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Teens browse this list for services in your area. Don’t run away, call for help.NEW YORK AMERICAN CIVIL LIBERTIES UNION (ACLU) : YRights As a Pregnant Or Parenting Teen (2007)]Pregnant or Parenting? Title IX Protects You From Discrimination At SchoolGuttmacher Data: Minors’ Rights as ParentsIf you are facing abuse or threats because of your pregnancy here is a crisis line. http://www.thursdayschild.org/html/about.htm 800-USA-KIDSRESOURCES STATE BY STATE:ALABAMA: Babies First: United Methodist Children's HomeFor teen mothers in foster care.If you are a pregnant teen in Alabama in foster care, ask your case manager, counselor or CASA worker if this program could be right for you.ALASKA Passage House: Passage House907-272-1255 (Call to get help now.)Ages 17–21ARIZONA: Girls Ranch Scottsdale: Girls Ranch - Florence Crittenton.Ask a school counselor, case manager, or CASA Advocate about Girls Ranch Scottsdale.An adult needs to help arrange admission if this program is right for you.Most but not all pregnant teens at Girls Ranch Scottsdale are in Arizona state custody.ARIZONA:The House of El-Elyon:HousingParenting ClassesAges 12–18ARIZONA: Starting Out Right: Starting Out Right | Free Pregnancy Test | Arizona Youth PartnershipCall 520–719–2014 or email [email protected] suppliesARIZONA: Tempe. TeenAge Pregnancy Program (TAPP) / APPP👩‍🎓Educational support.Case management.Counseling.Parenting preparation.ARKANSAS: Compassion House: Get Help - Compassion House479-419-9100 (Call for help.)HousingChristian orientation.Ages: 19 and underARKANSAS: Hanna House: Hannah House of Fort Smith Arkansas479–782–5683 phone or email: [email protected] 13–29CALIFORNIA: (Alameda County) Bay Area Youth Center: Real AlternativesEmail: [email protected] SkillsAges 16–25CALIFORNIA: El Nido Programs - El Nido Family Centers: Teen Family ServicesHome Visits help teens connect to healthcare, education, counseling, financial help employment and childcare.Several locations in Los Angles areaAntelope Valley: Pacoima office at: 818.896.7776CALIFORNIA:Maternity Shelter Program - Home [email protected] Diego AreaAges 18–24CALIFORNIA : (Lake County) Lake Family Resource Center. Teen Parenting/Adolescent Family Life ProgramServices for Pregnant and Parenting teensMust enroll before 19th birthdaCalifornia: Welcome to Mary's Pregnant Teen Shelter .Housing.CALIFORNIA: (Sacramento) Waking the VillageHome Infograph — Waking the VillageContact us about our housing programs: 916-601-2979HousingEducational SupportIntensive MentoringCase ManagementArt, Friendship, Community, CreativityChild Development CenterTravel, Recreation, CampingAges 18–24CALIFORNIA (HOUSING) (North Hollywood.) Youth Volunteers of America Los Angeles. (VOALA) Women’s Care Cottage. Women’s Care Cottage is an Independent/Transitional living program assisting homeless young women coming out of emergency shelters, foster care and probation. Admits women with one infant up to the age of 1 year. Provides up to 18 months – 3 years of housing, case management, counseling, social and cultural activities. Ages 18–21.COLORADO: options for Pregnant or Parenting Teens. Jefferson County Adolescent Pregnancy and Parenting Program (JCAPPP) Jeffco Public Schools. Non-residential. Specialized curricula, job-training, social support. Onsite childcare for teen parents.COLORADO: ttp://ttps://obgyn.coloradowomenshealth.com/health-info/teens/teen-pregnancy-programs Non-residential. University of Colorado/Colorado Adolescent Maternity Program. (CAMP) Specialized obstetrical care for teens. Emotional and social support.COLORADO: (HOUSING) Hope House of Colorado Quote from the website: “Hope House is metro-Denver's only resource providing free self-sufficiency programs to parenting teen moms, including Residential, GED, and College & Career Support programs. Additional supportive services include parenting and life skills classes, healthy relationship classes, and certified counseling, all designed to prepare them for long-term independence.” (ages 16 to 24)COLORADO: Yampah Mountain High School Non-residential, public School-based support for pregnant and parenting teens. High quality Infant and toddler childcare onsite.CONNECTICUT: Noank Community Support Services Clift House. Shelter care for ages infant to 18, either gender. Pregnant and Parenting teens.CONNECTICUT: Young Parents Program Public school-based services for pregnant and parenting teens. High School completion support and ONSITE childcare at High Schools for teen parents. Districts offering the Young Parents Program: Bridgeport, Griswold, New Britain, Torrington, Waterbury, Windham. Contact: Shelby Pons, MSW, [email protected] (860) 807-2126DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA: (Non-Residential) Teen Alliance for Prepared Parenting Specialized Pre-natal care. Education support. Counseling. Teen fathers also served. Ages Served: Adolescents who are pregnant and aged 21 or younger are eligible to enroll at any time during their pregnancy. Young fathers may enroll if they are expecting a child, or if they have a child under the age of five years. Once enrolled, youth may continue to participate in the program until 23 years of age.DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA: http://tps://dcps.dc.gov/page/expectant-and-parenting-students (Non-residential). Expectant and Parenting Students. New Heights. “Supportive case management and assistance with securing services, such as a childcare voucher, WIC, housing, TANF, employment, job training opportunities, college/university admissions and more.” Public High School Programs: The following schools have the New Heights program in their buildings, and can be reached at the following phone numbers:Anacostia, (202) 645-4040Ballou, (202) 645-3400Ballou STAY, (202) 727-5344Cardozo, (202) 671-1995CHEC, (202) 939-7700 ext. 5063Coolidge, (202) 282-0081Dunbar, (202) 698-3762Luke C. Moore, (202) 678-7890Roosevelt, (202) 576-8899Roosevelt STAY, (202) 576-8399Washington MET, (202)727-4985Wilson, (202) 282-0120Woodson, (202) 939-20324. DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA (HOUSING) Perennial Transitional House for Teen Parent23.DISTRICT OF COLuMBIA: HBP Teens Non-residential. Support services and structured classes for pregnant and parenting teens. Case Management and Home Visiting. Centered particularly on the needs of young African-American parents. Multi-phase program. Ages Served:12–2124.DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA: DC Social Innovation Project Non-residential. Teens to Doulas: This innovative program trains teens who are already parenting to serve as doulas for women in the community. The goal is for successful teen mothers to share their skills to reduce the risk factors in the community for other mothers.25. DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA: Teen Parent Assessment Program (TPAP)(Non-residential) Financial Issues: This is an assessment program that evaluates teens for independent living in the D.C. area. Usually, teens can apply for TANF (Temporary Assistance for Needy Families) in D.C. , but must be living with their parents to receive this aid. The Teen Assessment program determines on a case by case if the pregnant/parenting teen in an independent or other living situation qualifies for the aid. Service Contact: Teen Parent Assessment Program Contact Phone: (202) 698-6671Contact TTY: 711. If you are unable to get an appointment for the Teen Parent Assessment Program, you may need to get a referral from your school guidance counselor or other social services.26.DELAWARE: Diocese of Wilmington Bayard House27.FLORIDA: (HOUSING) Group Home, Bellview FL, Hands of Mercy Everywhere Hands of Mercy Everywhere. Christian-oriented residence that also offers diverse practical, educational, and therapeutic services to teen mothers. Ages served not specified28.FLORIDA: Hannah's Transitional Living || ANCHORAGE CHILDREN'S HOME || (850) 763-7102 Transitional living apartments for pregnant and parenting young women. Ages 16–2229.FLORIDA: Home Our Mother’s Home. Keeps teen mothers who are in foster care with their children.30.FLORIDA: (Pinellas County) Transitional Living Programs - Family Resources SafePlace2BTOO-Young Moms. (Scroll down the page for maternity services. The first program listed on the page has the same name but is for LGBT youth.) Housing and support. 18 month program. Ages 16–21.31.FLORIDA: Woman to Woman - Children & Family Services Gulf CoasJewish Children & Family Services. Non-residential mentoring and goal-setting for pregnant and parenting teens. No age range specified.GEORGIA: House of Dawn: Changing Lives, Changing Generations770–477–2385Housing👩‍🎓Educational SupportCareer and Life skillsCounselingAges 13–23GEORGIA: Home | The Living Vine Christian Maternity Home.HousingProgram emphasizes strict Christian environment, so possibly suitable only for committed Christians.Hawaii: Hale Kipa: Independent Living Program808.754.9844Emergency ShelterAges 12–17HAWAII: Neighborhood Helping Pregnant and Parenting Teens Neighborhood Place of Puna. Non-residential. Practical, material and emotional support.37.HAWAII: (HOUSING) Mary Jane Home | Catholic Charities Hawaii The Mary Jane Home. Ages Served: 18 and over.38. IDAHO: (and Eastern Washington) Alexandria's House | Volunteers of America Ages Served: 16–20.39.IDAHO: (Burley) Cassia High School Alternative Public High School. Serves teens who would benefit from an alternative school, including pregnant and parenting teens. Childcare for teen parents provided.40.IDAHO: Marian Pritchett School Marian Pritchett School. (Serving pregnant teens since 1964) Public High School for pregnant and parenting teens. Includes Giraffe Laugh Childcare for students attending Marian Pritchett School. Marian Pritchett - Giraffe Laugh.41.ILLINOS: (HOUSING) (Chicago) response-Ability Pregnant and Parenting Program (RAPPP) The Night Ministry operates 120-day housing programs for youth and for pregnant and parenting young mothers and their children. Call toll-free 877-286-2523. Ages 14–19.42.ILLINOIS: http://theharbour.org/successful-teenseffective-parents.html The Harbour. STEPS Program. Individual subsidized apartments for teens and their children. Parenting classes, counseling and case management. Age range served: not specified.43.INDIANA: Maternity Home With A Heart Hannah’s House. (HOUSING.) Faith-based/Christian. Parenting classes, counseling, referrals to community resources, emotional support. Serves ages 13 up. (Website states youngest resident they have served was 13 and the oldest was 43.)44. Indiana: Project Home IndyResidency for Teenage Mothers (Link leads to application page)HousingMedical CareEducational SupportParenting ClassesLife Skills ClassesAges 15 -19 at admission.45.INDIANA: Young Families of Indiana Network Future Promises. Non-residential school-based support for pregnant and parenting teens.46.INDIANA: (South Bend) Youth Service Bureau of St. Joseph County Young Mom’s Self-Sufficiency Program. (YMSSP) Non-residential support services.47. IOWA: Ruth Harbor - Pregnant? Christian orientation. Counseling, midwife care, doula services, recreation, outings. Ages ?-24. Does not specify minimum age.48.IOWA: Transitional Living for Teen Parents United Action for Youth. (UAC) Housing and other supports. Ages 17–21.49. IOWA: Transitional Living Services - Youth & Shelter Services, Inc. - Iowa50..KANSAS: About Us | Wichita Children's Home 1. Bridges. Housing for pregnant and parenting teen mothers 2. Moving on to Motherhood (MOM-Non-residential case management and support.)52. KENTUCKY: (HOUSING)Mother & Baby Home All God’s Children Mother & Baby Home. Faith-based. Nationally Accredited Childcare program onsite provides care for resident’s babies so they can attend school. Support, therapy, classes. Ages 13–21.53.KENTUCKY: (Louisville) Teenage Parent Program Georgia Chaffee Teenage Parent Program (TAPP). Non-residential. Provides support and services to help pregnant and parenting teens complete their high school educations.54. KENTUCKY: 👩‍⚕️ Young Parents Program (YPP.) Non-residential. Specialized obstetrical care, support and counseling. Ages served: Under age 18.55. LOUISIANA: I'm Pregnant. Now What?Phone : (318) 925-4663Crisis Line : (318) 277-9506Email : [email protected] Sanctuary for Women. Faith-based/Christian. Counseling, goal-setting, career planning, parenting classes, life skills and recreation. Participation in religious activities may be required. Onsite accredited education/certified teacher for High School completion or GED. Ages served: 13–23.56. LOUISIANA: Parenting Jus4me. Non-residential. Support and parenting classes for pregnant and parenting teens. No age range specified.57. LOUISIANA: http://ttp://www.lighthouseministriesinc.org/ The Lighthouse Child Residential Center. Faith-based. Cares for pregnant and parenting teens and their children. Licensed to care for children from birth through age 18.MAINE: FINANCIAL HELP: TANF and Teen Parents58. MAINE: rgh Rumford Group Homes Teens are housed in several different apartments supervised by the program and are provided with various services. Ages 16–21.59. MAINE: Crisis Center | Bangor, ME Shepherd’s Godparent Home. Ages served: teens to thirties.60. MARYLAND: Programp=s for Pregnant Teens and Teen Mothers | Hearts & Homes for Youth Damamli. This program is for pregnant and parenting teens in the foster care or juvenile justice system. The program starts the teen in a specialized foster home and later she lives independently with her child, with support from the program in her own apartment. Age range: 16–20.61. MARYLAND: Housing & Support Saint Ann’s: Grace House, Hope House and Faith House. Residence with onsite High School. Ages 13–21.62. MASSACHUSETTS: Programs Bridge Over Troubled Waters. Single Parent Housing. Transitional Housing for teen parents. Does not specify age range served.63. MASSACHUSETTS: (Boston) St. Mary’s Home Faith-based history but apparently no religious requirements or programming for participants. Housing. Case management, onsite high school completion, parenting classes, therapy. Ages 13–21.64. MICHIGAN: Shelter - Alternatives For Girls Provides emergency shelter for homeless teens and their children. Transitional housing program also available. Website did not mention specific maternity care programs offered. Ages 15—MICHIGAN: Eastpointe. Gianna House now open, but the website isn’t up currently. RESIDENTIAL. Ages 13–17. Contact information will be posted here ASAP>65. MICHIGAN: MI Health Family - MOASH Websites provide information on help for pregnant and parenting teens in Michigan. Michigan Organization on Adolescent Sexual Health. (MOASH) PREGNANT & PARENTING TEENS Ages served not specified.66. MICHIGAN: Michigan Adolescent Pregnancy and Parenting Program (MI-APPP) Case Management for pregnant and parenting teens. No are range specified.MINNESOTA: LEGAL RIGHTS OF TEENS: The Rights of Teen ParentsMINNESOTA: A School for Pregnant and Parenting Teens Longfellow High School. Non-residential public high school.MINNESOTA: The Nest: A Maternity Home The Nest. Focuses on ages 18–25 but may accept minors placed by parents. More information soon.MISSISSIPPI: http://mchms.org/pdfs/MCH_Two_of_Us_Brochure_032314_RGB.pdf Two of Us Therapeutic Maternity Home. Full-time licensed nursing staff. Highly specialized intensive care and education for mothers and infants. Ages 10–18.MISSOURI: 👩‍⚕️ https://www.barnesjewish.org/Medical-Services/Obstetrics-Gynecology/Women-Infants/Childbirth-at-Barnes-Jewish/Teen- Pregnancy-Center Barnes Jewish Hospital. Non-residential services, including specialized obstetrical care, classes and support. Ages 17 and under.MISSOURI: Mother's Refuge - Supporting Young Mother (HOUSING). Ages 12-21. Does not appear to focus on excessive religious pressureMISSOURI: Nativity House KC Faith-based. Roman Catholic.MISSOURI: Youth Services - reStart reStart Youth Services. Four transitional housing units for pregnant and parenting teens. Ages 16–21.MISSOURI: Home The Sparrow's Nest. (HOUSING) Ages 19 and under.MONTANA: Blackfeet Teen Pregnancy/Parenting Coalition Teen Pregnancy Parenting Coalition. Non-residential. GED tutoring. Case Management. Peer support. Nutritional Counseling. Childcare. Ages Served not specified.MONTANA: Mountain Home Montana Non-religious, comprehensive program. Housing. Bonnie Hamilton Home. (Group living) Mountain Home Apartments. (Individuals living with child.) Licensed Therapy. 24–7 mental health crisis line. Other resources. Ages 16–29.MONTANA: Nurtured baby, Healthy adult, Strong community Florence Crittenton . (Needs updating)NEBRASKA: CARES. ( info needs updating-program may be closed.)NEBRASKA: Center for Healthy Families Nebraska Mental Health/Project Harmony. Non-residential. Support services for pregnant and parenting teens. No age range specified. (Omaha residents only).NEBRASKA:Teen & Young Parent Program - Nebraska Early Childhood CollaborativeNNEVADA: “Living Grace” website is not available as of 8/15/2019. Will update as I get more information.NEVADA: Pregnant and Parenting Teen Saint Jude’s Ranch. Most residents are youth placed here by state social service and juvenile justice agencies.NEVADA: Contact Casa De Vida. (HOUSING) —More information available soon.NEW HAMPSHIRE: (Littleton)TRANSITIONAL LIVING PROGRAM (HOUSING). Case management, GED/Highschool completion, parenting classes and other services for pregnant and parenting teens and young adults. Ages served 18–21.NEW HAMPSHIRE: Our Place | Catholic Charities New Hampshire Our Place. Non-residential Faith-based. (Roman Catholic) Prenatal, breastfeeding, parenting and other classes and resources for parents of all ages.NEW JERSEY: http://ttps://www.cge-nj.org/program-offerings/adolescent-program/ The Center for Great Expectations (Adolescent Program) (HOUSING) AOther programs for women also available. Licensed Clinical Staff. Ages served: 13–18,NEW JERSEY: Capable Adolescent Mothers Crossroads Programs. (HOUSING) Intensive Long-term program. For General Program Information regarding Crossroads’ programs and services, please contact Michelle Wright at 609 880 0210, ext 109. Ages: 16–21.NEW JERSEY:services and Programs that help young homeless mothers and pregnant women Raphael’s Life House, Inc. Housing, licensed counseling, parenting classes, GED completion and career development. Ages served: Not specified.NEW MEXICO: Catholic Charities of Gallup NM (HOUSING)Casa San Jose. Residential care for pregnant and parenting teens. Ages Served: Not specified.NEW MEXICO: 14 to 17 Information Page Information from Pegasus Legal Services for Children about legal rights of minors in New Mexico, including teen pregnancy and parenting.NEW YORK: Residential Services Catholic Charities Community Maternity Services. Multiple programs: Heery Center-Ages 12–21, focuses on pregnant and parenting girls placed by juvenile and state agencies. Joyce Center is the transitional living maternity home.NEW YORK: Pregnant/Parenting Teens Children’s Village-Inwood House. Age range served not specified.NEW YORK: (Rochester) http://ttp://centerforyouth.net/index.php?cID=89 The Center For Youth. Chrysalis Program. 18 month program. Residential setting for pregnant or parenting young women. Ages 16–21.NEW YORK: Supportive Housing (Brooklyn) Diaspora Community Services/ “Mother’s Gaining Hope”. Federally funded “Maternity Group Home”. (MGH) I have not further details on ages served or its programs at this writing.NEW YORK: SERVICES SUSPENDED DUE TO BUDGET. (Concerned readers please consider donating. )(Niagara region) https://hannahhouse.ca/ Ages: through age 24. No lower age limit stated.NEW YORK: Regina Maternity Services Catholic Charities of Rockville Centre. Housing For pregnant teens and their children. Regina Residence is a structured program with case management. Mary Residence is supported independent living for graduates of Regina Residence. Ages 11–24.NORTH CAROLINA: http://www.angelhousematernityhome.org/admission_information0.aspx Angel House Maternity Home. Minimum Age: 17NORTH CAROLINA: Services for single, pregnant, & non-pregnant teens, women and their families | Florence Crittenton Services | Charlotte, NC Multiple residential programs. Ages 10 and up.NORTH DAKOTA: St. Gianna Maternity Home (HOUSING) Residents required to participate in prayers and attend Mass. Ages Served: Serves minors but does not specify age range.NORTH DAKOTA: Home | The Perry Center Serves minors placed by parents, but does not give age-range. Christian oriented services, apparently placing emphasis on evangelism but also offering life-skills and other practical services.OHIO: (Franklin County) The Center for Healthy Families The Center for Healthy Families. Non-residential. School and Community based services for pregnant and parenting teens offered at four high schools. Services for teen fathers also included. Ages: 13–19.OHIO: (Mentor, Ohio) Pregnancy - Hannah’s Home. Minimum age 18. More information available soon.OHIO: The Highlands - Shelter Care (HOUSING) Residential care for pregnant and parenting teens and their children. Ages 14–20.OHIO: (Columbus) 👩‍⚕️Teen and Pregnant Program Nationwide Children’s (Hospital). TaP. Non-residential. Comprehensive medical care, classes, counseling, referrals for pregnant girls and women ages 21.5 and under.OHIO: WIC (Supplemental food for Women, Infant Children) WIC - American Pregnancy Association\http://file:///C:/Users/17074/AppData/Local/Pa/TempState/Downloads/158843%20(1).pdfOKLAHOMA: Broken Arrow Public Schools Mentoring Healthy Parents (Formerly Margaret Hudson Program). Non-residential. Support for pregnant and parenting teens. Age range not specified.OKLAHOMA: J.A.M.E.S., INC. WEBSITE CURRENTLY DOWN> CHECK BACK SOON> Educational support and college scholarships for pregnant and parenting teens. High School seniors and college students.OKLAHOMA: http://s://www.choctawnation.com/tribal-services/member-services/choctaw-support-expectant-and-parenting-teens-sept Choctaw Support for Expectant and Parenting Teens. (SEPT) Services for teens pregnant with or parenting a Native American child under the age of one year. Must live within the 10.5 county service area of Choctaw Nation. Ages 13–21.OKLAHOMA: (Owassa) Oklahoma Baptist Homes for Children . (HOUSING) (Owassa) Maternity Cottage and transitional living apartments for Mother and Child Program. Participants must attend Southern Baptist church while in residence. Age range served not specified.OKLAHOMA: Transitional Living Program (HOUSING) Housing offered to youth, including pregnant and parenting teens and their children. Ages 16–21.OREGON: Safe Haven Maternity Home Safe Haven Maternity Home.OREGON: Dedicated to helping young mothers Saint Child. Housing for pregnant girls and women and their infants. May stay for up to a year after birth of baby. Faith-based (Christian). Counseling, education, job training, life skills and other supports. Participants are offered bible study and other Christian activities but are apparently not coerced. Ages 14–24.Pennsylvania: (Lansdale) (HOUSING) Home Morning Star Maternity Home. Ages 13–25.Pennsylvania: Maternity & Pregnancy Services - Catholic Charities of Harrisburg PAPENNSYLVANIA: http://ttps://www.valleyyouthhouse.org/programs/transitional-housing/maternity-group-home-mgh/RHODE ISLAND: (HOUSING) (may be for 18 and above only) Little Flower Home - Serving RI & Southern MA - Housing for 'Pregnant Homeless' WomenRHODE ISLAND: About Nowell Leadership Academy (Public Charter High School) For Pregnant and Parenting teens.SOUTH CAROLINA: Help for pregnant and parenting young women in South CarolinTENNESSEE: Comprehensive Resource Center The Hagar Center. Non-residential. Classes, support and material assistance.102. TENNESSEE: http://ttps://mercymultiplied.com/about-us/ Mercy Multiplied. Faith-based/Non-denominational Christian. Residential programs are located in four states for girls including a facility in Nashville, Tennessee. The programs are designed to work with on many issues, including pregnancy. The website states that the program does not demand that the pregnant mother relinquish her child to adoption, however, neither is there any indication of housing or services offered for the mother/child family. Adoption services prominently noted on website. Counseling is strongly centered on Christian teachings, although Mercy Multiplied states that its counselors are Master’s Level or graduate student interns. Counseling process includes/demands “commitment to Christ”. This program might be appropriate for young women who of their own free will wish to pursue Christianity. Ages Served: Unknown at this writing.107. TEXAS: Annunciation House: Apply for Services108. TEXAS: Apply | LifeHouse Houston. Housing and other support. Strong focus on Christian evangelizing. Ages 12 and up. (Other services for non-residential clients also available.)109. TEXAS: Teen Parenting Help - Jane's Due Process Information and support for pregnant teenagers concerning Texas legal rights.110.TEXAS: Viola's House111. UTAH: 👩‍🎓Horizonte Instruction and Training Center. Young Parent Program. Programs Non-residential. High School completion and vocational education with onsite childcare provided by Head Start. Parenting and other skills. Flexible scheduling. Contact Person: Kathy Williams (801) 578-8574 ext. 233.112. UTAH: Teen Mother & Child Program Non-residential. University of Utah/Teen Mother and Child Program. Obstetrical care/Nurse-Midwives. Social and psychological support and referrals for other needed services. Ages served: 19 and younger.113. UTAH: YWCA Of Salt Lake City. Referrals to Transitional Housing. No other details as of this writing.114. VERMONT: Family Literacy Center (Non-residential) Educational center for pregnant and parenting teens and young adults. Infants may attend classes with parents until they are four months old and after that Onsite Nationally Accredited childcare is available full-time. Onsite licensed therapy, parenting and nutrition classes and other social supports. Ages served: High school freshmen age through age 25.115. VIRGINIA: Grace Home Ministries. (HOUSING) Program is long-term and residents encouraged to stay for as long as two years with their babies. Faith based/Christian. Program includes participation in Christian experiences. However, Grace Home states: “We believe religion is a matter of personal conviction; therefore, we don’t put any pressure on program participants in matters of personal faith or beliefs. Mentoring, childcare classes, case management. Ages 1–20.116. VIRGINIA: (Lynchburg) ADOPTION-ORIENTED! Liberty Godparent Maternity Home. Services | Liberty Godparent Home If you have decided for adoption AND you are a Baptist or of a similar faith, you might consider this facility, as its emphasis is on adoption. The program does offer “Mommy and Me” support if you decide on raising your baby yourself, however, the emphasis is clearly adoption. Faith-based. (Baptist) Residents attend Thomas Road Baptist church. Other services from their website: All residents are required to attend school, pursue a GED, or participate in vocational training. Classes are offered off site at Liberty Christian Academy through Liberty University Online Academy (grades 6-12). Tutoring services for GED and SAT exams are available as needed. To help each young lady build a positive future, the LGH staff is committed to educating the residents on Life Skills and other topics such as Decision-Making, Parenting, Adoption, and Nutrition. About Us Overview | Liberty Godparent Home Ages Served: Not specified.VIRGINIA: (Fairfax County) Second Story for Young Mothers - assistance for mothersSecond Story for Young Mothers. (HOUSING) Residential services offered through independent living in townhouses for young mothers between the ages of 18–21. Pregnant and parenting teens between the ages of 16 and 18 receive non-residential community based support, education and services. Follow-up support and case management also offered. 24/7 Crisis Hotline - Call 1-800-SAY-TEEN or text “TEENHELP” to 855-11 TTY 711VIRGINIA: (Alexandria) Keep it 360 | The Alexandria Campaign on Adolescent Pregnancy (ACAP) T.C. Futures. (Non-residential.) From website: The T.C. Futures Group provides parenting meetings and developmental playgroups specifically for Alexandria’s teenage parents and their children. Parents learn about positive parenting skills, child development, and local resources. The group meets every other week after school at T.C. Williams High School. Participation is not limited to T.C. Williams students; all teenage parents in Alexandria are invited to attend. Participation is free, and Spanish translation is available. For more information, contact David Wynne, TC Williams Social Worker, at 703.824.6800.VIRGINIA (Fredricksburg) Mary's Shelter Mary’s Shelter. (HOUSING) Faith-based. Provides residential care for up to three years. Minimum Age: 18.VIRGINIA: Mommy and Me Program. ( A program component of “Youth For Tomorrow”.). (RESIDENTIAL/HOUSING) Faith based/Christian. Intensive program for pregnant teens and their infants. Education for teens at accredited school on campus, health care, parenting classes, in-house therapy and nursing staff. ) Admissions are either by court placement or social service agency referral. Teens may stay until their child is four-years-old. Ages: 12–18.VIRGINIA: (Winchester.) About | New Eve Maternity Home New Eve Maternity Home. (HOUSING). Faith-based/Roman Catholic. Help with education, employment, life skills. Ages served: 18 and above. (?)VIRGINIA: (Norfolk) THIS LISTING NOT ACTIVE CURRENTLY. WILL UPDATE ASAP. Eastern Virginia Medical School. Non-residential. Specialized obstetrical care. Classes, parenting skills, emotional support, transportation to prenatal appointments.WASHINGTON: (Seattle area.) Housing Cocoon House. (HOUSING) Housing for pregnant and parenting teens and their children. (Short -term and long-term.) Support for education, life skills and employment. Ages 12–17.WASHINGTON: (Spokane) Alexandria's House | Volunteers of America (HOUSING). “Spacious historic home”. Mentoring, support, doulas, other services. Ages: 16–20.WASHINGTON: (Spokane)http://ttp://gracesonhousingfoundation.org/ Hope and Housing for Teen Moms and their Children Graceson Housing Foundation. (Housing.) Faith-based/Christian but spiritual activities are left up to choice. This program is strong on community and nurturing. Classes, life skills, and employments skills also offered. Ages 13-18.WASHINGTON (Seattle) 👩‍⚕️ "Family Medicine Residency Teen Pregnancy and Parenting Clinic. (A program of Kaiser Permanente but you DO NOT have to be a Kaiser Permanente member to receive services.) Non-residential. Accepts Medicaid and other insurance. Prenatal care with delivery at Swedish First Hill Hospital. Offers help getting medical care coverage, nutritious food, childbirth classes, parenting classes and well-child care for the baby until two years of age. (Well-child care is only for the babies whose mothers used the Teen Pregnancy and Parenting Clinic for their prenatal care and delivery.) Open Tuesdays and Thursdays. Drop by or call: Kaiser Permanente Capitol Hill Campus, West Building 206-326-2656. On the bus line. Ages served: Not specified.WEST VIRGINIA: Crittenton Services, Inc. A Florence Crittenton program. (More information to follow)WISCONSIN: (Milwaukee) Pregnant and Parenting Youth Program (PPYP). Non-residential public school-based support.WISCONSIN: (Sheboygan) 👩‍🎓 Sheboygan Area School District Non-residential. TAPP/Parenting Lab. School-based support for pregnant and parenting teens. Guidance counselor assists pregnant students with educational plan/ONSITE childcare/parenting lab for teen parents. Classes designed/flexible to accommodate pregnancy related issues. Pregnant or parenting students in Sheboygan contact your school guidance counselor to access these services.

"Camel Train"Civilization is once again at a crossroad. In 2007, Amazon introduced the world to the Kindle- the first tablet dedicated to replacing physical books with virtual ones.[1] Overnight, libraries saw a decrease in the number of requests for circulating and new materials. With the push of a button and a touchscreen, people could download books from anywhere they could find and maintain a signal. Every year newer, faster, larger versions were issued, eventually with access to the internet and the App store. While the Kindle did maintain it's pledge to expand the wonderful world of reading to new audiences, it also hastened the development of a new.generation of readers, who would forego thethe smell, feel, sight and weight of book as they immersed themselves into a new world.But this is not an isolated occurrence. After almost 6000 years, scribes and copiests traded in their clay and stylus for papyrus, parchment and vellum. Scrolls became codexes, which eventually transformed into the modern conception of bound books, pages full of meticulously written text accompanied by magnificent illustrations. The introduction of paper from China[2], later coupled with moveable type[3] and Gutenberg’s printing press[4], made owning and reading a book an achievable opportunity for many. Knowledge would no longer be composed, complied and translated by an exclusive community of scholars and monks.During the Middle Ages, an Arab expansion into Iran resulted in sweeping changes to Persian life and culture. But some Iranian groups resisted Arabic influence and eventually regained their independence, launching a revival of Iranian national identity and culture that peaked during the 9th and 10th centuries.[5]Following the cultural shock and the crisis of identity that occurred in the first century after the fall of the Sasanids, the urban literati of Persian origin began to reconstruct the cultural idea of Iran within Islamic society.[6] A modified version of the pre-modern, Sasanid ethno-national identity, this new cultural identity does not bear much resemblance to the modern notions of political and “civic-national identity”.[7] The emergence of a new form of Persian as the literary language of Iran, as well as a gradual revival of Iranian traditional history, helped buttress the new Iranian cultural identity. The Persian cultural revival, beginning in the early Abbasid Caliphate, accelerated during the reign of Iranian regional dynasties and laid the foundation of Iranian cultural identity for centuries to come.[8]Sahib ibn Abbad - WikipediaDuring this Persian rennaissance, Abdul Kassem Ismael, whose actual name was Abu'l-Qasim Ismail ibn 'Abbad al-ʿAbbās (A.D. 938 to 995) rose to the position of Grand Vizier of Persia.[9] Born 25 miles south of Isfahan 938, Ismael began his illustrious carrier as a secretary. Tenth-century Persia was a turbulent place. It was the height of the Iranian Intermezzo, a time when the Arab caliphs' power waned as Persians—now Muslim and not Zoroastrian, but still Persian nonetheless—regained control over their ancient lands.[10]The Buyid empire for a relatively brief moment in time became the most powerful kingdom in the Middle East, with Rayy as it's epicenter.[11] As a sophisticated confederation that assumed the mantle of the ancient Persian empire, its courts naturally attracted many scholars and bureaucrats.Buyid dynasty - WikipediaOne such man was Ibn Abbad. Just like the Buyid kings, Ismael was himself a Persian of illustrious bloodline. His own father had been the vizier of Rukh al-Dawla, the first Buyid ruler[12]. It was natural that when his father died while Ismael was only seven or eight, his father's acquaintance, the famous Grand Vizier Ibn.al-'Amus would become his guardian and mentor.[13]Ibn al-'Amid trained Ismael to be a competent bureaucrat and secretary. When the young man was twenty, he was sent to serve as the secretary of Mu'ayya al-Dawla, the third son of Rukn.[14] The prince and the secretary soon became close friends; the latter's nickname, Sahib, means "companion"[15] and was given to him by Mu'ayyad to show how much he valued their mutual relationship. Nobody had the title before him, so he is the first vizier who had the title.[16] After that, all viziers were given the title of "Sahib." In 970, Ibn Abbad became Mu'ayyad's Grand Vizier.Upon his succession in 976, Mu'ayyad was obliged to keep the current Vizier, Abu'l-Fath (the son of Ibn al-'Amid). Abu'l-Fath distrusted Ibn Abbad's close relationship to Mu'ayyad and tried to get rid of him, but ironically he himself was executed soon after.[17] Ismael returned to being Vizier for his old friend and remained the second most powerful man in the Buyid courts for eighteen years until his death in 995.During his service as Mu'ayyid al-Dawla's vizier, Ismael accompanied him in Baghdad and then in Isfahan. When Adud al-Dawla died in Baghdad in March 983, because of epilepsy, Mu'ayyid al-Dawla took over and wisely administered the whole Iraq al-'Ajam, Gorgan, and Tabaristan.[18] One year into his reign, Mu'ayyid al-Dawla died in January 984 in Gorgan at the age of forty three because of diphtheria.[19]At the time of his death. Mu'ayyid al-Dawla had not appointed a successor, At the suggestion of Ismael, high-ranking figures of the government invited Fakhr al-Dawla[20] who was in Neyshabur at the time to rule the country. When Fakhr al-Dawla took over the government, he kept Ismael as a vizier, despite Sahib's desire for resignation.[21] Ismael remained his vizier until his own death eighteen years later.al-Sahib ibn Abbad - History of East AfricaDuring these two decades, Ismael became the prime example of a successful Vizier (even today in the Muslim world)—as a writer and patron of literature, eventually supporting a client-patron network of some 500 poets, theologians, and other writers.[22] Part of this might have been attributable to his own vanity; a substantial number of these 500 dedicated themselves to singing the praises of the Vizier. Still, these literati were not simple sycophants. Bound to the Vizier by ties of gratitude, they helped make Ismael's court one of the premier centers of Shi'a and rationalist thinking in Persia.[23] As one theologian wrote (undoubtedly with some exaggeration),If it had not been for his [ibn Abbad's] care, [my] intention would not have been firm; if it had not been for his guidance, my] astuteness would not have been penetrating; if it had not been for his assistance, [my] state of affairs would not have been good.[24]He was a bilingual poet composeing poems both in Arabic and Persian. Buyid Sultans supported Arabic literature and poetry, but with the efforts and support of Sahib b. Abbad, Persian poets also emerged in that period, such as Mansur b. Ali al-Razi (with the penname, Mantiqi), Bindar, and Muhammad b. 'Ali al-Sarakhsi (with the penname, Khusrawi).[25]Ismael's patronage network transcended religious ties. Although originally Persian, his religion and literature were Arabic.[26] Thus, his tendency to Islam, his knowledge of religious sciences, and his competence in Arabic literature outweighed his national biases.[27] Ismael's pride in his sectarian associations, was frequently addressed in one of his many poems:She asked, "What religion have you chosen for your success?" I replied, "I am a Shi'ite and a Mu'tazilite!"[28]Both the Shi'a and the rationalist Mu'tazilites were often decried as heretics, yet Ismael had little trouble seeing talent from other schools of Islam.[29] Consider his relationship with Abu Bakr ibn al-Muqri, follower of the austere Hanbali school of Islam[30] that harshly opposed Shi'ism and Mu'tazilism:It was said to al-Ṣāḥib ibn ʿAbbād: "You are a Muʿtazilī man and Ibn al-Muqri is a traditionist, [but] you like him."He replied, "He was a friend of my father, and it was said 'those whom fathers like are relations for their sons'; it is also because I was once asleep and saw the Prophet in my dream saying to me: 'You are asleep while a friend of God is at your door.' I woke up, called the doorkeeper, and said: 'Who is at the door?' He answered: 'Abū Bakr ibn al-Muqri.'"[31]There's also an amusing story about a debate Ismael had with the leader of the Jews, in which the Jew mocked the Vizier's vanity by asking how exactly the Qur'an could be a perfect work of literature when Ismael's poems were even better.[32]Most scholars agree the incident is false, intended to highlight Ismael's scholarship and ethics.Abdul Kassem Ismael archivos - Me paso el día leyendoNaturally, Ismael accumulated an enormous amount of literature. Contemporary gossip speculated that he was so enthralled with literature and learning that he never left home without his personal library. When the Samanid emperor invited Ismael to serve as his Vizier, he replied that he couldn't go because of his library; it would take 400 camels to take all his books, including sixty just for his dictionaries.[33] The catalogue alone of his library consisted of ten volumes.[34] Allowing for the average weight of medieval Persian books (2 pounds) and the average load that camels can carry (each camel is assumed to have carried 2 packs containing 50 Persian books[35] ) camels are capable of carrying close to 600 pounds), it seems that if Ismael wasn't exaggerating, he must have owned some 206,000 books.[36]The 400-camel caravan carried 117,000 books and must have been more than a mile long. Nevertheless, Ismael’s camel-drivers were also librarians, each responsible for the books on his camel, and could locate any book almost immediately because the animals were trained to walk in alphabetical order.[37] It is believed that his private collection was made available to scholars and readers who received 100–500 dirhams and one garment for their services.[38] It is entirely feasible that Ismael, did relocate himself and his library at the instigation of Fakhr al-Dawla. Or, just an apocryphal incident meant to remind Fakhr al-Dawla of the enormous cost of transporting his library across the desert sand.[39]Abdul Kassem Ismail.: Passionné de lectureAbdul Kassem Ismael, himself was a great poet and writer, although probably not as great as he thought himself to be. He was a genuine polymath, credited with upwards of 30 publications, including the following;Memorandum of the Five Principles: An introductory work on the Five Principles of Mu'tazilism;An Epitome of Knowledge and Account of the Caliphs, a short manual on the history of the caliphal title during its first three centuries;The Epistles, his most important work that provides a fantastic look at the administration of the tenth-century Middle East's most powerful empire. Here, Ibn Abbad discusses everything—from "news of victories and conquests" to "the Pilgrimage.[40]Shortly before his death, Ismael, shared his passion for poetry and literature claiming:Prose is scatteres and thither like flying sparks, but poetry will last as long as gralven stone.[41]Abdul Kassem Ismael, died while he was Fakhr al-Dawla's vizier on March 30, 995., leaving behind his precious library and poetry. His corpse was moved to Isfahan and was buried in a building in Bab Dariyya neighborhood there.[42] After his death and at the command of Fakhr al-Dawla, Sahib's house and property were transferred to him.Idhā mā naʿā l-nāʿūna ahla mawaddatīBakaytu ʿalayhim bal bakaytu ʿalā nafsīWhen the announcers come announce the death of those I love,I cry over them. No, I cry over myself.[43])In 1029, when Mahmoud of Ghazna invaded Rayy, his Ghaznavid troops dismantled Ismael’s library, burning some labelled as “heretical”in a massive bonfire[44] and transporting others to his palace in Ghazna. [45] It is unknow if or how many of Ismael’s treasured tomes survived.BBC NEWS | Photo journal | Kenyan camel librarySometimes the old ways can remain part of the solution today. The Kenya National Library was seeking an efficient and inexpensive way of delivering books from the main library to outlying villages and nomadic settlements.[46] The roads are so bad even four wheel drive vehicles get stuck in the sand – camels were the solution. The camel library is on the road five days a week and the service is so popular it cannot always meet the demand.[47]Footnotes[1] The original Kindle was crazy[2] The History of Paper[3] https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://medium.com/%40RossAlTejada/movable-type-the-very-first-printer-and-a-brief-look-at-its-history-4228bde57e9a&ved=2ahUKEwiVyeyW4YbmAhVTjp4KHSiWBJUQjjgwNnoECA0QAQ&usg=AOvVaw3KxXOtxTuZjXO6Sj7X-CPI[4] The Invention and History of the Printing Press [5] IRANIAN IDENTITY iii. MEDIEVAL ISLAMIC PERIOD[6] The development and spread of Islamic cultures[7] IRANIAN IDENTITY iii. MEDIEVAL ISLAMIC PERIOD[8] The Abbasid Caliphate - Islamic History[9] Was "Abdul Kassem Ismael" a real historical figure?[10] Iran - The “Iranian intermezzo” (821–1055)[11] The Rise of the Buyid Brothers[12] Lambert M. Surhone, Mariam T. Tennoe, Susan F. Henssonow: Amazon.com.au: Books[13] Humanism in the Renaissance of Islam[14] Mu'ayyad al-Dawla - Wikipedia[15] Sahib - Wikipedia[16] Sahib b. 'Abbad[17] ABU’L-FATḤ YŪSOF[18] 'Adud al-Dawla al-Daylami[19] http://Mu'ayyid al-Dawla [20] Fak̲h̲r al-Dawla - Brill[21] A Political Biography of al-Ṣāḥib Ismāʿīl b. ʿAbbād (d. 385/995)[22] The Beginning of Wisdom[23] Untangling the Web[24] It’s a Book-It Has No Joystick: Books and Libraries[25] A Two-Colored Brocade[26] http://Literature and the Islamic Court: Cultural Life Under Al-Sahib Ibn 'Abbad[27] List of Works by Al-Sayyid Muhsin al-Amin[28] The Life and Death of Words[29] http://Ess, J. V. (2006). The Flowering of Muslim Theology. USA: Harvard University Press[30] http://Hisham M. Ramadan (2006), Understanding Islamic Law: From Classical to Contemporary, Rowman Altamira,[31] The Life of Ibn Hanbal[32] https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/a5e5/3b3763db008581d328bfb16fb371de1e31c0.pdf&ved=2ahUKEwjDofmZ94bmAhU0On0KHQpFBfoQFjAFegQIAxAB&usg=AOvVaw0WRqINGy1DpMjSRCoZI_yn[33] http://Thomas D (December 2006). "East-West Orientation of Historical Empires". Journal of World-systems Research. 12 (2): 222[34] http://Al-Hamawi, Yagut (1381). Ayati, Abdol-Mohammad (ed.). Mu'jam al-Udabā (1 ed.). Tehran: Soroush Publications[35] The Evolution of the Book[36] The Victors, The Spoils[37] Book-hoarding, 10th Century Style[38] https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://www.banglajol.info/index.php/EL/article/view/12120&ved=2ahUKEwismvjVgInmAhXBrZ4KHbkGA8IQFjAAegQICBAB&usg=AOvVaw1gYlelMdSjbC0rFcEQilK_[39] Camel[40] http://Abbasid Belles Lettres, chapter 5, "Al-Ṣāḥib Ibn ʿAbbād", p.96-112, by Charles Pellat[41] Sahib ibn Abbad - Howling Pixel[42] Al-Ṣāḥib Ibn ʿAbbād Promoter of Rational Theology[43] http://Abbasid Belles Lettres, chapter 5, "Al-Ṣāḥib Ibn ʿAbbād", p.96-112, by Charles Pellat[44] Medieval Islamic Civilization[45] http://Ghaznavid Dynasty" Encyclopædia BritannicaJonathan M. Bloom, Sheila Blair, The Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art and Architecture, Oxford University Press, 2009, Vol.2, [46] BBC NEWS | Photo journal | Kenyan camel library[47] https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/a5e5/3b3763db008581d328bfb16fb371de1e31c0.pdf&ved=2ahUKEwj8k_rz543kAhWMsZ4KHfoOCC84ChAWMAF6BAgGEAE&usg=AOvVaw0WRqINGy1DpMjSRCoZI_yn

Q. Did president Reagan have a successful presidency?The Achievements and Failures of the Reagan Presidencyachievements | failures | strengthening the presidency | weakening the presidencyGreatest Achievements of President ReaganThe tax cuts of 1981. Signed in August, these enactments were a major reduction in domestic expenditures and the Economic Recovery Tax Act of 1981, were designed to lower federal revenues over a five year period in the amount of $737 billion.Documents:• A letter to the Speaker of the House that proposed supplemental appropriations and amendments on March 10, 1981 from President Reagan. This document is significant because it was the first formal request sent to Congress seeking to reduce income taxes on the individual, a major component of ERTA.(Link: — http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=43514)• Statement on action by the Senate Budget Committee on a fiscal year 1982 budget resolution given on April 28, 1981. The President congratulates a committee for completing the Budget resolution for 1982. This was important because this was the first completed step that put the ERTA “firmly on track”.(Link: — http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=43755)• An address before a joint session of the congress on the Economic Recovery Tax Act given on April 28, 1981. This major address, which was broadcast on radio and television, was the first major rally for support of the program and urged viewers to pressure Congress to approve the ERTA of 1981.(Link: — http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=43756)• A statement on action by the House of Representatives on federal budget legislation given on June 19, 1981. This document strives to raise support for the amendment to the Gramm- Latta Budget which would implement ERTA. Without this amendment, implementation of ERTA might not transpire.(Link: — http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=43988)• A July 27, 1981 address to the nation on federal tax reduction legislation. This address, which was broadcast on radio and television, was the last appeal to the nation for support of ERTA before it went to vote in early August. This last plea showed Reagan’s seriousness and dedication toward this program and could have influenced many who were unsure just before voting commenced.(Link: — http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=44120)The reduction of nuclear arms with the signing of the INF treaty together with Mikhail Gorbachev on December 8, 1987. This treaty eliminated all cruise missiles with a range of 500 to 5,000 kilometers.Documents:• Remarks to reporters on intermediate-range nuclear force reduction on March 3, 1987 which state that Reagan has already begun the first step towards the reduction by having a draft written the following day. This began to lay the framework of the discussions and negotiations between the Soviets and Reagan.(Link: — http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=33924)• Remarks given on September 18, 1987 regarding the Soviet -U.S. diplomatic talks which states that Secretary Shultz and Foreign Minister Shevardnadze have issued a joint statement that agrees to conclude an INF Treaty.(Link: — http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=34808)• Remarks given on October 30, 1987 to reporters regarding the Soviet-U.S. summit meeting. Reagan announces that General Secretary Gorbachev has agreed to meet with Reagan in Washington in December and they are expected to finalize and sign the INF Treaty.(Link: — http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=33625)• Address to the Nation on December 10, 1987. The official announcement was given that the INF Treaty has been signed, and the progress that has been made for U.S.- Soviet relations, not only in terms of arms, but a broad scope of issues.(Link: — http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=33806)During his second term as President, significant progress had been made toward accomplishing a genuine détente between the United States and the U.S.S.R. and ending the Cold War. At the end of his term in 1989, Reagan was credited with making a strong contribution to the level of world peace at that time.Documents:• The President’s first news conference on January 29, 1981 exhibits Reagan feelings on the current state of détente with the Soviet Union. Reagan believes they have been treating it like a “one-way street” and only concerned with their state’s own interests. He makes it clear that to achieve a successful détente with the Soviets, there must be a “two-way street”.(Link: — http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=44101)• In a debate with former Vice President Walter Mondale on October 21, 1984, Regan outlines his vision of détente with the Soviet Union. His theory is described as a peaceful coexistence between the two major powers which will better contribute to world peace and reduction of nuclear weapons.(Link: — http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=39296)• Address to the Nation on December 10, 1987. The official announcement was given that the INF Treaty has been signed, as well as the progress that has been made for U.S. Soviet relations, not only in terms of arms but a broad scope of issues.(Link: — http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=33806)Reagan achieved an agreement in April of 1988 with the Soviet Union over their withdrawal from their occupation in Afghanistan. Not only was the war was ended, but also this was the first time in 33 years that the Red Army withdrew from any conflict voluntarily.Documents:• An official statement released on December 27, 1981 clearly outlines the pressure being put on the Soviets for this war. Reagan backs his position by stating that the international community shares the same opposition to the Soviet invasion. (Link: — http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=43388)• On March 10, 1982, Reagan announced that March 21, 1982 will be recognized as Afghanistan Day in the U.S. and other parliaments throughout the world. This was done to honor the courageous fighters of Afghanistan and to condemn the evil acts of oppression and aggression by the Soviets.(Link: — http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=42248)• On March 21, 1983, Reagan again wishes to recognize the suffering and tremendous fighting the Afghans have had to endure under Soviet imperialism, as well as to further condemn the Soviet occupation. Therefore, a second Afghanistan Day is declared on March 21, 1983.(Link: — http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=41077)• Regan declares a third Afghanistan Day on March 21, 1984.(Link: — http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=39663)• Regan declares a fourth Afghanistan Day on March 21, 1985. This time he reminds the nation that the Soviets are in violation of UN resolutions which have passed by an overwhelming majority of the international community.(Link: — http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=38371)• December 27, 1987, the eight year anniversary of the Soviet invasion, Reagan addresses the nation and continues his effort to appeal to public support for the withdrawal of the Soviets.(Link: — http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=33870)• Regan declares three more Afghanistan days each year following the 1985 proclamation attempting to reverse the actions of the Soviet policy towards Afghanistan.(Links: — http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=37032 | http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=33994 | http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=35578)• On April 11, 1987 Regan announced that an agreement has been reached with the Soviets, and that in Geneva they will officially sign a contract solidifying the terms of their withdrawal.(Link: — http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=35655)• Lou Cannon, The Role of a Lifetime, claims that the administration had covertly funded the Afghan rebels fighting the Soviet invasion. However, no documentation online could be found. This significantly influenced the later Soviet withdrawal more so than public pressure from Reagan.(Link: — Not Available)• On December 27, 1988, Regan’s statement on the 9th anniversary of the Soviet invasion describes the steps of withdrawal that the Soviets have already met and their future completion of withdrawal timetable. This is the official declaration of the end of the Soviet invasion given by Reagan.(Link: — http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=35296)The nomination and eventual appointment of Sandra Day O’Connor to the Supreme Court, who became the first female Supreme Court Justice.Documents:• On October 14, 1980, seeking to renergize presidential campaign, Reagan promised to put a women in the first Supreme Court vacancy during his term in office. This was a strategy to boost his low ratings which proved to be successful.(Link: — http://womensissues.about.com/od/genderwarriors/a/HistoryWomenSCOTUS_2.htm)• Fulfilling his promise, on July 7, 1981, Reagan announces that Sandra Day O’Connor will be nominated for the vacant seat in the Supreme Court.(Link: — http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=44042)• Regan officially thanks the Senate for the smooth and quick confirmation of Sandra Day O’Connor to the Supreme Court.(Link: — http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=44281)The release of the Air Traffic Controllers who went on strike with demands that would have cost taxpayers $700 million a year. Reagan released them from their positions and their jobs were filled with workers who found their disputed pay and circumstances acceptable and fair.Documents:• On August 3, 1981 Reagan announces the strike and their unfair demands which would be burdensome to taxpayers. He declared if they do not return to duty in 48 hours, their jobs would be forfeited.(Link: — http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=44138)• According to Lou Cannon, The Role of a Lifetime, no one at the time took Regan seriously. However, after Regan showed his use of instinct and decisiveness, people in Washington began to take him seriously.(Link: — Not Available)The rescue mission of Grenada on October 25, 1983 that deposed of the communist leaders who gained control through a violent coup and rescued the 800 American medical students held captive there.Documents:• As early as February 24, 1982, Reagan shared his concern with the public over the communist influence over Grenada and their possible “dark future” of becoming a Communist beachhead. This influenced his position and decision making when chaos later erupted in Grenada and American lives were in jeopardy.(Link: — http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=42202)• According to Lou Cannon, The Role of a Lifetime, the overwhelming majority of Americans approved the Grenada operation, as shown by Wirthlin’s polls. A jump in Reagan's approval ratings can be seen in the Gallup polls.(Link: — http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/data/popularity.php?pres=40&sort=time&direct=DESC&Submit=DISPLAY)• At the conclusion of the invasion, Reagan gave a nationally televised speech on October 27, 1983 that beautifully wove together the core principles of these preceding few months — patriotism and anticommunism.(Link: — http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=40696)President Reagan's Remarks on Signing the Anti-Drug Abuse Act of 1986 in the East Room on October 27, 1986The Anti-Drug Abuse Act of 1986 which budgeted $1.7 billion to fund the war on drugs in America and increase the severity of punishments for drug related offenses.Documents:• These remarks moments before signing the act on October 27, 1986 reflect the level of commitment and passion Regan, as well as his wife Nancy, had in combating the drug problem America faced in the 1980s.(Link: — http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=36654)• The official statement on singing the Anti-Drug Abuse Act also contains several provisions reforming the Freedom of Information Act which enhanced the ability of law enforcement agencies to better fight the war on drugs. This was a very important aspect of Regan’s efforts to combat drugs.(Link: — http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=36661)• On April 16, 1988, Regan gave a radio address to the nation that updated the public on the progress of the war against drugs. The successes were clearly mentioned, but warned America that it still has a long fight ahead of her to becoming a drug free country. The conclusion of the address was that the Anti-Drug Abuse Act was the right choice to make and that it was delivering its promises.(Link: — http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=35685)The Strategic Defense Initiative in 1983 that focused on advance missile defense technologies to bring global stability and offset the the nuclear Soviet threat.Documents:• According to Lou Cannon, The Role of a Lifetime, Reagan began to seriously conceive this program on July 31, 1979 after taking a tour of the North American Aerospace Defense Command in Colorado. There he discovered that if another state were to launch a nuclear weapon at the U.S., there would be nothing to do except give a fifteen minute warning to that city. (Link: — Not Available)• Reagan strongly believed that American ingenuity could conquer technological obstacles. This belief is what drove his pursuit of SDI, despite the uncertainties. He related this principle during a speech on February 7, 1983 at a White House ceremony commemorating the bicentennial year of air and space flight.(Link: — http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=40850)• According to Lou Cannon, Reagan recalled a meeting with the with Joint Chiefs of Staff where they told him that his idea could be implemented. After this meeting Reagan made the official push for the missile defense program.(Link: — Not Available)• On March 23, 1983, in an address to the nation on defense and national security, it was officially announced that SDI would begin to form, due to the Soviet threat and consultation with his advisors and the Joint Chiefs of Staff who informed Reagan that the program was feasible.(Link: — http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=41093)Greatest Failures of President ReaganThe Iran-Contra Affair in which arms were traded for hostages and the proceeds were given to the anti-communist rebels, the Contras in Nicaragua.Documents:• A Memorandum sent January 17, 1986 titled, Covert Action Finding Regarding Iran, from John Poindexter to Reagan recommends the sale of 4000 TOW weapons to Iran for the release of American hostages. The memo is authorized with Reagan’s signature. This document is significant because it provides undeniable proof that Reagan was clear that his administration trading arms for hostages and was doing so with his authorization.(Link: — http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB210/15-Reagan%20Finding%201-17-86%20(IC%2002181).pdf)• Personal notes from Oliver North taken in 1986 in regards to his meeting Manuel Noriega. North proposed that in return for Noriega’s assassination of Sandinista leadership and helping the Contra’s, U.S. pressure would subside in regards to Panama’s drug smuggling and the U.S. would help “clean up” their image. There is also mention of establishing training camps in Panama for Contra operatives. These notes signify Noriega’s. involvement and what the U.S. would give in return for his assistance.(Links: http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB210/9-North%20notes%208-24-86.pdf | http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB210/9a-North%20notes%209-22-86.pdf)• Personal notes from Caspar Weinberger that describe conversations which Reagan was determined to trade arms for hostages, quote “President sd. he could answer charges of illegality but he couldn't answer charges that 'big strong President Reagan passed up chance to free hostages.” Weinberg and Secretary of State Shultz objected to Reagan’s position vehemently. These notes represent the point in which leaders in his own administration disagreed with him and attempted to sway the President from his course.(Link: — http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB210/14-Weinberger%20Diaries%20Dec%207%20handwritten.pdf)• Document written on April 4, 1986 by Oliver North which makes the clear connection between the arms for hostages deals and the backing of the Contras. Before the release of this document, it was unclear that a connection existed between the two events.(Link: — http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB210/16-Diversion%20Memo%204-4-86%20(IC%2002614).pdf)• Excerpts from George H.W. Bush’s diary between November 4-5, 1986 which note his full understanding of the entire affair. This is significant because Bush failed to disclose his diary to investigators and then pardoned several players in the affair.(Link: — http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB210/19-Bush%20Diary%2011-4-86.pdf)• Memorandum For Record by Caspar Weinberger on November 10, 1986 which describes an important meeting in the Oval Office with the President and other members of the administration. This is significant because it is the first of several attempts by the administration to produce a unified response to the scandal which was growing in popularity.(Link: — http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB210/20-Weinberger%20Memo%2011-10-86%20(IC%2003732).pdf)• November 13, 1986 Reagan addressed the nation, denying a variety of charges and stating: "We did not—repeat—did not trade weapons or anything else for hostages, nor will we."(Link: — href=http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=36728• Subsequently Reagan appointed the Tower Commission (Special Review Board for the National Security Council) which issued a report highly critical of his management.(Links: — http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=33991 and http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/PS157/assignment%20files%20public/TOWER%20EXCERPTS.htmThe Robert Bork appointment to the Supreme Court and Reagan’s refusal to withdraw the nomination even after it was a clear and certain failure. This was not only an embarrassment to the Reagan administration, but hurt his relationship with the Senate and created tremendous amounts of ill will.Documents:• The first announcement to the public on July 1, 1987 that Robert Bork would be nominated to fill a vacancy in the Supreme Court. This announcement to reporters came before the radio address to the public on July 4, 1987.(Link: — http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=34503)• Statements regarding Bork’s American Bar Association rating on September 9, 1987. Bork received the highest rating possible from the ABA. Reagan emphasized this and portrayed Bork as the most qualified person for the job. However, the Democrat opposition ignored this important fact.(Link: — http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=34771)• This statement on the Senate floor by Senator Kennedy set the tone for the Bork opposition and had a deep negative impact on the Bork appointment. The accusations of racism, sexism, and strong prejudices impacted the American public, thus diminishing public support for Bork’s appointment.(Link: — http://home.att.net/~midnightflyer/teddyk.html)• Bork’s five day testimony before the Senate proved unimpressive. Bork answered questions in a strange manner and with awkward responses. The hearing also caused his public approval to diminish. This Washington Post-ABC news poll taken during and after the five day testimony shows the drop in public approval of the nominee.(Link: — http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1P2-1345074.html)• A radio address on October 3, 1987 given by Reagan that attempts to gain support and momentum for Bork despite the overwhelming evidence that his nomination will fail. This clearly shows Reagan’s mistake of not withdrawing the nomination in the face of certain defeat.(Link: — http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=33500)• Statement on October 23, 1987 by Reagan in which he announces the failure of Robert Bork’s appointment and his sadness about the political attacks Bork received.(Link: — http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=33597)• This radio address on October 31, 1987 signifies the end of the battle for Bork and the nomination of a new judge, Judge Douglas H. Ginsburg. This time Reagan hopes the misery Bork had to endure will not be repeated to Ginsburg.(Link: — http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=33627)The failure in Lebanon. Reagan encouraging the Israel invasion and sending in the Marines with insufficient forces for their mission proved to be two dreadful mistakes compounded upon one another.Documents:• In this address to the nation on October 3, 1983, Reagan states a position that would later change with the bombing of the Marine barracks and pressure from congress. Additionally, this position was not supported by any of his generals or secretary of defense. This was the position of U.S. holding its ground in Lebanon with a continued presence of the armed forces.(Link: — http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=40612)• According to Lou Cannon, The Role of a Lifetime, Reagan ignored the counsel of his military advisers that our forces should be pulled out of Beirut and their vulnerability there.(Link: — Not Available)• On October 23, 1983 a suicide bomber detonated his vehicle inside the marine barracks killing hundreds of servicemen and women. Remarks given to reports indicate that at that time Reagan was still determined to stay the course in Lebanon. (Link: — http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=40673)• After immense pressure from Congress and public opinion, the withdrawal of U.S. forces in Lebanon was ordered on January 3, 1984.(Link: — http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=39694)Strengthened the Power of the PresidencyRemarks and Q & A with reporters on the Air Traffic Controllers (PATCO) strikeExercised his removal power by firing the air traffic controllers who went on strike, forced his White House Chief of Staff to resign, and many other removals strengthened the presidential power and his commitment to the unitary executive.Documents:• On August 3, 1981 Reagan announces the strike and their unfair demands which would be burdensome to taxpayers. He declared if they do not return to duty in 48 hours, their jobs would be forfeited.(Link: — http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=44138)• The removal of Secretary of State Alexander Haig who was forced out when it became clear that he was not doing a good job and his administration’s goals could be better served without him. This is the letter accepting Haig’s resignation and Haig’s announcement to Reagan.(Link: — http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=42681)• Reagan also forced the removal of Donald Regan from Chief of Staff and picked Baker over Meese. This statement on February 27, 1987 reflects this event.(Link: — http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=33911)• Members of the United States Commission on Civil Rights were thought to be insulated from Presidential power. However, Reagan strengthened the executive by exercising his removal power and removed three of the commissions members in 1983.(Link: — http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=40818)• The removal of 12 Inspectors general in 1981 without informing Congress of his reasons for removal which is a statutory Requirement.(Link: — http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=43592)Asserted the power to control the execution of laws directly. For example, the continuation and expansion of the regulatory review program.Documents:• Two executive orders, #s 12,291 and 12,498, expanded Reagan’s control over the agencies. They did so by allowing OMB to eradicate the publications of regulations that they disapproved, and also mandating the substantive criteria that agencies had to use when issuing regulations.(Links: http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=43424 | http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=38024)• Reagan’s objection of the legislative veto that would involve congress in the daily implementation of the law which is a responsibility allocated only for the President under the constitution.(Link: — http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=43400)Extensively controlled and carefully picked appointments under his administration. The appointees had deep loyalties to Reagan and his agenda, and no real loyalty to past programs or policies.Documents:• The appointment of Robert C. McFarlane as Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs on October 17, 1983.(Link: — http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=40654)• The appointment of Donald Rumsfeld to the President’s personal representative to the Middle East on November 3, 1983.(Link: — http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=40713)• The appointment of Philip C. Habib as Special Envoy to Central America.(Link: — http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=36956)• The appointment of Kenneth M. Duberstein as Deputy Chief of Staff to the President on March 12, 1987.(Link: — http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=33970)The Berlin Wall speech on June 12, 1987 where Reagan memorably demanded that Mr. Gorbachev "tear down this wall" came to crystalize for many the rhetorical power of the Reagan presidency.Document:• Regan’s remarks given on East-West relations at the Brandenburg Gate in West Berlin.(Link: — http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=34390)The pocket veto of the proposed Whistleblowers Protection Act of 1989. This would have amended the Civil Service Reform Act in such a manner that would have taken away from the unitary executive.Document:(Link: — http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=35314)Weakened the Office of the PresidencyPresident Reagan never vetoed a Bill because it infringed upon Presidential power.Documents: n/a©The American Presidency ProjectThe American Presidency Project expresses its gratitude to Robert Florkowski for assistance in compiling this report.Dedication of Reagan Presidential Library