Statistical Methods In Water Resources. Statistical Methods In Water Resources: Fill & Download for Free

Astrology is a belief system - not a factual one. Science, on the other hand, is a system of facts - not beliefs. With science, you have statistics that are verifiable, through independent testing and analysis, by practically anyone with the time and resources to perform the tests. That is why a scientist using, say, gravitational information, can successfully plot the course of a spacecraft from the earth to any of the planets or moons in our solar system (and beyond) with an extremely high degree of accuracy. This accuracy is the result of thousands and thousands of empirical data compiled and verified by generations of scientists and mathematicians.Many scientists have also looked at astrology with the same critical thinking they use in other areas of study. Modern science knows that astrology has one major flaw that spawns many other flaws. The major flaw is that when astrology was first developed, it was based on the belief that - somehow - celestial bodies have a direct effect on human nature and personality. No link has EVER been proven. The minor flaws regard the composition, movement, and position of certain celestial bodies. When it was first developed, it was based on the belief that the earth was the center of the universe, and that all other celestial bodies orbited around it. As a result, every computation by every astrologer has been incorrect. Of course, the earth is NOT the center of the universe. Earth is not the center of our Milky Way galaxy, nor is it even the center of our solar system.Yet, modern day astronomers use the 12 signs of the zodiac to help divide the night sky into manageable sections (today, astronomers divide the sky with 88 constellations). And many names given to planets and stars are still being used, but these holdovers that are highly useful to scientists, do not in any way give any legitimacy to astrology. Perhaps you can understand the difference better with a simple analogy.Let’s begin the analogy with a loaf of bread, the baking of which is very much like a science experiment. A skillful baker begins with a proven recipe, quality ingredients, an accurate clock, good equipment (mixer, pans, measuring cups and spoons, and a scale), and an oven capable of precisely holding the temperature required in the recipe. Now let’s assume the ingredients include water, flour, oil, salt, and yeast. First, the baker must dissolve the yeast and incorporate it into the carefully measured water, flour, oil, and salt mixture, then set it aside for the dough to rise. Then it must be placed into an appropriate bread pan, and then placed into an oven preheated to a specific temperature. Finally, the baker sets the clock timer, and at the right moment, removes the pan from the oven, and allows the bread to cool. He then exclaims “I have produced a beautiful loaf of bread”. Given the chemical reactions caused by the combination of ingredients, the yeast reaction, the confines of the pan, and the temperature of the oven, you could accurately say that the baker produced that delicious loaf of bread using known, scientific methods.A careless or inexperienced baker, using the same list of ingredients decides not to follow the recipe, but instead, he takes a handful or two of flour and dumps it into a metal bucket, and on top of the flour, he tosses in a couple squirts of water and a dollop of oil, and then places a cube of yeast on top, pushes the bucket into a cold oven, which he turns on to any random temperature. He then walks down to the neighborhood pub for a couple pints. An hour or two later he returns to the bakery where he sees smoke pouring out the windows. He takes a deep breath, runs inside to retrieve the smoldering bucket, and then takes the blackened bucket outside where he loudly proclaims “I have produced a beautiful loaf of bread”. The chunk of carbon left in the bucket could hardly be called bread, even though he used the very same ingredients that the skilled baker used. In that light, you could say that the uneducated baker used the astrological method.

Today the Pm Ramped up efforts to contain SARS Cornavirus 19. Very Welcome news, but rather “late in the day”.PM moves UK to 'suppression' after new analysis of coronavirus death rateIt has until this morning, failed to heed warnings from all of the other Virus infected, and experienced countries Health care systems. Yes, the UK has been lethally too slow to correctly Identify, Assess and Make Emergency Plans for the Coronavirus outbreak.Action SHOULD have began at the highest levels SIX WEEKS AGO. The disease has been permitted to spread amongst everyone because social gatherings, dances, clubs pubs cinemas etc all remained open, until just today, because the Government has ONLY JUST now finally woken up to taking essential LOCKDOWN Measures.Here in France, I am speaking to you from a town and area where three people died yesterday from the disease. Other areas such as Alsace Lorraine are seriously hit with SARS Coronovirus 19, the Hospital is overflowing with the sick, and the French Army Deployed there Combat Mobil Army Hospital treatment centre to augment the already over stretched Hospital system.In Britain some sources are warning now of the Virus crisis lasting until Spring 2021. AND 7.9 MILLION VICTIMS IN HOSPITALUK coronavirus crisis 'to last until spring 2021 and could see 7.9m hospitalised'In Italy, the situation is now so terrible, that the over 80s′ are sadly having to be left to die.. There is not enough resource for everyone and Medical staff are now going to be forced to take previously “unthinkable” decisions to divert resources onto younger victims…With 27,980 confirmed cases in the country, hospitals don't have enough ventilators to treat every patient.Coronavirus-hit Italy warns those aged 80 or older 'will be left to die'Treating the Coronavirus as if it were some type of European Union Anti Brexit conspiracy, and ignoring the warnings and spread of infection as “somehow” not serious enough until the very last moment has passed, is Deplorable and not worthy of a Government of the UK.SARS Coronavirus is a killer infection among those who catch it, the statistics on the newly opened Wikipedia Virus site make alarming reading. This is a serious Civilian International infection threat, the most dangerous Pandemic since the Spanish Influenza of 1918 (which by the way claimed over 50 Million lives.) Some sources report that SARS Coronavirus is TWICE the Potentate of that original Spanish Influenza, therefore CIVIL RESTRICTION ON SPREADING THE VIRUS and avoiding any and ALL NON ESSENTIAL Travel or contacts is OBLIGATORY to prevent the virus spreading.Below URL shows the statistics, the infections so far and deaths so far from the virus.2019–20 coronavirus pandemic - WikipediaThe site below gives more information on the virus.Coronavirus - WikipediaRemember, a healthy person can still carry the virus without contracting the symptons, this is why all French schools, Colleges, lycees and University’s and all shops, (except food and chemist shops) and all non essential work, including all other shops, offices and factorise, are NOW CLOSED UNTIL FURTHER NOTICE.Police now patrol the roads and streets, and a official paper has to be completed EACH and EVRY TIME you go out the house to shop for food or for other family unavoidable reasons ( Funerals or Medical treatment etc).If you are british and you live in France, you MUST telecharge and download, fill out then PRINT OFF the paper Document called“ATTESTATION DE DEPLACEMENT DEROGATOIRE”from the French Interirior ministry web site. (enter the name of the document in your search internet bar that should find it for you !!)You MUST HAVE IF YOU ARE IN FRANCE THIS PAPER to show Police the genuiness of your motive for journey localy. Longer journies may not be possible.France imposes restrictions on movement to contain coronavirus100,000 Gendarmes now patrol all “Key” routes and civil installations in France. You MUST be able to show these Soldiers Paramilitary Police the Document for your journey. There is a hefty FINE (Ammend) rising in the next 48 hours to more serious if you do not).There are less and less Buses and trains too as time passess and last night the entire frontiers in the SHENGEN ZONE ARE NOW OFFICIALY CLOSED from NOON today for at least 30 Days.EU's borders will close for 30 days from noon, Macron saysYou MUST respond and take the same civil emergency measures in Britain and Wales and Scotland , as are already now being taken in France and other infected countries, the Irish have already began by closing schools…DO NOT LEAVE IT UNTIL EASTER TO SHUT YOUR SCHOOLS !!!!!!! DO IT RIGHT NOW TODAY THIS VERY MINUTE !!!!! AND all non essential shops, offices, and businesses MUST NOW CLOSE.SAVE YOUR YOUNG PEOPLE.Mr Johnson has already left things much too late, do not become one of his statistics !Danger of serious pandemic and doubling or tripling of cases can ONLY BE AVOIDED through taking these measures at once today. There is NO TIME TO WASTE OR LOSE.THERE IS NO TIME to waste, you are now at WAR with a unseen lethal enemy, and you must treat the Virus emergency as you did the 1939 to 45 War Emergency, and manifest your much needed courageous “togetherness” DUNKIRK SPIRITA vaccine is being tested, but Is still someway off yet to being ready.SELF ISOLATION, CIVIL LOCKDOWN and AVOIDING ALL CONTACT save what is for family or serious reasons unavoidably necessary, is YOUR ONLY DEFENCE AND YOUR BEST DEFENCE NOW.The threat from SARS Coronavirus 19 IS REAL, the “enemy” is a REAL ENEMY and is out there. Follow the anouncements of your Government, but take immediate steps yourselves you can all make. Wash your hands frequently. Do NOT Sneeze openly,(droplets SPREAD VIRUS INFECTION AND CONTAMINANTS ) sneeze into a handkerchief (or your elbow!) and throw away the handkerchief, do NOt keep or try to “re use” ! Avoid Shaking hands or kissing, and avoid going out or meeting people, except for absolutely unavoidable serious reasons (funerals or medical treatment or food shopping, going to chemist etc). DO NOT touch eyes nose or Mouth, and wash hands regularly, and try to avoid touching many “surfaces” (dirty public railings , tables, benches, fittings or fixtures if you do not need to touch them, or door handels or things like this).Use a solution Hydro Alcoolic to clean hands. You can buy this from the chemist. if this is not in stock or possible, wash hands in soapy water regularly. below is a Korean Doctors method to make home made hand sanitizer against virus.How to make a homemade hand sanitizer - Korean Doctor's BlogYou can help yourselves by making a home made hand anti virus sanitizer , for just one example, to keep hands free from virus contaminants. Sanitizers may be in short supply or rupture of stocks during the virus crisis, so if you can, follow the advice to keep hands clean!!!REMEMBER THERE IS NO KNOWN CURE OR VACCINE DEVELOPED YET FOR SARS CORONAVIRUS 19. YOUR ONLY AND BEST DEFENCE IS TO AVOID CATCHING IT OR SPREADING IT

Here are paradoxes you may find fascinating.LogicBarbershop paradox: The supposition that if one of two simultaneous assumptions leads to a contradiction, the other assumption is also disproved leads to paradoxical consequences. Not to be confused with the Barber paradox.What the Tortoise Said to Achilles: "Whatever Logic is good enough to tell me is worth writing down...", also known as Carroll's paradox, not to be confused with the "Achilles and the tortoise" paradox by Zeno of Elea.Catch-22: A situation in which someone is in need of something that can only be had by not being in need of it. A soldier who wants to be declared insane in order to avoid combat is deemed not insane for that very reason, and will therefore not be declared insane.Drinker paradox: In any pub there is a customer of whom it is true to say: if that customer drinks, everybody in the pub drinks.Paradox of entailment: Inconsistent premises always make an argument valid.Lottery paradox: If there is one winning ticket in a large lottery, it is reasonable to believe of any particular lottery ticket that it is not the winning ticket, but it is not reasonable to believe that no lottery ticket will win.Raven paradox: (or Hempel's Ravens): Observing a green apple increases the likelihood of all ravens being black.Ross' paradox: Disjunction introduction poses a problem for imperative inference by seemingly permitting arbitrary imperatives to be inferred.Unexpected hanging paradox: The day of the hanging will be a surprise, so it cannot happen at all, so it will be a surprise. The surprise examination and Bottle Imp paradoxuse similar logic.Self-referenceThese paradoxes have in common a contradiction arising from either self-reference or circular reference, in which several statements refer to each other in a way that following some of the references leads back to the starting point.Barber paradox: A barber (who is a man) shaves all and only those men who do not shave themselves. Does he shave himself? (Russell's popularization of his set theoretic paradox.)Bhartrhari's paradox: The thesis that there are some things which are unnameable conflicts with the notion that something is named by calling it unnameable.Berry paradox: The phrase "the first number not nameable in under ten words" appears to name it in nine words.Crocodile dilemma: If a crocodile steals a child and promises its return if the father can correctly guess exactly what the crocodile will do, how should the crocodile respond in the case that the father guesses that the child will not be returned?Paradox of the Court: A law student agrees to pay his teacher after (and only after) winning his first case. The teacher then sues the student (who has not yet won a case) for payment.Curry's paradox: "If this sentence is true, then Santa Claus exists."Epimenides paradox: A Cretan says: "All Cretans are liars". This paradox works in mainly the same way as the Liar paradox.Grelling–Nelson paradox: Is the word "heterological", meaning "not applicable to itself", a heterological word? (Another close relative of Russell's paradox.)Kleene–Rosser paradox: By formulating an equivalent to Richard's paradox, untyped lambda calculus is shown to be inconsistent.Liar paradox: "This sentence is false." This is the canonical self-referential paradox. Also "Is the answer to this question 'no'?", and "I'm lying."Card paradox: "The next statement is true. The previous statement is false." A variant of the liar paradox that does not use self-reference.Pinocchio paradox: What would happen if Pinocchio said "My nose will be growing"?[1]Quine's paradox: "'Yields a falsehood when appended to its own quotation' yields a falsehood when appended to its own quotation." Shows that a sentence can be paradoxical even if it is not self-referring and does not use demonstratives or indexicals.Yablo's paradox: An ordered infinite sequence of sentences, each of which says that all following sentences are false. While constructed to avoid self-reference, there is no consensus whether it relies on self-reference or not.Opposite Day: "It is opposite day today." Therefore, it is not opposite day, but if you say it is a normal day it would be considered a normal day.Petronius' paradox: "Moderation in all things, including moderation" (unsourced quotation sometimes attributed to Petronius).Richard's paradox: We appear to be able to use simple English to define a decimal expansion in a way that is self-contradictory.Russell's paradox: Does the set of all those sets that do not contain themselves contain itself?Socratic paradox: "All I know is that I know nothing."VaguenessShip of Theseus: It seems like you can replace any component of a ship, and it is still the same ship. So you can replace them all, one at a time, and it is still the same ship. However, you can then take all the original pieces, and assemble them into a ship. That, too, is the same ship you began with.See also List of Ship of Theseus examplesSorites paradox (also known as the paradox of the heap): If you remove a single grain of sand from a heap, you still have a heap. Keep removing single grains, and the heap will disappear. Can a single grain of sand make the difference between heap and non-heap?MathematicsAll horses are the same color: A proof by induction that all horses have the same color.Ant on a rubber rope: An ant crawling on a rubber rope can reach the end even when the rope stretches much faster than the ant can crawl.Cramer's paradox: The number of points of intersection of two higher-order curves can be greater than the number of arbitrary points needed to define one such curve.Elevator paradox: Elevators can seem to be mostly going in one direction, as if they were being manufactured in the middle of the building and being disassembled on the roof and basement.Interesting number paradox: The first number that can be considered "dull" rather than "interesting" becomes interesting because of that fact.Potato paradox: If you let potatoes consisting of 99% water dry so that they are 98% water, they lose 50% of their weight.Russell's paradox: Does the set of all those sets that do not contain themselves contain itself?StatisticsAbelson's paradox: Effect size may not be indicative of practical meaning.Accuracy paradox: Predictive models with a given level of accuracy may have greater predictive power than models with higher accuracy.Berkson's paradox: A complicating factor arising in statistical tests of proportions.Freedman's paradox: Describes a problem in model selection where predictor variables with no explanatory power can appear artificially important.Friendship paradox: For almost everyone, their friends have more friends than they do.Inspection paradox: Why one will wait longer for a bus than one should.Lindley's paradox: Tiny errors in the null hypothesis are magnified when large data sets are analyzed, leading to false but highly statistically significant results.Low birth weight paradox: Low birth weight and mothers who smoke contribute to a higher mortality rate. Babies of smokers have lower average birth weight, but low birth weight babies born to smokers have a lower mortality rate than other low birth weight babies. This is a special case of Simpson's paradox.Simpson's paradox, or the Yule–Simpson effect: A trend that appears in different groups of data disappears when these groups are combined, and the reverse trend appears for the aggregate data.Will Rogers phenomenon: The mathematical concept of an average, whether defined as the mean or median, leads to apparently paradoxical results—for example, it is possible that moving an entry from an encyclopedia to a dictionary would increase the average entry length on both books.ProbabilityBertrand's box paradox: A paradox of conditional probability closely related to the Boy or Girl paradox.Bertrand's paradox: Different common-sense definitions of randomness give quite different results.Birthday paradox: What is the chance that two people in a room have the same birthday?Borel's paradox: Conditional probability density functions are not invariant under coordinate transformations.Boy or Girl paradox: A two-child family has at least one boy. What is the probability that it has a girl?Dartboard Puzzle: If a dart is guaranteed to hit a dartboard and the probability of hitting a specific point is positive, adding the infinitely many positive chances yields infinity, but the chance of hitting the dartboard is one. If the probability of hitting each point is zero, the probability of hitting anywhere on the dartboard is zero.[2]False positive paradox: A test that is accurate the vast majority of the time could show you have a disease, but the probability that you actually have it could still be tiny.Grice's paradox: Shows that the exact meaning of statements involving conditionals and probabilities is more complicated than may be obvious on casual examination.Monty Hall problem: An unintuitive consequence of conditional probability.Necktie paradox: A wager between two people seems to favour them both. Very similar in essence to the Two-envelope paradox.Nontransitive dice: You can have three dice, called A, B, and C, such that A is likely to win in a roll against B, B is likely to win in a roll against C, and C is likely to win in a roll against A.Proebsting's paradox: The Kelly criterion is an often optimal strategy for maximizing profit in the long run. Proebsting's paradox apparently shows that the Kelly criterion can lead to ruin.Sleeping Beauty problem: A probability problem that can be correctly answered as one half or one third depending on how the question is approached.Three cards problem: When pulling a random card, how do you determine the color of the underside?Three Prisoners problem: A variation of the Monty Hall problem.Two-envelope paradox: You are given two indistinguishable envelopes, each of which contains a positive sum of money. One envelope contains twice as much as the other. You may pick one envelope and keep whatever amount it contains. You pick one envelope at random but before you open it you are given the chance to take the other envelope instead.Infinity and infinitesimalsBurali-Forti paradox: If the ordinal numbers formed a set, it would be an ordinal number that is smaller than itself.Cantor's paradox: The set of all sets would have its own power set as a subset, therefore its cardinality would be at least as great as that of its power set. But Cantor's theoremproves that power sets are strictly greater than the sets they are constructed from. Consequently, the set of all sets would contain a subset greater than itself.Galileo's paradox: Though most numbers are not squares, there are no more numbers than squares. (See also Cantor's diagonal argument)Hilbert's paradox of the Grand Hotel: If a hotel with infinitely many rooms is full, it can still take in more guests.Russell's paradox: Does the set of all those sets that do not contain themselves contain itself?Skolem's paradox: Countably infinite models of set theory contain uncountably infinite sets.Zeno's paradoxes: "You will never reach point B from point A as you must always get half-way there, and half of the half, and half of that half, and so on." (This is also a physical paradox.)Supertasks may result in paradoxes such asBenardete's paradox: Apparently, a man can be "forced to stay where he is by the mere unfulfilled intentions of the gods".Grandi's series: The sum of 1-1+1-1+1-1... can be either one, zero, or one-half.Ross–Littlewood paradox: After alternately adding and removing balls to a vase infinitely often, how many balls remain?Thomson's lamp: After flicking a lamp on and off infinitely often, is it on or off?Geometry and topologyBanach–Tarski paradox: Cut a ball into a finite number of pieces and re-assemble the pieces to get two balls, each of equal size to the first. The von Neumann paradox is a two-dimensional analogue.Paradoxical set: A set that can be partitioned into two sets, each of which is equivalent to the original.Coastline paradox: the perimeter of a landmass is in general ill-defined.Coin rotation paradox: a coin rotating along the edge of an identical coin will make a full revolution after traversing only half of the stationary coin's circumference.Gabriel's Horn: or Torricelli's trumpet: A simple object with finite volume but infinite surface area. Also, the Mandelbrot set and various other fractals are covered by a finite area, but have an infinite perimeter (in fact, there are no two distinct points on the boundary of the Mandelbrot set that can be reached from one another by moving a finite distance along that boundary, which also implies that in a sense you go no further if you walk "the wrong way" around the set to reach a nearby point). This can be represented by a Klein bottle.Hausdorff paradox: There exists a countable subset C of the sphere S such that S\C is equidecomposable with two copies of itself.Nikodym set: A set contained in and with the same Lebesgue measure as the unit square, yet for every one of its points there is a straight line intersecting the Nikodym set only in that point.Sphere eversion: A sphere can, topologically, be turned inside out.Decision theoryAbilene paradox: People can make decisions based not on what they actually want to do, but on what they think that other people want to do, with the result that everybody decides to do something that nobody really wants to do, but only what they thought that everybody else wanted to do.Apportionment paradox: Some systems of apportioning representation can have unintuitive results due to roundingAlabama paradox: Increasing the total number of seats might shrink one block's seats.New states paradox: Adding a new state or voting block might increase the number of votes of another.Population paradox: A fast-growing state can lose votes to a slow-growing state.Arrow's paradox: Given more than two choices, no system can have all the attributes of an ideal voting system at once.Buridan's ass: How can a rational choice be made between two outcomes of equal value?Chainstore paradox: Even those who know better play the so-called chain store game in an irrational manner.Decision-making paradox: Selecting the best decision-making method is a decision problem in itself.Fenno's paradox: The belief that people generally disapprove of the United States Congress as a whole, but support the Congressman from their own Congressional district.Fredkin's paradox: The more similar two choices are, the more time a decision-making agent spends on deciding.Green paradox: Policies intending to reduce future CO2 emissions may lead to increased emissions in the present.Hedgehog's dilemma: or Lover's paradox Despite goodwill, human intimacy cannot occur without substantial mutual harm.Inventor's paradox: It is easier to solve a more general problem that covers the specifics of the sought-after solution.Kavka's toxin puzzle: Can one intend to drink the non-deadly toxin, if the intention is the only thing needed to get the reward?Morton's fork: a type of false dilemma in which contradictory observations lead to the same conclusion.Navigation paradox: Increased navigational precision may result in increased collision risk.Newcomb's paradox: How do you play a game against an omniscient opponent?Paradox of tolerance: Should one tolerate intolerance if intolerance would destroy the possibility of tolerance?Paradox of voting: Also known as the Downs paradox. For a rational, self-interested voter the costs of voting will normally exceed the expected benefits, so why do people keep voting?Parrondo's paradox: It is possible to play two losing games alternately to eventually win.Prevention paradox: For one person to benefit, many people have to change their behavior — even though they receive no benefit, or even suffer, from the change.Prisoner's dilemma: Two people might not cooperate even if it is in both their best interests to do so.Voting paradox: Also known as Condorcet's paradox and paradox of voting. A group of separately rational individuals may have preferences that are irrational in the aggregate.Willpower paradox: Those who kept their minds open were more goal-directed and more motivated than those who declared their objective to themselves.PhysicsCool tropics paradox: A contradiction between modelled estimates of tropical temperatures during warm, ice-free periods of the Cretaceous and Eocene, and the lower temperatures that proxies suggest were present.Irresistible force paradox: What would happen if an unstoppable force hit an immovable object?Paradox of Place: If everything that exists has a place, that place must have a place, and so on ad infinitum.Paradox of the grain of millet: When a grain of millet falls it makes no sound, but when a thousand grains fall they do, thus many of nothing become something.The Moving RowsAstrophysicsAlgol paradox: In some binaries the partners seem to have different ages, even though they are thought to have formed at the same time.Faint young Sun paradox: The contradiction between existence of liquid water early in the Earth's history and the expectation that the output of the young Sun would have been insufficient to melt ice on Earth.GZK paradox: Extreme-energy cosmic rays have been observed that seem to violate the Greisen–Zatsepin–Kuzmin limit, which is a consequence of special relativity.Paradox of youth: Compared to theory, there is an overabundance of young stars close to the supermassive black hole in the Galactic Center.Classical mechanicsAchilles and the tortoise: If the tortoise is ahead of Achilles, by the time Achilles reaches the tortoise's current position, the tortoise will have moved a bit further ahead, which goes on indefinitely.Archer's paradox: An archer must, in order to hit his target, not aim directly at it, but slightly to the side. Not to be confused with the arrow paradox.Arrow paradox If we divide time into discrete 0-duration slices, no motion is happening in each of them, so taking them all as a whole, motion is impossible.Hydrostatic paradox: A massive battleship can float in a few litres of water.Aristotle's wheel paradox: Rolling joined concentric wheels seem to trace the same distance with their circumferences, even though the circumferences are different.Carroll's paradox: The angular momentum of a stick should be zero, but is not.D'Alembert's paradox: Flow of an inviscid fluid produces no net force on a solid body.Knudsen paradox: Based on the Navier–Stokes equations, one would expect the mass flux in a channel to decrease with increasing Knudsen number, but there is a distinct minimum around Knudsen number 0.8.Denny's paradox: Surface-dwelling arthropods (such as the water strider) should not be able to propel themselves horizontally.Dichotomy paradox: To reach its target, an airborne arrow must first reach an infinite number of midpoints between its current position and the target.Elevator paradox: Even though hydrometers are used to measure fluid density, a hydrometer will not indicate changes of fluid density caused by changing atmospheric pressure.Feynman sprinkler: Which way does a sprinkler rotate when submerged in a tank and made to suck in the surrounding fluid?Painlevé paradox: Rigid-body dynamics with contact and friction is inconsistent.Tea leaf paradox: When a cup of tea is stirred, the leaves assemble in the center, even though centrifugal force pushes them outward.Upstream contamination: When a fluid is poured from a higher container onto a lower one, particles can climb up the falling water.CosmologyBentley's paradox: In a Newtonian universe, gravitation should pull all matter into a single point.Boltzmann brain: If the universe we observe resulted from a random thermodynamic fluctuation, it would be vastly more likely to be a simple one than the complex one we observe. The simplest case would be just a brain floating in vacuum, having the thoughts and sensations you have.Fermi paradox: If there are, as various arguments suggest, many other sentient species in the Universe, then where are they? Shouldn't their presence be obvious?Heat death paradox: If the universe was infinitely old, it would be in thermodynamical equilibrium, which contradicts what we observe.Olbers' paradox: Why is the night sky dark if there is an infinity of stars, covering every part of the celestial sphere?ElectromagnetismFaraday paradox: An apparent violation of Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction.Quantum mechanicsAharonov–Bohm effect: a charged particle is affected by an electromagnetic field even though it has no local contact with that fieldBell's theorem: Why do measured quantum particles not satisfy mathematical probability theory?Double-slit experiment: Matter and energy can act as a wave or as a particle depending on the experiment.Einstein–Podolsky–Rosen paradox: Can far away events influence each other in quantum mechanics?Extinction paradox: In the small wavelength limit, the total scattering cross section of an impenetrable sphere is twice its geometrical cross-sectional area (which is the value obtained in classical mechanics).[3]Hardy's paradox: How can we make inferences about past events that we haven't observed while at the same time acknowledge that the act of observing it affects the reality we are inferring to?Klein paradox: When the potential of a potential barrier becomes similar to the mass of the impinging particle, it becomes transparent.Mott problem: Spherically symmetric wave functions, when observed, produce linear particle tracks.Quantum LC circuit paradox: Energies stored on capacitance and inductance are not equal to the ground state energy of the quantum oscillator.[citation needed]Quantum pseudo-telepathy: Two players who can not communicate accomplish tasks that seemingly require direct contact.Quantum Zeno effect: (Turing paradox) echoing the Zeno paradox, a quantum particle that is continuously observed cannot change its stateSchrödinger's cat paradox: According to the Copenhagen interpretation of quantum mechanics, a cat could be simultaneously alive and dead, as long as it remains unobserved.Uncertainty principle: Attempts to determine position must disturb momentum, and vice versa.RelativityBell's spaceship paradox: concerning relativity.Black hole information paradox: Black holes violate a commonly assumed tenet of science that information cannot be destroyed.Ehrenfest paradox: On the kinematics of a rigid rotating disk.Ladder paradox: A classic relativity problem.Mocanu's velocity composition paradox: a paradox in special relativity.Supplee's paradox: the buoyancy of a relativistic object (such as a bullet) appears to change when the reference frame is changed from one in which the bullet is at rest to one in which the fluid is at rest.Trouton-Noble or Right-angle lever paradox: Does a torque arise in static systems when changing frames?Twin paradox: The theory of relativity predicts that a person making a round trip will return younger than his or her identical twin who stayed at home.ThermodynamicsGibbs paradox: In an ideal gas, is entropy an extensive variable?Loschmidt's paradox: Why is there an inevitable increase in entropy when the laws of physics are invariant under time reversal? The time reversal symmetry of physical laws appears to contradict the second law of thermodynamics.Maxwell's demon: The second law of thermodynamics seems to be violated by a cleverly operated trapdoor.[4]Mpemba effect: Hot water can, under certain conditions, freeze faster than cold water, even though it must pass the lower temperature on the way to freezing.Duncan's Paradox: Gas-surface reactions create either steady-state temperature or pressure differentials that can be used in perpetual motion machines.[5][6]Schmidt's Paradox (In Russian): – the contradiction (discovered in 1917) between the observed vertical turbulent heat flux in the surface layer and the theory of heat conduction in the atmosphere .BiologyAntarctic paradox: In some areas of the oceans, phytoplankton concentrations are low despite there apparently being sufficient nutrients.C-value enigma: Genome size does not correlate with organismal complexity. For example, some unicellular organisms have genomes much larger than that of humans.Cole's paradox: Even a tiny fecundity advantage of one additional offspring would favor the evolution of semelparity.Gray's paradox: Despite their relatively small muscle mass, dolphins can swim at high speeds and obtain large accelerations.Hormesis: Exposure to small doses of toxins can have beneficial effects.Lek paradox: Persistent female choice for particular male trait values should erode genetic variance in male traits and thereby remove the benefits of choice, yet choice persists.Lombard's paradox: When rising to stand from a sitting or squatting position, both the hamstrings and quadriceps contract at the same time, despite their being antagonists to each other.Paradox of enrichment: Increasing the food available to an ecosystem may lead to instability, and even to extinction.Paradox of the pesticides: Applying pesticide to a pest may increase the pest's abundance.Paradox of the plankton: Why are there so many different species of phytoplankton, even though competition for the same resources tends to reduce the number of species?Sherman paradox: An anomalous pattern of inheritance in the fragile X syndrome.Temporal paradox (paleontology): When did the ancestors of birds live?Health and nutritionFrench paradox: The observation that the French suffer a relatively low incidence of coronary heart disease, despite having a diet relatively rich in saturated fats, which are assumed to be the leading dietary cause of such disease.Glucose paradox: The large amount of glycogen in the liver cannot be explained by its small glucose absorption.Hispanic paradox: The finding that Hispanics in the United States tend to have substantially better health than the average population in spite of what their aggregate socio-economic indicators predict.Israeli paradox: The observation that Israelis suffer a relatively high incidence of coronary heart disease, despite having a diet very low in saturated fats, which are assumed to be the leading dietary cause of such disease.Meditation paradox: The amplitude of heart rate oscillations during meditation was significantly greater than in the pre-meditation control state and also in three non-meditation control groups[7]Mexican paradox: Mexican children tend to have higher birth weights than can be expected from their socio-economic status.Obesity survival paradox: Although the negative health consequences of obesity in the general population are well supported by the available evidence, health outcomes in certain subgroups seem to be improved at an increased BMI.Peto's paradox: Humans and other small-to-medium-sized mammals get cancer with high frequency, while larger mammals, like whales, do not. If cancer is essentially a negative outcome lottery at the cell level, and larger organisms have more cells, and thus more potentially cancerous cell divisions, one would expect larger organisms to be more predisposed to cancer.Pulsus paradoxus: A pulsus paradoxus is an exaggerated decrease in systolic blood pressure during inspiration. It can indicate certain medical conditions in which there is reduced cardiac output, such as cardiac tamponade or constrictive pericarditis. Also known as the Pulse Paradox.[8]Second wind: The "second wind" is a sudden period of increased wakefulness in individuals deprived of sleep that tends to coincide with the individual's circadian rhythm. Although the individual is more wakeful and aware of their surroundings, they are continuing to accrue sleep debt and thus, are actually exacerbating their sleep deprivation.ChemistryFaraday paradox (electrochemistry): Diluted nitric acid will corrode steel, while concentrated nitric acid will not.Levinthal paradox: The length of time that it takes for a protein chain to find its folded state is many orders of magnitude shorter than it would be if it freely searched all possible configurations.SAR paradox: Exceptions to the principle that a small change in a molecule causes a small change in its chemical behaviour are frequently profound.Time travelBootstrap paradox, (also ontological paradox) Can a time traveler send himself information with no outside source?Polchinski's paradox: A billiard ball can be thrown into a wormhole in such a way that it would emerge in the past and knock its incoming past self away from the wormhole entrance, creating a variant of the grandfather paradox.Predestination paradox: A man travels back in time to discover the cause of a famous fire. While in the building where the fire started, he accidentally knocks over a kerosene lantern and causes a fire, the same fire that would inspire him, years later, to travel back in time. The bootstrap paradox is closely tied to this, in which, as a result of time travel, information or objects appear to have no beginning.Temporal paradox: What happens when a time traveler does things in the past that prevent him from doing them in the first place?Grandfather paradox: You travel back in time and kill your grandfather before he conceives one of your parents, which precludes your own conception and, therefore, you couldn't go back in time and kill your grandfather.Hitler's murder paradox: You travel back in time and kill a famous person in history before they become famous; but if the person had never been famous, then he could not have been targeted as a famous person.Linguistics and artificial intelligenceBracketing paradox: Is a "historical linguist" a linguist who is historical, or someone who studies "historical linguistics"?Code-talker paradox: How can a language both enable communication and block communication?Moravec's paradox: Logical thought is hard for humans and easy for computers, but picking a screw from a box of screws is an unsolved problem.Movement paradox: In transformational linguistics, there are pairs of sentences in which the sentence without movement is ungrammatical while the sentence with movement is not.Sayre's paradox: In automated handwriting recognition, a cursively written word cannot be recognized without being segmented and cannot be segmented without being recognized.PerceptionTritone paradox: An auditory illusion in which a sequentially played pair of Shepard tones is heard as ascending by some people and as descending by others.Blub paradox: Cognitive lock of some experienced programmers that prevents them from properly evaluating the quality of programming languages which they do not know.[9]Optical illusion: A visual illusion which suggests inconsistency, such as an impossible cube or the vertical-horizontal illusion, where the two lines are exactly the same length but appear to be of different lengths.[Source: List of paradoxes - Wikipedia]Lastly, here’s a video which goes into one of the paradoxes I have listed above, the Banach–Tarski paradox.