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HiYes, as a best practice you should always request W9 forms and W8 forms ( out of United States vendors) from new vendors. The following are the other rules that are relating to 1099 compliance. Below are few key points :All vendors will need to receive 1099 unless they are incorporated as a S or C Corporation.All payments made to attorneys/ law firms irrespective of whether they are incorporated or not will need to be issued 1099 in excess of $600.Any medical expenses/healthcare payments made in excess of $600.Rent payments made in excess of $600For a complete list, you can search for 1099 Misc form instructions. Most CPA firms can assist you with end of the year 1099 preparation which is due by Jan 31, of each year.**Disclaimer**Please note that any accounting, business or tax advice contained in this communication cannot be considered thorough analysis of specific issues, nor is this a substitute for a formal opinion, nor is it sufficient to avoid tax-related penalties. We are pleased to perform the requisite research and provide you with a detailed written analysis. Such an engagement may be completed as part of a separate engagement letter that would define the limits and scope of desired consultation services. We do not provide legal consultation. Please contact a business tax attorney for legal advice

What is the strangest election in history?The 2004 US presidential election was the strangest in history. I’m not the only person who holds that opinion:https://www.electionmathematics.org/em-exitpolls/Exit_Polls_2004_Edison-Mitofsky.pdfhttps://www.issuelab.org/resources/1297/1297.pdfhttps://www.globalresearch.ca/evidence-of-fraud-in-the-2004-u-s-presidential-election-a-reader/53107051. The Openness of New Voting Technologies to FraudBrady, Henry E., Justin Buchler, Matt Jarvis, John McNulty. Counting All the Votes: The Performance of Voting Technology in the United States. 57 pp. Department of Political Science, Survey Research Center, and Institute of Government Studies, University of California, Berkeley (September 2001), http://www.ucdata.berkeley.edu .Coleridge, Greg. “Closing the Circle: The Corporatization of Elections.” The Free Press (17 November 2004), http://www.freepress.org/departments/display/19/2004/875 .Collier, James M., and Kenneth F. Collier. Votescam: The Stealing of America. Victoria House Press, 1992. ISBN 0963416308.Collier, Victoria. “Computerized Election Fraud in America: A Brief History.” Votescam (25 October 2003), http://www.votescam.com/abriefhistory.php .“Company Defends Electronic Voting System.” Associated Press, The New York Times (25 July 2003), available (thanks to W. R. Mebane) at http://www.macht.arts.cornell.edu/wrm1/gov317/diebold/AP-Electronic-Voting-Flaws.25jul2003.html .Conover, Bev. “Computerized voting systems cannot be made secure.” Online Journal (20 October 2003), http://www.onlinejournal.com/evoting/102003Conover/102003conover.html .——. “Voting: When low-tech beats high-tech.” Online Journal (25 June 2004), http://www.onlinejournal.com/evoting/062504Conover/062504conover.html .Diebold, Inc. “Technical Response to the Johns Hopkins Study on Voting Systems.” 25 July 2003, available (thanks to W. R. Mebane) at http://www.macht.arts.cornell.edu/wrm1/gov317/diebold/technical.25jul2003.htm .Equal Justice Foundation. Vote Fraud and Election Issues. Last updated 27 September 2004. http://www.ejfi.org/Voting/Voting.htm#fraud .“Groups Question Voting Machines’ Accuracy.” Associated Press (30 October 2003), available (thanks to W. R. Mebane) at http://macht.arts.cornell.edu/wrm1/gov/diebold/AP-Election-Worries.30oct.2003.html .Halpert, Oscar. “Bev Harris was among the first to raise concerns about touch-screen machines.” Verified Voting (1 June 2004), http://www.verifiedvoting.org/article.php?id=2277 .Harris, Bev. Black Box Voting: Ballot Tampering in the 21st Century. Renton, WA: Talion Publishing/Black Box Voting, 2003. ISBN 1890916900. Free internet version available at http://www.blackboxvoting.org .——. “Inside a U.S. Election Vote Counting Program.” Scoop (8 July 2003), http://www.scoop.co.nz/mason/stories/HL0307/S00065.htm ; Truthout (July 2003), http://www.truthout.org/docs_03/voting.shtml .——. “Bald-Faced Lies About Black Box Voting Machines and The Truth About the Rob-Georgia File.” Scoop (10 July 2003), http://www.scoop.co.nz/mason/stories/HL0307/S00078.htm .——. “Internal Memos: Diebold Doing End-Runs Around Certification.” Scoop (12 September 2003), http://www.scoop.co.nz/mason/stories/HL0309/S00150.htm .Internet Policy Institute. Report of the National Workshop on Internet Voting: Issues and Research Agenda. March 2001. 62 pp. Sponsored by the National Science Foundation. Conducted in cooperation with the University of Maryland and hosted by the Freedom Forum. http://www.nsfe-voterprt.pdf .Jones, Douglas W. “Problems with Voting Systems and the Applicable Standards.” Testimony before the U.S. House of Representatives’ Committee on Science, Washington D.C (22 May 2001), http://www.cs.uiowa.edu/~jones/voting .——. “Auditing elections.” Communications of the ACM 47.10 (October 2004): 46-50, http://www.portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=0922594.1022622 .Kohno, Tadayoshi, Adam Stubblefield, Aviel D. Rubin, and Dan S. Wallach. “Analysis of an Electronic Voting System.” IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy, Oakland CA, May 2004. http://avirubin.com/vote/analysis/index.html .Kocher, Paul, and Bruce Schneier. “Insider Risks in Elections.” Inside Risks 169, CACM 47, 7 (July 2004), http://www.csl.sri.com/users/neumann/insiderisks04.html .Konrad, Rachel. “Electronic Voting Firm Drops Legal Case.” Associated Press (2 December 2003), available (thanks to W. R. Mebane) at http://macht.arts.cornell.edu/wrm1/gov317/diebold/mherald.diebold.02dec2003.htmlLandes, Lynn. “Mission impossible: Federal observers & voting machines.” Online Journal(26 November 2002), http://www.onlinejournal.com/evoting/112602Landes/112602landes.html .——. “Voting machines violate Constitution: Who will launch legal challenge?” Online Journal (15 April 2003), http://www.onlinejournal.com/evoting/041503Landes/041503landes.html .——. “Offshore company captures online military vote.” Online Journal (21 July 2003), http://www.onlinejournal.com/evoting/072103Landes/072103landes.html .——. “Internet Voting—The End of Democracy?” 27 August 2003. http://www.ecotalk.org/InternetVoting.htm ; Online Journal (4 September 2003), http://www.onlinejournal.com/evoting/090403Landes/090403landes.html .——. “Republicans and Brits will count California’s recall votes.” Online Journal (6 October 2003), http://www.onlinejournal.com/evoting/100603Landes/100603landes.html .——. “NIST ignores scientific method for voting technology.” Online Journal (16 December 2003), http://www.onlinejournal.com/evoting/121603Landes/121603landes.html .Mebane, Walter R., and Jasjeet S. Sekhon. “Robust Estimation and Outlier Detection for Overdispersed Multinomial Models of Count Data.” American Journal of Political Science 48 (April 2004): 391-400, http://www.elections.fas.harvard.edu/index.html .——, Jasjeet S. Sekhon and Jonathan Wand. “Detecting and Correcting Election Irregularities.” Working Paper, 9 October 2003, http://wand.stanford.edu/elections .Mercuri, Rebecca. Electronic Vote Tabulation: Checks and Balances. Ph.D. Thesis, Department of Computer and Information Systems, School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Pennsylvania, 2001. Available from http://www.umi.com (Thesis # 3003665).——. Electronic Voting. http://www.notablesoftware.com/evote.html .——, and Peter G. Neumann. “Verification for Electronic Balloting Systems.” Chapter 3 of Secure Electronic Voting, ed. Dimitris Gritzalis. Advances in Information Security, vol. 7. Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2002. ISBN 1402073011.Norr, Henry. “The Risks of Touch-Screen Balloting.” San Francisco Chronicle (4 December 2000), http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=/chronicle/archive/2000/12/04/BU91811.DTL .Rubin, Aviel. “Testimony, U.S. Election Assistance Commission. Dr. Aviel Rubin, Professor of Computer Science, May 5, 2004.” http://avirubin.com/vote .Saltman, Roy G. Accuracy, Integrity, and Security in Computerized Vote-Tallying. NBS Special Publication 500-158. Institute for Computer Sciences and Technology, National Bureau of Standards. Gaithersburg, MD 20899, August 1988. http://www.itl.nist.gov/lab/specpubs/500-158.htm .Schneier, Bruce. Applied Cryptography. 2nd edition. New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1996. ISBN 0471128457 (Paper: 0471117099).——. “Voting and Technology.” Crypto-Gram Newsletter (15 December 2000), http://www.schneier.com/crypto-gram-0012.html .Schwartz, John. “Report Raises Electronic Vote Security Issues.” The New York Times (25 September 2003), available (thanks to W. R. Mebane) at http://macht.arts.cornell.edu/wrm1/gov317/diebold/25VOTE.25sep2003.html .——. “File Sharing Pits Copyright Against Free Speech.” The New York Times (3 November 2003), available (thanks to W. R. Mebane) at http://macht.arts/cornell.edu/wr,1/gov317/diebold/03secure.03nov2003.html .Sludge, C. D. ” Sludge Report #154: Bigger Than Watergate! How to Rig an Election in the United States.” Scoop (8 July 2003), http://www.scoop.co.nz/mason/stories/HL0307/S00064.htm .Thompson, Alastair. “Diebold Internal Mail Confirms U.S. Vote Count Vulnerabilities.” Scoop (12 September 2003), http://www.scoop.co.nz/mason/stories/HL0309/S00106.htm .Thompson, Ken. “Reflections on Trusting Trust.” Communications of the ACM 27.8 (August 1984): 761-63. http://www.acm.org/classics/sep95 .Wand, Jonathan N. A., Jasjeet S. Sekhon, and Walter R. Mebane, Jr. “A Comparative Analysis of Multinomial Voting Irregularities: Canada 2000.” Proceedings of the American Statistical Society (2001), http://wand.stanford.edu/elections/canada/parliament .Williams, Britain J. “Security in the Georgia Voting System.” 23 April 2003, available at http://macht.arts.cornell.edu/wrm1/gov317/diebold/index.html .Zetter, Kim. “Time to Recall E-Vote Machines?” Wired News (6 October 2003), http://www.wired.com/news/politics/0,1283,60713,00.html?tw=wn_story_related .——. “Aussies Do It Right: E-Voting.” Wired News (3 November 2003), http://www.wired.com/news/ebiz/0,1272,61045,00.html .——. “E-Voting Undermined By Sloppiness.” Wired News (17 December 2003), http://www.wired.com/news/evote/0,2645,61637,00.html?tw=wn_story_related .——. “E-Vote Still Flawed, Experts Say.” Wired News (29 January 2004), http://www.wired.com/news/business/0,1367,62109.00,html .2. Allegations and Evidence of Fraud in Recent U.S. ElectionsCollier, James M., and Kenneth F. Collier. Votescam: The Stealing of America. Victoria House Press, 1992. ISBN 0963416308.Collier, Victoria. “Your stolen vote—the missing piece of the puzzle.” May 2000; republished by Online Journal (8 February 2001), http://www.onlinejournal.com/evoting/020801Collier/020801collier.html .——. “Computerized Election Fraud in America: A Brief History.” VoteScam (25 October 2003), http://www.votescam.com/abriefhistory.php .Conover, Bev. “Once again, the media try to con the people into believing Bush won.” Online Journal (5 April 2001), http://www.onlinejournal.com/evoting/040501Conover/040501conover.html .——. “Florida’s ‘fixed it’ farce.” Online Journal (11 May 2001), http://www.onlinejournal.com/evoting/051101Conover/051101conover.html .Conyers, John Jr., and Democratic Investigative Staff, House Committee on the Judiciary. How to Make Over One Million Votes Disappear: Electoral Sleight of Hand in the 2000 Presidential Election. A Fifty-State Report Prepared for Rep. John Conyers, Jr. (Ranking Member, House Committee on the Judiciary; Dean, Congressional Black Caucus. 122 pp. Washington, DC: U.S. House of Representatives, August 20, 2001. http://www.electionreport.pdf .Equal Justice Foundation. Vote Fraud and Election Issues. Last updated 27 September 2004. http://www.ejfi.org/Voting/Voting.htm#fraud .Gumbel, Andrew. “All the President’s votes? A quiet revolution is taking place in U.S. politics. By the time it’s over, the integrity of elections will be in the unchallenged, unscrutinised control of a few large—and pro-Republican—corporations. Andrew Gumbel wonders if democracy in America can survive.” The Independent (13 October 2003), http://www.news.independent.co.uk/world/americas/story.jsp?story=452972 ; also available at Common Dreams News Center, http://www.commondreams.org/headlines03/103301.htm .Harris, Bev. Black Box Voting: Ballot Tampering in the 21st Century. Renton, WA: Talion Publishing/Black Box Voting, 2003. ISBN 1890916900. Free internet version available at http://www.blackboxvoting.org .——. “Bald-Faced Lies About Black Box Voting Machines and The Truth About the Rob-Georgia File.” Scoop (10 July 2003), http://www.scopp.co.nz/mason/stories/HL0307/S00078.htm .Landes, Lynn. “2002 elections: Republican voting machines, election irregularities, and ‘way-off’ polling results.” Online Journal (8 November 2002), http://www.onlinejournal.com/evoting/110802Landes/110802landes.html .——. Election Fraud and Irregularities—BY YEAR. http://www.ecotalk.org/VotingMachineErrors.htm .Mercuri, Rebecca. “Florida 2002: Sluggish Systems, Vanishing Votes.” Inside Risks 149, CACM 45, 11 (November 2002), http://www.csl.sri.com/users/neumann/insiderisks.html#149 .Shafer, Jack. “Defending the Projectionists.” Slate (15 November 2000), http://slate.msn.com/id/1006506 .Zetter, Kim. “Did E-Vote Firm Patch Election?” Wired News (13 October 2003), http://www.wired.com/news/politics/0,1283,60563,00.html?tw=wn_story_related .3. Advance Warnings of Fraud in the 2004 Presidential ElectionAllen, David. “Inside An E-Voting Whitewash Conference Call.” Scoop (23 August 2003), http://www.scoop.co.nz/mason/stories/HL0308/S00175.htm .Boyle, Alan. “E-voting firm reports computer break-in.” MSNBC (29 December 2003), http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/3825143 .CalTech/MIT Voting Technology Project. “Immediate Steps to Avoid Lost Votes in the 2004 Presidential Election: Recommendations for the Election Assistance Commission.” July 2004. http://www.vote.caltech.edu/Reports/index.html .“Electronic Frontier Foundation and Stanford Law Clinic Sue Electronic Voting Machine Company: Student Publishers and ISP Aim to Stop Diebold’s Abusive Copyright Claims.” Electronic Frontier Foundation Media Release (3 November 2003), http://www.eff.org/legal/ISP_liability/OPG_v_Diebold/20031103_eff_pr.php .Fitrakis, Bob. “Diebold, electronic voting and the vast right-wing conspiracy.” The Free Press (24 February 2004), http://www.freepress.org/columns/display/3/2004/834 .——. “Death of a patriot: no more.” The Free Press (17 March 2004), http://www.freepress.org/columns/display/3/2004/853 .——. “E-Voting: The new battle hymn of the republic.” Online Journal (11 September 2004), http://www.onlinejournal.com/evoting/091104Fitrakis/091104fitrakis.html .——, and Harvey Wasserman. “Diebold’s Political Machine.” Mother Jones Magazine (5 March 2004), http://www.motherjones.com/commentary/columns/2004/03/03_200.html .——, and Harvey Wasserman. “Twelve ways Bush is now stealing the Ohio vote.” The Free Press (27 October 2004), http://www.freepress.org/departments/display/19/2004/810 .Fox, Pimm. “Worrying About Election Day.” Computerworld (27 September 2004), http://www.keepmedia.com/pubs/Computerworld/2004/09/27/596859 .Gillmor, Dan. “Flawed Vote Could Give IT A Black Eve.” Computerworld (1 November 2004), http://www.keepmedia.com/pubs/Computerworld/2004/11/01/641469 .Goodman, Amy, et al. “Will Bush Backers Manipulate Votes to Deliver GW Another Election?” Democracy Now! (4 September 2003), available at Common Dreams News Center, http://www.commondreams.org/headlines03/0904-10.htm .Gumbel, Andrew. “Mock the vote.” Los Angeles City Beat (29 October 2003), available at http://www.wesjones.com/mockthevote.htm .——. “All the President’s votes? A quiet revolution is taking place in U.S. politics. By the time it’s over, the integrity of elections will be in the unchallenged, unscrutinised control of a few large—and pro-Republican—corporations. Andrew Gumbel wonders if democracy in America can survive.” The Independent (13 October 2003), http://www.news.independent.co.uk/world/americas/story.jsp?story=452972 ; also available at Common Dreams News Center, http://www.commondreams.org/headlines03/1033-01.htm .——. “Portrait of a Country on the Verge of a Nervous Breakdown.” The Independent (24 October 2004), also available at Common Dreams News Center, http://www.commondreams.org/headlines04/1024-01.htm .Hales, Paul. “’Civil disobedience’ campaign targets Diebold: Students threaten freedom to manipulate elections.” The Inquirer (22 October 2003), http://www.theinquirer.net/?article==12261 .Harris, Bev. “Voting industry insiders hold secret meeting to hire PR firm to sell electronic voting to public.” Online Journal (26 August 2003), http://www.onlinejournal.com/evoting/082604Harris/082604harris.html .Hartmann, Thom. “If You Want to Win an Election, Just Control the Voting Machines.” Common Dreams News Center (31 January 2003). http://www.commondreams.org/views03/0131-01.htm ; Scoop (31 January 2003), http://www.scoop.co.nz/mason/stories/HL0302/S00009.htm ; Online Journal (6 February 2003), http://www.onlinejournal.com/evoting/020603Hartmann/020603hartmann.html .——. “A Winning Machine.” AlterNet (4 February 2003), http://www.alternet.org/story/15103 .——. “Now your vote is the property of a private corporation.” | The Smirking Chimp (11 March 2003), http://www.smirkingchimp.com/print.php?sid=10536 ; Online Journal (13 March 2003), http://www.onlinejournal.com/evoting/031303Hartmann/031303hartmann.html .——. The Theft of Your Vote is Just a Chip Away.” AlterNet (30 July 2003), http://www.alternet.org/story/16474 .Heichler, Elizabeth. “Criticism of Electronic Voting Machines’ Security is Mounting.” Computerworld (15 December 2003), http://www.keepmedia.com/pubs/Computerworld/2003/12/15/335119?from=search .“How George W. Bush Won the 2004 Presidential Election.” Infernal Press (25 June 2003), http://www.infernalpress.com/Columns/election.html ; Centre for Research on Globalization (15 July 2003), http://www.globalresearch.ca/articles/INF307A.html .Jones, Douglas W. “E-voting: Are our defenses adequate to defend citizens rights?” Paper presented to the International Telecommunications Union Workshop on Challenges, Perspectives and Standardization Issues in E-government, Geneva, Switzerland (6 June 2003), http://www.cs.uiowa.edu/~jones/voting/geneva .——. “The Diebold AccuVote TS Should be Decertified.” ESENEX Security Symposium, Washington DC (6 August 2003), http://www.cs.uiowa.edu/~jones/voting/dieboldusenix.html .——. “Recommendations for the Conduct of Elections in Miami-Dade County Using the ES&S iVotronic System.” 13 May 2004, revised 7 June 2004. http://www.csuiowa/~jones/voting .——, David L. Dill, Peter G. Neumann, Aviel Rubin, Dan Wallach. “To the concerned citizens and elected officials of the State of Ohio.” 26 February 2004, http://www.cs.uiowa.edu/~jones/voting .“Journalist [Lynn Landes] seeks temporary restraining orders against use of voting machines & absentee ballots.” Online Journal (18 October 2004), http://www.onlinejournal.com/evoting/101804NewsFlash/101804newsflash.html .King, Martin Luther III, and Greg Palast. “Jim Crow Revived in Cyberspace.” The Baltimore Sun (8 May 2003); also available at http://www.gregpalast.com/detail.cfm?artid=222&row=1 .Landes, Lynn. “Voting machine fiasco: SAIC, VoteHere and Diebold.” Online Journal (20 August 2003), http://www.onlinejournal.com/evoting/082003Landes/082003landes.html .——. Voting Systems Orgs and Companies. http://www.ecotalk.org/VotingMachineCompanies.htm .——. “Democrats send mixed signals in voting technology debate.” Online Journal (29 January 2004), http://www.onlinejournal.com/evoting/012904Landes/012904landes.html.——. “Questions mount over New Hampshire’s primary.” Online Journal (11 February 2004), http://www.onlinejournal.com/evoting/021104Landes/021104landes.html .——. “Faking democracy: Americans don’t vote, machines do, & ballot printers can’t fix that.” Online Journal (2 April 2004), http://www.onlinejournal.com/evoting/040704Landes/040704landes.html .——. “Two voting companies and two brothers will count 80 percent of U.S. election using both scanners & touchscreens.” Online Journal (28 April 2004), http://www.onlinejournal.com/evoting/042804Landes/042804landes.html .——. “Federal commission nixes talk of paper-only elections; stacks panels with proponents of paperless touchscreens.” Online Journal (12 May 2004), http://www.onlinejournal.com/evoting/051204Landes/051204landes.html .——. “Could the Associated Press rig the election?” Online Journal (23 October 2004), http://www.onlinejournal.com/evoting/102304Landes/102304landes.html .——. “If this election is stolen, will it be by enough to stop a recount?” Online Journal (31 October 2004), http://www.onlinejournal.com/evoting/103104Landes/103104landes.html.Leopold, Jason. “Electronic voting minus paper trails makes it easy to rig elections.” Online Journal (4 September 2003), http://www.onlinejournal.com/evoting/090403Leopard/090403leopard.html .Machlis, Sharon. “A Voter’s Paper Trail.” Computerworld (5 July 2004), http://www.keepmedia.com/pubs/Computerworld/2004/07/05/505110 .Mercuri, Rebecca. Press Release (24 September 2002): “MIT vs. Mercuri. Rebecca Mercuri rebuts recent MIT/CalTech voting systems analysis and calls for moratorium on new electronic balloting equipment purchases.” http://www.notablesoftware.com/Papers/MITvsMercuri.html .Moore, Steve. “E-Democracy: Stealing the Election in 2004.” Global Outlook 8 (Summer 2004); Centre for Research on Globalization (11 July 2004), http://www.globalresearch.ca/articles/MOO407A.html .“On Election Day 2004, How Will You Know If Your Vote Is Properly Counted? Answer: You Won’t. NJ Rep. Rush Holt Introduces Legislation to Require All Voting Machines To Produce A Paper Trail.” OpEdNews (n.d.), http://www.opednews.com/holt%20paper%20balloy%20bill.htm .Palast, Greg. “Florida Computers Snatch Thousands of Votes from Kerry.” Truthout (26 October 2004), http://www.truthout.org/docs_04/102904X.shtml ; also published under the title “Florida’s Computers Have Already Counted Thousands of Votes for George W. Bush.” Common Dreams News Center (28 October 2004), http://www.commondreams.org/head;ines04/1028-02.htm .——. “Electoral Fraud, Ethnic Cleansing of Voter Rolls, An Election Spoiled Rotten.” http://TomPaine.com (1 November 2004), http://www.tompaine.com ; Centre for Research on Globalization (4 November 2004), http://www.globalresearch.ca/articles/PAL411A.html .Pitt, William Rivers. “Desperate Measures.” Truthout (20 October 2004), http://www.truthout.org/docs_04/102004A.shtml .Plissner, Martin. “Exit polls to protect the vote.” The New York Times (17 October 2004), http://www.nytimes.com/2004/10/17/weekinreview/plis.html ; also available at http://Bellaciao.org (7 November 2004), http://bellaciao.org/en/article.php3?id_article=4196 .Redman, Colleen. “Voting machine voodoo: Democracy at risk.” Online Journal (19 November 2003), http://www.onlinejournal.com/evoting/111903Redman/111903redman.html .Roberts, Paul. “Dean, Other Dems Sound Off on E-voting Security.” Computerworld (2 August 2004), http://www.keepmedia.com/pubs/Computerworld/2004/08/02/518749 .Schulte, Brigid. “Maryland Voting System’s Security Challenged: Electronic Cheating Too Easy, Study Shows.” The Washington Post (25 July 2003), available (thanks to W. R. Mebane) at http://macht.arts.cornell.edu/wrm1/gov317/diebold/A42928-2003jul24 .——. “Maryland Plans Fixes After Vote System is Faulted.” The Washington Post (25 September 2003), available (thanks to W. R. Mebane) at http://www.macht.arts.cornell.edu/wrm1/gov317/diebold/A60825-2003Sep24 .Slashdot file of stories (dating from July 2003 to October 2004) about electronic voting machines, Diebold Incorporated, and free speech issues. The file includes the following stories:“Maryland Tests Voting Machines, Declares Success” (posted 22 October 2004)“Diebold Rejected in Copyright Takedown Attempt” (posted 10 October 2004)“Chimp Can Hack Diebold Electronic Voting System” (posted 24 September 2004)“More Diebold E-Voting Vulnerabilities” (posted 22 September 2004)“California AG Says He’ll Sue Diebold” (posted 7 September 2004)“No Secret Ballot for Military Personnel?” (posted 4 September 2004)“Vote Tabulator Security Hole Exposed” (posted 30 August 2004)“Australian Voting Software Goes Closed Source” (posted 4 August 2004)“Diebold Sued (Again) Over Shoddy Voting Machines” (posted 12 July 2004)“Who’s Blocking Verified E-Voting?” (posted 11 June 2004)“Feds to Open BlackBoxVoting User Logs?” (posted 19 May 2004)“Indian Voting Machines Compared with Diebold” (posted 14 May 2004)“California County Sues State Over E-Vote Ban” (posted 9 May 2004)“Evoting in the News” (posted 7 May 2004)“CA Secretary of State Bans Diebold Machines” (posted 1 May 2004)http://slashdot.org/search.p?query=diebold&op=stories&author=tid=&section=&sort=1 .Sludge, C. D. “Sludge #156: SAIC Connected to E-Voting Whitewash.” Scoop (23 August 2003), http://www.scoop.co.nz/mason/stories/HL0308/S00173.htm .——. “Sludge Report #157: The ITAA, The Election Center, & Doug Lewis.” Scoop (23 August 2003), http://www.scoop.co.nz/mason/stories/HL0308/S00174.htm .Sperry, Mac. “Stopping the vote theft—urgent—drop all else.” Online Journal (25 October 2003), http://www.onlinejournal.com/evoting/102503Sperry/102503sperry.html .Stroh, Michael. “Defects detected in voting machines: Hopkins researchers say Maryland’s electronic terminals are vulnerable to hackers.” The Baltimore Sun (24 July 2003), available (thanks to W. R. Mebane) at http://macht.arts.cornell.edu/wrm1/gov317/diebold/A42928-2003jul24 .Verton, Dan. “E-vote at Risk.” Computerworld (18 October 2004), http://www.keepmedia.com/pubs/Computerworld/2004/10/18/622389 .Zeller, Tom. “Ready or Not (and Maybe Not), Electronic Voting Goes National.” The New York Times (19 September 2004); Truthout (20 September 2004), http://www.truthout.org/docs_04/092004L.shtml .4. Allegations and Evidence of Fraud in the 2004 Presidential Election“Academia still fixated on November 2.” Associated Press (19 November 2004), http://www.cnn.com/2004/ALLPOLITICS/11/19/election.aftermath.ap/index.html .Adams, Brandon. An Examination of the 2004 Elections. 7 November 2004, updated 10 November 2004. This site includes the following items:“President Bush given greater preference than Republican Senate candidate in all but two counties in Florida”“Total Votes Cast Outnumber Voter Turnout in Florida”“Floridan Votes, Sorted by Voting Technology”“Floridan Votes, Sorted by Machine Vendor”“Floridan Votes, Sorted by Voting Machine Model”“Percentage of Candidate’s Votes Contributed by Model.” http://www.electionexamination.blogspot.com .Azulay, Jessica. “Amid Charges of Vote Suppression, Activists Look for Larger Fraud.” ZNet(13 November 2004), http://www.zmag.org/content/showarticle.cfm?SectionID=90&ItemID=6638 .“Berkeley Researchers Report ‘Unexplained Discrepancy’ in FLA Vote Totals. Study released Thursday indicates the probability is that electronic voting machines may have awarded 130,000-260,000 or more in excess votes to Bush in Florida.” Buzzflash (18 November 2004), http://www.buzzflash.com/analysis/04/11/ana04028.html .Bernstein, David S. “Questioning Ohio: No controversy this time? Think again.” The Boston Phoenix (12-18 November 2004), http://www.bostonphoenix.com/boston/news_features/other_stories/multi-page/documents/04256171.asp .Buchanan, Wyatt. “If It’s Too Bad to be True, It May Not be Voter Fraud. Most statistical enigmas in recent election have logical explanations, despite Web rants.” San Francisco Chronicle (11 November 2004); also available at http://www.verifiedvoting.org/article.php?id=5239 .Burns, Margie. “Dirty work at Philly polls.” OpEdNews (15 November 2004), http://www.opednews.com/burns_111504_philly_polls.htm .Byrne, John. “Kerry seen as presidential victor in early exit polls.” The Blue Lemur (2 November 2004, 3:15 p.m.), http://www.bluelemur.com/index.php?p=386 .——. “Odds of Bush gaining by 4 percent in all exit polling states 1 in 50,000; Evoting/paper variance not found to be significant.” The Blue Lemur (8 November 2004), http://www.bluelemur.com/index.php?p=405 .CalTech/MIT Voting Technology Project. “Voting Machines and the Underestimate of the Bush Vote.” Version 2 (11 November 2004), available at http://www.verifiedvoting.org/article.php?id=5243 .Cannon, Joseph. “The empire strikes back: Data and disinformation.” Cannonfire (12 November 2004), http://www.cannonfire.blogspot.com/2004/11/empire-strikes-back-data-and.html .——. “Full court press on vote fraud.” Cannonfire (24 November 2004), http://cannonfire.blogspot.com/2004/11/full-court-press-on-vote-fraud.html .Cardinale, Matthew. “A Genealogy of Votergate Media Coverage 2004: Through the Eyes of Googlenews.” OpEdNews (10 November 2004), http://www.opednews.com/cardinale_111004_votergate_media.htm .‘caro’. “Reconstructing the Crime.” Radio Left (12 November 2004), http://blog.radioleft.com/blog/-archives/2004/11/12/181769.html .Chin, Larry. “The Stolen Election of 2004: welcome back to hell.” Online Journal (5 November 2004), http://www.onlinejournal.com/evoting/110504Chin/110504chin.html ; Centre for Research on Globalization (5 November 2004), http://www.globalresearch.ca/articles/CHI411B.html .Cohen, Ariella. “Voter Suppression Challenged by Ohioans, Allies.” The New Standard (25 November 2004), http://newstandardnews.net/content/?action=show_item&itemid=1249.Cohn, Marjorie. “Litigating the Election.” Truthout (22 November 2004), http://www.truthout.org/docs_04/112204A.shtml .“Computer error at voting machine gives Bush 3,893 extra votes.” Akron Beacon Journal(5 November 2004), http://www.ohio.com/mld/beaconjournal/news/state/10103910.htm?1c .“Computer glitch still baffles county clerk.” News-Dispatch (4 November 2004), http://www.michigancitym.com/articles/2004/11/04/news02.txt .“Computer May Have Lost 4,500 N.C. Votes.” Guardian Unlimited (4 November 2004), http://www.guardian.co.uk/uslatest/story/0,1282,-459634,4,00.html .Conover, Bev. “We Wuz Robbed… Again!” Online Journal (12 November 2004), http://www.onlinejournal.com/Commentary/111204Conover/111204conover.html .“Conservatives rail against MSNBC’s Olbermann for reporting election irregularities.” Media Matters for America (16 November 2004), http://www.mediamatters.org/items/printable/200411160006 .Conyers, John Jr., Jerrold Nadler, Robert Wexler (Members of the Congress of the United States, House of Representatives). “Letter to GAO Comptroller Walker Requesting Investigation of Voting Machines and Technologies Used in 2004 Election.” 5 November 2004. http://www.house.gov/conyers .Conyers, John Jr., Jerrold Nadler, Robert Wexler, Robert C. Scott, Melvin Watt, Rush Holt (Members of the Congress of the United States, House of Representatives). “Follow-up Letter to GAO Comptroller Walker Requesting Investigation of Voting Machines and Technologies Used in 2004 Election.” 8 November 2004. http://www.house.gov/conyers .Corn, David. “Going Down the Stolen Election Road?” The Nation (10 November 2004), available at Alternet, http://www.alternet.org/election04/20458 .“Countinghouse blues: Too many votes.” 6 News Omaha: Omaha Breaking News, Weather and Sports. Nebraska News. | WOWT.com (n.d.), http://www.wowt.com/news/headlines/1161971.html .Crampton, Thomas. “Global monitors find faults.” International Herald Tribune (3 November 2004), http://www.iht.com/bin/print_ipub.php?file=articles/2004/11/02/news/observe.html .‘DavidAdmin.’ “Answers to Boston Globe’s Dismissal of Voter Fraud Story.” ReDefeatBush(11 November 2004), http://www.redefeatbush.com/modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=284 .DeHart, Sara S. “Something is Rotten in Denmark: Exit poll data in former Soviet Republic of Georgia vs. USA.” Online Journal (17 November 2004), http://www.onlinejournal.com/evoting/111704DeHart/111704dehart.html .‘DemFromCT’. “On Voting Irregularities And Election Integrity.” dailyKOS (13 November 2004), http://www.dailykos.com/story/2004/11/13/235655/22 .Dingus, Doug. “How Electronic Voting Impacts the Trustworthiness of our Elections.” OpEdNews (26 November 2004), http://www.opednews.com/dingusDoug_112604_electronic_voting.htm .Dodge, David. “Response to MIT/Caltech.” http://Ustogether.org (13 November 2004), http://ustogether.org/election04/dodge/MIT_Caltech_rebutal_11-13-04.htm .Dopp, Kathy. “Surprising Pattern of Florida’s Election Results.” http://Ustogether.org (3 November 2004, with later updates), http://www.ustogether.org/Florida_Election.htm . For further analysis and graphic representation of Kathy Dopp’s data, see http://www.ustogether.org/election04/FloridaDataStats.htm , and http://www.rubberbug.com/temp/Florida2004chart.htm .Drobny, Sheldon. “Votergate 2004: We Don’t Need Paper to Prove Fraud, But We Do Need Money and Leadership, NOW.” OpEdNews (9 November 2004), http://www.opednews.com/drobny_110904_election_investigation.htm ; Centre for Research on Globalization (10 November 2004), http://www.globalresearch.ca/articles/DRO411A.html .Election Problem Reports. “Stolen Election Library—With Hundreds of Links.” National Ballot Integrity Project (17 November 2004), http://www.ballotintegrity.org/DCForumID1/174.html .Engberg, Eric. “Blogging as Typing, Not Journalism.” CBS News (8 November 2004), http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2004/11/08/opinion/main654285.shtml .Evans, Shaula. “Republican Election Theft Clearinghouse [Updated 11/12].” BOPNews (12 November 2004), http://www.bopnews.com/archives/002328.html .——. “Outside eye: Dems Abroad Election Fraud Report.” BOPNews (12 November 2004), http://www.bopnews.com/archives/002420.html#2420 .“Exit Polls vs. Actual Results.” http://www.bandsagainstbush.org/cgi-bin/archives/exit_polls.gif ; also at http://www.bandsagainstbush.org/cgi-bin/archives/000117.html .Farrell, Maureen. “Another Rigged Election? The Elephant in the Voting Booth.” Buzzflash(9 November 2004), http://www.buzzflash.com/farrell/04/11/far04038.html .——. “Election Angst Update: Clark Kent Vs the Media Wimps.” Buzzflash (23 November 2004), http://www,buzzflah.com/farrell/04/11/far04040.html .Fertik, Bob. “Stolen Election 2004: Wednesday Update.” 24 November 2004, http://blog.democrats.com/node/871/print .Fitrakis, Bob. “Did Kerry Concede Too Soon?” The Free Press (5 November 2004), http://www.freepress.org/columns/display/3/2004/981 ; Centre for Research on Globalization (6 November 2004), http://www.globalresearch.ca/articles/FIT411A.html .——. “None dare call it voter suppression and fraud.” The Free Press (7 November 2004), http://www.freepress.org/columns/display/3/2004/983 .——. “And so the sorting and discarding of Kerry votes begins.” The Free Press (10 November 2004), http://www.freepress.org/columns/display/3/2004/985 .——. “Document reveals Columbus. Ohio voters waited hours as election officials held back election machines.” The Free Press (16 November 2004), http://wwwfreepress.org/columns/display/3/2004/990 .——. “How the Ohio election was rigged for Bush.” The Free Press (22 November 2004), http://www.freepress.org/columns/display/3/2004/995 .——, and Harvey Wasserman. “Hearings on Ohio Voting Put 2004 Election in Doubt.” The Free Press (18 November 2004), http://www.freepress.org/departments/display/19/2004/886 .——. “More Ohio voter suppression testimony prompts upcoming legal filing for statewide recount.” The Free Press (20 November 2004). http://www.freepress.org/departments/display/19/2004/894 .——. “How a Republican election supervisor manipulated the 2004 central Ohio vote, in black and white.” The Free Press (23 November 2004), http://www.freepress.org/departments/display/19/2004/917 .——. “New Ohio voter transcripts feed floodtide of doubt about Republican election manipulation.” The Free Press (25 November 2004), http://www.freepress.org/departments/display/19/2004/930 .Fordahl, Matthew, et al. “Electronic Voting Machine Woes Reported.” Your Local News Source (2 November 2004), http://www.whtm.com/news/stories/1104/184856.html .Freeman, Alan. “No one cheated (but they could have).” The Globe and Mail (20 November 2004): F2, http://www.theglobeandmail.com .Freeman, Steven F., PhD. “The Unexplained Exit Poll Discrepancy.” [First Draft] Buzzflash(11 November 2004), http://www.buzzflash.com/alerts/04/11/ale04090.html .——. “The Unexplained Exit Poll Discrepancy: Part I.” Working Paper #04-10, Center for Organizational Dynamics, Graduate Division, School of Arts and Sciences, University of Pennsylvania. 21 November, 2004, http://www.buzzflash.com/alerts/04/11/ale04090.html; also available at Scoop (23 November 2004), http://www.scoop.co.nz/mason/stories/HL0411/S00305.htm .Friedberg, Lilian. “An Open Letter to the New York Times (and by implication) the Rest of the US Media Who are Trying to Whitewash the 2004 Presidential Election Scandal.” OpEdNews (15 November 2004), http://www.opednews.com/friedberg_111504_media_whitewash.htm .Gagliano, Richard A. “A Petition to Congress requesting an investigation into the Presidential Election of 2004.” http://www.petitiononline.com/cgi-bin/mlk?http://www.dtmagazine.com .Galen, Rich. “Exit Polls Miss Election Goals.” CNS News (22 November 2004), http://www.cnsnews.com/ViewCommentary.asp?Page=%5Ccommentary%5Carchive%C200411%5CCOM20041122a.html .“Glitch causes Franklin Co. recount.” Indianapolis Star (11 November 2004), http://www.indystar.com/articles/3/193880-4433-102.html .Goldstein, Ritt. “US Election: Democracy in Question.” Inter Press Service (18 November 2004), available at Common Dreams News Center, http://www.commondreams.org/headlines04/1118-11.htm .Goodman, Amy. “The Ohio Factor: Did Homeland Security and the FBI Interfere With the Vote Count?” [Interview with Erica Solvig.] Democracy Now! (10 November 2004), http://www.democracynow.org/article.pl?sid=04/11/10/1536254 .——. “Dave Cobb Discusses the Ohio Recount.” [Interview with Dave Cobb, Green Party presidential candidate.] Democracy Now! (19 November 2004), also available at Scoop, http://www.scoop.co.nz/mason/stories/HL0411/S00262.htm .“GOP Wants to End Exit Polls: A Buzzflash News Analysis.” Buzzflash (10 November 2004), http://www.buzzflash.com/analysis/04/11/ana04027.html . Includes the text of Doug Halonen, “GOP Wants News Organizations to Abandon Exit Polls, TVWeek, http://www.tvweek.com/news.cms?news/d=6674%OD .“Green and Libertarian Presidential Candidates to Demand Ohio Recount.” Green Party News Release (11 November 2004), http://www.gp.org/press/pr_11_11_04.html .Guina, Greg. “Suspicions stir belief that presidential election was hijacked.” Vermont Guardian (11 November 2004), http://www.vermontguardian.com/national/0904/votingfraud.shtml .Gwin, Harold. “Democrats’ leader decries voting glitches.” Youngstown Vindicator (2 November 2004), http://www.vindy.com/basic/news/288078640794824.php .Hargrove, Thomas. “Election commission: Voting problems widespread.” Scripps Howard News Service (23 November 2004), http://www.knoxstudio.com/shns/story.cfm?pk=MISCOUNT-REACT-11-23-04&cat=PP .Harris, Bev. “The Tampering of Electronic Voting Systems on November 2nd.” BlackBoxVoting (7 November 2004), http://www.blackboxvoting.org ; Centre for Research on Globalization (8 November 2004), http://www.globalresearch.ca/articles/HAR411A.html .——. “Vote Fraud, Volusia County on Lockdown. County election records just got put on lockdown: Dueling lawyers, election officials gnashing teeth, Votergate.tv film crew catching it all.” Scoop (16 November 2004), http://www.scoop.co.nz/mason/stories/HL0411/S00246.htm .——. “Dems Pocket $52 Million, CNN Ignores Evidence, and Officials Stonewall… What Vote Fraud?” Home (24 November 2004), http://www.breakfornews.com/articles/WhatVoteFraud.htm .Harrison, Ann. “The Ghost Votes in the Machine: Voting Snafus Across the Nation.” Counterpunch (3 November 2004), http://www.counterpunch.org/harrison11032004.html.Hartmann, Thom. “The Ultimate Felony Against Democracy.” Common Dreams News Center (4 November 2004), http://www.commondreams.org/views04/1104-38.htm .——. “Evidence Mounts that the Vote May Have Been Hacked.” Common Dreams News Center (6 November 2004), http://www.commondreams.org/views04/1106-30.htm .——. “Restoring Trust in the Vote.” Common Dreams News Center (15 November 2004), http://www.commondreams.org/views04/1115-24.htm .——. “‘Stinking Evidence’ of Possible Election Fraud Found in Florida.” Scoop (19 November 2004), http://www.scoop.co.nz/mason/stories/HL0411/S00258.htm .Hasty, Michael. “When fascism comes….” Online Journal (20 November 2004), http://www.onlinejournal.com/commentary/112004Hasty/112004hasty.html .Herrin, Chuck, CISSP, CISA, MCSE, CEH. “How to Hack the Vote: The Short Version.” The World According to Chuck: Computer Security Stuff (10 November 2004, revised 22 November 2004), http://www.chuckherrin.com/hackthevote.htm .Hout, Michael, Laura Mangels, Jennifer Carlson, Rachel Best; with the assistance of the UC Berkeley Quantitative Methods Research Team. “The Effect of Electronic Voting Machines on Change in Support for Bush in the 2004 Florida Elections.” Working Paper, UC Data (Data Archive & Technical Assistance), UC Berkeley Survey Research Center (18 November 2004), http://www.ucdata.berkeley.edu .‘Hunter’. “Ohio Provisional Ballots, Recounts, and Fraud [UPDATED].” dailyKOS (5 November 2004), http://www.dailykos.com/story/2004/11/4/224812/643 .Hutchinson, Earl Ofari. “The Painful Truth.” Alternet (15 November 2004), http://www.alternet.org/columnists/story/20504 .“ignatzmouse’. “Unofficial Audit of NC Election: Comprehensive Case for Fraud.” Democratic Underground (12 November 2004), http://www.democraticunderground.com/discuss/duboard.php?az=show_mesg&forum=203&topic_id=45003&mesg_id=45003 .“Judge Denies Demand for Ohio Recount.” Associated Press (24 November 2004), http://news.yahoo.com/news?tmpl=story&u=/ap/20041124/ap_on_re_us/ohio_vote_4 .Jurkowitz, Mark. “Media Accused of Ignoring Election Irregularities.” The Boston Globe (17 November 2004), available at Common Dreams News Center, http://www.commondreams.org/headlines04/1117-01.htm .Keefer, Michael. “Footprints of Electoral Fraud: The November 2 Exit Poll Scam.” Centre for Research on Globalization (5 November 2004), http://www.globalresearch.ca/articles/KEE411A.html ; Autonomy & Solidarity (5 November 2004), http://www.auto_sol.tao.ca . Other observers have provided graphic confirmation from CNN’s screens of the alterations of exit poll percentages noted in this article. See “Why Did CNN Change Their Exit Poll Data for Ohio After 1:00 a.m.?” Buzzflash (3 November 2004), http://www.buzzflash.com/analysis/04/11/ana04025.html; and “Proof CNN is tampering with the election to cover the fraud.” DemocraticUnderground (3 November 2004), http://www.democraticunderground.com/discuss/duboard.php?az=show_mesg&forum=132&topic_id=1290765&mesg_id=1295180&page= .“Kerry/Edwards Campaign Participates in Ohio Recount.” U.S. Democratic Party Press Release, Scoop (22 November 2004), http://www.scoop.co.nz/mason/stories/W00411/S00261.htm .Klein, Rick. “Internet buzz on vote fraud is dismissed.” The Boston Globe (10 November 2004), http://www.boston.com/news/nation/articles/2004/11/10/internet_buzz_on_vote_fraud_is_dismissed?pg=2 .Kleinberg, Eliot. “Broward machines count backward.” Palm Beach Post (5 November 2004), http://www.palmbeachpost.com/politics/content/news/epaper/2004/11/05/a29a_BROWVOTE_1105.html.Konrad, Rachel. “State settles electronic voting suit against Diebold for $2.6M.” The Sacramento Bee (12 November 2004), http://www.sacbee.com/state_wire/story/11380251p-12294653c.html .——. “Conspiracy Theorists Still Question Bush’s Victory.” Associated Press, The Miami Herald (21 November 2004), available at http://www.verifiedvoting.org/article.php?id=5327 .Kucinich, Dennis. “A Note on the Presidential Election in Ohio.” Common Dreams News Center (10 November 2004), http://www.commondreams.org/views04/1110-31.htm .Kuhn, David Paul. “Online Liberals: We Wuz Robbed.” CBS News (10 November 2004), http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2004/11/10/politics/main655005.shtml .Levy, Steven. “Black Box Voting Blues. 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But some computer-security experts warn of the possibility of stolen elections.” Newsweek(3 November 2004), http://msnbc.com/id/3339650 .Liddle, Elizabeth. “2004 Presidential Florida by County by Voting Machine Type Election Analysis.” http://Ustogether.org (c. 12 November 2004), http://ustogether.org/election04/Little_Analysis.html .Lindorff, Dave. “Double Standards on Exit Polls: Hypocrisy Sans Irony.” Counterpunch (24 November, 2004), http://www.counterpunch.org/lindorff11232004.html .Madsen, Wayne. “Grand Theft Election: Karl Rove’s turd droppings all over this one.” Online Journal (5 November 2004), http://www.onlinejournal.com/evoting/110504Madsen/110504madsen.html ; Centre for Research on Globalization (5 November 2004), http://www.globalresearch.ca/articles/MAD411A.html .——. “Saudis, Enron money helped to pay for US rigged election.” Online Journal (25 November 2004), http://www.onlinejournal.com/special_Reports/112504Madsen/112504madsen.html .“Major bugs found in Diebold systems.” The Washington Times (12 November 2004), http://www.washingtontimes.com/upi-breaking/20041112-112037-7263r.htm .Manjoo, Farhad. “Was the election stolen? 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Mitofsky.” Bloggerman (24 November 2004), http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/6210240 .Otter, Faun. “Vote Fraud—Exit Polls Vs Actuals.” Scoop (4 November 2004), http://www.scoop.co.nz/mason/stories/HL0411/S00072.htm .Palast, Greg. “Kerry won… Here are the facts.” http://TomPaine.com (4 November 2004), http://www.tompaine.com/articles/kerry_won_.php ; Common Dreams (4 November 2004), http://www.commondreams.org/views04/1104-36.htm ; Centre for Research on Globalization (4 November 2004), http://www.globalresearch.ca/articles/PAL411B.html ; Online Journal (5 November 2004), http://www.onlinejournal.com/evoting/110504Palast/110504palast.html .——. “Kerry Won Ohio: Just Count the Ballots at the Back of the Bus.” In These Times (12 November 2004), http://www.gregpalast.com/detail.cfm?artid=393&row=0 ; also published as “Most voters in Ohio chose Kerry; here’s how the votes vanished.” OpEdNews(15 November 2004), http://www.opednews.com/palast_111504_ohio_chose_kerry.htm .——. “Why Kerry Conceded Though He Had the Most Votes.” News, Politics, Business, Technology & Culture (16 November 2004), http://www.gregpalast.com/detail.cfm?artid=395&row=0 .“Palm Beach County Logs 88,000 More Votes Than Voters.” The Washington Dispatch (5 November 2004), http://www.washingtondispatch.com/spectrum/archives/000715.html .Parry, Robert. “Evidence of a Second Bush Coup?” Consortium News (6 November 2004), http://www.consortiumnews.com/2004/110604.html .——. “Explaining Ourselves.” Consortium News (10 November 2004), http://www.consortiumnews.com/2004/111004-htm .——. “Big Media, Some Nerve.” Consortium News (13 November 2004), http://www.consortiumnews/2004/111304.html .——. “Big Media’s Democracy Double Standards.” Consortium News (23 November 2004), http://www.consortiumnews.com/2004/112304.html .Parry, Sam. “Bush’s ‘Incredible’ Vote Tallies.” Consortium News (9 November 2004), http://www.consortiumnews.com/2004/110904.html ; Centre for Research on Globalization (9 November 2004), http://www.globalresearch.ca/articles/PAR411B.html .——. “Washington Post’s Sloppy Analysis.” Consortium News (12 November 2004), http://www.consortiumnews.com/2004/111204.html .Partridge, Ernest. “Is This the Smoking Gun That Proves the Election was Stolen?” The Crisis Papers blog (9 November 2004), http://www.crisispapers.org/features/ep-blogs.htm .Paterson, James, Ph.D. The Theft of the 2004 US Election. 16 pp. http://www.freewebs.com/stolenelection/index.htm .Paulos, John Allen. “Errors in exit polls still a puzzle to many.” Philadelphia Inquirer (24 November 2004), available at November 2nd Truth (25 November 2004), http://nov2truth.org/article.php?story=20041125002114235 .Penenberg, Adam L. “Calling the Election: A Primer.” Wired News (2 November 2004), http://www.wired.com/news/politics/0,1283,65557,00.html .Penn, Thomas. “Can we trust the vote count anywhere? In any race? In any election?” Online Journal (14 November 2002), http://www.onlinejournal.com/evoting/111402Penn/111402penn.html .Peterson, Evan Augustine III, J.D. “E-Voting Machine ‘Error’ in Ohio Gives Bush Thousands of Extra Votes.” OpEdNews (7 November 2004), http://www.opednews.com/peterson_110704_error.htm .Philips, Richard Hayes, Ph.D. Precinct-by precinct analysis of electoral fraud in Cleveland. Quoted in its entirety in Bob Fertik, “Widespread Election Fraud in Cleveland?” http://Democrats.com/unity (22 November 2004), http://blog.democrats.com/node/812 .——. “Stealing Votes in Columbus.” The Free Press (23 November 2004), http://www.freepress.org/departments/display/19/2004/914 .Pitt, William Rivers. “Worse Than 2000: Tuesday’s Electoral Disaster.” Truthout (8 November 2004), http://www.truthout.org/docs_04/110804A.shtml .——. “Saving Your Right to Vote.” Truthout (22 November 2004), http://www.truthout.org/docs_04/112304Z.html .Plissner, Martin. “In Defense of Exit Polls: You just don’t know how to use them.” Slate (4 November 2004), http://slate.msn.com/id/2109186 .“Presidential Votes Miscast on E-Voting Machines Across the Country.” Kansas City infoZine (2 November 2004), http://www.infozine.com/news/stories/op/storiesView/sid/4154 .Quirk, Kevin. “Something amiss in Ohio.” Online Journal (5 November 2004), http://www.onlinejournal.com/evoting/110504Quirk/110504quirk.html .Reid, Chip. “Internet theories on election abound: Even Democratic Party officials discount claims of unfair practices.” NBC News (11 November 2004), http://msnbc.msn.com/id/6463505 .Rockwell, Teed. “93,136 EXTRA Votes Found in ONE Ohio County.” rense.com (19 November 2004), http://www.rense.com/general59/one.htm .Roig-Franzia, Manuel, and Dan Keating. “Latest Conspiracy Theory—Kerry Won—Hits the Ether.” The Washington Post (11 November 2004), http://www.washingtonpost.com/ac2/wp-dyn/A41106-2004Nov10?language=printer .Rosenfeld, Steven. “The Perfect Election Day Crime.” http://TomPaine.com (12 November 2004), http://www.tompaine.com/articles/the_perfect_election_day_crime.php .Royle, Andy, et al. “Urban vs. rural voting patterns in Florida—comments by Andy Royle and others.” 4 November 2004, http://synapse.princeton.edu/~sam/royle_florida.html .Sekhon, Jasjeet S. “The 2004 Florida Optical Voting Machine Controversy: A Causal Analysis Using Matching.” 14 November 2004, http://elections.fas.harvard.edu/index.html.Shafer, Jack. “Updated Late Afternoon Numbers. Mucho flattering to Kerry; plus Nader makes an appearance.” Slate (2 November 2004, 4:28 p.m. PT), http://slate.msn.com/id/2109053/#Post1 .——. “Exit Zone. The official excuses for the bad exit poll numbers don’t cut it.” Slate (5 November 2004), http://www.slate.com/Default.aspx?id=2109310 .Shane, Cory. “Should America Trust the Results of the Election?” The Washington Dispatch(2 November 2004), http://www.washingtondispatch.com/article_10500.shtml .Shea, Colin. “I Smell a Rat.” Zogby International (15 November 2004); also available at Common Dreams News Center (16 November 2004), http://www.commondreams.org/views04/1115-20.htm .Shepard, Scott. “Electronic Votes Touch Off Doubts.” Atlanta Journal-Constitution (6 December 2003); also available at Common Dreams News Center, http://www.commondreams.org/headlines03/1206-01.htm .Simon, Jonathan. (Introduction by Alastair Thompson, Scoop Co-Editor.) “47 State Exit Poll Analysis Confirms Swing Anomaly.” Scoop (11 November 2004), http://www.opednews.com/votergate2004.htm .Sludge, D. W. “Sludge Report #164-Vote Fraud 2004-WTF!!!” Scoop (9 November 2004), http://www.scoop.co.nz/mason/stories/HL0411/S00124.htm#13 .Smith, Sam. “It’s the Internet’s Fault Again: Stupid journalist tricks.” Scoop (15 November 2004), http://scoop.co.nz/mason/stories/HL0411/S00168.htm .——. “Watching the Count: Blame It On the Blogs.” Scoop (15 November 2004), http://www.scoop.co.nz/mason/stories/HL0411/S00175.htm .——. “Watching the Count: Counter-Journalism Debate.” Scoop (23 November 2004). http://www.scoop.co.nz/mason/stories/HL0411/S00296.htm .Solarbus. A Stolen Election? Documenting what could be the highest crime in the history of our country. [List of Readings] http://Solarbus.org, http://www.solarbus.org/stealyourelection/index.html .——. “713 pages of Diebold internal memos leaked.” http://Solarbus.org (24 November 2004), http://www.solarbus.org/stealyourelection/index.html .Solnit, David. “Massive Vote Suppression and Corruption in Ohio.” Centre for Research on Globalization (3 November 2004), http://www.globalresearch.ca/articles/SOL411A.html .Solomon, Ian H. “Did Lawyer-Observers on Election Day Miss Fraud Incidents?” Hartford Courant (14 November 2004), http://www.nashuatelegraph.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20041114/OPINION04/11114009/-1/opinion .Solvig, Erica, and Dan Horn. “Warren Co. defends lockdown decision; FBI denies warning officials of any special threat.” The Cincinnati Enquirer (10 November 2004), http://www.enquirer.com/editions/2004/11/10/loc_warrenvote10.html .Stapp, Katherine. “U.S. Election: Unease Over E-Voting.” Verified Voting (16 November 2004), http://www.verifiedvoting.org/article.php?id=5263 .Strashny, Alex. “Working Paper: The lack of effect of electronic voting machines on change in support for Bush in the 2004 Florida elections.” Institute for Mathematical Behavioral Sciences, University of California, Irvine, available at Verified Voting (21 November 2004), http://verifiedvoting.org/article.php?id=5347 .Swanson, David. “Media Black Out on Vote Fraud Allegations: Votes Aren’t the Only Thing Missing in Ohio.” Counterpunch (8 November 2004), http://www.counterpunch.com/swanson11082004.html .Take Back the Media, and People to People TV. 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Think Again.” The Moderate Independent (10 November 2004), http://www.moderateindependent.com/v2i21election.htm .Verified Voting Foundation. “Our Position on Fraud in the 2004 Presidential Election.” Verified Voting (15 November 2004), http://www.verifiedvoting.org/article.php?id=5249 .Verton, Dan. “Officials Defend System, Despite Early E-voting Problems.” Computerworld(1 November 2004), http://www.keepmedia.com/pubs/Computerworld/2004/11/01/641499 .——, and Patrick Thibodeau. “Electronic Voting Systems Pass Their Big Test-Maybe.” Computerworld (8 November 2004), http://www.keepmedia.com/pubs/Computerworld/2004/11/08/644061 .“Volusia County lawsuit alleges irregularities in Nov 2, 2004 election.” Home, http://www.blackboxvoting.org/#lawsuit .“Voting-Machine Woes in Carteret [North Carolina] Have Officials Looking for Answers.” Associated Press (23 November 2004), http://www.verifiedvoting.org/article.php?id=5342.Wade, Anthony. “Keith Olbermann Plays Hardball, Breaks Votergate Story on National, Mainstream Media.” OpEdNews (8 November 2004), http://www.opednews.com/wade_110904_olbermann.htm .——. “Diversionary New Tactics, Votergate 2004.” OpEdNews (9 November 2004), http://www.opednews.com/bloganthonywade.htm .——. “Pimping for Bush, NY Daily News Sells Out Its Readers and the Country, Continuing the Votergate 2004 Cover-up.” OpEdNews (16 November 2004), http://www.opednews.com/wade_111604_pimping.htm .Waldman, Alan. “Was It Hacked?” Orlando Weekly (18 November 2004), http://www.orlandoweekly.com/news/Story.asp?ID=4688 .Wand, Jonathan. “Evaluating the Impact of Voting Technology on the Tabulation of Voter Preferences: The 2004 Presidential Election in Florida.” Working Paper, Version 0.2, 15 November 2004, http://wand.stanford.edu/elections/usFL2004 .Webb, Cynthia L. “Bloggers Let Poll Cat Out of the Bag.” The Washington Post (3 November 2004), http://media.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A21932-2004Nov3.html .Weissman, Steve. “Who Counts in Ohio?” Truthout (11 November 2004), http://www.truthout.org/docs_04/111104A.shtml .Welsh, Ian. “Thinking about Vote Fraud.” BOPNews (9 November 2004), http://www.bopnews.com/archives/002357.html#2357 .Whitney, Mike. “Sour grapes or voter fraud?” | The Smirking Chimp (4 November 2004), http://www.smirkingchimp.com/article.php?sid=18549 .——. “The Ohio mandate.” | The Smirking Chimp (7 November 2004), http://www.smirkingchimp.com/article.php?sid=18588 .Williams, Mark. “Ohio Provisional Ballots Seem Legitimate.” Associated Press (17 November 2004), available at Truthout (18 November 2004), http://www.truthout.org/docs_04/111804V.shtml .Zeller, Tom, Jr. “Vote Fraud Theories, Spread by Blogs, Are Quickly Buried.” The New York Times (12 November 2004), http://www.nytimes.com/2004/11/12/politics/12theory.html?ei=5006&en=b09c80ele3bbf1d0&ex=1100840400%02%22ner=ALTAVISTA1&pagewanted=print&position=.https://www.issuelab.org/resources/1297/1297.pdfIt’s certainly enough information to help others to question that election.Thanks for the A2A!

The Koine Greek Manuscripts“I have also taken a great deal of pains to obtain the learning of the Greeks, and to understand the elements of the Greek language, although I have so accustomed myself to speak our own tongue , that I cannot pronounce Greek with sufficient exactness. For our nation does not encourage those that learn the language of many nations. On this account, as there have been many who have done their endeavors, with great patience , to obtain the Greek learning, there have hardly been two or three who have succeeded therein , who were immediately rewarded for their pains.”—Flavius Josephus (37-100 AD)The earliest manuscripts we have of the books of the New Testament, which includes the four Canonical Gospels, were all originally written in Koine Greek, which was the common language of the Mediterranean lands and the larger part of the Eastern half of the Roman Empire.See: ResearchGuides: Biblical Manuscripts: Greek NT ManuscriptsThe Greek Scriptures are regarded as being the original form of the books that make up the New Testament as they appeared in Koine Greek, the common dialect from 300 BC to 300 AD. There are several Greek-language versions of the New Testament that approximate the original form of the New Testament books in Koine Greek. The first of the Gospels was probably Mark, written around 70 A.D., about 40 years after Jesus was crucified. Matthew and Luke were written between 80 and 90 A.D. Finally, The Gospel of John appeared in its final form around 95 A.D.Papyrus 75, the Oldest Surviving Fragment from the Gospel of Luke175 CE - 225 CEChristianity began as a Jewish sect, which eventually spread throughout the Gentile population. The Gospels existed in oral tradition in the early Christian community for some time before they were finally set in written form. As the eyewitnesses to the events of Jesus' life began to pass away in the latter part of the first century, it probably became more urgent that these events be preserved in writing. Koine is simply the Greek word for “common.” Many people may recognize the word koine from the word koinonia, which means “fellowship.” Fellowship is having something in common.As Alexander the Great conquered the “civilized world” of his time, he spread Greek language and culture. Much like English has become today, Greek became the most common and pervasive “international language” of the day. Since most people could understand Koine, it was uniquely suited to proclaim the gospel throughout the world.Not only was Koine Greek common in the sense it enjoyed widespread usage throughout the Roman Empire, but it was also common in the sense that it was not the language of the intellectual and academic elites. Classical Greek was used by the educated class. Koine Greek was the language of the working man, the peasant, the vendor, and the housewife—there was nothing pretentious about it. It was the vernacular, or vulgar language, of the day. The great works of Greek literature were written in Classical Greek. No scholar today would care to study anything written in Koine Greek, except for the fact that it is the language of the New Testament. God wanted His Word to be accessible to everyone, and He chose the common language of the day, Koine.Usage of The Aramaic LanguageThe original language which was spoken was primarily a Western dialect of Aramaic. Jesus and his disciples in particular spoke Galilean Aramaic, but probably also spoke liturgical Hebrew as well, and perhaps also a fair bit of Greek.Aramaic (arāmāyā; Old Aramaic: 𐤀𐤓𐤌𐤉𐤀; Imperial Aramaic: 𐡀𐡓𐡌𐡉𐡀; Square Script אַרָמָיָא, Syriac ʾEsṭrangēlā Script: ܐܪܡܝܐ) is a language belonging to the Northwest Semitic group of the Afroasiatic language family, which also includes the Canaanite languages, such as Hebrew, Edomite, Moabite, and Phoenician, as well as Amorite and Ugaritic, It gradually replaced Hebrew as the language of the Jews in those areas and was itself supplanted by Arabic in the 7th century AD.A Syrian dialect of Aramaic—known as “Syriac", was used as a lingua franca in the Near East from the 6th century BC.The Aramaic alphabet was widely adopted for other languages and is ancestral to the Hebrew, Syriac and Arabic alphabets. During its approximately 3,100 years of written history, Aramaic has served variously as a language of administration of empires, as a language of divine worship and religious study, and as the spoken tongue of a number of Semitic peoples from the Near East.Jewish Palestinian AramaicSee: Jewish Virtual Library, ARAMAIC LANGUAGE AMONG THE JEWSJewish Aramaic (abbreviated JPA) was a Western Aramaic dialect spoken by the Jews during the Classic Era in Judea and the Levant, specifically in Hasmonean, Herodian and Roman Judea and adjacent lands in the late first millennium BCE and later in Syria Palaestina and Palaestina Secunda in the early first millennium CE. A dialect of this language (Galilean Aramaic) was spoken by Jesus. The Son of God Text (4Q246), found in Qumran is written in this language as well.Jewish dialects of Aramaic share a great many similarities with Hebrew, in much the same way as Spanish is related to Italian, if not more. Aramaic was originally spread through the conquest of the Assyrian and Babylonian Empires, and was later adopted by the Jews once they returned from captivity.---Thus Aramaic has proven to have been (in varying dialects) the language primarily spoken by the common people throughout much of the Middles East—including Judaea—during and after the time of Jesus.Although the Jews of the time likely would have known and spoken Hebrew, it is still likely that the common language of the Jews was Aramaic. Of course, they may have simply considered it a different form of Hebrew in the same way that the Arabic of Morocco cannot be understood by the Arabs of Iraq and vice versa, but they all consider themselves to be speaking Arabic. I say this because Aramaic is not mentioned as a distinct language in the New Testament. Therefore, it may have been considered as another form of Hebrew because of their similarity.Evidence That The Gospel Writers Made Use of TargumimThe Targum Onkelos, תרגום אונקלוס, is the Jewish Aramaic targum of the Torah, accepted as an authoritative translated text of the Five Books of Moses and thought to have been written in the early 2nd-century CE.A targum (תַּרְגּוּם) is an ancient Aramaic paraphrase or interpretation of the Hebrew Bible. Targumim were originally spoken translations of the Jewish scriptures (also called the Tanakh) that a meturgeman (professional interpreter) would give in the common language of the listeners when that was not Hebrew.Here are a few examples:Historically, the Jews referred to the Aramaic portions of Genesis, Jeremiah, Daniel, and Ezra as Targums, and later rabbis developed the Babylonian Targum, interpreting the Tanak or Old Testament (OT) Scriptures. The writers of the New Testament (NT), along with Jesus, employed the practice of interpreting/translating the Tanakh in their citations of the OT. These biblical NT interpretations, or Targums, were inspired (2 Timothy 3:16).Both the Gospels and the Book of Acts appear to contain a number of Targumim citations.Synagogue PracticeJames affirmed that the Torah was the text by which preaching in the synanogues was done on each Shabbat throughout every town of Judaea, (Acts 15:21).Therefore, synagogues, distributed over a widespread geographical area, functioned as the first century training center for Jewish understanding of the Torah on their religious day (Acts 13:27). The early Christians also regularly frequented the synagogues (Acts 6:9; 9:2, 20; 13:5, 14, 43; 17:2; 21:26) because the synagogue leaders afforded them the opportunity to give a “word of exhortation” (Acts 13:15).Paul’s word of exhortation was a summary interpretation of many passages from the Law (תּוֹרָה‎, Torah) and Prophets (נְבִיאִים‎, Nəḇi'im) and the Writings (כְּתוּבִים‎, Kəṯuḇim), pointing the Jews to Jesus of Nazareth as the fulfillment of these Messianic Scriptures (cf. vv. 17-37).One gospel writer gave elaborate detail of a typical Shabbat synagogue service (Luke 4:16-21). The reader stood, received the scroll, and opened it (vv. 16-17). The reader read the OT Scripture and then gave his “running” interpretation or Targum of the passage at hand (vv. 17b-19). The reader rolled up the scroll, handed it back, and sat down (v. 20). The reader preached his sermon or “word of exhortation” (cf. 21 ff.). This synopsis of these aforementioned biblical texts reveals foundation knowledge about the NT Christians’ practice of employing the OT Scriptures in the synagogue.Evidence That The Gospels May Have Originally Been Written In AramaicThere can be little doubt, at present, that the Gospel tradition arose in a Semitic milieu. Jesus himself spoke Aramaic; his Bible was the Hebrew scriptures, our Old Testament, whether he read it -- or heard it read -- in Hebrew or in a running translation later known as the Targum; his teaching presupposed a familiarity with the Law, the Prophets, and the Psalms, with the current synagogue liturgy, based very largely on scripture.Moreover, Jesus’ disciples were all Aramaic-speaking Jews, and the tradition as they and others handed it down was doubtless in that tongue. One should note that the various Aramaic phrases clearly indicate this:Ephphatha (Ἐφφαθά), Mark 7:34, > אתפתח /eṯpəṯaḥ/ “be opened".Abba (Ἀββά[ς]), Mark 14:36, Galatians 4:6, Romans 8:15, > אבא /ʔabba/ "Father".Raca (Ρακά), Matthew 5:22, > ריקה or ריקא, /râqa/ "vain, worthless”.Usage notesOccurs in rabbinic writings as a term of personal abuse, and differs little from "fool".Mammon (Μαμωνάς), Mathew 6:24, Luke 16:9-13, > ממון or (emphatic) ממונה ,ממונא /mamon, cf. mamona/ "riches, treasure".Usage notesThis is usually considered to be an originally Aramaic word borrowed into Rabbinic Hebrew, but its occurrence in late Biblical Hebrew and, reportedly, in 4th century Punic may indicate that it had a more general "common Semitic background".Rabbuni (Ραββουνί), John 20:16, > רבוני /rǝbbuní/ "teacher, ie. master".Maranatha (Μαραναθά), 1 Corinthians 16:22, Didache 10:6, > מרנא תא /marana ṯa/ "LORD come!" or מרן אתא /maran ʔaṯa/ "Our LORD has come".Eli, Eli, lema sabachthani (Ἠλί, Ἠλί, λιμὰ σαβαχθανί), Matthew 27:46, Mark 15:34, > אלהי אלהי למה שבקתני /əlahí əlahí ləmáh šəvaqtáni/ "My God, why have you forsaken me?!".Korbanan (κορβανᾶν), Matthew 27:6, > קרבנא or קרבנה /qorbana/ "religious gift or offering".Sikera (Σίκερα), Luke 1:15, > שכרא /šaḵəraʔ/ "liquor, alcohol".Hosanna (Ὡσαννά), Mark 11:9, > הושע נה /hošáˁ-nah/ "Save us!".Gethsemane (Γεθσημανῆ), Matthew 26:36, Mark 14:32, > גתשמני /gaṯ-šemanéi/ "oil press".Golgotha (Γολγοθᾶ), Mark 15:22, John 19:17, > גולגלתא /gulgalṯaʔ/ "skull, cranium".Gabbatha (Γαββαθᾶ), John 19:13, > גבהתא /gabbáṯaʔ).Akeldama (Ἀκελδαμά), Acts 1:19, > חקל דמה /ḥeqal damáh/ "field of blood".Pool of Bethesda (Βηθεσδά), John 5:2, > בית חסדא /bêṯ ḥesdaʔ/ "house of grace".--The gospel tradition was originally Aramaic, though translated from time to time, and probably from a fairly early date, into Greek. As we have also seen, some of the parallel sayings in the Gospels presuppose a common Greek original, suggesting a single translation, while others presuppose an original farther back, suggesting diversity of translation and transmission.At first glance it might seem most probable that the Gospels themselves were composed or compiled in Aramaic, and then later turned into Greek either by one or by more than one translator. This would account for the outstanding phenomenon of interrelation between the SynopticsEvidence That The Synoptic Gospels May Have Been Derived From An Earlier ManuscriptA proto-Gospel would be an early written prototype, or "first written account" of the Gospels. The idea is that Matthew, Mark and Luke all had this proto-Gospel in front of them when they wrote their Gospel accounts; they copied, or translated, adding additional information and context where needed.The proto-Gospel is written in Jewish Aramaic originally, but the Gospel writers perhaps had a Greek translation as well.The proto-Gospel probably includes sayings (logia) of Jesus—most likely based on eyewitness accounts.The proto-Gospel represents the original preaching (kerygma) of Jesus and his Disciples before it was built upon by extra-biblical traditions.The strongest evidence for this is that Luke's Prologue (Luke 1: 1-4) clearly states that people before him have "drawn up an account" of Jesus' Ministry and that these people were "eyewitnesses" but that he is merely "writing an orderly account" of this source.The Syriac and Palestinian Churches have made the historical claim that the Gospels we're originally written in Aramaic. The most common type of Aramaic Primacy is referred to as Peshitta Primacy, regarding the Syriac New Testament, and although it makes some good arguments it must be said that there area number of problems with this theory.See:Aramaic Primacy of the GospelsEvidence of Peshitta PrimacyProblems With Peshitta PrimacyNow, obviously Jesus and his disciples didn't speak Syriac. However, there could have once been copies, or at least prototypes, of the Gospels written in other dialects of Aramaic.Some rabbinic traditions regard Aramaic as a holy language alongside Hebrew. There are parts of the Tanakh (Hebrew OT) which are preserved in Aramaic, such as a few lines in Isaiah. The middle sections of Daniel (2:4b-7:28) are written entirely in Aramaic, and likewise Ezra 4:8-6:18; 7:12-26 as well. The possible reason for this is disputed, but what is certain is that these sections are indeed Aramaic, not Hebrew. This is what is commonly called Biblical Aramaic, a dialect that closely resembles Hebrew. This is the basis for the insertion that Aramaic is a "holy language."It is also important to note the Jerusalem Talmud, Sotah 7.2, which reads, “Let not the Aramaic be esteemed by you lightly my son; as the Holy One, blessed be He, has seen fit to give it voice in the Torah and the Prophets and the Writings.” This is because there is are Aramaic words in the Torah, sections of Ezra/Daniel (as mentioned) in the Writings, and a verse from Jeremiah in the Prophets. In Gen. 31:37; the name that Laban calls the place is in Aramaic, while Jacob gives it the same name in Hebrew. Jer. 10:11; the sentence denouncing idolatry is in Aramaic. The aforementioned sections of Daniel and Ezra.This seems to make a solid case. To be sure, no sections of the Tanakh are written (originally) in Greek.ARAMAIC NT (WordPress)Aramaic NT, which is short for “Aramaic New Testament” (www.aramaicnt.org, not to be confused with www.aramaicnt.com) is a website dedicated to studying Jewish Aramaic and the unearthing the cultural and historical context of the Gospels. Steve Caruso is the site creator, he teaches Galilean Aramaic and runs the content on The Aramaic New Testament website.He also teaches Interface Design at The Aramaic Designs website (Where Ancient Languages Come Alive). Aramaic Designs is a translation service where you can purchase and request translations into Galilean Aramaic, Syriac, and a variety of other dialects. You can engage with him and also support his projects on social media platforms:Facebook Group: Aramaic Biblical StudiesTwitter: Steve Caruso (@AramaicDesigns) on TwitterYouTube Channel: Aramaic DesignsOn the Aramaic NT website Steve is also undergoing a project called the Aramaic Words Translation, which will be the closest you can probably get to the actual words which were originally spoken two thousand years ago.Original Names of NT Figures:Jesus of Nazareth: ישוע נזרייה - (yešuaˁ nazəraiyah)Mary of Magdala: מרים מגדלייה - (maryam migdəlayah)Nicodemus: נקדימון - (naqǝdîmon)Simon Peter (ie. Cephas): שמעון כיפא - (ŝiməˁon kep̄aʔ)Andrew: אדם / אנדריאה - (adam, cf. andreah)Phillip: פיליפוס‎ - (p̄iliypus)Thomas: תאומה - (taʔwmah)John, son of Zebedee: יוחנן בר זבדי - (yoḥanan bər zabədí)John the Baptist: יוחנן צבעינא - (yoḥanan ṣəbaˁyna)James, son of Zebedee: יעקוב בר זבדי - (yaˁaqov bər zabədî)James, son of Alphaeus: יעקוב בר חלפי‎ - (yaˁaqov bər ḥaləp̄ai)Mathew, a.k.a Levi : מתי / לוי - (matái, cf. leví)Jude Thaddeus: יחוד תדי - (yəḥudah tadái)Judas Iscariot: יחודה שקריות - (yəḥudah šəḵaryoṭa)Bartholomew: בר תלמי - (bər-taləmái)Simeon the Zealot: שמעון כנעניה - (ŝiməˁon kənaˁayah)Matthias: מתיאה - (matiaʔh)Paul of Tarsus: שאול תרשייה - (ŝaʔul tarŝiyah)Mark: מקר / מרקוס - (maqqər, cf. marqus)Luke: לוקא‎ / אוריה - (uriyah, cf. luqaʔ)Galilean Aramaic Translations:The proclamation of John in the wilderness (Mark 1:7) -אתי מן דחייל מיני בתרי׃ דלית אנה שווי מיברך׃ ומישרי ערקתא דסנדלוי׃ אנה צבעית לכון במיין׃ ברם יצבע לכון ברוח קודשה׃/ʔəṯey man dəḥaiyel meni baṯari, dəlêṯ ʔənah šauwei miḇrak wəmišrei ˁəraqṯa dəsandloi, nah ṣbaˁyeṯ ləkon bəmaiyin, bram yəṣḇˁa ləkon bəruaḥ qudšah/“After me comes he who is mightier than I, the thong of whose sandals I am not worthy to stoop down and loosen. I baptized you in water, but he will baptize you in the Holy Spirit.”--The Lord's Prayer (Luke 11:2–4), in Galilean Aramaic -אבא יתקדש שמך ת‎ית‎י מלכותך׃ תהווה רעותך׃ פיתתן דצורך הב לן יומדן׃ וושבוק לן חובנן׃ הך אנן שבקין לחיבנן׃ וולה תעאל לן לנסיון׃/ʔəb'ba, yəṯqadaš šəmaḵ, teṯe malḵuṯaḵ. Tehəwe raˁutaḵ. Pitṯan də-ṣoraḵ, hav lan yoməden. Wa-švuq lan ḥovenan. Heḵ ʔənan šəvaqin lə-ḥaivenan. Wə-la taˁel lan lə-nisyon./“Father, may Thy name be Sanctified. Thy kingdom come. Thy will be done. Give us this our bread day by day, and forgive us our debts. As we too have forgiven our debtors. And lead us not to trial.”The Lord's Prayer (Matthew 6:9-13), in Galilean Aramaic -אבנן דבשמייה׃ יתקדש שמך׃ תאתה מלכותך׃ תהווה רעותך׃ בארעה כנ"ל דבשמייה׃ פיתתן דצורך הב לן יומדן׃ וושבוק לן חובנן׃ הך אנן שבקין לחיבנן׃ וולה תעאל לן לנסיון׃ ברם פצי לן מן בישה׃ אמין׃/ʔabənan dəvašəmaya. Yəṯqadaš šəmaḵ. Teṯe malḵuṯaḵ. Tehəwe raˁutaḵ, bəarˁa kənal dəvašəmaya. Pitṯan də-ṣoraḵ, hav lan yoməden. Wa-švuq lan ḥovenan. Heḵ ʔənan šəvaqin lə-ḥaivenan. Wə-la taˁel lan lə-nisyon. Bəram pəṣi lan min biša, ʔameyn/“Our Father In Heaven, may Thy name be Sanctified. Thy kingdom come. They will be done, as on Heaven, also on Earth. Give us this our bread day by day, and forgive us our debts. As we too have forgiven our debtors. And put us not to trial [for our sins], but deliver us from the Evil One. Amen.”--The sinner's prayer -מרי ישוע משיחה בר אלהה תרחם עליי חטייה/Mar yešuˁ məšiḥa bər ʔelaha teraḥḥam ˁalai ḥaṭaiyah/"My LORD Yeshua the Messiah, son of God, have mercy upon me, a sinner."--Common Jewish greeting in Aramaic -שלם לכון/Šlam ləḵon/“Peace be with you.”--Jesus said in Mark 1:17 -אתון בתרי/ʔəṯun baṯarí/“Come follow me.”--אילנה דחיה/ʔilana dəḥayya/“The Tree of Life.”--Matthew 26:52 -בגין כל דנסב סייף בסייף ימוותון/bagin kal dənsab saiyp̄, bəsaiyp̅ yimuṯun/“ For all they that take the sword shall perish with the sword.”The Phonetics of Galilean:-Also see: Help:IPA/Hebrew - Wikipedia, Galilean vocalizationTransliteration to IPA (International Phenetic Alphabet):Consonantsˀ/ʾ [ʔ]b [b]v/ḇ [β]g [ɡ]ḡ [ɣ]d [d]ḏ [ð]h [h]w [w]z [z]ṭ [tˤ]ḥ [ħ]y/i [j]k [k]ḵ [x]l [l]m [m]n [n]s [s]ˁ/ʿ [ʕ]p [p]p̄ [ɸ/f]ṣ [sˤ]q [q]r [ʁ]š [ʃ]t [t]ṯ [θ]Vowelsə [ə]a [ʌ]e [ɛ]i [ɪ/i]o [o]u [u]ê/ey [e̝]Herodian ScriptGalilean Aramaic is written using the 22 letter alphabet—or 25 counting three variations of existing letters as separate letters of their ow. This is referred to as Square Script (what we call “Hebrew”), the convention is to use Tiberian vowels, which in modern times are very standardized. However, Galilean is believed to have used a vocalization system adapted from Palestinian vowels. These are believed to pre-date Tiberian vowels.The proto-gospels also would've likely been written using a variant of the Hebraic writing system, known as the Herodian Script, which was contemporary during 1st century Judaea and was in use at the beginning of the Christian Era, being attested in the Dead Sea and Qumran Scrolls, as well as Roman inscriptions. Like with the Early Aramaic Script and Imperial Aramaic Script, there were no vowel marks, but matres lectionis were already in use.My ConclusionI believe that it was part of God's plan for the authoritive New Testament to be in Greek. However, that's not to say that there are not considerable Jewish Aramaic and Hebrew roots of the Gospels themselves, as there is no reason to reject the idea that they were originally spoken in Aramaic and probably also Hebrew.However, I don't think that the entire New Testament was originally written and composed in any language other than Greek. There may have been a proto-gospel text, but that is a subject of debate. Nevertheless it is important to understand that the dialogue of the Gospels and the book of Acts and other occurrences would not likely have been in Greek.However, I've no doubt that quite a bit of Greek was spoken, especially during altercations with the Roman authorities, and possibly some during Jesus' teachings. In 1st century Judea, many Jews lived in a very multicultural and multilingual society. A lot of Jews wore clothing that was more typical of a Roman commoner, as opposed to the fancy orientatal styles we see in paintings and film adaptations. Archeological sites also found a lot of Roman art, architectures, and pottery as well. Especially in the wealthy districts which were directly occupated by Greco-Romans and Hellenized Jews.See also:The Culture of the MessiahAffirming ChristianityDamien Cowl's answer to What are the names of the disciples in the ancient Hebrew text?