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How are unemployment insurance benefits in the United States broken?The Welfare CliffEffectively, lower paid workers are encouraged through a broken system to take a lower paying position in order not to risk losing welfare benefits such as health insurance.From The Welfare Cliff and Why Many Low-Income Workers Will Never Overcome PovertyPretend you are a poor, single parent of two in Chicago, earning $12 an hour, working full time, and determined to do what is best for your family. And suppose your employer, impressed with your work, offers you training for and promotion to a new job paying $15. Should you take the offer?It sounds like a no-brainer, but it’s not.At your present $12 an hour you are eligible for refundable tax credits, food assistance, housing assistance, child care assistance, and medical assistance worth $41,465 combined. Together with your earned income after taxes of $22,121, you are now bringing home about $63,586 a year.If you take your employer’s offer, you’ll earn $5,451 more after taxes, $27,572. You will also become eligible for an Affordable Care Act (ACA) premium tax credit. But at that level of earned income all your other benefits would decrease by $8,336, more than your increase in net pay. That means the income you would bring home would decrease from $63,586 to $60,701.Now, would you take your employer’s offer? What would be best for you and your family, a move up the job ladder with a loss of $2,885 in income? Or staying in your same job and keeping the larger income?Introducing the “Welfare Cliff”This example, which is taken from a clear, thorough, fascinating, and appalling study by the Illinois Policy Institute entitled “Modeling Potential Income and Welfare Assistance Benefits in Illinois,” illustrates with clear charts and tables what is known as “welfare cliffs” or the “low wage trap,” which can trap families in poverty.The total incomes of poor people can fall off “welfare cliffs” as they increase their earned incomes. Here is the chart on which the hypothetical above is based (the particular numbers in our example come from tables in the report, which clarify the visual data in the charts.)Notice that welfare cliff we considered above, which occurs between $12 an hour and $15 an hour, is relatively small. A bigger one (and the reason I call the report “appalling”) occurs between $15 an hour and $18 an hour.When earning more means taking home less, the disincentive to work is obvious.The Thought Experiment, ContinuedNow let’s suppose that you want to get free of welfare eventually, and you know that moving up the job ladder is key to doing so, so you take your employer’s offer of a raise to $15 an hour and the corresponding loss of $2,885 in annual income. You cut back on spending where you can and look to the future.Now suppose further that you do well in your new job, you boost your knowledge and skills, and your employer offers you another promotion, with still more training and a raise to $18 an hour.Should you take it? Can you afford to take it?At $18 an hour full time, you would earn gross income of $37,440 and net income (after taxes) of $33,023. But earned income that high would reduce your refundable tax credit and ACA premium assistance, and eliminate your cash assistance, food assistance, housing assistance, and child care assistance, for a total reduction in government benefits of $26,820. So if you take the promotion and raise, your income would decrease from $60,701 to $39,332! A case could be made that it is irresponsible for you to reduce your family’s income that way.Welfare and the American TragedyJust think what that kind of welfare cliff does to the incentive to work (“on the books,” at least) and thereby to get off welfare. And the problem is not restricted to Chicago; the same kind of problem exists all across the country.One of the great tragedies of America today is that so many adults of sound mind and body do not support themselves and their families. It’s a tragedy not because they suffer material want; indeed, relatively few do suffer so, because government assistance satisfies many of their material needs. It’s tragic because one of the keys to human happiness is earned self-respect, which requires, as Charles Murray has written, making one’s own way in the world.The vast majority of poor people don’t want welfare and they don’t want handouts; they want a good job with which they can support themselves and their families comfortably. But the American welfare system traps so many people in dependency on government by hindering them from getting on and climbing up the job ladder, and thereby earning self-respect and happiness.Of course, welfare cliffs are not the only reason so many capable Americans languish in partial dependency on government assistance. Dreadful government schools in poor areas and systematic obstacles to getting a job, such as minimum wage laws and occupational licensing laws, are also to blame.But the perverse incentives of America’s welfare system can’t be ignored.Howard BaetjerHoward Baetjer Jr. is a Lecturer in the Department of Economics at Towson University in Towson, Maryland, where he teaches courses in microeconomics, money and banking, comparative economic systems, and… read more”I would propose an easy enough fix. Simply remove the “steps” of welfare benefits and instead apply them as a percentage. If the government feels that someone should have a certain amount of spendable assets and benefits the welfare program would provide 50% of the difference between double that amount and how much a worker earns.Example: The federal poverty guideline is $12,880 per person. This means the government considers you to be in poverty if you make less than that figure per year. All that would need happen is Congress would need to set the standard deduction to twice this amount, $25,760, and pay a 50% negative income tax to all filers who earn less than this. If you earn $0.00 in a given year, or can prove that you are currently earning $0.00 this month, you would be eligible to receive $12,880 for that benefit year, or its monthly equivalent of $1,073.33, in direct spendable cash. If you earn $10,000 in a year, you would earn an additional payment of $7,880 from the program to your wages. No one would be left with less than $12,880 per year if they truly could not find work and no one would be encouraged to not take a higher paying position due to a loss in benefits.Simply apply this logic to the bundle of welfare benefits received and it will disappear, while still providing assistance to whomever that program (state or federal) deemed eligible. For simplicity sake, no federal taxes would be levied on any amount earned less than $25,000.Here’s Uncle Milt discussing this idea.

I'm not certain what this question is actually referring to - how does moral and social responsibility relate to the practice of medicine, and what is the questioner regarding as "more commercial?"All professionals, that is, those who enter professional post-collegiate education and training and hold themselves out as experts in some area of that field, are typically required to swear, attest, or pass an examination requiring intense study of the moral issues affecting that particular profession. The standard of care rises from a reasonable person to a reasonable person OF SIMILAR SKILL LEVEL IN THAT INSUSTRY (sorry, can't italicize).Of course, the same holds true for anyone who puts themselves in the position of a professional, whether temporary or otherwise. For example, first responders are civilians, but when they engage in emergency medical care, the standard can rise to the level of a medical practitioner; a trustee will find themselves with the same obligations as any other fiduciary, though the trustee at not be trained as such, etc.So, yes, they have higher ethical responsibilities when engaging in their chosen profession- and no one knows it better than they do.As to being "commercial" - without any disrespect intended to those of the medical profession intended, I doubt there is any group less fiscally savvy as a whole than doctors. And I say this as the child of doctors, married to a doctor, with 3 doctor in-laws and many doctor cousins. They're the equivalent of attorneys who practice criminal law: they're in it for the love of it, despite all the crap they deal with, the paperwork they don't get paid for, the endless hours with grieving and worried families they don't get paid for, the worn out shoes from walking poorly laid out hospitals they don't get paid for, the midnight calls by physicians assistants that are beyond stupid because other doctors are too lazy to do work that they don't get paid for, etc etc etc. Because they love helping people.The crazy paperwork, insane fees, draconian pricing without insurance and obscure pricing with insurance, etc? That's all because of the third party payment system: the health insurance system. Most doctors have no idea how it works, and they end up writing off a large amount of co-pays that aren't made. Those charts they do all the time? Primarily for billing, not for recording what was done (I know, this surprised the hell out of me, too).As a whole, they're not great at collections, business, management, HR, etc. They either hire someone to run their practices (usually not so much better - they're often not physicians, so business decisions don't regard the core business: patient care), or they end up absorbed into hospitals.Physicians are flawed in so many ways - rely too much on tests and labs, poor bedside manner, closed minded, sexist (studies show physicians regard male descriptions of symptoms more seriously than female descriptions of identical symptoms).But please don't say they are, as a whole, more focused on money than care (which I believe is the implication), or fail to understand their standard of care. From all of my empiral data, which is unfortunately extensive - I've spent a good chunk of my life in hospitals and doctor's offices, in several countries, as well as knowing many personally - this is absolutely the exception, not the rule.Kind regards,AlexandraSent from my iPhone - please pardon errors.

It should not be difficult to guess whether it is possible to ascertain the date of death of someone in advance through astrology even if we may not be an astrologer the same way as it is not difficult to tell whether life of someone whose kidney may not be functioning as it is expected to function may be saved by replacing his kidney even if we may not be a nephrologist.Before we talk about this issue let us think of the possible reasons of death. According to me one may die due to one of the following reasons.i. One may die a natural death even if he may not be having any disease or illness.ii. One may die if he is killed by someone mischievously or due to enmity.iii. One may die due to prolonged illness due to some incurable disease.iv. One may die due to mental shock or poisoning.v. One may die for having committed suicide.vi. One may die due to a mishap or an accident by getting buried under the garbage of a building that may have collapsed or may get burnt in a firebreak or may get hurt in a riot or a battle.vii. One may die because of having ventured something too adventurous.viii. One may die due to some natural calamity such as flood, cyclone or tsunami.If we may think it is possible to ascertain likely date of death of someone there should be as many distinct planetary constructs to explain each of the possible reason.But just have a look at the constructs mentioned by some of the astrologers to have been responsible for the death of Ms Jayalalitha – the late Chief Minister of Tamilnadu who died on Decemeber 5, 2016 picked up me from Why did no astrologer predict Jayalalithaa’s death?.Just have a look at the answers given by various people in a chronological.The views expressed by Aditya Chakraborty on December 8, 2016The views expressed by him are reproduced below, in italics.I do not believe that forecasting death is possible. What is possible for an astrologer is - to predict difficult times, which encompasses the physical state also. There are no universal and replicable dicta in astrology (so far as my humble study goes) that can effectively predict death. One can understand the truth about the inability of astrology to predict the likely date of someone’s death only if astrology could predict the death of hundreds of people who die in an accident or due to a natural disasters or in riots.Though the last sentence has been edited, the editing does not distort the views expressed by him.The views expressed by User-11511809840640680847 on the same dateHer views are reproduced below in italics.I have never come across a genuine astrologer who makes death predictions. Not only is it unethical IMO, it takes much more than “knowledge”. Being able to make 100 per cent accurate prediction about major life events needs an extraordinary level of skill, gift if you will. And frankly, the real gifted are too wise to reveal or talk about things which humans cannot change. Sure they might write it down somewhere, but I don’t think they’d make a live announcement like all these fraudulent astrologers who make appearances on TV news channels in India.Also, let’s not forget that she was a popular figure in the south. Even touching upon the topic of her health and death would stir up a lot of negative emotions among her followers. So I don’t think anybody in his or her right mind should have given out such a sensitive prediction.Majority of the astrologers in the prediction business are charlatans who are looking to make quick money or give out random predictions (because they all know it’s, in the end, probablistic, they have a 50% chance of randomly making a correct prediction). Thanks to such astrologers for giving ‘Vedic astrology’ such a bad reputation among people.Imagine had some astrologer not cared about getting beaten up or cursed by the sentimental amma fans upon hearing her death prediction, her death would have been a lucky stroke of serendipity for him.Views Expressed by Elaiya Bharathi on December 9, 2016Actually famous astrologer Shelvi predicted it way before 2 months! He said Her health will be extremely critical till December 5,2016. And the date she died was 5/12/ 2016 !The views expressed by Yash Shukla (who studied Vedic Astrology at Bhartiya Vidya Bhavan, New Delhi between 2000 and 2002) on December 11, 2016When I was studying Jyotish in Bhartiya Vidya Bhavan, New Delhi from 2000 to 2002, the Tamilnadu Assembly election took place in May 2001. So, we had a case study about who will win the TN elections. The birth chart based on 24 Feb 1948, 14:30 hours, Mandya was the main source of looking at the fate of Ms Jaya Lalitha and most of us easily predicted her win based on the chart and she won that election.Her chart was not disputed one but at the same time no one had concrete proof about its correctness. But now that we know that she died on December 5, 2016 we know that the chart we had with us must have been right chart only.Even an elementary student of Jyotish can say that she had grave threat to her life till January 2017 because of “Maraka Jupiter-Saturn period - coupled with 4th transit of Saturn” as shown in the Jupiter Mahadasha table shown below.As shown in the table, she was running Jupiter-Saturn period from October 2014 till May 2017. Jupiter-Saturn period is well known to cause oscillations between hope and despair and she was undergoing that since last 2 years.As can be seen Jupiter is not only 7th lord but also placed in it. Saturn is placed in second house. Second and seventh house are well known Maraka Sthan, which can give death or death equivalent pain. Saturn is also the 8th lord of mystery or death and it is also natural signifier for death. This antardasha of Saturn being critical her health had started deteriorating from October 2014.Coming to transit results of Saturn, she was undergoing 4th Saturn transit from Leo Moon sign from November 2014 to 26 January 2017. Saturn was having 3rd aspect on 6th house of sickness and litigation, 7th aspect on 10th house of profession and respect and 10th aspect on her natal Moon.As we know Saturn transits of 4th, 8th houses along with Saadesatti cause major problems. So 70% bad effect can be attributed to this transit. She had to go to jail in corruption case, which rattled her mentally, leading to further deterioration in health. Dasha was also bad so she had no respite. The infamous Jupiter-Rahu conjunction also happened this year in her Moon-sign Leo.Antardasha lord Saturn being 8th lord of mystery, her treatment for 75 days prior to her death remained a big mystery.Former CM Jayalalitha’s chart has all ingredients of a Marak or death inflicting combinations till 26th January 2017. Surviving beyond January 2017, she could have recovered from sickness as well as court cases.So, it was no big deal for any astrologer. But none can say with absolute certainty that a Maraka (death equivalent) period will actually result in death. It just shows high probability. Now, some astrologer may say it bluntly just to hog publicity, though.But Indian laws prohibit such predictions about well known people in public life and the astrologer can face a criminal case for spreading such predictions in media. So sensible astrologers would only use “serious threat to life” instead of using “death”. In case of late Jayalalitha, police had already arrested many for spreading rumours about her death a month ago. Of course astrologers based in US, like P V R Narsimha Rao could afford such predictions under liberal US laws.While studying Jyotish Acharya course, we had a chapter called Ayurdaaya or longevity calculations, finding age of any person. We were told anomalies of the 3 -4 calculation-methods. Teachers told that these calculations give correct results if done retrospectively after death of person but these do not give correct results if done for a person who is alive or if such calculations are publicised.So, no serious astrologer would try his hand in such matters on the media - that too about a public figure like her. One can know the date but would not announce the date to safeguard own-self.Views Expressed by Steve Hora on December 11, 2017Given the situation in TamilNadu, nobody would dare make a statement for that matter predict the event.As such an Astrologer, has astrological reasons and sentiments, NOT to predict this event for anybody.Ashtamsa and Nadiamsa can be used correctly to predict this event. Its easy.Views Expressed by Gautama Maharshi on December 30, 2016His views are reproduced below, in italics.On the contrary, the esteemed astrologer PVR Narasimha Rao did in fact predict her impending death. I am sure many other astrologers must have done the same.The question rests on the grounds that astrology should be able to predict timings of death. In astrology, however, there is no short-cut unique method to predict death. There are several factors, elements and combinations which could result in death of a native. Besides, the exact timing of death can’t surely be predicted because astrologically these are only indications, which may or may not be avoided. So, we get planetary alignments, several times in our lives, which could result in death of a native. But if she will actually die or not depends on several other factors, all of which can’t be explained in an astrological chart. I mean the remedies a person does, the karma in this life, etc. all impact the final outcome.Views Expressed by Yogi Vishnu Das on February 11, 2017Aravindhan Nadar, the ‘Indian_Astrologer’, had tweeted as follows, in an unambiguous manner, about Jayalalithaa's death on May 28, 2016, 8 months in advance.The term of current Tamilnadu CM may be short-lived as her birth horoscoped! She may fall prey to health issues within the next ten months.That too, while she was publicly very active and lively and gung-ho, soon after she had taken oath as CM for the 2nd consecutive term, way back in May 2016.And bingo, Jayalalitha died on December 5, 2016.Though astrology may not be able to predict the deaths occurring due to natural disasters or casualties occurring due to Rail accidents or during riots, I may sum up the issue by narrating an interesting incident that had happened in my own life.Much the same way as it doesn’t matter whether the non-medicos know or do not know how the trans-plant surgeries are done, it is sufficient for them to know that surgeons can do trans-plant surgeries it is also not necessary for the non-astrologists to know how the astrologers may be calculating the life spans of the people. It is sufficient for them to know that they can calculate the life spans based on astrology. Not only they can calculate the likely life-spans, astrology can be harnessed even in the following manner.This is a real-life incident.Though this incident had occurred about twenty years back I cannot help recalling the incident to remind myself that I should not think that astrology is just a hog-wash.It so happened that an astrologer of LDA colony, Kanpur Road, Lucknow called on my wife who is a senior gynaecologist of the city that he was too much perturbed at the knowledge of the expected date of delivery of his daughter-in-law because any child who may get born on such date to her, would not survive for more than two or three days, at the best.So he wanted that the date of delivery may be either advanced by about four days or may be postponed by about four days at least.My wife assured that it could be done either way and asked him to bring his daughter-in-law for a check up.She admitted his daughter-in-law and the delivery got conducted not only on the day he wanted it to have been conducted his daughter-in-law was even discharged after a formal check up.But as he had expected the child turned blue after four or five days. So he took the child to a cardiologist who advised him to take the child immediately to the Heart Research Centre of Dr Naresh Trehan at Delhi since the child had a hole in his heart.The astrologist took the child by air to Delhi and got the necessary surgery done but told us about it only when he invited both of us on the first birthday of the child.I may tell you that I did not use to believe in astrology but am unable to quite forget this incident.