Affidavit Of Identity New York State Form Pdf: Fill & Download for Free

Atrocities committed by both sides but the Turkish genocide should not be forgotten. There was no logic behind it and it is high time that at least Democratic countries should recognize it.Below is a bit of information that I have collected from various sources from both sides. Many books were published.Anyone interested can read the information and make his own conclusions."Why did Egypt try to provoke Turkey by recognizing the Armenian "genocide"?"I wrote many aspects. Which one do you need? Here are references to “genocide” by Armenians to Turks and Kurds. Normally, they are rejected by Armenians and their believers. But none of us has ever seen the truth.ermeni mezalimi - Google Searchhttps://www.google.com/search?bih=897&biw=1709&newwindow=1&q=ermeni+mezalimi&sa=X&source=lnms&sxsrf=ALeKk030-kZo2mPfKZ0TC9LPmAiD4KfKnw:1587909855779&tbm=isch&ved=2ahUKEwjz-I2XoYbpAhUR-qQKHe_aDiwQ_AUoAXoECBYQAw#imgrc=HQ1-9dlf2B5juM“If you wish to know about the assassinations of Turkish diplomats by Armenians, there will be thousands of sources. I have some knowledge about one of the guys who were trained to kill the terrorists. He was a school friend of mine and had been prepared for that job at least 10 years. After the mission, he has disappeared with a new name and identity. I am one of the few people who could identify him because his voice is the same if he is still alive. He was not the only former friend I have lost because of the late revenge of Armenians. But also some of our Armenian friends became militant enemies of their former scholl friends.”Here is the issue with the Armenian agent who killed a Turkish minister (Talat Pasha) in Berlin. The article describes him as an Armenian hero.Soghomon Tehlirian - WikipediaSoghomon Tehlirian ( Armenian : Սողոմոն Թեհլիրեան ; April 2, 1896 – May 23, 1960) was an Armenian revolutionary and soldier who assassinated Talaat Pasha , the former Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire , in Berlin on March 15, 1921. The assassination was a part of Operation Nemesis , a revenge plan by the Armenian Revolutionary Federation against members of the Ottoman Imperial Government responsible for the Armenian Genocide during World War I . Talaat Pasha had been convicted and sentenced to death in absentia in the Turkish courts-martial of 1919–20 , and was viewed as the main orchestrator of the genocide. After a two-day trial Tehlirian was found not guilty by the German court, and freed. Tehlirian is considered a national hero by Armenians. [1] [2] Soghomon Tehlirian was born on April 2, 1896 in the village of Nerkin Bagarij [ hy ] (Բագառիճ), in the Erzurum vilayet of the Ottoman Empire . [3] He was raised in Erzincan . [4] Tehlirian's father left for Serbia to secure the family's planned move to the country. [3] After his return in 1905, he was arrested and sentenced to six months imprisonment. During this time, the Tehlirian family moved from Nerkin Bagarij to Erzinjan . [3] Tehlirian received his initial education at the Protestant elementary school in Erzinjan. [3] After graduation at the Getronagan (Central) Lyceum of Constantinople , he went to study engineering in Serbia and had plans to continue his education in Germany. [3] [5] Soghomon (right), Sahak, and Misak Tehlirian (brothers) as volunteers in the Russian army He was in Valjevo , Serbia, in June 1914. [6] In the fall of that year, Tehlirian made his way to Russia and joined the army to serve in a volunteer unit on the Caucasus Front against the Turks. [7] According to History's Great Untold Stories: Larger than Life Characters & Dramatic Events that Changed the World , In June 1915, the Ottoman local police ordered the deportation of all the Armenians in Erzinjan. Tehlirian's mother, three sisters, his sister's husband, his two brothers, and a two-year-old niece were deported. [8] All told, Tehlirian lost 85 family members to the Armenian Genocide. [9] In 2016 Tehlirian's son, who spoke to The Independent but did not reveal his name, stated that Tehlirian's mother and Vasken, his older brother, died in the genocide – the latter was studying medicine and living in Beirut – but that Tehlirian did not have a sister, that his father was fighting in the war in Russia, and that his other two brothers were in Serbia. [10] Assassination of Talât Pasha Edit In 1921 he joined Operation Nemesis , a covert assassination program that would target the architects of the Armenian Genocide. Tehlirian's main target was Talât Pasha , who was a member of the military triumvirate known as the " Three Pashas " who controlled the Ottoman Empire. He was the former Minister of the Interior and Grand Vizier (an office equivalent to that of a prime minister), and was noted for his prominent role in thehttps://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soghomon_Tehlirian#More you can find in books about the history of German justice. It seems to be a solitary event, clearing a murderer because the person killed by him had political responsibility for alleged atrocities against his people. Normally, a murder is a murder for a regular court regardless of the motivation behind it. Atrocities in other countries do not justify killing someone in another state.BTW, Morgenthau was the US Ambassador of that time. He hated Turks, but does not blame Talaat Pasha for genocide. Morgenthau said that he was most preoccupied by the Armenian Question. Morgenthau said that he was most preoccupied by the Armenian Question. He did not use the word genocide. And he was present when the atrocities happened. And he had the best information through American consuls.This nice guy was married to Josephine Sykes, the father of whom was one of the two planners of destroying the Ottoman Empire. The other one was François Georges-Picot. What a holy alliance. The son of Morgenthau and Josephine Sykes, Henry Morgenthau jun. wanted to destroy even more. To strip off all German industry, subdivide Germany into small countries with farmlands.Narratives preserved by families and in local culture that focus on violent acts committed by Armenians against Muslims (known as Ermeni mezalimi) generally have been ignored.In this link it mentions Armenian gangs under Russian military committed crimes against Muslims.1915-1918Ermeni mezalimi - Yeni AkitYeni nesil pek bilmez ama eski nesil Boşnaklarda şöyle bir söz var: “Kakav Rus i to je krst.” Yani “Ne Rus’u, o da haçtır.” Doğu Anadolu’yu işgal eden Rus suba..https://m.yeniakit.com.tr/yazarlar/ayhan-demir/ermeni-mezalimi-30357.htmlLooks like revenge for the Armenian GenocideAmbassador Henry MorgenthauAs ambassador to the Ottoman Empire, Morgenthau has come to be identified as the most prominent American to speak about the Armenian Genocide.[1]He used the phrase:"A campaign of race extermination."Henry Morgenthau Sr. - WikipediaHenry Morgenthau ( / ˈ m ɔːr ɡ ən t aʊ / ; April 26, 1856 – November 25, 1946) was a German-born American lawyer and businessman, best known for his role as the ambassador to the Ottoman Empire during the First World War . Morgenthau was one of the most prominent Americans who spoke about the Armenian Genocide [1] of which he stated, "I am firmly convinced that this is the greatest crime of the ages". [2] Morgenthau was the father of the politician Henry Morgenthau Jr. His grandchildren include Robert M. Morgenthau , District Attorney of Manhattan for 35 years, and Barbara W. Tuchman , a historian who won the Pulitzer Prize for her book The Guns of August . Morgenthau was born the ninth of 11 living children, in Mannheim , Grand Duchy of Baden , in 1856 into an Ashkenazi Jewish family. He was the son of Lazarus and Babette (Guggenheim) Morgenthau. [3] His father was a successful cigar manufacturer who had cigar factories at Mannheim , Lorsch and Heppenheim , employing as many as 1,000 people (Mannheim had a population of 21,000 during this period). His business suffered a severe financial setback during the American Civil War , due to an 1862 tobacco tariff on imports, which closed German tobacco exports to the US forever. The Morgenthau family immigrated to New York in 1866. There, despite considerable savings, his father was not able to re-establish himself in business. His development and marketing of various inventions and his investments in other enterprises failed. Lazarus Morgenthau staved off failure and stabilized his income by becoming a fundraiser for Jewish houses of worship. Henry attended City College of New York , where he received a BA , and later graduated from Columbia Law School . He began his career as a lawyer, but he made a substantial fortune in real estate investments. [4] In 1898, he acquired 41 lots on New York's Lower East Side from William Waldorf Astor for $850,000. [5] A few years later, he led a syndicate that bought a swath of undeveloped land in Washington Heights around 181st Street, anticipating the construction of the first subway through the area. [6] Morgenthau married Josephine Sykes in 1882 and they had four children: Helen , Alma , Henry Jr. and Ruth. [7] His daughter Alma married financier Maurice Wertheim . [8] Morgenthau built a successful career as a lawyer and served as the leader of the Reform Jewish community in New York. [9] Democratic Party Edit Morgenthau's career enabled him to contribute handsomely to President Woodrow Wilson 's election campaign in 1912. He had first met Wilson in 1911 at a dinner celebrating the fourth anniversary of the founding of the Free Synagogue society and the two "seem to have bonded", marking the "turning point in Morgenthau's political career". [10] His role in American politics grew more pronounced in later months. Although he did not gain the chairmanship of Wilson's campaign finance committee, Morgenthau was offered the position of ambassador to the Ottoman Empirhttps://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Morgenthau_Sr.Hamidian massacres 1894-6Hamidian massacres - WikipediaThe Hamidian massacres ( Armenian : Համիդյան ջարդեր , Turkish : Hamidiye Katliamı , French : Massacres hamidiens ), also referred to as the Armenian Massacres of 1894–1896 [2] were massacres of Armenians in the Ottoman Empire that took place in the mid-1890s. It was estimated casualties ranged from 80,000 to 300,000, [3] resulting in 50,000 orphaned children. [4] The massacres are named after Sultan Abdul Hamid II , who, in his efforts to maintain the imperial domain of the collapsing Ottoman Empire, reasserted Pan-Islamism as a state ideology. [5] Although the massacres were aimed mainly at the Armenians, they turned into indiscriminate anti-Christian pogroms in some cases, such as the Diyarbekir massacre , where, at least according to one contemporary source, up to 25,000 Assyrians were also killed. [6] The massacres began in the Ottoman interior in 1894, before becoming more widespread in the following years. The majority of the murders took place between 1894 and 1896. The massacres began tapering off in 1897, following international condemnation of Abdul Hamid. The harshest measures were directed against the long persecuted Armenian community as calls for civil reform and better treatment from the government went ignored. The Ottomans made no allowances for the victims' age or gender, and massacred all with brutal force. [7] This occurred at a time when the telegraph could spread news around the world, and the massacres received extensive coverage in the media of Western Europe and North America. Background Edit The origins of the hostility toward Armenians lay in the increasingly precarious position in which the Ottoman Empire found itself in the last quarter of the 19th century. The end of Ottoman dominion over the Balkans was ushered in by an era of European nationalism and an insistence on self-determination by many territories long held under Ottoman rule. The Armenians of the empire, who were long considered second-class citizens , had begun in the mid-1860s and early 1870s to ask for civil reforms and better treatment from government. They pressed for an end to the usurpation of land, "the looting and murder in Armenian towns by Kurds and Circassians , improprieties during tax collection, criminal behavior by government officials and the refusal to accept Christians as witnesses in trial." [8] These requests went unheeded by the central government. When a nascent form of nationalism spread among the Armenians of Anatolia, including demands for equal rights and a push for autonomy, the Ottoman leadership believed that the empire's Islamic character and even its very existence were threatened. The Armenian Question Edit The combination of Russian military success in the recent Russo-Turkish War , the clear weakening of the Ottoman Empire in various spheres including financial (from 1873, the Ottoman Empire suffered greatly from the Panic of 1873 ), territorial (mentioned above), and the hope among some Armenians that one day all of thehttps://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamidian_massacresAdana Massacre 1909Adana massacre - WikipediaThe Adana massacre ( Armenian : Ադանայի կոտորած , Turkish : Adana İğtişaşı ), The Cilicia massacre ( Armenian : Կիլիկիայի կոտորած , Turkish : Kilikiya İğtişaşı ) occurred in the Adana Vilayet of the Ottoman Empire in April 1909. A massacre of Armenian Christians by Ottoman Muslims in the city of Adana amidst the Ottoman countercoup of 1909 expanded to a series of anti-Armenian pogroms throughout the province. [3] Around 20,000 to 25,000 people were killed in Adana and surrounding towns, mostly Armenians; [4] it was reported about 1,300 Assyrians were also killed during the massacres. [5] Unlike the earlier Hamidian massacres , the events were not organized by the central government but instead instigated by local officials, intellectuals, and Islamic clerics, including CUP supporters in Adana. Professor of History Ronald Grigor Suny from the University of Michigan describes Adana as "more like an urban riot that degenerated into a pogrom rather than a state-initiated mass killing". [2] Ottoman and Armenian revolutionary groups had cooperated to secure the deposition of Sultan Abdul Hamid II and the restoration of constitutional rule in 1908. In reaction, on 31 March 1909 (13 April by the Western calendar) a military revolt directed against the Committee of Union and Progress seized Constantinople (Istanbul after 1928) . While the revolt lasted only ten days, it precipitated a pogrom and massacres in Adana Province against Armenians that lasted over a month. The massacres were rooted in political, economic, and religious differences. [6] The Armenian segment of the population of Adana was described as the "richest and most prosperous"; the violence included destruction of "tractors and other kinds of mechanized equipment." [7] Background Edit Henry K. Carroll of the Boards of Foreign Missions pleading to the US Secretary of State for protection of Christians with the Ottoman Empire. In 1908, the Young Turk government came to power in a bloodless revolution . Within a year, the Ottoman Empire's Armenian population, empowered by the dismissal of Abdul Hamid II , began organizing politically in support of the new government, which promised to place them on equal legal footing with their Muslim counterparts. [8] Having long endured so-called dhimmi status, and having suffered the brutality and oppression of Hamidian leadership since 1876, the Armenians in Cilicia perceived the nascent Young Turk government as a godsend. With Christians now being granted the right to arm themselves and form politically significant groups, it was not long before Abdul Hamid loyalists, themselves acculturated into the system that had perpetrated the Hamidian massacres of the 1890s, came to view the empowerment of the Christians as coming at their expense. [ citation needed ] An Armenian town pillaged and destroyed during the Adana massacre. The Ottoman countercoup of 1909 wrested control of the government from the secularist Young Turks , and Abdul Hamid II briefly rehttps://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adana_massacre_of_1909American Islamists Remain Silent on Armenian Genocide | The American Spectator | USA News and PoliticsHistorians generally mark the beginning of the Armenian Genocide with the arrest of 250 Armenian intellectuals by Turkish authorities on...https://spectator.org/american-islamists-remain-silent-on-armenian-genocide/?utm_sourceArmenian genocideGregory Aram commented on your answer to: "Why is the state of Israel indirectly denying genocide over Armenians in 1915?"There is solid consensus amongst genocide scholars and over 100 testimonies that attest to the genocide occurring. Also 1.5 million + 300,000 > 100,000, so there is no comparison with atrocities committed by Armenians versus genocide after genocide by Turks.Examples of testimonies:Henry Morgenthau Sr, the ambassador to the Ottoman Empire from 1913-1916, wrote in a telegram sent to the United States Department of State said, “The real purpose of the deportation was robbery and destruction; it really represented a new method of massacre. When the Turkish authorities gave the orders for these deportations, they were merely giving the death warrant to a whole race; they understood this well, and, in their conversations with me, they made no particular attempt to conceal the fact.” [Morgenthau, Sr., Henry (1918). Ambassador Morgenthau's Story. Doubleday, Page & Company. pg. 309] “Deportation of and excesses against peaceful Armenians is increasing and from harrowing reports of eyewitnesses it appears that a campaign of race extermination is in progress under a pretext of reprisal against rebellion.” [Confidential telegram, Ambassador Morgenthau to Secretary of State, Constantinople, 16 July 1915, United States Official records on the Armenian Genocide 1915–1917, pp. 55, document NA/RG59/867.4016/76] Morgenthau also wrote about his opinion on the horror and terror of the Armenian Genocide, writing: “I am confident that the whole history of the human race contains no such horrible episode as this. The great massacres and persecutions of the past seem almost insignificant when compared to the sufferings of the Armenian race in 1915.” [Khater, Akram Fouad (8 January 2010). Sources in the history of the modern Middle East (2nd ed.). Boston, MA: Wadsworth/Cengage Learning. p. 148]Faiz-El Ghusein, who was previously discussed before (an Arab from Syria and 20th century official of Turkey), wrote in a book called Martyred Armenia (a book about the horrors of the Armenian genocide) about how he witnessed the massacres of men, women, and children. “As to their preparations, the flags, bombs and the like, even assuming there to be some truth in the statement, it does not justify the annihilation of the whole people, men and women, old men and children, in a way which revolts all humanity and more especially Islam and the whole body of Moslems, as those unacquainted with the true facts might impute these deeds to Mohammedan fanaticism.” [El-Ghusein, Fâ'iz (1918). Martyred Armenia.] He also wrote in a foreword to the book, saying: “The war must need to come to an end after a while, and it will then be plain to readers of this book that all I have written is the truth, and that it contains only a small part of the atrocities committed by the Turks against the hapless Armenian people.” This implies that the Armenian Genocide, which he described in gruesome detail was only a fraction of what happened in reality implies that this could be one of the worst genocides on the history of the planet.Reşid Akif Paşa, cabinet minister of the Ottoman Empire, provided critical testimony during a meeting of the Ottoman Parliament on November 21st of 1918. “During my few days of service in this government, I've learned of a few secrets and have come across something interesting. The deportation order was issued through official channels by the minister of the interior and sent to the provinces. Following this order, the [CUP] Central Committee circulated its own ominous order to all parties to allow the gangs to carry out their wretched task. Thus the gangs were in the field, ready for their atrocious slaughter.” He was also quoted as saying: “The 'mission' in the circular was: to attack the convoys and massacre the population ... I am ashamed as a Muslim, I am ashamed as an Ottoman statesman. What a stain on the reputation of the Ottoman Empire, these criminal people…” [Akcam, Taner (2007). A shameful act: the Armenian genocide and the question of Turkish responsibility (1st Holt pbk. ed.). New York, NY: Metropolitan Books/Holt.] Is this not outright proof? If an Ottoman minister around the time of the Armenian Genocide admits that this terrible event occurred, then that could be considered definitive proof. Turkish denialists can no longer use the argument that it is just a fiction made by Armenians, German authors, French priests, and whatever other stupid and arbitrary titles they can come up with. Hear it straight from the horse’s mouth.Maria Jacobsen, a Danish missionary, was sent to work at an American hospital in Kharpert. She witnessed the brutal Armenian Genocide and wrote about it in a diary called Diaries of a Danish Missionary: Harpoot, 1907–1919. “It is quite obvious that the purpose of their departure is the extermination of the Armenian people.” She also ended up heroically saving the lives of thousands of Armenians, especially orphaned children from the genocide.Giacomo Gorrini, the Italian consul of Trabzon and eyewitness of the Armenian Genocide, wrote about the horrors of what the Ottoman Muslims were doing to the Armenians. “The local authorities, and indeed the Moslem population in general, tried to resist, to mitigate it, to make omissions, to hush it up. But the orders of the Central Government were categorically confirmed, and all were compelled to resign themselves and obey. It was a real extermination and slaughter of the innocents, an unheard-of thing, a black page stained with the flagrant violation of the most sacred rights of humanity ... There were about 14,000 Armenians at Trebizond — Gregorians, Catholics, and Protestants. They had never caused disorders or given occasion for collective measures of police. When I left Trebizond, not a hundred of them remained.”Walter Macintosh Geddes, an American businessman, had taken a trip to Aleppo where he witnessed the starvation and killings of many Armenians. "Several Turks[,] whom I interviewed, told me that the motive of this exile was to exterminate the race." [Winter 2003, p. 183.] This testimony would prove intent for the Armenian Genocide, as he says that the Turks who interviewed him admitted to wanting to exterminate the Armenian race. This experience, unfortunately, led to his ultimate suicide on November 7th, 1915. [Winter 2003, pp. 180–181.]Martin Niepage, a German schoolteacher in Aleppo, wrote about the horrors of the Armenian Genocide. He told the German authorities “to put a stop to the brutality with which the wives and children of slaughtered Armenians are being treated here.” [The Theosophical Quarterly. 15 (57): 275. July 1917.] He is also quoted as saying: “I was told, to cover the extermination of the Armenian nation with a political cloak, military reasons were being put forward ... After I had informed myself about the facts and had made enquiries on all sides, I came to the conclusion that all these accusations against the Armenians were, in fact, based on trifling provocations, which were taken as an excuse for slaughtering 10,000 innocents for one guilty person, for the most savage outrages against women and children, and for a campaign of starvation against the exiles which was intended to exterminate the whole nation.” He ended up also publishing a book called The Horrors of Aleppo. For this, the Turkish government sent Niepage to death for his publication of the truth. [Goçek, Fatma Müge; Naimark, Norman M. (2011). Suny, Ronald Grigor (ed.). A question of genocide Armenians and Turks at the end of the Ottoman Empire. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 214.]Hans Freiherr von Wangenheim, the German Ambassador of the Ottoman Empire (from 1912-1915) wrote: “The manner in which the matter of relocation is being handled demonstrate that the government is in fact pursuing the goal of annihilating the Armenian race in Turkey." [Charney 1994, p. 99.] That is clear intent von Wangenheim is describing, and would constitute genocide.Ahmet Refik, a Turkish historian and poet wrote about the Armenian Genocide and the Turkish intent to exterminate the race. “In a situation such as this, a just government which is confident of its force would have punished those who rebelled against the government. But the Ittihadists, wanted to annihilate the Armenians and in this manner eliminate the Eastern Question." "It was said that the most distressing tragedies occurred in Bursa and Ankara; houses were ransacked, hundreds of Armenian families were put into cars and hurled into streams. Many women went insane in the face of such awful murders. Houses of wealthy Armenians were bought, but the payments were recovered by fiat upon transfer of title. This conduct was a murder against humanity. No government, in any age, had brought about a murder this cruel." [Refik, Ahmet (1999). İki komite, iki kıtâl (in Turkish). Bedir Yayınevi.] Can you really reject a Turkish historian and poet who lived in the Ottoman Empire, at the time, and writes about the cruelty of these murders?George E. White, head of the Anatolia College in Merzifon during and before the Armenian Genocide happened, witnessed the vile and horrifying events happening in Anatolia. “The situation for Armenia, became excessively acute in the Spring of 1915, when the Turks determined to eliminate the Armenian question by eliminating the Armenians. The Armenians questions arise from political and religious causes… On the pretext of searching for deserting soldiers, concealing bombs, weapons, seditious literature or revolutionists, the Turkish officers arrested about 1,200 Armenian men at Marsovan, accompanying their investigations by horrible brutalities. There was no revolutionary activity in our region whatever. The men were sent out in lots of one or two hundred in night 'deportations' to the mountains, where trenches had been prepared. Coarse peasants, who were employed to do what was done, said it was a 'pity to waste bullets,' and they used axes...Girls and young women were snatched away at every turn on the journey. The girls sold at Marsovan for from $2 to $4 each. I know, because I heard the conversation on men engaged in the traffic. I know because I was able to ransom three girls at the price of $4.40...Then the Turks turned on the women and children, the old men and little boys. Scores of oxcarts were gathered, and in the early dawn as they passed the squeaking of their wheels left memories that make the blood freeze even now. Thousands of women and children were swept away. Where? Nowhere. No destination was stated or intended. Why? Simply because they were Armenians and Christians and were in the hands of the Turks.” ["Armenians Killed with Axes by Turks". New York Times Current History Edition: "The European War". 13. 1917.] So, to summarize this up, not only did the Ottoman Empire conceal bombs, arrest mass amounts of Armenian men, commit deportations, and attack the elderly, the young, and women, they sold girls in Marsovan for money. This is horrific and disgusting, and the fact that this is still denied is beyond appealing. George E. White is also a hero as he attempted to save the lives of Armenians, which was also written in the same article source I just talked about.Prince Ernst Hohenlohe-Langenburg, the German Ambassador to the Ottoman Empire in 1915 was disgusted and horrified by the Armenian Genocide, and said this: “The systematic butchery of the uprooted and deported Armenians have assumed such a scope ... it was not only tolerated but openly promoted by the government. It meant the extermination of the Armenians. Despite government assurances to the contrary, everything points to the goal of the destruction of the Armenian people...Turkey wants to annex the Caucasus entirely and exterminate the Armenians (ausrouen) with all means available; massacres and bloodbaths are the order of the day.” [Charney 1994]Johann von Bernstroff, the German Ambassador to the Ottoman Empire from 1917-18, wrote in a memoir about himself: “When I kept on pestering him about the Armenian question, he once said with a smile: 'What on earth do you want? The question is settled, there are no more Armenians'" “In Armenia the Turks had been systematically trying to exterminate the Christian population.” [A., Bernstorff (2011). Memoirs of Count Bernstorff. Kessinger Publishing.] He wrote about this as Ambassador to the United States in 1915, but soon conceded his position when assuming position as The Ambassador to the Ottoman Empire in 1917. Hmm….Weird.Aage Meyer Benedictsen, a Christian missionary and historian, wrote in a 1925 book called Armenia: A People's Life and Struggle for Two Millennia about the Armenian Genocide. He also wrote separately about the Armenian Genocide calling it a “shattering crime, probably the largest in the history of the world: The attempt, planned and executed in cold blood, to murder a whole people, the Armenian, during the World War.” BJØRNLUND, MATTHIAS (2008). "Karen Jeppe, Aage Meyer Benedictsen, and the Ottoman Armenians: National survival in imperial and colonial settings"Frederick G. Coan, a Presbyterian missionary, who lived in Persia and witnessed the Armenian Genocide served eyewitness accounts writing: “Then, through deportation, they determined to complete what had already been begun by the sword. The Turkish soldiers, in many cases offered by Germans, drove the Armenians across the plains, perpetrating upon them brutalities that were enough to break anyone's heart. I found on day a great mass of human bones, thirty feet high, and I said to my Turkish guide: "How do you account for this?" He replied: "We got tired of driving them, we got tired of hearing their moans and cries, and took them up that precipice one day and flung them down to get rid of the job”… There was a trench full of human bones, and I was told of the brave fight that 2,000 Armenians, standing for their homes and for the honor of their wives and daughters, had waged with their flintlock rifles against the Turkish troops.” [Coan, Frederick G. (1918). "We Need The Armenians"]Mohammad Ali-Jamalzadeh, a Persian writer in the 20th century took a trip to Constantinople, where he witnessed the massacres of Armenians and wrote 2 books about them: “Qatl-e Amm-e Armanian,” “Qatl o ḡārat-e Arāmaneh dar Torkiya.” He wrote in those two books: “We moved from Baghdad and Aleppo towards Istanbul by hand-cart and wagon. From the first days of our journey, we met many groups of Armenians. The Turkish armed guards and gendarmes drove them (on foot) towards death and perdition. First, it made us very surprised, but little by little we got used to it and we even did not look at them, and indeed it was hard to look at them. By the hit of lashes and weapons, they drove forward hundreds of weeping weak and on foot Armenian women and men with their children. Young men weren't seen among the people, because all the young men were sent to the battlefields or were killed for precaution… So step by step, we saw Armenian men and women who were fallen near the road since they were either dead or were giving life or agony of death. Later we understood that some of the young residents of that area had not kept honor of some Armenian girls who were dying or had died in order to satisfy their lust. Our way was in the direction of Western Bank of Euphrates, and every day we saw the corpses in the river, which the river carries them with it.”Eitan Belkind was a Nili member who infiltrated the Ottoman Empire and saw first-hand the burning of 5,000 Armenians. Lt. Hasan Maruf of the Ottoman army describes how a population of a village were taken all together and then burned. The Commander of the Third Army Vehib's 12-page affidavit, which was dated 5 December 1918, was presented in the Trebizond (Trabzon) trial series (29 March 1919) included in the Key Indictment, reporting such a mass burning of the population of an entire village near Muş: "The shortest method for disposing of the women and children concentrated in the various camps was to burn them.” Further, it was reported that "Turkish prisoners who had apparently witnessed some of these scenes were horrified and maddened at remembering the sight. They told the Russians that the stench of the burning human flesh permeated the air for many days after.” “In my trips in the south of Syria and Iraq I saw with my own eyes the extermination of the Armenian nation, I watched the atrocious murders, and saw children's heads cut off and watched the burning of innocent people whose only wrongdoing was to be Armenian… After a three day ride I reached the heart of Mesopotamia where I was a witness to a terrible tragedy...The Circassian soldiers ordered the Armenians to gather thorns and thistles and to pile them into a tall pyramid...afterwards they tied all the Armenians who were there, almost five thousand souls, hand to hand, encircled them like a ring around the pile of thistles and set it afire in a blaze which rose up to heaven together with the screams of the wretched people who were burned to death by the fire...Two days later I returned to this place and saw the charred bodies of thousands of human beings.” ["So It Was": the Story of a NILI Member (Tel Aviv, Ministry of Defense, 1977) pp.111- 112 (in Hebrew). Israeli Ministry of Defense Publishers. 1977.]Şerif Pasha, Ottoman Statesman and Ambassador to Sweden condemned the genocide of Armenians and talked about the Ottoman intentions for a long time. “To be sure, the state of mind of the Unionists was not revealed to the civilized world until they had openly taken sides with Germany; but for more than six years I have been at exposing them in the Mecheroutiette (his newspaper, published first in Constantinople and then in Paris) and indifferent journals and reviews, warning France and England of the plot against them and against certain nationalities within the Ottoman borders, notably the Armenians, that was being hatched… Alas! at the thought that a people so gifted, which has served as the fructifying soil for the renovation of the Ottoman Empire, is on the point of disappearing from history-not enslaved, as were the Jews by the Assyrians, but annihilated-even the most hardened heart must bleed: and I desire, through the medium of your estimable journal, to express to this race which is being a assassinated my anger toward the butchers and my immense pity for the victim's” ["TURKISH STATESMAN DENOUNCES ATROCITIES: Cherif Pasha Says Young Turks Long Planned to Exterminate the Armenian" (PDF). New York Times. 10 October 1915. II-19:3,4] This is the cherry on the cake, the final proof of this monstrosity. When a Pasha himself talks about it and condemns it, then that’s solid historical grounds to say that genocide occurred.But, enough personal testimonies, let’s read articles from telegrams in 1915 about the Armenian, Greek, and Assyrian Genocide:"Assyrians Burned in Church". The Sun (Lowell, Massachusetts). 1915"Assyrians Massacred in Urmia". The San Antonio Light (San Antonio, Texas). 1915"Assyrians Massacred in Urmiah". The Salt Lake Trib une. 1915"Chaldean Victims of the Turks". The Times. 22 November 1919. p. 11"Christian Massacres in Urmiah". The Argus (Australia), 1915"Extermination of the Armenian Race", The Manchester Guardian. 1915"Massacres in Armenia", The Irish Times. 1915[49]"Help for Serbians and Armenians", The Irish Times. 1915[50]"Many Assyrian Perish", The Winnipeg Free Press. 1915"Massacred by Kurds; Christians Unable to Flee from Urmia Put to Death". The Washington Post. 14 March 1915, p. 10"Massacres of Nestorians in Urmia", The New York Times. 1915"Massacres Kept Up". The Washington Post. 26 March 1915, p. 1"Native Christians Massacred; Frightful Atrocities in Persia". The Los Angeles Times. 2 April 1915, p I-1"Nestorian Christians Flee Urmia". The New York Times, 1915"Syrian Tells of Atrocities", The Los Angeles Times. Dec. 15, 1918, at I–1."The Assyrian Massacres", The Manchester Guardian. Dec. 5, 1918, at 4"The Suffering Serbs and Armenians", The Manchester Guardian. 1915, p5"Turkish Horrors in Persia", The New York Times. 11 October 1915"Turks Kill Christians in Assyria", Muscatine Journal (Mu scatine, Iowa). 1915"Turkish Troops Massacring Assyrians”, The Newark Advocate. 1915"Turkish Horrors in Persia", The New York Times. 1915"The Total of Armenian and Syrian Dead", Current History: A Monthly Magazine of the New York Times, November 1916, 337–38"Wholesale Massacres Of Armenians By Turks" July 29, 1915. New York Times."Armenian Massacres", January 30, 1915, Goulburn Evening Penny Post"Whole Plain Strewn by Armenian Bodies" New York Times. March 20, 1915"Kurds' Christian Massacre Grows. Village of 800 Armenians Is Wiped Out; Ten Others Attacked." April 26, 1915. The Cleveland Leader."Armenian Atrocities: Shocking Carnage in Armenia" May 25, 1915. Northern Star.“Turks Slay 100 Greeks.” New York Times. June 17, 1914."Armenians are sent to perish in desert; Turks accused of plan to exterminate whole population; people of Karahissar massacred". The New York Times. 18 August 1915."Exiled Armenians starve in the desert; Turks drive them like slaves, American committee hears ;- Treatment raises death rate". The New York Times. 8 August 1916."Report Turks Shot Women and Children, Nine Thousand Armenians Massacred and Thrown Into Tigris, Socialist Committee Hears" August 4, 1915. New York Times."Armenian Horrors Grow: Massacre Greater Than Under Abdul Hamid, London Paper Says" August 6, 1915, New York Times"Slay All Armenians In City Of Kerasunt. Turks Wipe Out Entire Population in Town on the Black Sea"[5] August 10, 1915, New York Times,"Armenians Expelled" August 17, 1915. The Times."Armenians are Sent to Perish in Desert: Turks Accused of Plan to Exterminate Whole Population-People of Karahissar Massacred." August 18, 1915. New York Times."Burn 1,000 Armenians: Turks lock them in Wooden Building and Then Apply the Torch." August 20, 1915. New York Times.How Jews in Palestine were persecuted during the 1915 Armenian GenocideOttoman Turkish authorities aimed to Islamize the whole region by eliminating non-Muslim populations: Christians, Jews and Yezidis—groups that continue to be targeted in and outside of Turkey today.https://www.jns.org/opinion/how-jews-in-palestine-were-persecuted-during-the-1915-armenian-genocide/?utm_source

You had to ask (also see Hiibel v. Sixth Judicial District Court of Nevada, 542 U.S. 177 (2004)STATES STATUTE TEXT NOTESAlabamaAla. Code § 15-5-30A sheriff or other officer acting as sheriff, his deputy or any constable, acting within their respective counties, any marshal, deputy marshal or policeman of any incorporated city or town within the limits of the county or any highway patrolman or state trooper may stop any person abroad in a public place whom he reasonably suspects is committing, has committed or is about to commit a felony or other public offense and may demand of him his name, address and an explanation of his actions.Appears on lists of “Stop and Identify” StatesAlaskaHowever, Alaska Statutes 12.50.201 allows officers to detain people who were near the scene of certain felonies and may have material information, and if they fail to identify themselves, to serve subpoenas to appear before a grand jury unless they provide ID prior to the return date, and failure to appear before the grand jury can be punished as criminal contempt.ArizonaAriz. Code § 13-241213-2412. Refusing to provide truthful name when lawfully detained; classificationA. It is unlawful for a person, after being advised that the person's refusal to answer is unlawful, to fail or refuse to state the person's true full name on request of a peace officer who has lawfully detained the person based on reasonable suspicion that the person has committed, is committing or is about to commit a crime. A person detained under this section shall state the person's true full name, but shall not be compelled to answer any other inquiry of a peace officer.B. A person who violates this section is guilty of a class 2 misdemeanor.Appears on lists of “Stop and Identify” StatesArkansasArk. Code § 5-71-213(a) A person commits the offense of loitering if he or she:(1) Lingers, remains, or prowls in a public place or the premises of another without apparent reason and under circumstances that warrant alarm or concern for the safety of persons or property in the vicinity and, upon inquiry by a law enforcement officer, refuses to identify himself or herself and give a reasonably credible account of his or her presence and purpose;Appears on lists of “Stop and Identify” StatesCaliforniaCertain police unions have claimed that Hiibel combined with the general obstruction statute creates a duty to identify. There is no support for this in California statutes or case law.ColoradoColo. Rev. Stat. § 16- 3-10316-3-103. Stopping of suspect(1) A peace officer may stop any person who he reasonably suspects is committing, has committed, or is about to commit a crime and may require him to give his name and address, identification if available, and an explanation of his actions. A peace officer shall not require any person who is stopped pursuant to this section to produce or divulge such person's social security number. The stopping shall not constitute an arrest.(2) When a peace officer has stopped a person for questioning pursuant to this section and reasonably suspects that his personal safety requires it, he may conduct a pat-down search of that person for weapons.Appears on lists of “Stop and Identify” StatesConnecticutDelaware19 Del. C. § 1902(a) A peace officer may stop any person abroad, or in a public place, who the officer has reasonable ground to suspect is committing, has committed or is about to commit a crime, and may demand the person's name, address, business abroad and destination.(b) Any person so questioned who fails to give identification or explain the person's actions to the satisfaction of the officer may be detained and further questioned and investigated.(c) The total period of detention provided for by this section shall not exceed 2 hours. The detention is not an arrest and shall not be recorded as an arrest in any official record. At the end of the detention the person so detained shall be released or be arrested and charged with a crime.Appears on lists of “Stop and Identify” StatesDCNo statute. https://go.mpdconline.com/GO/CIR -04-10.pdfFloridaFla. Stat. § 901.151(2) Whenever any law enforcement officer of this state encounters any person under circumstances which reasonably indicate that such person has committed, is committing, or is about to commit a violation of the criminal laws of this state or the criminal ordinances of any municipality or county, the officer may temporarily detain such person for the purpose of ascertaining the identity of the person temporarily detained and the circumstances surrounding the person’s presence abroad which led the officer to believe that the person had committed, wasAppears on lists of “Stop and Identify” Statescommitting, or was about to commit a criminal offense.GeorgiaGA. CODE ANN. § 16-11-36(a) A person commits the offense of loitering or prowling when he is in a place at a time or in a manner not usual for law-abiding individuals under circumstances that warrant a justifiable and reasonable alarm or immediate concern for the safety of persons or property in the vicinity.(b) Among the circumstances which may be considered in determining whether alarm is warranted is the fact that the person takes flight upon the appearance of a law enforcement officer, refuses to identify himself, or manifestly endeavors to conceal himself or any object. Unless flight by the person or other circumstances make it impracticable, a law enforcement officer shall, prior to any arrest for an offense under this Code section, afford the person an opportunity to dispel any alarm or immediate concern which would otherwise be warranted by requesting the person to identify himself and explain his presence and conduct. No person shall be convicted of an offense under this Code section if the law enforcement officer failed to comply with the foregoing procedure or if it appears at trial that the explanation given by the person was true and would have dispelled the alarm or immediate concern.(c) A person committing the offense of loitering or prowling shall be guilty of a misdemeanor.(d) This Code section shall not be deemed or construed to affect or limit the powers of counties or municipal corporations to adopt ordinances or resolutions prohibiting loitering or prowling within their respective limitsAppears on lists of “Stop and Identify” StatesHawaii IdahoIllinois725 Ill. Comp. Stat. 5/107–14Sec. 107-14. Temporary questioning without arrest.(a) A peace officer, after having identified himself as a peace officer, may stop any person in a public place for a reasonable period of time when the officer reasonably infers from the circumstances that the person is committing, is about to commit or has committed an offense as defined in Section 102-15 of this Code, and may demand the name and address of the person and an explanation of his actions. Such detention and temporary questioning will be conducted in the vicinity of where the person was stopped.(b) Upon completion of any stop under subsection (a) involving a frisk or search, and unless impractical, impossible, or under exigent circumstances, the officer shall provide the person with a stop receipt which provides the reason for the stop and contains the officer's name and badge number. This subsection (b) does not apply to searches or inspections for compliance with the Fish and Aquatic Life Code, the Wildlife Code, the Herptiles-Herps Act, or searches or inspections for routine security screenings at facilities or events. For the purposes of this subsection (b), “badge” means an officer's department issued identification number associated with his or her position as a police officer with that department.Appears on lists of “Stop and Identify” StatesIndianaInd. Code § 34-28-5- 3.5Sec. 3.5. A person who knowingly or intentionally refuses to provide either the person's:(1) name, address, and date of birth; or(2) driver's license, if in the person's possession;to a law enforcement officer who has stopped the person for an infraction or ordinance violation commits a Class C misdemeanor.Appears on lists of “Stop and Identify” StatesIowaKansasKAN. STAT. ANN. § 22-240222-2402. Stopping of suspect. (1) Without making an arrest, a law enforcement officer may stop any person in a public place whom such officer reasonably suspects is committing, has committed or is about to commit a crime and may demand of the name, address of such suspect and an explanation of such suspect's actions.(2) When a law enforcement officer has stopped a person for questioning pursuant to this section and reasonably suspects that such officer's personal safety requires it, such officer may frisk such person for firearms or other dangerous weapons. If the law enforcement officer finds a firearm or weapon, or other thing, the possession of which may be a crime or evidence of crime, such officer may take and keep it until the completion of the questioning, at which time such officer shall either return it, if lawfully possessed, or arrest such person.Appears on lists of “Stop and Identify” StatesKentuckyLouisianaLa. Code Crim. Proc. Ann., Art. 215.1(A)Art. 215.1. Temporary questioning of persons in public places; frisk and search for weaponsA. A law enforcement officer may stop a person in a public place whom he reasonably suspects is committing, has committed, or is about to commit an offense and may demand of him his name, address, and an explanation of his actions.Requires reasonable suspicion.La. Rev.Stat. 14:108(B)(1)(c)§108. Resisting an officer.B.(1) The phrase “obstruction of” as used herein shall, in addition to its common meaning, signification, and connotation mean the following:(c) Refusal by the arrested or detained party to give his name and make his identity known to the arresting or detaining officer or providing false information regarding the identity of such party to the officer.Maine17-A M.R.S.A. § 15- A§ 15-A. Issuance of summons for criminal offense2. Any person who a law enforcement officer has probable cause to believe has committed or is committing a crime other than one listed under section 15, subsection 1, paragraph A, and to whom a law enforcement officer is authorized to deliver a summons pursuant to subsection 1, who intentionally fails or refuses to provide to that officer reasonably credible evidence of that person's correct name, address or date of birth commits a Class E crime, if the person persists in the failure or refusal after having been informed by the officer of the provisions of this subsection. If that person furnishes the officer evidence of the person's correct name, address and date of birth and the evidence does not appear to be reasonably credible, the officer shall attempt to verify the evidence as quickly as is reasonably possible. During the period the verification is being attempted, the officer may require the person to remain in the officer's presence for a period not to exceed 2 hours. During this period, if the officer reasonably believes that the officer's safety or the safety of others present requires, the officer may search for any dangerous weapon by an external patting of that person's outer clothing. If in the course of the search the officer feels an object that the officer reasonably believes to be a dangerous weapon, the officer may take such action as is necessary to examine the object, but may take permanent possession of the object only if it is subject to forfeiture. The requirement that the person remain in the presence of the officer does not constitute an arrest. After informing that person of the provisions of this subsection, the officer may arrest the person either if the person intentionally refuses to furnish any evidence of that person's correct name, address or date of birth or if, after attempting to verify the evidence as provided for in this subsection, the officer has probable cause to believe that the person has intentionally failed to provide reasonably credible evidence of the person's correct name, address or date of birth.Officer needs probable cause that suspect is committing or has committed a crime before it triggers.MarylandMD Code, Criminal Law, § 4-206§ 4-206. Limited search, seizure, and arrest.(a)(1) A law enforcement officer may make an inquiry and conduct a limited search of a person under paragraph (2) of this subsection if the officer, in light of the officer's observations, information, and experience, reasonably believes that:(i) the person may be wearing, carrying, or transporting a handgun in violation of § 4-203 of this subtitle; (ii) because the person possesses a handgun, the person is or presently may be dangerous to the officer or to others; (iii) under the circumstances, it is impracticable to obtain a search warrant; and (iv) to protect the officer or others, swift measures are necessary to discover whether the person is wearing, carrying, or transporting a handgun.(2) If the circumstances specified under paragraph (1) of this subsection exist, a law enforcement officer: (i) may approach the person and announce the officer's status as a law enforcement officer; (ii) may request the name and address of the person; (iii) if the person is in a vehicle, may request the person's license to operate the vehicle and the registration of the vehicle; (iv) may ask any question and request any explanation that may be reasonably calculated to determine whether the person is unlawfully wearing, carrying, or transporting a handgun in violation of § 4-203 of this subtitle; and (v) if the person does not offer an explanation that dispels the officer's reasonable beliefs described in paragraph (1) of this subsection, may conduct a search of the person limited to a patting or frisking of the person's clothing in search of a handgun.Only triggers when the officer reasonably believes the person is “wearing, carrying or transporting” a handgun.MassachusettsMass. Gen. Laws Ann. ch. 41, § 98§ 98. Powers and Duties.“The chief and other police officers of all cities and towns . . . may examine all persons abroad whom they have reason to suspect of unlawful design, and may demand of them their business abroad and whither they are going; may disperse any assembly of three or more persons, and may enter any building to suppress a riot or breach of peace therein. Persons so suspected who do not give a satisfactory account of themselves, persons so assembled and who do not disperse when ordered, and persons making, aiding and abetting in a riot or disturbance may be arrested by the police, and may thereafter be safely kept by imprisonment or otherwise unless released in the manner provided by law, and taken before a district court to be examined and prosecuted.”M.G.L.A. Ch. 90 § 25 proscribes a fine for any person “operating or in charge of a motor vehicle” that refuses to give his name or address or the name and address of the owner of the vehicle.M.G.L.A. Ch. 268 § 34A prohibits furnishing a false name to law enforcement.Michigan No statuteMinnesotaNo statuteMinn. Stat. Ann. § 624.714 requires a person permitted to carry a weapon to display their permit card and identification documents upon lawful demand by a peace officer.Mississippi No statuteMissouriMo. Rev.Stat. §84.710(2)Police force--officers of state--powers to arrest. 84.710.2. They shall have power within the city or on public property of the city beyond the corporate limits thereof to arrest, on view, any person they see violating or whom they have reason to suspect of having violated any law of the state or ordinance of the city. They shall have power to arrest and hold, without warrant, for a period of time not exceeding twenty-four hours, persons found within the city or on public property of the city beyond the corporate limits thereof charged with having committed felonies in other states, and who are reported to be fugitives from justice. They shall also have the power to stop any person abroad whenever there is reasonable ground to suspect that he is committing, has committed or is about to commit a crime and demand of him his name, address, business abroad and whither he is going. When stopping or detaining a suspect, they may search him for a dangerous weapon whenever they have reasonable ground to believe they are in danger from the possession of such dangerous weapon by the suspect. No unreasonable force shall be used in detaining or arresting any person, but such force as may be necessary may be used when there is no other apparent means of making an arrest or preventing an escape and only after the peace officer has made every reasonable effort to advise the person that he is the peace officer engaged in making arrest.Requires reasonable suspicion.MontanaMont. Code Ann. §46-5-40146-5-401. Investigative stop and frisk.(1) In order to obtain or verify an account of the person's presence or conduct or to determine whether to arrest the person, a peace officer may stop any person or vehicle that is observed in circumstances that create a particularized suspicionRequires “particularized” suspicion.that the person or occupant of the vehicle has committed, is committing, or is about to commit an offense. If the stop is for a violation under Title 61, unless emergency circumstances exist or the officer has reasonable cause to fear for the officer's own safety or for the public's safety, the officer shall as promptly as possible inform the person of the reason for the stop.(2) A peace officer who has lawfully stopped a person or vehicle under this section may: (a) request the person's name and present address and an explanation of the person's actions and, if the person is the driver of a vehicle, demand the person's driver's license and the vehicle's registration and proof of insurance; and (b) frisk the person and take other reasonably necessary steps for protection if the officer has reasonable cause to suspect that the person is armed and presently dangerous to the officer or another person present. The officer may take possession of any object that is discovered during the course of the frisk if the officer has probable cause to believe that the object is a deadly weapon until the completion of the stop, at which time the officer shall either immediately return the object, if legally possessed, or arrest the person.NebraskaNeb. Rev. Stat. §29- 82929-829. Stop and search of person for dangerous weapon; when authorized; peace officer, defined.A peace officer may stop any person in a public place whom he reasonably suspects of committing,Requires reasonable suspicion.who has committed, or who is about to commit a crime and may demand of him his name, address and an explanation of his actions. When a peace officer has stopped a person for questioning pursuant to this section and reasonably suspects he is in danger of life or limb, he may search such person for a dangerous weapon.NevadaNev. Rev. Stat. §171.123NRS 171.123(3) Temporary detention by peace officer of person suspected of criminal behavior or of violating conditions of parole or probation: Limitations.1. Any peace officer may detain any person whom the officer encounters under circumstances which reasonably indicate that the person has committed, is committing or is about to commit a crime.2. Any peace officer may detain any person the officer encounters under circumstances which reasonably indicate that the person has violated or is violating the conditions of the person’s parole or probation.3. The officer may detain the person pursuant to this section only to ascertain the person’s identity and the suspicious circumstances surrounding the person’s presence abroad. Any person so detained shall identify himself or herself, but may not be compelled to answer any other inquiry of any peace officer.4. A person must not be detained longer than is reasonably necessary to effect the purposes of this section, and in no event longer than 60 minutes. The detention must not extend beyond the place or the immediate vicinity of the place where the detention was first effected, unless the person is arrested.Requires reasonable suspicion.New HampshireN.H. Rev. Stat. Ann. §594:2594:2 Questioning and Detaining Suspects.A peace officer may stop any person abroad whom he has reason to suspect is committing, has committed or is about to commit a crime, and may demand of him his name, address, business abroad and where he is going.Requires reasonable suspicion.N.H. Rev. Stat. Ann. § 644.6644:6 Loitering or Prowling. –I. A person commits a violation if he knowingly appears at a place, or at a time, under circumstances that warrant alarm for the safety of persons or property in the vicinity. Circumstances which may be considered in determining whether such alarm is warranted include, but are not limited to, when the actor: (a) Takes flight upon appearance of a law enforcement official or upon questioning by such an official. (b) Manifestly endeavors to conceal himself or any object. (c) Has in his possession tools or other property which would lead a reasonable person to believe a crime was about to be perpetrated. (d) Examines entrances to a structure which the actor has no authority or legitimate purpose to enter.II. Prior to any arrest under this section, unless flight or other circumstances make it impossible, a law enforcement official shall afford the actor the opportunity to dispel any alarm which would otherwise be warranted, by requesting him to identify himself and give an account for his presence and conduct. Failure to identify oraccount for oneself, absent other circumstances, however, shall not be grounds for arrest.New Jersey No statuteNew MexicoNo statuteN.M. Stat. Ann. §30-22-3 states that a person can be guilty of a petty misdemeanor for concealing their identity, i.e., “concealing one's true name or identity, or disguising oneself with intent to obstruct the due execution of the law or with intent to intimidate, hinder or interrupt any public officer or any other person in a legal performance of his duty....”New YorkN.Y. Crim. Proc. Law §140.50New York Criminal Procedure Law § 140.50 Temporary questioning of persons in public places; search for weapons1. In addition to the authority provided by this article for making an arrest without a warrant, a police officer may stop a person in a public place located within the geographical area of such officer's employment when he reasonably suspects that such person is committing, has committed or is about to commit either (a) a felony or (b) a misdemeanor defined in the penal law, and may demand of him his name, address and an explanation of his conduct.2. Any person who is a peace officer and who provides security services for any court of the unified court system may stop a person in or about the courthouse to which he is assigned when he reasonably suspects that such person is committing, has committed or is about to commit either (a) a felony or (b) a misdemeanor defined in the penal law, and may demand of him his name, address and an explanation of his conduct. . . .4. In cities with a population of one million or more, information that establishes the personal identity of an individual who has been stopped, questioned and/or frisked by a police officer or peace officer, such as the name, address or social security number of such person, shall not be recorded in a computerized or electronic database if that individual is released without further legal action; provided, however, that this subdivision shall not prohibit police officers or peace officers from including in a computerized or electronic database generic characteristics of an individual, such as race and gender, who has been stopped, questioned and/or frisked by a police officer or peace officer.Requires reasonable suspicion.Possibly Relevant - Trespass Affidavit Program. Officers can request information if person is located in TAP building restricted by signage and a lock.People v. Roque, 99 N.Y.2d 50, 52 (2002) (“Often a building owner or manager files a ‘trespass affidavit’ with police stating that the building has been plagued by illegal drug trade and asks police to patrol the building for trespassers. Police then stop people they encounter in the halls to ask for identification and to inquire if they are residents or otherwise lawfully in the building.”)People v. Barksdale, 26 N.Y.3d 139, 143–44 (2015). (“Here the record reflects that the encounter occurred in a private space restricted by signage and a lock, and that police assistance in combating trespassing had been sought through enrollment in the [Tresspass Affidavit Program]. Put simply, the coupling of defendant's presence in the subject building with the private and protected nature of that location supports the intrusion giving rise to what became the seizure in question. We conclude that there is record support for the determination that the police had an objective credible reason to request information from defendant.”)North CarolinaNo statuteN.C. Gen. Stat. Ann. § 14-415.11 requires anyone permitted to carry a a concealed handgun to display both the permit and identification upon request of a law enforcement officer.North DakotaN.D. Cent. Code §29- 29-2129-29-21. Temporary questioning of persons in public places - Search for weapons.A peace officer may stop any person abroad in a public place whom the officer reasonably suspects is committing, has committed, or is about to commit:1. Any felony.2. A misdemeanor relating to the possession of a concealed or dangerous weapon or weapons.3. Burglary or unlawful entry.4. A violation of any provision relating to possession of marijuana or of narcotic, hallucinogenic, depressant, or stimulant drugs. The peace officer may demand of such person the person's name, address, and an explanation of the person's actions.When a peace officer has stopped a person for questioning pursuant to this section and reasonably suspects that the officer is in danger of life or limb, the officer may search such person for a dangerous weapon. If the peace officer finds such a weapon or any other thing, the possession of which may constitute a crime, the officer may take and keep it until the completion of the questioning, at which time the officer shall either return it, if lawfully possessed, or arrest such person.Requires reasonable suspicion.OhioOhio Rev. Code § 2921.292921.29 Failure to disclose personal information.(A) No person who is in a public place shall refuse to disclose the person's name, address, or date of birth, when requested by a law enforcement officerwho reasonably suspects either of the following:(1) The person is committing, has committed, or is about to commit a criminal offense.(2) The person witnessed any of the following:(a) An offense of violence that would constitute a felony under the laws of this state;(b) A felony offense that causes or results in, or creates a substantial risk of, serious physical harm to another person or to property;(c) Any attempt or conspiracy to commit, or complicity in committing, any offense identified in division (A)(2)(a) or (b) of this section;(d) Any conduct reasonably indicating that any offense identified in division (A)(2)(a) or (b) of this section or any attempt, conspiracy, or complicity described in division (A)(2)(c) of this section has been, is being, or is about to be committed.(B) Whoever violates this section is guilty of failure to disclose one's personal information, a misdemeanor of the fourth degree.(C) Nothing in this section requires a person to answer any questions beyond that person's name, address, or date of birth. Nothing in this section authorizes a law enforcement officer to arrest a person for not providing any information beyond that person's name, address, or date of birth or for refusing to describe the offense observed.(D) It is not a violation of this section to refuse to answer a question that would reveal a person's age or date of birth if age is an element of the crime that the person is suspected of committing.Ohio Rev. Code § 2901.012901.01 General provisions definitions.(11) “Law enforcement officer” means any of the following:(a) A sheriff, deputy sheriff, constable, police officer of a township or joint police district, marshal, deputy marshal, municipal police officer, member of a police force employed by a metropolitan housing authority under division (D) of section 3735.31 of the Revised Code, or state highway patrol trooper;(b) An officer, agent, or employee of the state or any of its agencies, instrumentalities, or political subdivisions, upon whom, by statute, a duty to conserve the peace or to enforce all or certain laws is imposed and the authority to arrest violators is conferred, within the limits of that statutory duty and authority;(c) A mayor, in the mayor's capacity as chief conservator of the peace within the mayor's municipal corporation;(d) A member of an auxiliary police force organized by county, township, or municipal law enforcement authorities, within the scope of the member's appointment or commission;(e) A person lawfully called pursuant to section 311.07 of the Revised Code to aid a sheriff in keeping the peace, for the purposes and during the time when the person is called;(f) A person appointed by a mayor pursuant to section 737.01 of the Revised Code as a special patrolling officer during riot or emergency, for the purposes and during the time when the person is appointed;(g) A member of the organized militia of this state or the armed forces of the United States, lawfully called to duty to aid civil authorities in keeping the peace or protect against domestic violence;(h) A prosecuting attorney, assistant prosecuting attorney, secret service officer, or municipal prosecutor;(i) A veterans' home police officer appointed under section 5907.02 of the Revised Code;(j) A member of a police force employed by a regional transit authority under division (Y) of section 306.35 of the Revised Code;(k) A special police officer employed by a port authority under section 4582.04 or 4582.28 of the Revised Code;(l) The house of representatives sergeant at arms if the house of representatives sergeant at arms has arrest authority pursuant to division (E)(1) of section 101.311 of the Revised Code and an assistant house of representatives sergeant at arms;(m) The senate sergeant at arms and an assistant senate sergeant at arms;(n) A special police officer employed by a municipal corporation at a municipal airport, orDefinition of law enforcement is likely not broad enough to cover ICE agents.other municipal air navigation facility, that has scheduled operations, as defined in section 119.3 of Title 14 of the Code of Federal Regulations, 14 C.F.R. 119.3, as amended, and that is required to be under a security program and is governed by aviation security rules of the transportation security administration of the United States department of transportation as provided in Parts 1542. and 1544. of Title 49 of the Code of Federal Regulations, as amended.Oklahoma No statuteOregonNo statuteORS 131.615 does not explicitly allow officers to ask for identification if stopping someone.PennsylvaniaNo statuteThe court in Commonwealth v. Campbell, 862 A.2d 659 (Pa.Super. 2004) determined that asking a passenger in a vehicle for identification is reasonable; however, the court explicitly refrained from assessing whether an individual must respond to such inquiries.Rhode IslandR.I. Gen. Laws §12-7- 1§12-7-1 Temporary detention of suspects.A peace officer may detain any person abroad whom he or she has reason to suspect is committing, has committed, or is about to commit a crime, and may demand of the person his or her name, address, business abroad, and destination; and any person who fails to identify himself or herself and explain his or her actions to the satisfaction of the peace officer may be further detained and further questioned and investigated by any peace officer; provided, in no case shall the total period of the detention exceed two (2) hours, and the detention shall not be recorded as an arrest in any official record. At the end of the detention period the person so detained shall be released unless arrested and charged with a crime.R.I. Gen. Laws §12-7- 21§12-7-21 “Peace officer” defined. “Peace officer”, as used within this chapter, means the following individuals or members of:(1) Rhode Island state police;(2) Any member of a municipal or local police department;(3) Rhode Island airport corporation police; (4) Rhode Island park police;(5) Rhode Island capitol police;(6) Rhode Island conservation officers;(7) Rhode Island department of environmental management officers;(8) Rhode Island fire marshals;(9) Brown University police officers;(10) University of Rhode Island campus police officers;(11) Rhode Island College campus security;(12) Campus security at the Community College of Rhode Island;(13) Rhode Island sheriff's department;(14) The investigators of the department of attorney general appointed pursuant to § 42-9-8.1;(15) Any federal law enforcement officer;(16) Correctional investigators and correctional officers of the Rhode Island department of corrections;(17) The witness protection coordinator of the department of attorney general;(18) The warden, associate wardens, majors, captains, lieutenants, sergeants, correctional officers and investigators employed by a project operated by a municipal detention facility corporation, including, but not limited to, the Donald W. Wyatt Detention Facility; provided, such parties listed in this subsection (18) herein shall be deemed to be peace officers while in performance of their duties for the municipal detention facility only, and shall not be deemed toIncludes federal law enforcement officers.be peace officers at any time when they are not in performance of said duties;(19) Retired non-permanent sworn members of any municipal police department shall be deemed to be peace officers only while in the performance of their duties for any municipal police department, and shall be permitted to carry their firearm while in the performance of their duties for the municipal police department, and shall be subject to in-service training requirements of title 42, chapter 28;(20) Workers' Compensation investigators of the department of public safety appointed pursuant to § 42-7.3-3.1;(21) Auto theft investigators appointed pursuant to § 31-50-1;(22) Providence fire department arson investigators; provided, that the arson investigator is a graduate of a police-training academy; and(23) Rhode Island School of Design police officers.South CarolinaNo statuteS.C. Code §17-30-170 allows a law enforcement officer of the state or political subdivision of the state to make a reasonable effort, when practicable, to determine whether a person is lawfully present in the United States if the officer lawfully stops, detains, investigates, or arrests that person for a criminal offense, and during the commission of the stop, detention, investigation, or arrest has a resonable suspicion to believe that the person is unlawfully in the United States.Some municipal ordinances have considered adopting “stop and identify” statutes.South Dakota Tennessee TexasNo statuteNo statuteNo statute Tex. Penal Code Section §38.02 makes it a crime to falsely identifyyourself to an officer.UtahUtah Code Ann. §77- 7-15§77-7-15 Authority of peace officer to stop and question suspect.A peace officer may stop any person in a public place when he has a reasonable suspicion to believe he has committed or is in the act of committing or is attempting to commit a public offense and may demand his name, address and an explanation of his actions.Requires reasonable suspicion.Utah Code Ann. §53- 13-10253-13-102. Peace officer classifications.The following officers may exercise peace officer authority only as specifically authorized by law:(1) law enforcement officers; (2) correctional officers;(3) special function officers; and (4) federal officers.Utah Code Ann. §53- 13-10653-13-106. Federal officers -- State law enforcement authority.(c) “Federal officer” includes:(i) a special agent of the Federal Bureau of Investigation;(ii) a special agent of the United States Secret Service;(iii) a special agent of the United States Department of Homeland Security, excluding a customs inspector or detention removal officer;(iv) a special agent of the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms;(v) a special agent of the Drug Enforcement Administration;(vi) a United States marshal, deputy marshal, and special deputy United States marshal; and(vii) a U.S. postal inspector of the United States Postal Inspection Service.ICE detention removal agents are exlcuded from the defintion of peace officers.VermontVt. Stat. Ann., Tit. 24, §1983Tit. 24, §1983 Identification to law enforcement officers required. (a) A law enforcement officer is authorized to detain a person if:(1) the officer has reasonable grounds to believe the person has violated a municipal ordinance; and(2) the person refuses to identify himself or herself satisfactorily to the officer when requested by the officer.(b) The person may be detained only until the person identifies himself or herself satisfactorily to the officer or is properly identified. If the officer is unable to obtain the identification information, the person shall forthwith be brought before a Criminal Division of the Superior Court judge for that purpose. A person who refuses to identify himself or herself to the court on request shall immediately and without service of an order on the person be subject to civil contempt proceedings pursuant to 12 V.S.A. § 122. (Added 1997, No. 122 (Adj. Sess.), § 2; amended 2009, No. 154 (Adj. Sess.), § 238; 2013, No. 194 (Adj. Sess.),§ 14, eff. June 17, 2014.)Virginia Washington West VirginiaNo statute Ssome localities may require individuals to identify themselves.No statute Some counties appear to have “stop and identify” ordinances.No statuteWisconsinWis. Stat. §968.24§968.24 Temporary questioning without arrest.After having identified himself or herself as a law enforcement officer, a law enforcement officer may stop a person in a public place for a reasonable period of time when the officer reasonably suspects that such person is committing, is about to commit or has committed a crime, and may demand the name and address of the person and an explanation of the person's conduct. Such detention and temporary questioning shall be conducted in the vicinity where the person was stopped.Statute does not authorize officer to make an arrest.Wis. Stat. §967.02§967.02 “Law enforcement officer” means any person who by virtue of the person's office or public employment is vested by law with the duty to maintain public order or to make arrests for crimes while acting within the scope of the person's authority.Likely broad enough to cover ICEWyoming No statute