’s Spear). These missiles will be canister launched from the T23s. However, if the T45s were to be equipped with AShMs it would make sense to launch them from sixteen strike-length VLS cells for which provision has been made aft of the existing Sylver cells. These could be either the Mk 41 VLS which can accommodate the TLAM, LRASM and Anti-Submarine ROCket (ASROC), or the Sylver A70 VLS for the MdCN derivative of Storm Shadow. Logic would suggest that a purchase of the LRASM which could be used on both types of vessels would be the more suitable choice. Whichever missile is chosen in the interim, by the early 2030s both the T45s and T26s will be equipped with the MBDA CVS401 Perseus Future Cruise and Anti-Ship Weapon (FCASW).HMS Duncan with her Wildcat Helicopter.The T45s have no provision for anti-submarine weapons which are carried instead by an embarked Wildcat or Leonardo Merlin HM2 helicopter. A decision to install the Mk 41 VLS would bring with it the possibility to carry ASROC, but bringing yet another weapon type into RN service would appear unlikely especially given that the missile’s design dates back to the early 1960s.SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONThat the T45 is at the forefront of modern AAW destroyer design is without question. How to maintain its superiority in the face of growing and far more complex threats is now a question which should be addressed by the RN. Particular attention must be given to the number of missiles carried. One possible and innovative solution comes in the form of the BAES Adaptive Deck Launcher (ADL) which has four Mk 41 cells positioned on a ship’s deck in much the same way as any other canister system. The great of the ADL is that it can launch all current RN and USN missiles via its Mk 41 cells.Quad packed into two ADL’s Mk 41 cells the T45 could carry thirty-two Sea Ceptors without the need to reduce the complement of Aster missiles. The greatest benefit brought by the ADL is that unlike VSLs it can be replenished at sea. Given this development and other rapidly growing technologies, the future possibilities for the expansion of the T45’s armament and sensor systems are considerable hence there remains the probability that the type will indeed be among the world’s best air defence destroyers for some time to come.

Hmmm….. I don’t know why they are in the same question??Well here we go…..Arvind Kejriwal (born 16 August 1968) is an Indian politician and a former bureaucrat who is the current and 7th Chief Minister of Delhi since February 2015. He was also the Chief Minister of Delhi from December 2013 to February 2014, stepping down after 49 days of assuming power. Currently, he is the national convener of the Aam Aadmi Party, which won the 2015 Delhi Assembly elections with a historic majority, obtaining 67 out of 70 assembly seats. In 2006, Kejriwal was awarded the Ramon Magsaysay Award for Emergent Leadership in recognition of his involvement in the grassroots level movement Parivartan using right to information legislation in a campaign against corruption. The same year, after resigning from Government service, he donated his Magsaysay award money as a corpus fund to found the Public Cause Research Foundation, a non-governmental organisation (NGO).Before joining politics, Kejriwal had worked in the Indian Revenue Service as a Joint Commissioner of Income Tax in New Delhi.Kejriwal is a graduate in Mechanical engineering from Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Kharagpur. In 2012, he launched the Aam Aadmi Party, which won in the 2013 Delhi Legislative Assembly election. Following the election, he took office as the Chief Minister of Delhi on 28 December 2013. He resigned 49 days later, on 14 February 2014, stating he did so because of his minority government's inability to pass his proposed anti-corruption legislation due to a lack of support from other political parties. On 14 February 2015, he was sworn in as Chief Minister for a second term after his party's victory in the Delhi Legislative Assembly election.Kejriwal achievements in delhi as a cheif minister :-EDUCATIONIn its 2018-2019 Budget, the AAP government allocated Rs 13,997 crore, which is 26% of the total Budget, for the education sector.In 2017-18 Budget too, the education department share was a quarter of the total state's Budget. Ever since its inception, the Delhi government has been focused on education.Many efforts like Happiness Curriculum and construction of new classrooms in government schools have received accolades globally."Outside the schools, there is an atmosphere in the country where people are doing politics of temples and mosques. But the Delhi government is doing politics of building schools and education," deputy chief minister and education minister, Manish Sisodia, said at the inauguration of 11,000 new classrooms in government schools on January 29.DOORSTEP DELIVERYAfter a long tussle with the L-G, the government finally launched its doorstep delivery service scheme for 40 public services in September last year.The government recently announced to add 30 more services which allows people to apply online for services like driving licences and marriage certificates and have them delivered at home."With this, the second phase of the scheme, the total number of government services provided through this initiative will be 70," transport minister Kailash Gahlot said.FREE WATER & CHEAP POWERCheap electricity and free water to Delhi residents. Residents who use less than 20 kilolitres of water a month, get it free while the power tariffs have also come down.Kejriwal says he has managed this by reducing redtape by private discoms. In March 2018, Delhi reduced power tariffs by up to 32%.However, Delhi Congress chief Sheila Dikshit slammed the AAP government for seeking credit for reducing power rates."In the Assembly election AAP made false promises that electricity will be provided at half the rate and is using the same strategy for LS polls. The power rates have become more costly than ever before," Dikshit said.HEALTHA framed copy of a September 2018 letter by "The Elders"- a global organisation once headed by Late Kofi Annan, former United Nations Secretary-General - praising AAP government's Mohalla Clinics, hangs on one of the walls of the party's office at ITO.The primary healthcare centres offering free consultations, tests and medicines also received praise from Gro Harlem Bruntland, the former director general of World Health Organisation. Considered to be one of the flagship schemes of the AAP government, 189 of the promised clinics have been set up in Delhi."There have been delays due to multiple reasons in many projects which we are working on. Even in Mohalla Clinics, the Centre tried to create hurdles," Delhi's health minister Satyendar Jain told Mail Today on Wednesday.UNAUTHORISED COLONIESAmong AAP's pre-poll promises in 2015 was regularisation of over 1,700 unauthorised colonies. Four years on, the govt hasn't regularised even one colony.In last two months, there has been an intensified campaign for the Lok Sabha elections with Kejriwal inaugurating various development works.Since January 26 this year, Kejriwal has laid the foundation stone of works in 120 unauthorized colonies.Speaking at an event in Narela on February 8, Kejriwal said pipelines were installed in 400 colonies in last four years.He accused Centre of sitting over the files of the regularization of unauthorized colonies, an allegation that Union minister of housing and urban affairs, Hardeep Singh Puri denied."Thanks to the policy for the Delhi government, we have not been able to regularise the colonies. The local government has again sought two years to complete the process," Puri responded to AAP's allegation last week.FREE WiFiThe ambitious project has not seen any movement beyond papers. The government has last year announced to install hotspots across the city enabling access.The plan, sources in PWD department said, has been changed for now. The department has estimated a cost of Rs 566 Crore.The government plans to roll out this project before March 2019. In 2016, a pilot project was started in Burari'.Now , some facts about Terrorist Haafezz Sayeed :-Hafiz Muhammad Saeed (Urdu: حافظ محمد سعید‎, born 5 June 1950) is a Pakistani Islamist militant who is a co-founder of Lashkar-e-Taiba (LeT) and the chief of Jama'at-ud-Da'wah (JuD), operating mainly from Pakistan.In April 2012, the United States announced a bounty of $10 million on Saeed for his alleged role in the 2008 Mumbai attacks that killed 164 civilians. While India supported the US move, there were protests against it in Pakistan.Saeed is listed on the NIA Most Wanted list and UN designated terrorist. India has banned his organisations LeT and JuD as terrorist organisations. The United States, the United Kingdom, the European Union,Russia and Australia have also banned Lashkar-e-Taiba.India has demanded that Saeed be handed over to them by Pakistan but there is no extradition treaty between the two countries. Saeed has denied ever being a leader of LeT and said allegations that he planned attacks in India were baseless.Following are some of his Terrorist activites :-1994In 1994, Saeed visited the United States and "spoke at Islamic centres in Houston, Chicago and Boston".2001–2002Pakistan took Saeed into custody on 21 December 2001 due to an Indian government assertion that he was involved in 13 December 2001 attack on the Lok Sabha. He was held until 31 March 2002, released, then taken back into custody on 15 May. He was placed under house arrest on 31 October 2002 after his wife Maimoona Saeed sued the province of Punjab and the Pakistan federal government for what she claimed was an illegal detention.2006After 11 July 2006 Mumbai train bombings, the provincial government of Punjab, Pakistan arrested him on 9 August 2006 and kept him under house arrest but he was released on 28 August 2006 after a Lahore High Court order. He was arrested again on the same day by the provincial government and was kept in the Canal Rest House in Sheikhupura. He was finally released after the Lahore High Court order on 17 October 2006.2008–2009After the November 2008 Mumbai attacks, India submitted a formal request to the U.N. Security Council to put the group Jamaat-ud-Dawa and Hafiz Muhammad Saeed on the list of individuals and organisations sanctioned by the United Nations for association with terrorism. India has accused the organisation and its leader, Hafiz Muhammad Saeed, of being virtually interchangeable with Lashkar-e-Taiba. India said that the close links between the organisations, as well as the 2,500 offices and 11 seminaries that Jamaat-ud-Dawa maintains in Pakistan, "are of immediate concern with regard to their efforts to mobilise and orchestrate terrorist activities."On 10 December 2008, Hafiz Muhammad Saeed denied a link between LeT and JuD in an interview with Pakistan's Geo television stating that "no Lashkar-e-Taiba man is in Jamaat-ud-Dawa and I have never been a chief of Lashkar-e-Taiba."On 11 December 2008, Hafiz Muhammed Saeed was again placed under house arrest when the United Nations declared Jamaat-ud-Dawa to be an LeT front.Hafiz Muhammad Saeed was held in house arrest under the Maintenance of Public Order law, which allows authorities to detain temporarily individuals deemed likely to create disorder, until early June 2009 when the Lahore High Court, deeming the containment to be unconstitutional, ordered Hafiz Muhammad Saeed to be released.India quickly expressed its disappointment with the decision.On 6 July 2009, the Pakistani government filed an appeal of the court's decision. Deputy Attorney General Shah Khawar told the Associated Press that "Hafiz Saeed at liberty is a security threat."On 25 August 2009, Interpol issued a red notice against Hafiz Saeed, along with Zakiur Rehman Lakhvi, in response to Indian requests for his extradition.Hafiz Muhammad Saeed was again placed under house arrest by the Pakistani authorities in September 2009.On 12 October 2009, the Lahore High Court quashed all cases against Hafiz Muhammad Saeed and set him free. The court also notified that Jama'at-ud-Da'wah is not a banned organisation and can work freely in Pakistan. Justice Asif Saeed Khosa, one of two judges hearing the case, observed "In the name of terrorism we cannot brutalise the law."Indian attempts at extraditionOn 11 May 2011, in an effort to place pressure on Pakistan, India publicly revealed a list of its 50 most wanted fugitives hiding in Pakistan.India believes Hafiz Saeed is a fugitive, but the Indian arrest warrant had no influence in Pakistan and presently has no effect on Saeed's movements within Pakistan. Following the Lahore High Court ruling, Saeed has been moving freely around the country. For many years, India has demanded that Saeed be handed over but there is no extradition treaty between the two countries.Declaration as a terrorist by the United StatesThe United States declared two Lashkar-e-Tayyiba leaders—Nazir Ahmad Chaudhry and Muhammad Hussein Gill—specially designated global terrorists. The State Department also maintained LeT's designation as a Foreign Terrorist Organisation and added the following aliases to its listing of LeT: Jama’at-ud-Dawa, Al-Anfal Trust, Tehrik-i-Hurmat-i-Rasool, and Tehrik-i-Tahafuz Qibla Awwal. The Department of Treasury said that LeT was responsible for the November 2008 terrorist attack in Mumbai which killed nearly 200 people. The group's leader is Hafiz Muhammad Saeed, who is listed under UN Security Council Resolution 1267.Cooperation with IslamabadIn keeping with Pakistani establishment's wishes, Lashkar has been keeping focus on India and Saeed is among those who are thought to have helped Pakistan in capturing important al-Qaeda members like Abu Zubaydah.Senior Pakistani officials have said that Saeed is helping in de-radicalisation and rehabilitation of former extremists and that security is being provided to him because he could be targeted by militants who disapprove of Saeed's co-operation with Islamabad.US bountyIn April 2012, the United States announced a bounty of US$10 million on Hafeez Saeed, for his role in the 2008 Mumbai attacks. Saeed stated that he had nothing to do with the Mumbai attacks and condemned them. When asked about the bounty, Saeed replied, "I am living my life in the open and the US can contact me whenever they want."He subsequently stated that he was ready to face "any American court" to answer the charges and added that if Washington wanted to contact him, they knew where he was. "This is a laughable, absurd announcement. Here I am in front of everyone, not hiding in a cave," he said in a press conference.Saeed identified his leading role in the Difa-e-Pakistan Council and US attempts to placate India as reasons behind the bounty.In short he is a PAKISTANI TERRORIST .#PEACE:}