Fitzgerald Washington: Fill & Download for Free

A few thousand before we count the SC Navy. Fredrick Douglass and George Washington Williams insists there were.Black ConfederatesThe debate over black Confederates has reached a kind of impasse: Neither side is listening to the other. As the historian William Freehling quietly acknowledged: “This important subject is now needlessly embroiled in controversy, with politically correct historians of one sort refusing to see the importance (indeed existence) of slaves who were black Confederates, and politically correct historians of the opposite sort refusing to see the importance of black Confederates’ limited numbers.” Yes, There Were Black Confederates. Here’s WhyIn Honor of Black Confederate Veterans. I am posting a partial list of Black Veterans Pension records.This information is provided with the hope that it will be helpful to other genealogists in their research. Listed below are the names of the applicants, birth data, organization with which they claimed service, and the disposition of their application. Some names are of persons who applied for the pensions on behalf of others. Additional information is available upon request on most names listed below.The following notice appeared on the the "Colored Man's Application for Pension":"The Negros' pension law passed by the Tennessee Legislature, provides that Negros Pensioned by this Act must have been bona fide residents of this State three years if they served with a Tennessee Command, and ten years if they served with a command from any other State. They must have remained with the army until the close of the war, unless legally relieved from service. They must be indigent. Unless you come clearly under the law, it is useless to file an application.The board meets the second Tuesdays in January, April, July and October."Following are the names of the applicants available to this researcher at this time:•Abernathy, Ruff - b. in Giles County, TN in 1845; claimed service with the 3rd Tenn. Inf.; application accepted.•Akins, John - b. in Bedford County, TN in 1852; claimed service in the 9th Tenn. Cav.; application accepted.•Allison, Sam - b. in Haywood Co, TN in June 1840; claimed service in the 7th Tenn. Cav.; application rejected.•Amy, Pete - b. in Hawkins County, TN in August 1844; claimed service with the Supply Train Hoke's Div.; application accepted.•Anderson, George - b. in Hickman County, TN on July 23, 1842; claimed service with the 9th Tenn. Cav. Co. C; application accepted.•Anderson, Ike - b. in Stewart County, TN on November 25, 1834; claimed service with the 1st Ky. Cav. Co. A; appliation rejected.•Arnold, Polk - b. in Bedford County, TN in 1844; claimed service with the Forrest Escort; application accepted. (For more information about Polk Arnold, contact Les Marsh.•Avant, Alfred Scott - b. in Rutherford County, TN in 1852; applicatiion rejected.•Averitt, Albert - b. in Rutherford County, TN in 1843; claimed service with the 18th Tenn. Inf. Co. C; application accepted.•Baker, Jim - b. in Russell County, AL in 1847; application rejected.•Banks, Peter (Porter) - b. in Kentucky in 1824: claimed service with the 2nd Tenn. Inf.; application accepted.•Barksdale, Henderson - b. in Virginia; claimed service with the 12th Tenn. Inf.; application rejected.•Bates, Henry - b. in Bradley County, TN; application rejected.•Beaumont, Ben - b. Montgomery County, TN in 1848; claimed service with the 10th Tenn. Cav.; application rejected.•Bell, Charles aka Harris - b. in Dickson County, TN in 1843; claimed service with the 11th Tenn. Inf. Co. K; application accepted.•Bell, William C. - b. in Robertson County, TN on January 22, 1840; claimed service with 30th Tenn. Inf.; disposition of application unknown.•Bibb, William - b. in Lownes County, MS in 1840; claimed service with the 12th Alabama Inf. Co. G; application accepted.•Biles, Jerry•Biles, William Houston - b. in Water Valley, MS in 1854; organization and disposition of application unknown.•Blackwell, Abe - b. in Shelby County, TN in 1846; application accepted.•Bledsoe, William Anthony - b. in Marion County, TN on January 29, 1846; application accepted.•Bobbit, Carter - b. in Madison County, TN; claimed service with the 14th Tenn. Cav.; application accepted.•Boyd, George Washington - b. in Christian County, KY; claimed service with the 2nd Ky. Cav.; application disposition unknown.•Bradley, R. H. - b. in Desoto County, MS in 1849; claimed service with the 29th Miss. Inf. Co. I; application disposition unknown.•Briggs, John - claimed service with the 4th Tenn. Cav. application disposition unknown.•Brown, Alfred - b. in Anderson, SC in 1844; organization and application disposition unknown.•Brown, Anderson - b. in Tuscaloosa, AL in 1939; application rejected.•Brown, John L. - b. in Davidson County, TN on October 25, 1839; claimed service with the 20th Tenn. Inf. Co. C; application accepted.•Bryant, Henry - b. in Virginia; claimed service with the Recruting Office; application accepted.•Buchanan, Henry - b. in Franklin County, TN in March 1845; claimed service with the 12th Tenn. Inf.; allpication disposition unknown.•Buckner, Wash -•Buford, William - b. in Williamson County, TN in 1845; claimed service with the 9th Tenn. Inf.; applcation accepted. Caldwell, John - b. in Charlotte, Dickson Co., TN; claimed service with the 1st Tenn. Cav.; application rejected.•Cannon, Charles - b. in Williamson County about 1841; claimed service with the 154th Tenn. Inf.; application accepted.•Cansler, Hugh Lawson - b. Marion County, TN in 1835; claimed service with the 43rd Tenn. Inf.; application rejected.•Carter, Bob - b. Prince Edward County, VA; claimed service in Breastworks; application accepted.•Caruthers, John - b. in Lebanon, Wilson Co., TN about 1835; claimed service with the 48th Tenn. Inf.; disposition of application unknown.•Cason, Frazier - b. in Henry County, TN in 1837; disposition of application unknown.•Catlett, Tom - b. in Sevier County, TN; organization and application unknown.•Chapman, Toney - b. in Marshall County, TN on June 18, 1849; claimed service with the 4th Tenn. Cav. Co. A; application accepted. For more about Toney Chapman, click here.•Church, Henry - b. in Maury County, TN on June 1, 1845; claimed service with the 48th Tenn. Inf.; application accepted.•Churchill, John - b. in Louisville, KY on September 15, 1844; claimed serviced with General Thomas Churchill's Hq.; application disposition unknown.•Clayton, Sam - b. in Rutherford County, TN about 1848; claimed service with the 23rd Tenn. Inf.; application disposition unknown.•Cleveland, Maurice A. - claimed service with General John Adams' staff; application disposition unknown.•Clickley, Tom•Cole, Nat - b. in Madison County, TN in 1838; organization unknown; application accepted.•Coleman, David B. - b. in Bolivar County, MS in August 1839; claimed service with the 6th Alabama Inf. Co. I; application disposition unknown.•Coleman, Jacob - b. in Courtland, Lawrence Co., AL in 1839; claimed service with the 11th Alabama Cal. Co. A; application accepted.•Coleman, Nelse•Collier, Sam -b. in Madison County, TN in 1839; claimed service with the 51st Tenn. Inf. Co. F; application accepted.•Conn, George Adams - b. in Williamson County, TN on February 10, 1845; claimed service with the Q. M. Hawes Brigade; application disposition unknown.•Cotton, Alonzo - b. in Davidson County, TN in 1846; organization unknown; application rejected.•Crudup, Handy Davis - b. in Wilson County, TN in 1846; claimed service with the 7th Tenn. Inf.; application accepted.•Crutcher, Jack - b. in Williamson, County, TN in 1835; claimed service with the 20th Tenn. Inf. Co. D; application accepted.•Cullom, Sam - b. in Maryland; claimed service with the 8th Tenn. Inf. Co. F; application accepted.•Cunnigham, Osborn - b. in Williamson County, TN; claimed service with the 1st Tenn. Inf. Co. D; application accepted.•Dabney, Mack - b. in Giles County on Decmber 15, 1845; claimed service with the 3rd tenn. Inf.; application accepted.•Dance, George - b. in Alabama near Tuscumbia; claimed service with the 8th Tenn. Inf.; application accepted.•Davis, Ben - b. in Fayette County, TN on March 4, 1836; claimed service with Forrest's Headquarters; application accepted.•DeGraffenfried, Nathan - b. in Fayette, County, TN; claimed service with the 154th Tenn. Sr. Inf. Co. B; application accepted.•Dillon, Jim - b. in Sumner County, TN in 1851; claimed service with the 4th Tenn. Inf.; application accepted.•Dismuke, Abram - b. in Noxubee County, MS; claimed servce as a shoemaker; disposition of application unknown.•Donnell, William M. - b. in Bedford County, TN in 1844; claimed service with the Commissary Dept.; application accepted.•Dortch, Charles -b. in Montgomery County, TN; claimed service with the 2nd Ky. Cav. Co. C; application rejected.•Douglas, Levi - b. in Maury County, TN on May 20, 1823; organization unknown; application rejected.•Drake, G. W. -b. in Van Buren County, TN; claimed service with the 16th Tenn. Inf.; application accepted.•Duke, Alfred - b. in Yalobusha County, MS in 1848; claimed service with Forrest's Regt.; rejected.•Duncan, James - b. in Wayne County, TN in 1849; claimed service with the 1st Tenn. Cav.; application disposition unknown.•Dunn, James - b. in Smith County, TN in Deceember 1831; claimed service with the 7th Battl. Tenn. Cav.; application rejected.•Durley, Willis•Eames, Joe - claimed service with the 4th Tenn. Cav.; application disposition unknown.•Earle, Turner - b. near Grenada, MS on April 27, 1849; claimed service with the 3rd Tenn. Cav.; application disposition unknown.•Easley, Edom - b. - in Hickman County, TN on June 10, 1847; claimed service with the 10th Tenn. Ca. Co. I; application accepted.•Easley, W. M. - b.- in Hickman County, TN in 1848 or 1849; claimed service with the 24th Tenn. Inf. allpication accepted.•East, George Washington - b. in Davidson County, TN in 1848; claimed service with the Texas Cav. Co. H; application rejected.•Elder, Hal•Etherly, William - b. in Wilson County, TN; organization and application disposition unknown.•Farrington, Joe - b. in Chatham County, NC in March 1835; claimed service with the 5th N. C. Cav.; application accepted.•Fitzgerald, John Maston - b. in Maury County, TN in 1846; claimed service with the 48th Tenn. Inf. Co. A; application accepted.•Floyd, Wash•Forrest, Thornton - b. in Shelby County, Tenn about 1845.; claimed service with Forrest's Hdq.; application accepted.•Foster, Joe - b. in Hickman County, TN on November 4, 1850; claimed service with the 9th Tenn. Inf.; application accepted.•Fountain, Willis - b. in Georgia on December 18, 1836; claimed service with the 6th Miss. Inf.; aplication accepted.•Francis, Edward - b. in Franklin County, TN in 1850; claimed Hospital service; application accepted.•Fuller, Lee -b. in Madison County, AL on May 22, 1847; claimed service with the 5th Alabama; application rejected.•Garner, George - b. Winchester, TN in 1847; claimed service with the 1st Tenn. Inf.; application accepted.•Garrett, George W. - b. in Baton Rouge, LA; claimed service with the 1st Colored Co. S.C.; application rejected.•Gatewood, Wesley - b. in Marshall County, MS in January 1838; claimed service with the 17th Miss. Inf. application accepted.•Gentry, James - b. in College Grove, Williamson Co., TN on August 12, 1846; claimed service with the 17th Tenn. Inf.; application accepted.•Gibson, Robert - b. in Hickman County, TN in 1846.•Gilliam, Robert - b. in Virginia in 1843 or 1844; application accepted.•Gober, Silas - b. in Fayette County, TN on July 19, 1842. claimed service with the 3rd Tenn. Cav.; application accepted.•Gooch, James - b. in Davidson County, TN on June 12, 1847; claimed service with the 4th Tenn. Cav.; application accepted.•Gooch, James - b. in Davisdon County, TN on June 12, 1847; claimed service with the Starnes Cav.; application accepted.•Gordon, Nathan - b. in Giles County, TN in 1844; claimes service with the 11th Tenn, Cav.; application accepted.•Gore, Henry - b. in Jackson County, TN; claimed service with the 8th Cav., application accepted.•Gray, Albert - b. in Hickman County, TN on June 6, 1846; claimed service with the 24th Tenn, Inf. Co. H; application accepted.•Gray, Dock - b. in Hickman County, TN on May 31, 1841; claimed service as a Scout; application accepted.•Green, John - in Stokes County, NC about 1850; claimed service with the North Carolina Unit; application rejected.•Greer, Jones - b. in Lincoln County, TN in 1844 or 1845; claimes service with the Forrest Escort; application accepted.•Gregory, Ned - b. in Lincoln County, TN in 1843;claimed service with the 1st Tenn. Inf. Co. C; application accepted.•Grisby, Thomas A. - b. in Linestone County, AL in 1850: claimed service with the 15th Tenn. Vac.; application rejected.•Grimes, Dan W. - b. in Dickson County, TN on February 2, 1845; claimed service with the 11th Tenn. Inf. Co. C: application accepted.•Guffin, Butler -claimed service with the 26th Georgia Inf.; application accepted.•Hailey, Albert - b. in Bedford County, TN in 1844 or 1845; calimed service with the 41st Tenn. Inf. Co. F; application rejected.•Hairston, John - b. in Virginia; orgainzation unknown; application rejected.•Hale, Reuben Grissim - b. in Smith County, TN in 1846 or 1847; claimed service with the 4th Tenn. Co. C; application accepted.•Hannah, George - b. Cheatham County, TN on September 10, 1847; claimed service with Forrest's Cav.; application accepted.•Hannah, Jerry (Perry) - in Biggbyville, Maury Co., TN on December 12, 1840; claimed service with the 18th Inf./9th Battl. Cav.; application accepted.•Harding, James - in Davidson County, TN in 1849; claimed service with the 9th Tenn. Cav.; application rejected.•Harris, Charley -•Harris, Wash - b. in LaGrange, TX in 1836; claimed service with Cheatham's Div.; application rejected.•Hastings, Alex - in Bedford County, TN; claimed service with the 7th Tenn. Inf. Co A; application accepted.•Hawthorne, E. D. - b. in Haywood County, TN in 1849. claimed service with the 7th Tenn. Cav. Co. L; application accepted.•Hayes, Ceasar - b. i Shelby County, TN in 1843; claimed service with the 154th Tenn Inf.; application accepted.•Haynes, Washington D. - b. in Henry County, TN in 1834; claimed service with the 5th Tenn. Inf.; application disposition unknown.•Hays, Luke - b. in Williamson County, TN in 1852; organization unknown; application rejected.•Henderson, Henry C. - b. in Davidson County, NC in 1849; organization unknown; application accepted.•Henry, West - b. in Sumner County, TN.; claimed service with the 2nd and 21st Tenn. Cav. application accepted.•Hickerson, Clay - b. in Coffee County, TN on December 25, 1844; claimed service with the 24th http://Tenn.nf.Co. k; application disposition unknown.•Hord, Fred R. (Hoard) - Hawkins County, TN in 1844; claimed service with the 2nd Tenn. Cal. Co E; application disposition unknown.•Hornbeak, Rash - b. in Hickman County, TN on January 1846; claimed service with the 9th Cav. Bn.; application accepted.•House, Charles - claimed service with the 4th Tenn. Cav.; disposition of applivation unknown.•Howard, Roach - claimed service with the 3rd Tenn. Cav. ?; application disposition unknown.•Hunter, Booker - b. in Williamson County, TN in 1846; claimed service with Gen. Preston Smith's Staff; application disposition unknown.•Hyde, Henry -•Ivie, Wiley Sutton - b. in Bedford County, TN on August 15, 1842; claimed service with Q. M. Dept.; application disposition unknown.•Jackson, Henry - b. in Madison County, TN Ffebruary 1847; claimed service with Forrest's Cav.; application accepted.•Jarnigan, David - b. in McMinn County, TN about 1841; claimed service with the 16th Tenn. Cav.; application accepted.•Jennings, Joseph - b. in Grainger County, TN in 1843; claimed service with the 12 th Tenn. Cav; application accepted.•Johnson, George Floyd - b. in Pulaski County, VA in 1843; claimed service with Wilcox Brigade; application accepted.•Johnson, Peter - b. in Lawrence County, TN on May 10, 1849; organization unknown; application accepted.•Johnson, Richard - b. in Virginia; claimed service with the 14th Miss. Inf. Co. I; application accepted.•Johnson, Tom - b. in Robertson County, TN about 1839; claimed service with the 50th Tenn. Inf.; application rejected.•Johnson, William - b. near Nolensville, TN about 1845; claimed service with White's Battery; application accepted.•Jones, Bemjamin J. - b. near Vicksburg, MS in 1849; claimed service with the 3rd Tenn. Inf.; application accepted.•Jones, Jack - b. in Hickman County, TN on October 24, 1847; claimed service with the 24th Tenn Inf.; application accepted.•Jones, Leroy - b. in Shelby County, TN on March 9, 1838; claimed service with the 4th Tenn. Inf. Co. I; application accepted.•Jones, Monroe - b. in Warren County, MS in 1847; claimed service with the 1st Miss. Light Arty. Co. A; application accepted.•Jones, Willie - b. in North Carolina in 1841; claimed service with a North Carolina Unit; application rejected.•Kennedy, Manuel - b. in Winston County, MS on April 25, 1837; claimed service with the 15th Miss. Inf.; application rejected.•Kennedy (Kindley), James - b. in Henry County, TN on July 4, 1845; claimed service with the 46th Inf. Co. C; application rejected.•Kinnard, Taylor - b. in Williamson County, TN in 1843; claimed service with the 54th Tenn. Inf. Co. K; 1st application rejected; 2nd application accepted.•Kinnon, Taylor - B. in Williamson County, TN in 1844; claimed service with the 54th Tenn. Inf.; application rejected.•Kirk, Sam - b. in Rutherford County, TN; claimed Hospital service; application accepted.•Kittrell, Joe -•Knight, Louis - b. in Franklin County, TN in 1848; claimed service with the 17th Tenn. Inf.; application accepted.•Lankford, Archie Davis - b. claimed service with the 2nd Tenn. Inf.; application disposition unknown.•Lawrence, Drucy - application disposition unknown.•Ledbetter, Ralph - b. in Rutherford County, TN; application disposition unknown.•Lee, Clark - claimed service with the 1st Ga. Regt. application accepted.•Lester, Richard - b. in Giles County, TN in 1843; claimed service with the 3rd Tenn. Inf. Co. G; application accepted.•Lester, Robert - b. in Giles County, TN in 1845; claimed service with the 18th Tenn. Inf. Co. K; application accepted.•Liggett, R. M. - b. in Roane County, TN on September 25, 1842; claimed service with the 2nd Tenn, Cav. Co. E; application disposition unknown.•Ligon, Henry - claimed service with the 14th Tenn. Inf. Co. H; application accepted.•Lipscomb, Thomas - b. in obion County, TN in 1844; claimed service with hte 9th Battalion Tenn. Cav.; application disposition unknown.•Locke, Alfred - b. in Rhea County, TN on May 24, 1846; claimed service with the 1st Tenn. Cav. Co. D; application is believed to have been accepted.•Luttrell (Littrell), Charles - b. in Hardeman County, TN about 1848; claimed service with the 14th Tenn Cav. Co A; application accepted.•Maclin, James - b. in Tipton County, TN in 1840; claimed service with the 7th Tenn. Cav. Co B; application accepted.•Maney, James - b. Murfreesboro, TN in 1843; claimed service with Gen. Maney's Hq.; application accepted.•Mason, Plunk - b. b. in Franklin County, TN in 1833; claimed service with a Wagon Train; application accepted.•Mathes (McFarland), Dall - b. in Haywood County, TN in 1844; claimed service with Gen. Cheatham's Hq.; application accepted.•Matthewson (Mathison), George - b. in Ballard County, KY abouy 1850; claimed service with Col. Davis' Georgia Troops; application disposition unknown.•Mayberry, Jim - claimed service with the 24th Tenn. Inf.; application disposition unknown.•Mayes, Harrison - b. in Maury County, TN in 1842; claimed service with the 1st Tenn. Cav.; application disposition unknown.•McCarter, William (William C. Carter) - b. in Monroe County, TN in 1844; claimed service with the 62nd Tenn Inf.; application accepted.•McClaren, Bob - b. in Fayette County, TN on December 25, 1849; claimed service with the 14th Tenn. Cav.; application accepted.•McCulloch, Ned - b. in Rutherford County, TN; claimed service with the 17th Tenn. Inf.; application accepted.•McEwen, George W. - b. in Maury County, TN on August 4, 1847; claimed service with the 1st Tenn. Inf. Co. H; application accepted.•McFarland, Charles L. - b. in 1852.•McLemore, Daniel - claimed service with the 4th Tenn. Cav.; application disposition unknown.•McMillian, William - b. in Georgia; claimed service with the 37th Cav.; application rejected.•McNeel (McNeely), Sam - b. in Bolivar Hardeman County, TN on March 12, 1840; clained service with the 14th Tenn. Ca.; application rejected.•McNeely, Rush - b. in Henderson, Counrt, TN on August 11, 1824; claimed service with the 27th Tenn. Inf. Co A; application disposition unknown.•McNeil, Ausburn - b. in Alabama in 1847; claimed service with teamster; application disposition unknown.•McNeil, Sam (Simpson - b. in Hardeman County, TN in 1840; claimed service with the 7th Tenn. Cav. Co E; application accepted.•Mickles, Stepney - b. in North Carolina in 1845; claimed service with the 9th Miss. Inf.; application accepted.•Miller, William - b. in Rutherford County,TN in 1847; claimed service with the 11th Tenn. Cav.; application rejected.•Minor, Ned - b. in Montgomery County, TN in 1848; claimed service with the 10th Tenn. Inf.; application accepted.•Moore, Bemjamin - b. in Huntsville, AL in 1833; claimed service with the Alabama Unit; application accepted.•Moore, Giles - b. in Giles County, TN; claimed service with the 9th Ala. Cav.; application accepted.•Moore, John - b. in Hickman County, TN in Hickman County, TN on April;•Morris, Paden - b. in Virginia about 1846; claimed service with th Virginia Unit; application accepted.•Moses, John - b. in Madison County, TN; claimed service with the 7th Tenn. Cav.; application accepted.•Murray, Charles - b. in Upson, GA on April 12, 1843; claimed service with Murray's Regt.; application rejected.•Murray, Branch - b. in Petersburg, VA; claimed service with the 17th Texas Inf. Co. K; application rejected.•Musgraves, Billie Webster - b. in Marshall County, MS claimed service with the 8th Miss. Cav.; application rejected.•Muzzall, Lewis - b. in Henry County; claimed service with the 20th Tenn. Cav.; application accepted.•Neal, Henry - application accepted.•Nelson, Henry - b. in Rutherford County, TN in 1842; claimed service with the 19th & 20th Tenn. Cav.; application disposition unknown.•Nelson, Louis Napoleon - b. in Lauderdale County, TN; claimed service with the 7th Tenn. Cav. Co M; application accepted.•Newsom, Sam - b. in Hickman County, TN on December 19, 1838; organization unknown; application accepted.•Newsom, Silas - b. in March 1843; claimed service with the 20th Tenn Inf.; application accepted.•Nicholoson, Isaac A. - b. in Davidson County, TN in 1844; claimed service with the Comm. Dept. Polk's Corps; application accepted.•Nim, Wilkes - claimed service with Forrest's Hdq; application accepted.•Nolen,Alex (Alack) - b. in Montgomery County, TN in 1846; claimed service with the 14th Tenn. Inf. Co B; application accepted.•Norris, Bill - b. in Talapoosa County, AL on June 22, 1843; claimed service with the Alabama Inf. Unit; application rejected.•Nowell, Smith - b. in Louisiana about 1847; claimed service with the 7th Tenn. Cav. Co. L; application accepted.•O'Neal, William - b. in Bickins County, AL in 1846; claimed service 12th Miss. Cav. application accepted.•Officer, Abe -•Otey, Ephriam - b. in Virginia February 1845; claimed service with the Q. M. Dept.; application accepted.Parrish, John - b. in Williamson County, TN; claimed service with the 2nd Tenn, Cav.; application accepted.Cav. Co. F; application rejected.•Patton, Robert B. - claimed service with the 4th Tenn. Cav. Co F; application rejected.•Payne, Tillman Price - b. in Smith County, TN in 1847; claimed service with•Payne, Tink - b. in Franklin County, TN on January 15, 1860; organization unknown; application rejected.•Pearce, George - claimed service with the 8th Confed. Cav.; application disposition unknown.•Pearce, Green - claimed service as a Laborer; application disposition unknown.•Perkins, Chanie -•Perry, Manson - claimed service with a Virginia Unit; application disposition unknown.•Phillips, Asa - b. in Franklin County, TN; claimed service with the 1st Tenn. Inf.; application rejected.•Porter, Alex - b. in Henry County, TN on April 2, 1845; claimed service with the 29th Tenn. Cav.; application accepted.•Pugh, Dawson - b. in North Carolina in March 1832; claimed service with the 7th Tenn Cav.; application accepted.•Quarles, Henry (Harvey) - b. in Jackson County, TN on August 1, 1845; claimed service with the 28th Tenn. Inf.; application accepted.•Ranson, Alexander - b. in Rutherford County, TN in 1840; claimed service with the 24th Tenn. Inf. Co. A; application accepted.•Read, Henry - b. in Haywood County, TN in 1847; claimed service with the 7th Tenn. Cav. Co. M; application accepted.•Ready, Albert - b. in Rutherford County, TN in 1848; claimed service with the 23rd Tenn. Inf. application accepted.•Reeves, James - b. in Wilson County, TN in 1833; claimed service with the 7th Tenn. Inf. Co. F; application rejected.•Reid, Nathan - b. in Madison County, TN in 1847; claimed service with the 6th Tenn Inf. Co. K; application accepted.•Rice, Richard - b. in Hawkins County, TN in 1831; claimed service with the 29th Tenn. Inf. Co. F; application rejected.•Rivers, Matt - b. in Kato Parish, LA on May 16, 1837; claimed service with the 11th Tenn. Cav.; application rejected.•Robertson, James - organization and application disposition unknown.•Robertson, William - b. in Maury County, TN in 1847; claimed service with Dunk Cooper's Co.; application rejected.•Robinson, James - b. in Lincoln County, TN about 1840; claimed service with the Manley's Battery; application accepted.•Robison, John Oscar - b. in Hardeman County, TN on May 4, 1845; claimed service with Duncan's Cav.; application accepted.•Rodgers, William - b. in Weakly County, TN in 1847; claimed service with the 31st Tenn. Inf.; application accepted.•Rowe, Will - b. in Henry County, TN on March 20, 1845; application disposition unknown.•Rucker, William - b. in Rutherford County, TN in 1842; claimed service with the 2nd Tenn.Inf.; application accepted.•Russell, Frank - b. in Bedford County, TN; claimed service with Forrest's Escot; application accepted.•Russell, Peter - b. in Lewis County, TN on October 10, 1845; claimed service with Napier's Regt.; application accepted.•Sanford, Pete - b. in Tipton County, TN in 1842; claimed service with Looney's Regt.; application accepted.•Schoolfield, Henry Mathis - b. in Virginia in 1842; claimed service with the 24th Tenn. Cav.; Co. F; application disposition unknown.•Searcy, Shadrick - claimed service with the the 46th Georgia Inf.; application accepted.•Seay, Frank M. b. in Rutherford County, TN on January 25, 1843; claimed service with the 24th Tenn. Inf. Co. C; application accepted.•Seward, Tode - claimed service with the 28th Tenn. Inf.; application disposition unknown.•Shad, Steven - b. in Carroll County, TN on January 5, 1845; claimed service with the 10th Tenn. Cav.; application accepted.•Sharpe, Cal - b. in Lewis County, TN on September 12, 1841; claimed service with Forrest's Regt.; application accepted.•Shelby, Wallace - b. in Davidson County, TN about 1840; claimed service Hospital Service; application rejected.•Shelton, Charlie - claimed service with the 6th Miss. Inf.; application unknown.•Smith, J. Wess - b. in Lincoln County, TN on may 2, 1848; claimed service with the 17th Tenn. Inf.; application accepted.•Smith, Lewis - b. in Tipper County, NC; claimed service with the 16th Tenn. Cav.; application accepted.•Smith, Presley - b. in Davidson County, TN; claimed service with the 6th Tenn.Inf.; application disposition unknown.•Starnes, Hardin - b. in Williamson County, TN; claimed service with the 4th Tenn. Cav.; application accepted.•Stegall, Robert - b. in Bedford County, TN on December 26, 1843; claimed service with Q. M. Dept.; application disposition unknown.•Stephenson, Monroe - in Maury County, TN; claimed service with the 9th Bttn.; application accepted.•Stone, Fee - b. in Richmond County, VA on September 17, 1843; claimed Island #10 service; application rejected.•Stover, Robert - b. in Carter County, TN in 1847; organization unknown; application accepted.•Swell, George - b. in Fayette County, TN in 1841; claimed service with the 14th Miss. Inf.; application rejected.•Swift, Aaron - b. in Dyer County, TN in 1843; claimed service with the 12th Tenn. Inf. Co. A; application rejected.•Tansil, Ed - b. in Weakley County, TN in 1844; claimed service with the 31st Tenn. Inf.; application accepted.•Terry, John - b. in Bledsoe County, TN in 1826; claimed service with the 2nd Tenn. Cav. Co. F; application accepted.•Thomas, Add - b. in Lewis County, TN on September 6, 1848; claimed service with Col. W. B. Bates; application accepted.•Thomas, Ben - b. in Caroline County, VA in 1847; claimed service with the 31st Ala. Inf. Co. A; application rejected.•Thompson, Marshall - b. in Maury County, TN on April 10, 1852; application accepted.•Thornton, Edward - b. in Tallahatchie County, MS in 1844; claimed service as teamster; application rejected.•Tidwell, Marshall - in Hickman County, TN on April 13, 1846; claimed service with the 24th Tenn. Inf.; application accepted.•Travis, Jack - b. in Christian Co. KY about 1836; claimed service with Co. I, 27th Reg.; application rejected.•Tuggle, Richard - b. in Haywood County, TN; claimed service with the 13th Tenn. Inf.; application accepted.•Tullus, Blunt - b. claimed service with the 4th Tenn. Cav; application disposition unknown.•Turner, Peter - b. in Sumner County in 1840; claimed service with the 30th Tenn. Inf.; application accepted.•Tyson, Alfred - b. in Haywood County, TN in 1845; claimed service with the 12th Ky. Cav. Co. B; application disposition unknown.•Ventrees, Peter - b. in Edmondson County, KY in 1846 (or 1840); claimed service with the 6th Ky. Inf. or Cav.; application accepted.•Walker, Bailey - b. in Dyer County, TN; claimed service with the 13th Tenn. Inf.; application accepted,•Walker, Isaac L. - b. in Hickman County, TN; organization unknown; application accepted.•Ward, Mose - b. in Hickman County, TN on November 10, 1934; claimed service with the 24th Tenn. Inf. Co. C; application accepted.•Ware, Charles - b. in Warren county, TN on March 3, 1846; claimed service with the 16th Tenn. Inf.; application accepted.•Watkins, Wade - b. in Haywood County, TN; claimed service with the 48th Tenn. Cav.?; application accepted.•Webb, Charlie - b. in Charleston, SC about 1840; claimed service with the 13th Tenn. Inf.; application accepted.•Webber, Lee - b. in Shelby County in 1846; claimed service with the 2nd Ky. Cav. Co. F; application accepted.•Wharton, Frank - b. in Madison County, TN; claimed service with the 14th Tenn. Cav.; application accepted.•White, Dick - b. in Haywood County, TN about 1841; claimed service with the 6th Tenn. Inf.; application accepted.•Whitelaw, Wright - b. in Kentucky on December 25, 1836; claimed service with the 16th Tenn Cav.; application rejected.•Whitelow, Wright - b. in Kentucky in 1835; claimed service with the 7th Tenn. Cav.; application rejected.•Whiteside, Charley - b. in Williamson County, TN on March 15, 1838; claimed service with the 48th Tenn. Inf; application accepted.•Whitesides, Charles - organization and application disposition unknown.•Whorton, Alex (Big Alex) - b. in McNairy County, TN in 1851; claimed service with the 154th Tenn. Inf.; application accepted.•Whorton, Alex (Little Alex) b. in McNairy County, TN in 1850; claimed service with the 21st Tenn. Cav.; application accepted.•Wilkerson, Charles - b. in Fayette County, TN on November 18, 1843; claimed service with the 1st Confederate Cav. Co. I; application accepted.•Williams, George Henry - b. in Wilson County, TN in 1838; claimed service with the 18th Tenn. Inf. Co. I; application accepted.•Windrow, Wyatt - organization and application disposition unknown.•Windrow, Wyatt - b. in Rutherford County, TN; organization unknown; application accepted.•Winfield, Henry - b. in Lynchburg, VA on January 9, 1827; claimed service as Jeff Davis Bodyguard; application accepted.•Winston, Manuel - b. in Tipton County, TN about 1845; claimed service with the 9th Tenn. Inf. Co. E; application accepted.•Withers, James W. - b. in Shelby County, TN in 1847; claimed service with the 3rd Miss. Cav. Co. F; application accepted.•Wood, M. E. - b. in Hamilton County, TN on July 1, 1848; claimed service with Morgan's Cav.; application rejected.•Woods, John - b. in Lewis County, TN on June 10, 1847; claimed service with Col. Napier's Regt.; application accepted.•Woods, Smith - b. in Dyer County, TN in 1846; claimed service with the 20th Tenn. Cav. Co. G; application disposition unknown.•Word, George - b. in Wilson County, TN 1848; claimed service with the 20th Tenn. Cav.; application accepted.•Wright, Austin - b. in Tipton County, TN on July 9, 1850; claimed service with the 7th Tenn. Cav.; Co. B; application rejected.•Wyatt, William - b. in Gibson County, TN; claimed service with the 3rd Mo. Cav. application rejected.•Yancy, George Washington - b. in Houston County, GA on January 1, 1844; claimed service with the 4th Ga. Inf. Co. E; application accepted.•Youree, Henry - b. in Sumner County, TN on March 18, 1843; claimed service with the 2nd Tenn. Inf.; application accepted.The Fate of Black Confederate Prisoners of War.

I just started in the 1800’sSojourner vTruthHuman rights, preaching1797-1893As a preacher, Truth campaigned nationwide for the abolition of slavery and important women’s rights. Also raised money for black Union soldiers.Dorothea DixSocial reform and war nursing1802-1887An advocate of asylum, poorhouse and prison reform, she also helped alleviate Civil War misery as Superintendent of Female Nurses.Phoebe Palmerwriting, evangelism1807-1874One of the founders of the Holiness Movement, Methodist evangelist Palmer advocated Christian perfection or the cleansing of original sin prior to death.Harriet Beecher StoweAntislavery,fiction1811-1896Famous for her controversial novel, Uncle Tom’s Cabin, an antislavery story based on her experiences. Also spoke against slavery.Elizabeth Cady StantonAbolition and women's rights1815-1902Stanton (and important friend Susan B. Anthony) fought for women’s suffrage when the 14thand 15thamendments excluded gender equality.Biddy MasonBusiness, real estate and philanthropy1818-1891Winning freedom from slavery, she worked as a nurse/midwife, and became a canny, wealthy entrepreneur. She lavished money on charities.Lucy StoneWomen's suffrage and abolition1818-1893A pioneer in the movement for women's rights, she lectured against slavery and advocated equality for women. Famous for becoming the first woman in Massachussets to earn a college degree.Julia Ward HoweAuthor, suffragist, abolitionist1819-1910A poet, lecturer, author of the "Battle Hymn of the Republic." She also helped form the National American Woman Suffrage Association.Susan B. AnthonyAbolition and women’s rights1820-1906A tireless campaigner for gender equality, Anthony (and friend Elizabeth Cady Stanton) inspired a nationwide suffrage movement.Harriet TubmanAbolition1820-1913A “conductor" on the Underground Railroad, she led more than 300 slaves to freedom. Also served Union forces in coastal South Carolina.Elizabeth BlackwellEducation, medicine1821-1910The first woman physician in the U.S. (MD, Geneva College, 1849). She opened a slum infirmary and trained women in medicine.Mary Baker EddyReligion, writing1821-1910Founder of the Church of Christ, Scientist. Wrote Science and Health with Key to the Scriptures, her famous adjunct to the Bible.Clara BartonAid to soldiers and free education1821-1912Organized and delivered important aid to Union and Confederate soldiers. Started the American Red Cross. Started a free school in New Jersey.Mary WaltonPollution control, invention1829-1906This Manhattan inventor devised a method to reduce factory smoke emissions and reduced the track noise from elevated trains.Louisa May AlcottWriting, women's suffrage1832-1888An American literary icon of the 19thcentury, Alcott was also involved in women's suffrage.Hetty GreenFinance1835-1916She inherited her father’s fortune and invested it so that she was reputed to be the richest woman in the world at the time.Mary Harris "Mother" JonesAmerican Labor Movement1837-1930“Mother" Jones was present as a labor organizer and speaker at many significant labor struggles of the 19thand 20thcenturies.Frances Elizabeth WillardTemperance and women’s suffrage1839-1898A tireless campaigner, she was a founder and president of important organizations that fought for prohibition. Also work for women’s suffrage.Ellen Swallow RichardsChemistry and engineering1842-1911First woman to enroll in a technical institute (MIT), in 1870. Founded the science of home economics and promoted science for women.Carry A. NationTemperance1846-1911Notorious for violent disruption of alcohol sales. She was jailed often, but her courage and eloquence impressed many people.Annie Smith PeckWomen’s suffrage, mountaineering1850-1935She scaled the 21,812-foot Peruvian mountain Huascaran, the loftiest Western Hemisphere peak climbed by an American man or woman.Annie OakleySharp-shooting and entertainment1860-1926Gifted with uncanny marksmanship and star of Buffalo Bill's Wild West show, she established herself as a famous western folk legend.Jane AddamsSocial Reform1860-1935Noted for Hull House, an influential haven for disadvantaged people. Active in a variety of causes, she shared the 1931 Nobel Peace Prize.Grandma MosesFolk Art1860-1961Discovered by the New York art world in 1939, Moses’ style is noted for evocative themes and pleasing figure arrangement.Florence BascomGeology1862-1945First woman and female geologist to earn a Ph.D. from Johns Hopkins. A pioneer in microscope viewings of minerals and rocks.Winifred Edgerton MerrillMathematics, education1862-1951First U.S. woman to earn a Ph.D. in mathematics (Columbia, 1886; highest honors). Founded the famous Oaksmere School for Girls in 1906.Nellie BlySocial justice, investigative journalism1864-1922As an often-undercover journalist, Bly sided with poor and marginalized people. Also noted for a famous 72-day race around the world in 1889.Anne SullivanTeacher1866-1936Overcame childhood obstacles to become Helen Keller's teacher and lifelong companion.Emily Greene BalchSocial Activism1867-19611947 Nobel Peace Prize winner, founder the Women's International League for Peace and Freedom and was an important woman advocate for peace during WWI and WWII.Molly DewsonWomen's suffrage, politics1874-1962An author, and head of the Democratic National Committee's Women's Division, Dewson also fought for a minimum wage law.Margaret SangerSocial reform and family planning1879-1966Dismayed by infant mortality, Sanger became a vocal advocate of contraception and established an important medically supervised family planning clinic.Helen KellerSocial reform, writingand lecturing1880-1968Deafened and blinded by a childhood disease, she overcame her disabilities, then worked for the blind and numerous progressive causes.Jeannette RankinPolitics1880-1973Jeannette Rankin was the first woman ever elected to Congress. She was one of few congressional members to vote no on WWI and WWII.Frances PerkinsPolitics1882-1965Perkins was the first woman Cabinet member in the U.S. She served as FDR's Secretary of Labor, and played a key role in New Deal legislation.Eleanor RooseveltActivism, traveling and speaking1884-1962Enormously effective wife of FDR, she was a Democratic Party activist, worked for racial equality and was U.S. Representative to the U.N.Georgia O'KeeffePainter1887-1986Widely regarded as one of the great modernist painters of the 20thcentury, O'Keeffe was a major figure in American art for more than 70 years.Aimee Semple McPhersonBroadcast evangelism1890-1944Southern California evangelist famous for her Temple and “illustrated sermons." Founded International Church of the Foursquare Gospel.Zora Neale HurstonWriting1891?-1960Folklorist, anthropologist and novelist. Most prolific black woman writer of the 1930s.Pearl S. BuckAdoption advocacy, writing1892-1973Author of books reflecting her life in China. Won the 1938 Nobel Prize in Literature. Buck worked for the adoption of unwanted children.Amelia EarhartAviation1897-1937Famous for flying across the Atlantic and Pacific oceans. She attempted to fly around the world, then disappeared July 2, 1937.Dorothy DayCatholic-based Social Service, writing1897-1980Founded Catholic Worker Movement with Peter Maurin in 1933, an important outreach to disadvantaged and marginalized people.Marian AndersonRacial amity, singing1897-1993She used her rare voice to advance race relations. First black Metropolitan Opera star. Alternate U.N. delegate. Honored many times.Margaret Chase SmithPolitics1897-1995Maine’s first congresswoman and re-elected four times, she was U.S. senator from 1949-73. Remembered for independence and character.Louise NevelsonSculpture1899-1988Best known for her abstract-expressionist boxes grouped together to form a new creation. She used found objects and everyday items. One of her works stands three stories high.1900stop of pageMargaret MeadAnthropology and psychology1901-1978She became famous for her gender role studies of the cultures of the Pacific Islands, Russia and the U.S. Authored several classic books.Ella BakerHuman and civil rights1903-1986Helped form Southern Christian Leadership Conference of which Martin Luther King Jr. was president, important for organizing Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee.Clare Boothe LuceWriting, politics and diplomacy1903-1987She was managing editor of Vanity Fairand author of several successful plays, including The Women. Ambassador to Italy, 1953-56.Esther RossNative American rights1904-1988Ross devoted 50 years to winning federal recognition of the Stillaguamish Tribe in the Puget Sound area of Washington State.Margaret Bourke-WhitePhotography and photojournalism1904 or 1906-1971Important international photographic chronicler of people and events in war and peace. One famed picture: "Gandhi at His Spinning Wheel."Ayn RandFiction, philosophy1905-1982Russian-born, Rand wrote important fiction, notably The Fountainhead, and Atlas Shrugged. She espoused a philosophy of rational self-interest.Grace HopperComputer science1906-1992A Ph.D. from Yale (1934), Rear Adm. Hopper was one of the earliest computer programmers and a leader in software development concepts.Maria Goeppert-MayerScience1906-1972Goeppert-Mayer won the 1963 Nobel Prize in Physics, professor of Physics at UCSD, La Jolla, California, National Academy of Sciences member.Rachel CarsonThe environment, marine biology1907-1964Author of lucidly written books on ecological themes. Most famous for Silent Spring, a critical examination of chemical pesticides.Virginia ApgarObstetrics1909-1974Dr. Apgar developed the Apgar Score, whose five items help physicians and nurses to determine if a newborn requires emergency care. The score is now standard worldwide.Katharine HepburnStage and screen1909-2003Four-time Academy Award winner for best actress, Hepburn combined her statuesque looks with a bold, plucky acting style.Babe Didrikson ZahariasMultiple athletics1911-1956This superathlete won three track and field Olympic medals and 31 LPGA titles. Famed for self-confidence and competitive spirit.Claudia Taylor (Lady Bird) JohnsonPolitics, environment1912-First lady during Lyndon B. Johnson's administration; instrumental in promoting the Highway Beautification Act, founded Lady Bird Wildflower Center.Patricia Ryan NixonPolitics1912-1993First lady during Richard M. Nixon's administration; after her father's death at 18, Pat worked part time to obtain her degree, graduating cum laude from USC.Barbara TuchmanHistory1912-1989Tuchman was a two-time winner of the Pulitzer Prize (The Guns of August, and Stillwell and the American Experience in China: 1911-45).Rosa ParksCivil rights1913-Parks' refusal to give up her seat on a segregated bus in Montgomery, Alabama, on December 1, 1955, sparked the modern civil rights movement.Daisy Gatson BatesCivil rights and journalism1914(?)-After segregation was ruled unconstitutional by the U.S. Supreme Court, she led the fight to integrate Little Rock, Arkansas, schools from 1954-1957.Martha RayeEntertainment1916-1994An actor, comedienne and singer, Raye entertained and even nursed troops for 50 years. Presidential Medal of Freedom honoree.Florence ChadwickSwimming1917-1995The premier distance swimmer of the1950s, she became the first woman to swim the English Channel both ways (1950, ’51, ’55).Katharine GrahamNewspaper and magazine publishing1917-2001She was the influential president and publisher of the Washington Post from 1963-93. The paper is famed for its Watergate investigation.Ella FitzgeraldJazz singing1918-1996Master of scat singing, she toured with such greats as Duke Ellington and the Oscar Peterson Trio. She performed internationally.Elizabeth Bloomer FordSocial activism1918-First lady during Gerald R. Ford's presidency, co-founder of the country's leading treatment center for alcoholism and drug dependency.Bella AbzugPolitical activism, writing1920-1997Attorney and Congresswoman, Abzug worked for a variety of progressive causes, especially women’s issues. She was a noted author.Marie Maynard DalyBiochemistry1921-First African-American woman to earn a Ph.D. in chemistry (Columbia University, 1948). Holder of various professorships. Focus: nucleic acids.Betty Goldstein FriedanFeminism1921-2006Author of the revolutionary book: Feminine Mystique, co-founder of National Organization for Women (NOW).Nancy Davis ReaganSocial activism1921-First lady during Ronald Reagan's presidency and championed the "Just Say No" to drugs program for school-aged children.Rosalyn Sussman YalowPhysics, Medicine1921-Co-winner of the 1977 Nobel Prize in Physiology, assisted in developing a technique to measure minute quantities of insulin in the blood.Judy GarlandEntertainment1922-1969Made famous as Dorothy in "The Wizard of Oz," Garland was one of the greatest stars of Hollywood's Golden Era of musical film.Helen Gurley BrownFeminism and writing1922-Author of Sex and the Single Girl, a book about the positive benefits of single life; revived foundering Cosmopolitan magazineAlice CoachmanTrack and field1923-At the 1948 Olympics in London, Coachman was the first black woman and only American woman to win a gold medal in that year's Games.Shirley ChisholmSocial activism, politics1924-2005A Democrat, she was the first black woman elected to Congress (1968). Also the first black woman to run for president in a major party (1972).Phyllis SchlaflyPolitical activism,writing1924-Republican activist against the feminist movement. Testified against the Equal Rights Amendment. Author of several books.Barbara Pierce BushPolitics1925-First lady during George H.W. Bush's presidency, warmly received by public and press as "everybody's grandmother;" mother of six children; articulately frank.Marilyn MonroeActing1926-1962Completing 30 motion pictures, Monroe became an American icon and worldwide sensation before her mysterious death.Rosalynn Smith CarterActivism1927-First lady during Jimmy Carter's presidency, vice chair of The Carter Center, which promotes peace and human rights worldwide.Maya AngelouWriting, civil rights1928-A poet, historian, author, civil rights activist, producer and director, she composed and read verse at the Clinton inauguration in 1993.Sarah CaldwellOpera direction and conducting1928-She founded the Opera Company of Boston in 1957. In 1976, she became the first woman to conduct at the Metropolitan Opera House.Shirley Temple BlackDiplomacy, acting1928-Becoming a diplomat later in life, Shirley Temple was perhaps the most famous child star in history.Audrey HepburnAid to needy children; actor1929-1993Special ambassador to UNICEF, she worked to help poor children. 1953 Academy Award winner for Best Actress in “Roman Holiday."[3915Politics, society1929-1994First lady during John F. Kennedy's presidency. By "inspir[ing] an attention to culture never before evident at a national level," she brought grace and sophistication to the White House.Coretta Scott Kingcivil rights, music1929-2006Known as the First Lady of civil rights, Coretta carried on the dreams of her husband, Martin Luther King Jr.Carolyn ShoemakerDiscovery, astronomy1929-Holder of the record for the most comet discoveries (32) as well as more than 800 asteroids. Took up astronomy at the age of 51.Sandra Day O'ConnorLaw, justice1930-She became the first woman justice on the U.S. Supreme Court. She felt the court's role was to interpret the law, not legislate it.Barbara HarrisReligion, social outreach, civil rights1930-She became the first woman bishop of the Episcopal Church (also a first for Anglicanism, Roman Catholicism and Eastern Orthodoxy).Mary DawsonPaleontology, mammals1931-Curator of Vertebrate Paleontology, Carnegie Museum of Natural History, 1970. Arnold Guyot Prize honoree for Arctic research.Alice RivlinFederal budget1931-The founding director of the Congressional Budget Office (1975), she has held several other governmental and professorial positions.Barbara WaltersTelevision journalism1931-The first woman to anchor TV nightly news, on ABC. Correspondent, then co-anchor of 20/20. She has interviewed numerous famous people.Toni MorrisonLiterature1931-Won the 1993 Nobel Prize in Literature and a Pulitzer Prize in 1988, she is a master of dialog and richly depicts Black America.Sylvia PlathLiterature1932-1963Plath wrote poems of stark self-realization and confession, was the first to win the Pulitzer Prize posthumously.Ruth Bader GinsburgLiterature1933-First Jewish woman and currently only female justice on the Supreme Court. Strong advocate for women's rights and civil rights in general.Gloria SteinemFeminism, journalism1934-Articulates women’s issues with lectures and on TV. Helped found several women’s organizations. Founder of Ms. Magazine.Marian Wright EdelmanChildren’s and civil rights1939-Founder and president of Children’s Defense Fund. Originally a 1960s civil rights activist. Awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom.Wilma RudolphTrack and Field1940-1994Winner of three gold medals in the 1960 Olympics in Rome.Space does not allow a complete list of all the important and famous women in American history, but from the days when women could not be one of the "founding fathers" and annual awards would exclude women when calculating the "Man of the Year," important women have made huge strides, the significance of which cannot be overestimated.- - - Books You May Like Include: ----Bristol, Vermont by Kerry K. Skiffington.Skiffington describes Bristol, Vermont’s history through brief essays highlighting its most remarkable people and moments, from the rise of Outlook Cl...Women of the Revolution Bravery and Sacrifice on the Southern Battlefields by Robert M. Dunkerly.From the wooded slopes of Kings Mountain to the fields of Cowpens, to the lesser-known sites like Fishing Creek and Hanging Rock, Dunkerly uncovers th...Almost Astronauts: 13 Women Who Dared to Dream by Tanya Lee Stone.What does it take to be an astronaut? Excellence at flying, courage, intelligence, resistance to stress, top physical shape — any checklist would incl...Mothers of Invention: Women of the Slaveholding South in the American Civil War by Drew Gilpin Faust.When Confederate men marched off to battle, southern women struggled with the new responsibilities of directing farms and plantations, providing for f...Our Mothers' War: American Women at Home and at the Front During World War II by Emily Yellin.Our Mothers' War is an eye-opening and moving portrait of women during World War II, a war that forever transformed the way women participate in Ameri...Flapper: A Madcap Story of Sex, Style, Celebrity, and the Women Who Made America Modern by Joshua Zeitz.Blithely flinging aside the Victorian manners that kept her disapproving mother corseted, the New Woman of the 1920s puffed cigarettes, snuck gin, hik...America's Women: 400 Years of Dolls, Drudges, Helpmates, and Heroines by Gail Collins.Well researched and well written, America's Women: 400 Years of Dolls, Drudges, Helpmates, and Heroines is a powerful and important book. Starting wit...Women's Diaries of the Westward Journey by Lillian Schlissel.An expanded edition of one of the most original and provocative works of American history of the last decade, which documents the pioneering experienc...report this adSponsored ContentChiropractors Baffled: Simple Stretch Relieves Years of Back Pain (Watch)healthtoday.onlineBig Twist Loopity Loops Yarn - PastelJo-Ann Fabric and Craft Stores2015 TOYOTA PRIUSCARFAXWomen travel cosmetic makeup storage bag hanging organizerNewchic.com

Donald Trump administration (2017–present)EditAs of July 2019, President Donald Trump (R), his children, the 2016 Trump election campaign, the Trump Inaugural Committee and/or the White House were being investigated by 10 federal criminal, eight state and local, and 11 congressional investigations, according to the New York Times. This doesn't include investigations into administration officials or closed investigations led by Special Counsel for the Department of Justice Robert Mueller.[1] The Mueller investigation resulted in 34 indictments, and seven convictions or guilty pleas.[2]While adhering to Justice Department policy barring the indictment of a sitting president, the Special Counsel did pass on to Congress "numerous instances in which President Trump may have obstructed justice." [3]Executive BranchEditScott Pruitt (R) Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency, resigned citing increasing numbers of investigations into his administration. The EPA's own Chief Ethics Official had been pushing for independent studies into Pruitt's actions and 13 other separate investigations were under way, including alleged corruption for personal gain, salary increases without White House approval, use of government staff on personal projects and unnecessary spending on offices and security. He resigned July 5, 2018[4][5][6]Albert Kelly (R) EPA Superfund Task Force Director and top aide to EPA Chief Scott Pruitt (R) resigned amid scrutiny of his previous actions as leader of a bank in Oklahoma which led to $125,000 fine and lifetime ban from banking. (2018)[7][8][9]Pasquale "Nino" Perrotta EPA Security Administrator resigned after allegations of lavish spending and improper contracts (2018)[10]Samantha Dravis (R) EPA Associate Administrator and Senior Counsel in the Office of Policy resigned abruptly after allegations of being a no show employee. (2018)[11][12][13]George Papadopoulos (R) Foreign policy advisor pleaded guilty to making false statements to FBI agents relating to contacts he had with agents of the Russian government while working for the Trump campaign. He was sentenced to 14 days in prison, 12 months probation, and 200 hours community service.(2017)[14][15][16][17][18]Michael Flynn National Security Advisor, was forced to resign on February 13, 2017, over conversations he had with Russian envoys about sanctions during the transition. On December 1, 2017, Flynn pleaded guilty to charges of lying to the FBI as a plea bargain. (2017)[19][20]William C. Bradford resigned from the United States Department of Energy Office of Indian Energy amid reports that he had made racial slurs directed at Barack Obama on Disqus and Twitter. Bradford had claimed that some of the comments were the result of identity theft and not his. (2017)[21]Tom Price (R) Health and Human Services Secretary, was forced to resign on September 29, 2017, after it was discovered that he spent hundreds of thousands of taxpayer dollars on private flights.[22]Brenda Fitzgerald (R) Director of the Center for Disease Control was forced to resign on January 31, 2018, after it was discovered that she bought stock in tobacco, the leading cause of preventable death in the US, creating a conflict of interest.[23]Taylor Weyeneth (R) Deputy CoS at the White House Office of National Drug Control Policy resigned when it was revealed the 24 year old had no qualifications for the position and no related work history other than working on President Trump's campaign (2018).[24][25]David Sorensen (R) White House speechwriter, resigned after his ex-wife Jessica Corbett came forward with abuse allegations. (2018)[26][27]Vivieca Wright Simpson, Chief of Staff to Secretary of Veterans Affairs David Shulkin (I) resigned after an inspector general report charged that she altered an email to make it appear Shulkin was getting an award during a trip to Europe in order to gain approval to use taxpayer dollars to pay for Shulkin's wife to accompany him.[28] Six weeks later, Trump fired Shulkin via Twitter.[29]Rob Porter (R) White House Staff Secretary (R) resigned from the position on February 7, 2018, following public allegations of spousal abuse from his two ex-wives, Colbie Holderness and Jennifer Willoughby.[30][31] The allegations were supported by photographs of a black eye and a restraining order.[32][33]Tony Tooke Chief of the US Forest Service, resigned after a series of sexual harassment and retaliation accusations. (2018)[34]Rick Gates (R) 2016 Deputy Campaign Chairman to President Donald Trump (R) pleaded guilty to conspiracy and lying to investigators concerning his work lobbying with Ukraine as well as tax and bank fraud (2018)[35][36]Michael Cohen (lawyer) (R) Personal Attorney to President Donald Trump (R) and vice – president to the Trump organization, pleaded guilty to tax evasion, bank fraud and illegal campaign contributions. He also helped arrange non-disclosure agreements to Stormy Daniels and Karen McDougal who allegedly had affairs with Trump. Cohen pleaded guilty to eight counts of tax evasion and making false statement.(2018)[37][38][39][40][41][42]Paul Manafort (R) Campaign Manager for President Donald Trump (R), was charged with 18 counts of tax and bank fraud which involved keeping $65 million in foreign bank accounts and spending $15 million on himself. He was found guilty on 8 counts.[43][44][45][194] | March 8, 2019 | Manafort was sentenced to 47 months in prison.[46]| March 13, 2019| Manafort was sentenced to another 43 months, for charges of federal conspiracy and obstruction.[47]Facing "multiple probes tied to his real estate dealings in his home state of Montana and his conduct in office," Interior Department Secretary Ryan Zinke resigned in December 2018 after the Interior Department inspector general referred one of several investigations into Zinke to the Justice Department.[48]In January 2019, Trump political adviser Roger Stone was indicted on "one count of obstruction of an official proceeding, five counts of false statements, and one count of witness tampering." The charges arose from the Special Counsel's investigation into Russian interference on behalf of the 2016 Trump election campaign.[49]Secretary of Labor Alex Acostaresigned on July 12, 2019, "after defending himself in a contentious news conference over his role as a U.S. attorney,"[50] in 2008, in dismissing federal charges against Jeffrey Epstein, "that allowed the financier to plead guilty to lesser offenses in a sex-crimes case involving underage girls."[50]Epstein had been arrested again on July 6, 2019, on charges of trafficking young girls.[51] Epstein committed suicide on August 10, 2019, in the Metropolitan Correctional Center, New York City.[52] After Price, Pruitt, Shulkin and Zinke, Acosta became the fifth Trump Cabinet member to resign or be fired amid a scandal.[50]Legislative BranchEditU.S. Representative Duncan Hunter (R-CA) and wife were indicted in federal court on dozens of charges, including wire fraudand using campaign funds for personal use. (2018)[53][54]U.S. Representative Chris Collins(R-NY) was arrested by the FBIand charged with wire fraud, conspiracy to commit securities fraud, seven counts of securities fraud, and lying to the FBI. *2018)[55][56]US Senator Al Franken (D-MN) resigned on January 2, 2018, after several accusations of sexual misconduct.[57]Clint Reed (R) CoS for US Senator Marco Rubio (R-FL) was fired for allegations of "improper conduct" and threats to withhold employment benefits from an unnamed subordinate. (2018)[58][59]*U.S. Representative Steve Stockman (R-TX) orchestrated a scheme to steal money from charitable foundations and the individuals who ran them. The funds were used to finance Stockman's campaigns and personal expenses. He was convicted on 23 felony counts of perjury, fraud and money laundering and sentenced to 10 years.(2018)[60][61][62]Jason T. Posey (R) Director of Special Projects and Campaign Treasurer for Stephen E. Stockman at the personal direction and supervision of Stockman, Posey took almost one million dollars from various sources and illegally funneled it into Stockman's 2014 Senate campaign. He pled guilty to mail fraud, wire fraud, money laundering and conduit contributions. (2013)[63][64]Thomas Dodd (R) Special Assistant to Steve Stockmanpled guilty to two conspiracy charges and agreed to cooperate with prosecutors. (2013)[63][64][65]U.S. Representative Blake Farenthold (R-TX) resigned in the wake of reports he used public funds to settle a sexual harassment lawsuit and had created an intensely hostile work environment for women in his congressional office.[66][67][68]U.S. Representative Pat Meehan(R-PA) resigned following the revelation that he used taxpayers' money to settle a sexual harassment claim brought by a female staff member.[69]US Representative Corrine Brown(D-FL) was found guilty of fraud for using $800K from a fake charity for her own personal use. She was sentenced to 5 years. (2018)[70][71][72]Ronnie Simmons (D) CoS to U.S. Representative Corrine Brown (D-FL) pled guilty to fraud.(2017)[73][74]US Representative Trent Franks(R-AZ) from the 8th District abruptly resigned when confronted about sexual misconduct with his staff (2017).[75]US Representative Timothy F. Murphy (R-PA), the married, anti-abortion congressman resigned just before an investigation could begin concerning his allegedly urging his mistress to seek an abortion. (2017)[76][77]US Representative Greg Gianforte(R-MT) body slammed reporter Ben Jacobs. Gianforte was then found guilty of assault and sentenced to 40 hours of community service, 20 hours of anger management, a 180-day deferred sentence, a $385 fine and court fee. As part of his settlement with Jacobs, Gianforte donated $50,000 to the Committee to Protect Journalists.[78](2017)[79][80][81][82][83][84]US Representative John Conyers(D-MI) resigned on December 5, 2017, after sources revealed he had paid a $27,000 settlement to one of his staffers who had accused him of sexual assault. Conyers resigned after congressional investigations were initiated against Conyers.[85][86]Staff Fred W. Pagan (R) to US Senator Thad Cochran(R-MS) pled guilty to possession of methamphetamine and GBL with intent to distribute and was sentenced to 30 months in prison. (2016)[87][88][89][90]Judicial BranchEditUS Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit Judge Alex Kozinski, appointed by Ronald Reagan, retired following allegations of sexual misconduct from several women, including former clerks.[91]Barack Obama administration (2009–2017)EditExecutive BranchEditKatherine Archuleta, Director of the Office of Personnel Management, resigned on July 10, 2015, after taking responsibility for cyber intrusions into her department that allowed the theft of data concerning 22 million people.[92]Secretary of Veterans AffairsGeneral Eric Shinseki, resigned after Veterans Administration officials in the Phoenix, AZ, hospital lied about the length of wait times for veterans to see a doctor. See Veterans Health Administration scandal of 2014.[93][94][95][96]Steven T. Miller Acting Commissioner of the Internal Revenue Service, resigned after the IRS admitted to investigating conservative political groups associated with the Tea Party to see if they actually met the criteria for the tax exemptions they were claiming.[97] Later, it was found that the IRS also investigated progressives groups as well, and there had been no intentional wrongdoing in the investigations. [98][99][100][101][102] See 2013 IRS scandal. Other actions arising from the scandal included:Lois Lerner, head of the IRS Office of Exempt Organizations, stated she had not done anything wrong and then took the Fifth before the House Committee on Oversight and Government Reform.[103] She retired in 2013 after an internal IRS investigation found that she had neglected her duties and was going to call for her ouster.[104]Joseph H. Grant, Commissioner of the IRS Tax-exempt and Government Entities division, resigned on May 16, 2013.[105]ATF gunwalking scandal – Attorney General Eric Holder (D) was held in Contempt of Congress after refusing to release all documents which the House of Representatives had demanded concerning the Fast and Furiousgun walking operation. He did not resign and no charges were brought. (2012)[106]Terence Flynn (R) an appointee of Barack Obama to the National Labor Relations Board, resigned in May 2012, after being accused of ethical violations by leaking Board information to the National Association of Manufacturers.[107]Martha N. Johnson (D) head of the General Services Administration, fired two top GSA officials and then resigned herself after it was revealed that $822,000 had been spent in Las Vegas on a four-day training conference for 300 GSA employees. (2010)[108][109][110][111]David Petraeus resigned as Director of the CIA on November 9, 2012, having pleaded guilty to a misdemeanor charge of mishandling classified materials, after admitting to giving them to his biographer with whom he was having a sexual relationship. He was given two-years probation and fined $100,000. See Petraeus scandal[112]Legislative BranchEditChaka Fattah (D-PA) from Pennsylvania's 2nd district was found guilty on all 23 charges he faced, which included racketeering, money laundering and fraud.[113][114] He was sentenced to 10 years and resigned from Congress on June 23, 2016.[115][116]Anthony Weiner (D-NY) from New York's 9th congressional districtresigned from Congress in June 2011 when the first of what would become multiple sexting scandalswere made public.[117]David Wu (D-OR) for Oregon's 1st congressional district announced he would resign from Congress, four days after a report that a young woman called his office complaining of an "unwanted sexual encounter" with the congressman.[118]Chris Lee (R-NY) for New York's 26th congressional districtresigned after he solicited a woman on Craigslist and emailed a shirtless photo of himself. (2011)[119]Dennis Hastert (R-IL) pleaded guilty to charges that he violated banking rules and lied to the FBI in a scheme to pay $3.5 million in hush money to conceal sexual misconduct with an underage boy from his days as a high school wrestling coach, from 1965 to 1981. (2015)[120][121][122]Aaron Schock (R-IL) resigned from office after evidence surfaced that he used campaign funds for travel, redecorated his office with taxpayer funds to resemble the sets of the Downton Abbey TV series, and otherwise spent campaign and/or taxpayer money on other questionable personal uses. (2015)[123]Benjamin Cole (R) Schock's senior adviser, had resigned earlier after he allegedly condemned "hood rats" and "black miscreants" in internet posts. Schock's office stated, "I am extremely disappointed by the inexcusable and offensive online comments made by a member of my staff."[124]Brett O'Donnell, Communications Director for Cathy McMorris Rodgers (R-WA), plead guilty to lying to investigators from the House Office of Congressional Ethics about working for Rodgers while being paid with campaign money, thus becoming the first person ever to be convicted of lying to the House OCE.[125]Thaddeus McCotter (R-MI) resigned his Congressional seat. Four of his staff were convicted by the state of Michigan of falsifying signatures on McCotter's reelection petitions for the 2012 elections. Michigan Attorney General Bill Schuette (R) blamed McCotter for running a slipshod, leaderless operation. "The congressman has resigned in disgrace", Schuette said, though McCotter was not charged.[126]Paul Seewald worked for McCotter as his District Director of the Michigan's 11th congressional district. He pleaded guilty to nine counts of falsely signing a nominating petition as circulator. He was sentenced to two years' probation and 100 hours of community service, and ordered to pay court costs and fees.[127]Don Yowchuang worked for McCotter as Deputy District Director of the Michigan 11th Congressional District. He pleaded guilty to ten counts of forgery and six counts of falsely signing a nominating petition and was sentenced to three years of probation, 200 hours of community service, court costs and fees.[128]Mary M. Turnbull was McCotter's Representative to the Michigan 11th Congressional District. She was convicted of conspiring to commit a legal act in an illegal manner and falsely signing a nominating petition. She was sentenced to two years of probation, a day in jail, and 200 hours of community service. Turnbull was also ordered to pay a $1,440 fine. In addition, she is forbidden from any participation in elections or the political process.[129]Lorianne O'Brady worked as a scheduler for McCotter in the Michigan 11th Congressional District. She pleaded no contest to charges that she falsely claimed to have legally collected signatures to get McCotter on the ballot when she actually had not. She was sentenced to 20 days in jail and a work program plus $2,625 in fines and court costs.[130]Senator Mitch McConnell's (R-KY) campaign manager Jesse Benton(R) resigned when details of a bribery scandal from Ron Paul's 2012 presidential campaign came to light. (2014).[131]David Rivera (R-FL) was indicted as a co-conspirator with Campaign Manager Ana Alliegro, who pleaded guilty to violation of US campaign laws in an $81,000 campaign-finance scheme to prop up a little-known Democratic candidate who used the illegal cash to trash Rivera's rival in the 2012 Democratic primary. Rivera was not convicted.[132][133]Ana Alliegro (R), the Campaign Manager for David Rivera (R-FL), pleaded guilty to violation of US campaign laws. She was given six months in jail and six months of house arrest plus two years of probation. (2014)[134]Rick Renzi (R-AZ) on June 12, 2013, was found guilty of 17 counts against him, which included wire fraud, conspiracy, extortion, racketeering, money laundering, and making false statements to insurance regulators.[135]Senator Mike Crapo (R-ID) was arrested on December 23, 2012, and later pleaded guilty to drinking and driving in a Virginia court. The court fined him $250. He was sentenced to 180 days in prison, but served no time.[136][137][138]Trey Radel (R-FL) was arrested on October 29, 2013, in Washington, D.C. for possession of cocaine after purchasing the drug from an undercover law enforcement officer. As a first-time offender, he pleaded guilty to a misdemeanor in a Washington, D.C. court, and was sentenced to one year of probation and fined $250. Radel took a leave of absence from office to undergo substance abuse treatment following his conviction. Following treatment, he initially returned to office with the intent of finishing his term, but eventually resigned on January 27, 2014.[139][140][141]Jesse L. Jackson Jr. (D-IL) pleaded guilty to one felony count of fraud for using $750,000 of campaign money to buy personal items such as stuffed animals, elk heads and fur capes.[142]Laura Richardson (D-CA) was found guilty on seven counts of violating US House rules by improperly using her staff to campaign for her, destroying the evidence and tampering with witness testimony. The House Ethics Committee ordered Richardson to pay a fine of $10,000. (2012)[143][144]John Ensign (R-NV) resigned his Senate seat on May 3, 2011, just before the Senate Ethics Committee could examine possible fiscal violations in connection with his extramarital affair with Cynthia Hampton. (2011)[145][146][147][148](see Federal sex scandals) In May 2012, aide Doug Hampton (R) in what became the John Ensign scandal reached a plea deal with prosecutors, the details of which have not yet been released.[149]Michael Grimm (R-NY) pleaded guilty to tax fraud on December 23, 2014, and was sentenced to eight months in federal prison.[150]John Tate (R) Campaign Manager for Ron Paul (R-TX) was indicted for concealing over $73,000 in payments to Iowa State Senator Kent Sorenson to convince him to flip his presidential endorsement from Michele Bachmann to Paul. He was convicted of conspiracy, causing false records, causing false campaign expenditure reports, and making false statements. He was sentenced to 6 months' home confinement, 2 years' probation and fined $10,000. (2016)[151]Dimitri Kesari Deputy Campaign Manager for Ron Paul (R-TX) was convicted of causing false records concerning charges of buying an Iowa State Senator's endorsement during the 2012 presidential campaign. (2012)[152][153]Fred Pagan (R) Office Administrator to US Senator Thad Cochran (R-MS) pled guilty to possession of methamphetamine with intent to distribute and was sentenced to 30 months in prison. (2016)[154][155]Jesse Benton (R) Campaign Chairman for Ron Paul (R-TX) concealed over $73,000 in payments to Iowa State Senator Kent Sorenson to convince him to flip his presidential endorsement from Michele Bachmann to Ron Paul. He was convicted of conspiracy, causing false records, causing false campaign expenditure reports, and making false statements. He was sentenced to 6 months' home confinement, fined $10,000 and 2 years' probation(2016)[156][157]Scott DesJarlais (R-TN) while running for re-election on a pro-life platform, it was discovered that he had made his wife have two abortions, and tried to persuade his mistress (who was also his patient), to have one as well. He also admitted under oath that while a married physician at Grandview Medical Center in Jasper, Tennessee, he had six affairs with three co-workers, two patients and a drug representative. He was investigated by the Tennessee Board of Health, pleaded guilty and was fined. (2012)[158][159]Robert Decheine (D) CoS to U.S. Representative Steve Rothman (D-NJ), was sentenced to 18 months in prison for soliciting sex from a minor. (2011)[160][161]Adam Kuhn (R) CoS to U.S. Representative Steve Stivers (R-OH), resigned abruptly after a former porn actress posted an explicit photo of his penis online. (2014)[162]Mike Crapo (R-ID) US Senator, pleaded guilty to a drunk driving charge on January 4, 2012, and was fined $250, and received a one-year suspension of his driver's license. (2012)[163][164]David Wihby (R) top aide to US Senator Kelly Ayotte (R-NH) resigned after he was arrested in a prostitution sting in Nashua. (2015)[165][166][167]Judicial BranchEditAlabama District Judge Mark E. Fuller (R) appointed by Republican George W. Bush was found guilty of domestic violence, sentenced to domestic training and forced to resign. (2015)[168][169][170]Eastern Louisiana Federal Judge G. Thomas Porteous appointed by Democrat Bill Clinton, was unanimously impeached by the US House of Representatives on charges of bribery and perjury in March 2010. He was convicted by the US Senate and removed from office. (2010)[171][172]Galveston, Texas Federal District Judge Samuel B. Kent (R) was sentenced to 33 months in prison for lying about sexually harassing two female employees. He had been appointed to office by President George H. W. Bush in 1990. Resigned after being impeached on June 10, 2009[173][174][175]Senior Federal U.S. District Court Judge Jack T. Camp (R) for the Northern District of GA, who was appointed by Republican George W. Bush, was arrested while trying to purchase cocaine from an FBI agent. Pled guilty to three criminal charges and was sentenced to 30 days in jail, 400 hours' community service and fined.[176][177][178][179][180]Federal Judge Richard F. Cebull(R) for the District of Montana, was found to have sent hundreds of racist and sexist emails. After an investigation led to calls for his impeachment, Cebull took senior status and then resigned. (2013)[181][182][183][184][185]George W. Bush administration (2001–2009)EditExecutive BranchEditJoseph E. Schmitz (R) was nominated by President George W. Bush (R) to be Defense Department Inspector General on June 18, 2001. He resigned on September 9, 2005, in the wake of several allegations by Senator Charles Grassley (R-Iowa), including that he had obstructed the FBI investigation of John A. Shaw.[186][187][188][189]Walter Reed Army Medical Center neglect scandal (2007) about substandard conditions for wounded soldiers at Walter Reed Army Medical Center including long delays in treatment, rodent infestation and outbreaks of mold resulted in the relief of three senior staff;Francis J. Harvey (R) Secretary of the Army, appointed by G. W. Bush, resigned[190][191][192]Maj. Gen. George Weightman ( ) was fired for failures linked to the scandal[193][194][195][196]Lt. Gen. Kevin C. Kiley (R) appointed by G. W. Bush, was relieved of command resigned for failures linked to the scandal.[197][198]Felipe Sixto was appointed by President George W. Bush to be his Special Assistant for Intergovernmental Affairs as well as Duty Director at the Office of Public Liaison. He resigned a few weeks later on March 20, 2008, because of his misuse of grant money from the U.S. Agency for International Development when he had worked for the Center for a Free Cuba.[199] He was sentenced to 30 months in prison for stealing almost $600,000 for personal use.[200]Timothy Goeglein, Special Assistant to President Bush, resigned in 2008 when it was discovered that more than twenty of his columns had been plagiarized from an Indiana newspaper.[201]Scott Bloch was appointed by President George W. Bush to head the United States Office of Special Counsel. On April 27, 2010, Bloch pleaded guilty to criminal contempt of Congress for "willfully and unlawfully withholding pertinent information from a House committee investigating his decision to have several government computers wiped...."[202] On February 2, Magistrate Judge Deborah A. Robinson ruled that Bloch faces a mandatory sentence of at least one month in prison.[203][204]Lewis "Scooter" Libby, Chief of Staff to Vice President Dick Cheney (R), was convicted of perjury and obstruction of justice in the Plame affair on March 6, 2007. He was sentenced to 30 months in prison and fined $250,000. The sentence was commuted by George W. Bush on July 1, 2007. The felony remains on Libby's record, though the jail time and fine were commuted.[205][206]President Donald Trump fully pardoned Libby on April 13, 2018.[207][208]Alphonso Jackson, the Secretary of Housing and Urban Development, resigned while under investigation by the Justice Department for alleged cronyism and favoritism[209]Karl Rove, Senior Adviser to President George W. Bush, was investigated by the Office of Special Counsel for "improper political influence over government decision-making", as well as for his involvement in several other scandals such as Lawyergate, Bush White House email controversy and Plame affair. He resigned in April 2007. (See Karl Rove in the George W. Bush administration)[210]Richard J. Griffin, the Assistant Secretary of State for Diplomatic Security appointed by George W. Bush who made key decisions regarding the department's oversight of private security contractor Blackwater USA, resigned in November 2007, after a critical review by the House Oversight Committee found that his office had failed to adequately supervise private contractors during the Blackwater Baghdad shootings protecting U.S. diplomats in Iraq.[211]Republican contributor Howard Krongard[212] was appointed Inspector General of the US State Department by President George W. Bush in 2005.[213] was accused by the House Oversight Committee of improperly interfering with investigations into private security contractor Blackwater USA concerning the Blackwater Baghdad shootings. Krongard resigned in December 2007.[214][215]"Lawyergate"[216] or the Dismissal of U.S. attorneys controversyrefers to President Bush firing, without explanation, eleven Republican federal prosecutors whom he himself had appointed. It is alleged that they were fired for prosecuting Republicans and notprosecuting Democrats.[217][218]When Congressional hearings were called, a number of senior Justice Department officials cited executive privilege and refused to testify under oath and instead resigned, including:Bush White House email controversy – During the Lawyergate investigation it was discovered that the Bush administration used Republican National Committee (RNC) web servers for millions of emails which were then destroyed, lost or deleted in possible violation of the Presidential Records Act and the Hatch Act. George W. Bush, Dick Cheney, Karl Rove, Andrew Card, Sara Taylor and Scott Jennings all used RNC webservers for the majority of their emails. Of 88 officials investigated, 51 showed no emails at all.[229] As many as five million emails requested by Congressional investigators were therefore unavailable, lost, or deleted.[230]Lurita Alexis Doan (R) Administrator of General Services, investigated for "the most pernicious of political activity" at work. The team also recommended she be "disciplined to the fullest extent." Among other things she asked GSA employees how they could "help Republican candidates". She resigned. (2000)[231][232][233][234]J. Steven Griles (R) Deputy to the Secretary of the Interior pled guilty to obstruction of justice and was sentenced to 10 months.[235][236][237]John Korsmo, chairman of the Federal Housing Finance Board, pleaded guilty to lying to congress and sentenced to 18 months of unsupervised probation and fined $5,000. (2005)[238][239]Darleen A. Druyun was the Principal Deputy Undersecretary of the Air Force nominated by George W. Bush.[240] She pleaded guilty to inflating the price of contracts to favor her future employer, Boeing. In October 2004, she was sentenced to nine months in jail for corruption, fined $5,000, given three years of supervised release and 150 hours of community service. She began her prison term on January 5, 2005.[241] CBS News called it "the biggest Pentagon scandal in 20 years" and said that she pleaded guilty to a felony.[242]Philip Cooney (R) Bush appointed to chair the Council on Environmental Quality, was accused of editing government climate reports to emphasize doubts about global warming.[243]Two days later, Cooney announced his resignation[244] and later conceded his role in altering reports. Stating "My sole loyalty was to the President and advancing the policies of his administration".[245][246]Jack Abramoff Indian lobbying scandal was a prominent Republican lobbyist with close ties to administration legislators, officials and staff who offered bribes as part of his lobbying efforts. Abramoff was sentenced to 4 years in prison.[247][248] See also Georeg W. Bush Legislative Branch for 11 legislators and staff caught in the investigation. Executive Branch personnel involved include;Kyle Foggo (R) CIA Executive Director was convicted of honest services fraud in the awarding of a government contract and sentenced to 37 months in federal prison at Pine Knot, Kentucky. On September 29, 2008, Foggo pleaded guilty to one count of the indictment, admitting that while he was the CIA executive director, he acted to steer a CIA contract to the firm of his lifelong friend, Brent R. Wilkes.[260]Julie MacDonald (R) Deputy Assistant Secretary of the Department of the Interior, resigned on May 1, 2007, after giving government documents to developers (2007)[261]Claude Allen (R) appointed as an advisor by President Bush (R) on Domestic Policy, was arrested for a series of felony thefts in retail stores. He was convicted on one count and resigned soon after.[262]Lester Crawford, Commissioner of the Food and Drug Administration, resigned after two months. He pleaded guilty to conflict of interest and received a 3-year suspended sentence and fined $90,000 (2006)[263]The 2003 Invasion of Iraqdepended on intelligence that Saddam Hussein was developing "weapons of mass destruction" (WMDs) meaning nuclear, chemical and/or biological weapons for offensive use. As revealed by The (British) Downing Street memo "Bush wanted to remove Saddam, through military action, justified by the conjunction of terrorism and WMD. But the intelligence and the facts were being fixed around the policy" The press called this the "smoking gun". (2005)[264]Yellowcake forgery – Just before the 2003 invasion of Iraq, the Bush administration presented evidence to the UN that Iraq was seeking material (yellowcake uranium) in Africa for making nuclear weapons. Though presented as true, it was later found to be not only dubious, but outright false.[265][266]Coalition Provisional AuthorityCash Payment Scandal – On June 20, 2005, the staff of the Committee on Government Reform prepared a report for Congressman Henry Waxman.[267]It was revealed that $12 billion in cash had been delivered to Iraq by C-130 planes, on shrinkwrapped pallets of US$100 bills.[268] The United States House Committee on Oversight and Government Reform, concluded that "Many of the funds appear to have been lost to corruption and waste.... Some of the funds could have enriched both criminals and insurgents...." Henry Waxman, commented, "Who in their right mind would send 363 tons of cash into a war zone?" A single flight to Iraq on December 12, 2003, which contained $1.5 billion in cash is said to be the largest single Federal Reserve payout in US history.[269][270][271]Bush administration payment of columnists were done with federal funds to say nice things about Republican policies. Illegal payments were made to journalists Armstrong Williams, Maggie Gallagher and Michael McManus(2004–2005)[272]John A. Shaw (R) was appointed by George W. Bush as Under Secretary of Defense.[273] He was investigated on corruption although charges were never filed against him, he was asked to resign in 2004.[274] When he refused to resign, he was fired by the Bush administration on December 10, 2004.[275][276][277]The Bernard Kerik nomination in 2004 as Secretary of Homeland Security was derailed by past employment of an illegal alien as a nanny, and other improprieties. On November 4, 2009, he pleaded guilty to two counts of tax fraud and five counts of lying to the federal government and was sentenced to four years in prison.[278]Plame affair – CIA agent Valerie Plame's name was leaked by Richard Armitage, Deputy Secretary of State, to the press in retaliation for her husband's criticism of the reports used by George W. Bush to legitimize the Iraq war.[279] Armitage admitted he was the leak[280] but no wrongdoing was found.Thomas A. Scully, administrator of the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS), withheld information from Congress about the projected cost of the Medicare Prescription Drug, Improvement, and Modernization Act, and allegedly threatened to fire Medicare's chief actuary, Richard Foster, if Foster provided the data to Congress. (2003)[281][282] A few days after the bill was signed, Scully resigned (2003)NSA warrantless surveillance – Shortly after the September 11 attacks in 2001, President George W. Bush (R) implemented a secret program by the National Security Agency to eavesdrop on domestic telephone calls by American citizens without warrants, thus by-passing the FISA court which must approve all such actions. (2002)[283] In 2010, Federal Judge Vaughn Walker ruled this practice to be illegal.[284]Janet Rehnquist (daughter of former Chief Justice William Rehnquist) was the appointed Inspector General of the Department of Health and Human Services by George W. Bush. In 2002, Governor Jeb Bush's (R-FL) Chief of Staff Kathleen Shanahan asked Rehnquist to delay auditing a $571 million federal overpayment to the State of Florida. Rehnquist ordered her staff to delay the investigation for five months until after the Florida elections. When Congress began an investigation into the matter, Rehnquist resigned in March 2003, saying she wanted to spend more time with her family.[285][286][failed verification][287][287][288][289]John Yoo, an attorney in the Office of Legal Counsel inside the Justice Department who, worked closely with vice president Dick Cheneyand the Bush Six,[290] He wrote memos stating the right of the president to –Carl Truscott (R) Director of the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms, was appointed in 2004 but was soon under investigation for his management style and allegations of lavish spending and misuse of resources, including requiring a large number of agents as personal security, allocating hundreds of thousands of dollars of expensive upgrades to the ATF HQ building, adding a new garage to his house, detailing 20 agents to help with his nephew's high school project and other examples of poor financial judgment. Truscott resigned as the ATF Director on August 4, 2006.[294][295][296]John David Roy Atchison (R), Assistant U.S. Attorney for the Northern District of Florida, was arrested for intentions of having sex with a five-year-old. Atchison committed suicide before trial while in custody(2007)[297][298][299]Ken Mehlman (R), Manager of George W. Bush's Campaign for Re-election and Chairman of the Republican National Committee, which had proposed a constitutional amendment to ban same-sex marriage, came out in August 2010 and admitted that he was gay.[300] In an interview, journalist Marc Ambinder noted that Mehlman's roles with the RNC and the Bush campaign "coincided with the Republican Party's attempts to exploit anti-gay prejudices and cement the allegiance of social conservatives".[301] Mehlman stated that he deeply regretted his role in the campaign's push for a constitutional amendment that would have banned gay marriage.[302]Legislative BranchEditUS senatorial candidate James W. Treffinger (R-NJ) pleaded guilty in 2003 to corruption and fraud as Chief Executive of Essex County and ordered to pay $30,000 in restitution and serve 13 months in jail.[303]Senator Ted Stevens (R-AK) was convicted of seven counts of bribery and tax evasion October 27, 2008. He then lost re-election. Newly appointed US Attorney General Eric Holder dismissed the charges "in the interest of justice" stating that the Justice Department had illegally withheld evidence from defense counsel.[304]Charles Rangel (D-NY) failed to report $75,000 income from the rental of his villa in Punta Cana, Dominican Republic and was forced to pay $11,000 in back taxes. (September 2008)[305]Rick Renzi (R-AZ) announced he would not seek another term.[306]* He was later sentenced to three years in prison after conviction on federal corruption charges of extortion, bribery, insurance fraud, money laundering and racketeering related to a 2005 money-laundering scheme that netted the Flagstaff Republican more than $700,000. (2005)[307]Mark Foley (R-FL) resigned on September 29, 2006, after sending sexually explicit messagesto former Congressional pages.[308]Tom DeLay (R-TX) US Representative and House Majority Leader, served from 1985 to 2006 when he resigned his position to undergo trial for conspiring to launder corporate money into political donations and money laundering during the 2002 elections. On November 24, 2010, DeLay was found guilty[309] and was sentenced to three years in prison and 10 years' probation, respectively. The ruling was overturned on appeal.[310] On September 19, 2013, the conviction was overturned.[311]Jack Abramoff Indian lobbying scandal (R) The lobbyist found guilty of conspiracy, tax evasion and corruption of public officials in three different courts in a wide-ranging investigation. He served 70 months and was fined $24.7 million.[312] See George W. bush, Executive Branch for eight others caught in the investigation. Legislators and staff involved include;Cunningham scandal named after Randy "Duke" Cunningham (R-CA) US Representative, pleaded guilty on November 28, 2005, to charges of conspiracy to commit bribery, mail fraud, wire fraud and tax evasion. Sentenced to over eight years.[325]Mitchell Wade private contractor and "co-conspirator" with CunninghamKyle Foggo Director of the CIA and friend to Wilkes, convicted of fraudBrent R. Wilkes private contractorTan Nguyen (R-CA) US Representative candidate for the 47th District, was convicted of voter intimidation. He lost the election and was sentenced to one year in prison and six months in a halfway house. (2006)[326]Cynthia McKinney (D-GA) US Representative, struck a U.S. Capitol Police officer in the chest after he attempted to stop her from going around a security checkpoint. McKinney apologized on the floor of the House and no charges were filed (March 29, 2006)[327]William J. Jefferson (D-LA) US Representative had $90,000 in cash in his home freezer seized by the FBI in August 2005. He was re-elected anyway, but lost in 2008. Jefferson was convicted of 11 counts of bribery and sentenced to 13 years on November 13, 2009, and his chief of staff Brett Pfeffer was sentenced to 84 months in a related case.[328][329]Bill Janklow (R-SD) was convicted of second-degree manslaughter for running a stop sign and killing a motorcyclist. He resigned from the House and was given 100 days in the county jail and three years' probation (2003)[330]Jim Traficant (D-OH) was found guilty on ten felony counts of financial corruption and was sentenced to 8 years in prison and expelled from the House. (2002)[331]John E. Sweeney (R-NY) US Representative from 20th US District, was arrested in 2007 and again in 2009 for DWI. He was sentenced to 23 days in jail with 3 years' probation. (2009)[332][333]Vito Fossella (R-NY) US Representative, 13th District, was arrested for drunk driving. He was found guilty of driving with twice the legal limit and sentenced to 5 days in prison. This led to the revelation that the married congressman had a longtime affair with another woman which had produced a child. He did not run for re-election. (2008)[334][335]Bill Clinton administration (1993–2001)EditExecutive BranchEditPresident Bill Clinton (D) was accused by the House of Representatives and impeachedfor perjury and obstruction of justice for lying under oath about consensual sexual relations with a member of his staff, Monica Lewinsky. Clinton was acquitted by the Senate and remained in office for the rest of his term. Clinton subsequently was cited for contempt of court by the Arkansas Law Association and agreed to a five-year suspension.(1998)[336][337][338]Ronald Blackley (D) Chief of Staff to the Secretary of Agriculture Mike Espy, was sentenced to 27 months for perjury. Secretary Espy was found innocent on all counts.[339]David Watkins (D) Director of the Office of Administration used the White House helicopter, Marine One, to fly to a nearby golf course for an afternoon game. Ostensibly to check out security issues, Watkins later admitted it was just to play golf and resigned. (1994)[340]Darleen A. Druyun (D), Principal Deputy United States Under Secretary of the Air Force.[341] She pleaded guilty to inflating the price of contracts to favor her future employer, Boeing. In October 2004, she was sentenced to nine months in jail for corruption, fined $5,000, given three years of supervised release and 150 hours of community service. (2005).[342]CBS News called it "the biggest Pentagon scandal in 20 years" and said that she pleaded guilty to a felony.[343]Catalina Vasquez Villalpando (R) US Treasurer, convicted of obstruction and tax evasion. She was sentenced to 4 months and fined.(1994)[344][345][346]Legislative BranchEditNewt Gingrich (R-GA), the Speaker of the US House of Representatives, was charged $300,000 in sanctions by the majority Republican House ethics committee for an unethical book deal[347] leading to his eventual resignation from office. (1997)[348]Barbara-Rose Collins (D-MI) was found to have committed eleven violations of law and house rules stemming from use of campaign funds for personal use.[349]Wes Cooley (R-OR) was convicted of having lied on the 1994 voter information pamphlet about his service in the Army. He was fined and sentenced to two years' probation. (1997)[350][351]US Representative Dan Burton (R-IN) and a combative critic of the Clinton/Lewinsky affair, admitted that he had fathered a child out of wedlock. (1998)[352]Austin Murphy (D-PA) was convicted of engaging in voter fraud for filling out absentee ballots for members of a nursing home.[353]Nicholas Mavroules (D-MA) pleaded guilty to bribery charges.[354]Bob Packwood (R-OR) was accused of sexual misconduct by nineteen women. He fought the allegations, but eventually, the US Senate Ethics Committee found him guilty of a "pattern of abuse of his position of power and authority" and recommended that he be expelled from the Senate. He resigned on September 7, 1995.[355]Lawrence J. Smith (D-FL) pleaded guilty to one count of tax evasion and one count of filing false campaign reports on August 3, 1993. He was sentenced to three months in prison.[356]House banking scandal[357] – The House of Representatives Bank found that 450 members had overdrawn their checking accounts, but had not been penalized. Six were convicted of charges, most only tangentially related to the House Bank itself. Twenty two more of the most prolific over-drafters were singled out by the House Ethics Committee. (1992)[358]Buzz Lukens (R-OH) was convicted of bribery and conspiracy.[359]Carl C. Perkins (D-KY) pleaded guilty to a check-kiting scheme involving several financial institutions (including the House Bank).[359]Carroll Hubbard (D-KY) was convicted of illegally funneling money to his wife's 1992 campaign to succeed him in congress.[360]Mary Rose Oakar (D-OH) was charged with seven felonies, but pleaded guilty only to a misdemeanor campaign finance charge not related to the House Bank.[359]Walter Fauntroy (D-DC) was convicted of filing false disclosure forms in order to hide unauthorized income.[359]Jack Russ, House Sergeant-at-Arms, was convicted of three counts.[359]The Congressional Post Office scandal (1991–1995) was a conspiracy to embezzle House Post Office money through stamps and postal vouchers to congressmen.[361]Dan Rostenkowski (D-IL) was convicted and sentenced to 18 months in prison in 1995.[362]Joe Kolter (D-PA) was convicted of one count of conspiracy[363]and sentenced to 6 months in prison.[364]Postmaster Robert V. Rota was convicted of one count of conspiracy and two counts of embezzlement.[361]Jay C. Kim (R-CA) plea guilty in 1997 to accepting $230,000 in illegal foreign and corporate campaign donations, including one-third of all donations to his initial 1992 campaign for Congress after a long term running FBI Investigation in Los Angeles, CA. At the time, it was a record for campaign violations. Kim was sentenced to House arrest and fined $20,000, and subsequently lost re-election in the 1998 Republican Primary Election for the 41st Congressional District in California. (1997)[365]US Representative Dana Rohrabacher (R-CA) was found guilty of failure to properly report campaign contributions and fined. (1996)[366]Rhonda Carmony (R) Campaign Manager and wife of State Representative Dana Rohrabacher (R) was the key instigator of a Republican effort to manipulate the 67th District election by fostering the candidacy of decoy candidate Laurie Campbell (D) to undermine the candidacy of popular Democrat Linda Moulton-Patterson. Carmony pled guilty and was sentenced to three years of probation and 300 hours of community service and was fined. (1996)[367][368]Jack Wenpo Wu (R) Campaign Treasurer for Dana Rohrabacher(R-CA) US Representative, embezzled over $300K. He was repaying the money when he was found guilty and sentenced to 1 year and 5 years probation (2015)[369][370]Enid Greene Mickelsen(Waldholtz) (R) U.S. Representative, was found guilty on four counts of violating FEC rules and paid $100,000 in fines for campaign violations. (1994)[371]Joe Waldholtz (R) Campaign Manager and husband of Enid Greene Waldholtz (R) pled guilty to federal charges of tax, bank, and campaign fraud, embezzling and forgery(1995)[372] and then, while out on parole, was subsequently convicted of forging insurance and Veterans Affairs checks from his stepmother and his late father.[373][374]Hayes Martin (R) Campaign Treasurer to US Representative Charles H. Taylor (R-NC) was found guilty of one count of conspiracy to commit bank fraud and one count of conspiracy to commit money laundering concerning Taylor's Blue Ridge Saving Bank. Martin was found guilty and sentenced to two years probation. (1993)[375]Charles "Chig" Cagle (R) District Republican Party Chairman for US Representative Charles H. Taylor(R-NC) was found guilty of one count of conspiracy to commit bank fraud and one count of conspiracy to commit money laundering concerning Taylor's Blue Ridge Saving Bank. Cagle was found guilty and sentenced to two years probation. (1993)[376]George H. W. Bush administration (1989–1993)EditExecutive BranchEditPresident George H. W. Bush (R) denied any knowledge of the Iran–Contra affair during his election campaign by saying he was "out of the loop". His own diaries of that time, though, stated "I'm one of the few people that know fully the details ..." He repeatedly refused to disclose this to investigators during the investigation and thus won the election. (1988)[377]Catalina Vasquez Villalpando (R), Treasurer of the United States, pleaded guilty to obstruction of justice and tax evasion, making her the only US Treasurer ever sent to prison. (1992)[378]Iran-Contra Affair pardons – On December 24, 1992, George H. W. Bush (R) granted clemency to four convicted government officials as well as Caspar Weinberger and Duane Clarridge, whose trials had not yet begun. This action prevented any further investigation into the matter.[379]Caspar Weinberger, Secretary of Defense under Ronald Reagan, pardoned before trial[380]Robert C. McFarlane, National Security Advisor to Ronald Reagan, guilty of withholding information,[380]Elliott Abrams, Assistant Secretary of State to Ronald Reagan, guilty of withholding information,[380]Clair George, CIA Chief of Covert Ops, guilty of perjury[380]Alan D. Fiers, Chief of the CIA's Central American Task Force, guilty of withholding information[380]Duane Clarridge, CIA Operations Officer, pardoned before trial[380]Legislative BranchEditCharles "Chig" Cagle (R) District Chairman for US Representative Charles H. Taylor (R-NC) was found guilty of conspiracy to commit bank fraud and one count of conspiracy to commit money laundering concerning Taylor's Blue Ridge Saving Bank. Martin was sentenced to two years probation. (1993)[376]Albert Bustamante (D-TX) was convicted of accepting bribes.(1993)[381]Lawrence J. Smith (D-FL) pleaded guilty to tax fraud and lying to federal election officials[382] and served three months in jail, fined $5,000, 2 years' probation and back taxes of $40,000.(1993)[383]Senator David Durenberger (R-MN) was denounced by the Senate for unethical financial transactions and then disbarred in 1990. He pleaded guilty to misuse of public funds and was given one year's probation and fined. (1995)[384]Donald E. "Buz" Lukens (R-OH) was convicted of contributing to the delinquency of a minor for having sex with a 16-year-old girl. He was sentenced to 30 days in jail and fined $500. (1989)[385]Judicial BranchEditClarence Thomas (R), Supreme Court nominee, was accused of sexual harassment by eight former employees including Anita Hill, but was approved anyway.[386]Walter Nixon, US Judge, was impeached by the House and convicted by the Senate for perjury on November 3, 1989.[387]Robert Frederick Collins (D) Judge of the US District Court for the Eastern District of Louisiana appointed by Jimmy Carter (D). He was charged with obstruction and accepting bribe money in exchange for a light sentence given to a drug dealer. $17,500 in marked bills was found in his chambers. He was sentenced to five years in prison and disbarred. (1991)[388][389][390]Ronald Reagan administration (1981–1989)EditExecutive BranchEditOperation Ill Wind was a three-year investigation launched in 1986 by the FBI into corruption by U.S. government and military officials, as well as private defense contractors.Melvyn Paisley, appointed Assistant Secretary of the Navyin 1981 by Republican President Ronald Reagan,[391] was found to have accepted hundreds of thousands of dollars in bribes. He pleaded guilty to bribery, resigned his office and served four years in prison.[392][393]James E. Gaines Deputy Assistant Secretary of the Navy, took over when Paisley resigned his office.[394] He was convicted of accepting an illegal gratuity, and theft and conversion of government property. He was sentenced to six months in prison.[395]Victor D. Cohen, Deputy Assistant Secretary of the Air Force, was the 50th conviction obtained under the Ill Wind probe when he pleaded guilty to accepting bribes and conspiring to defraud the government.[396]The Housing and Urban Development scandal concerned bribery by selected contractors for low income housing projects.[397][398]Samuel Pierce, Secretary of Housing and Urban Development, was not charged because he made "full and public written acceptance of responsibility".[399]James G. Watt, the Secretary of Interior from 1981–1983, was charged with 25 counts of perjury and obstruction of justice, sentenced to five years' probation, fined $5,000 and 500 hours of community service[400]Deborah Gore Dean (R), Executive Assistant to Samuel Pierce (Secretary of HUD from 1981–1987, and not charged), was convicted of 12 counts of perjury, conspiracy, bribery. Sentenced to 21 months in prison. (1987)[401]Phillip D. Winn, Assistant Secretary of HUD from 1981–1982, pleaded guilty to bribery in 1994.[401]Thomas Demery, Assistant Secretary of HUD, pleaded guilty to bribery and obstruction.[401]Joseph A. Strauss, Special Assistant to the Secretary of HUD, was convicted of accepting payments to favor Puerto Rican land developers in receiving HUD funding.[402][403]Silvio D. DeBartolomeis was convicted of perjury and bribery.[404]Wedtech scandal – Wedtech Corporation was convicted of bribery for Defense Department contracts.Edwin Meese (R) Attorney General resigned, but was never convicted.[405]Lyn Nofziger (R) White House Press Secretary had a conviction of lobbying that was overturned.[406]Mario Biaggi (D-NY) was sentenced to 2½ years in prison.[407]Savings and loan scandal – 747 institutions failed and had to be rescued with $160,000,000,000 of taxpayer monies in connection with the Keating Five. see Legislative scandals.[408]John M. Fedders (R) SEC Dir of Enforcement, in divorce testimony he admitted beating his wife and then resigned. (1985)[409][410]Emanuel S. Savas, appointed by Ronald Reagan to be Assistant Secretary of Housing and Urban Development, resigned on July 8, 1983, after an internal Justice Department investigation found he had abused his office by having his Government staff work on his private book on Government time.[411][412]Iran-Contra Affair (1985–1986) – In violation of an arms embargo, administration officials arranged to sell armaments to Iran in an attempt to improve relations with Iran and obtain their influence in the release of hostages held in Lebanon. Oliver North of the National Security Council then diverted proceeds from the arms sale to fund Contra rebels attempting to overthrow the left-wing government of Nicaragua, which was in direct violation of Congress' Boland Amendment.[413] Ronald Reagan appeared on TV stating there was no "arms for hostages" deal, but was later forced to admit, also on TV, that yes, there indeed had been:Caspar Weinberger (R) Secretary of Defense, was indicted on two counts of perjury and one count of obstruction of justice on June 16, 1992.[414] Weinberger received a pardon from George H. W. Bush on December 24, 1992, before he was tried.[415]William Casey (R) Director of the CIA is thought to have conceived the plan, but was stricken ill hours before he would testify. Reporter Bob Woodward records that Casey knew of and approved the plan.[416]Robert C. McFarlane National Security Adviser was convicted of withholding evidence, but after a plea bargain was given only two years' probation. Later pardoned by President George H. W. Bush[417]Elliott Abrams (R) Assistant Secretary of State, was convicted of withholding evidence, but after a plea bargain was given only two years' probation. He was later pardoned by President George H. W. Bush[418][419]Alan D. Fiers Chief of the CIA's Central American Task Force, was convicted of withholding evidence and sentenced to one year's probation. Later pardoned by President George H. W. Bush[420]Clair George Chief of Covert Ops-CIA was convicted on two charges of perjury, but was pardoned by President George H. W. Bush before sentencing.[421]Oliver North (R) Deputy Director of the National Security Council, was convicted of accepting an illegal gratuity, obstruction of a congressional inquiry, and destruction of documents, but the convictions were vacated, after the appeals court found that witnesses in his trial might have been impermissibly affected by his immunized congressional testimony.[422]Fawn Hall, Oliver North's secretary, was given immunity from prosecution on charges of conspiracy and destroying documents in exchange for her testimony.[423]John Poindexter (R) National Security Advisor, was convicted of five counts of conspiracy, obstruction of justice, perjury, defrauding the government, and the alteration and destruction of evidence. The Supreme Court overturned this ruling.[424]Duane Clarridge Ex-CIA senior official, was indicted in November 1991 on seven counts of perjury and false statements relating to a November 1985 shipment to Iran. He was pardoned before trial by President George H. W. Bush.[425][426]Richard V. Secord an ex-major general in the Air Force, who organized the Iran arms sales and Contra aid, pleaded guilty in November 1989 to making false statements to Congress. He was sentenced to two years of probation.[427][428]Albert Hakim Businessman, pleaded guilty in November 1989 to supplementing the salary of Oliver North by buying him a $13,800 fence. Hakim was given two years of probation and a $5,000 fine, while his company, Lake Resources Inc. was ordered to dissolve.[427][429]Thomas G. Clines a former intelligence official, who became an arms dealer, was convicted in September 1990 on four income tax counts, including under-reporting of income to the IRS and lying about not having foreign accounts. He was sentenced to 16 months of prison and fined $40,000.[427][430]Carl R. Channell (R) a fund-raiser for conservative causes, pleaded guilty in April 1987 to defrauding the IRS via a tax-exempt organization to fund the Contras.[431] He was sentenced to two years' probation.[427][432]Richard R. Miller associate to Carl R. Channell, pleaded guilty in May 1987 to defrauding the IRS via a tax-exempt organization led by Channell. More precisely, he pleaded guilty to lying to the IRS about the deductibility of donations to the organization. Some of the donations were used to fund the Contras.[433] Sentenced to two years of probation and 120 hours of community service.[427]Joseph F. Fernandez CIA Station Chief of Costa Rica, was indicted on five counts in 1988.[434] The case was dismissed when Attorney General Dick Thornburghrefused to declassify information needed for his defense in 1990.[435]Michael Deaver (R) Deputy Chief of Staff to Ronald Reagan from 1981–1985, pleaded guilty to perjury related to lobbying activities and was sentenced to three years' probation and fined $100,000.[436]Sewergate was a scandal in which funds from the EPA were selectively used for projects which would aid politicians friendly to the Reagan administration.Anne Gorsuch, the Burford Head of the EPA, cut the EPA staff by 22% and refused to turn over documents to Congress citing "executive privilege",[437]whereupon she was found in Contempt and resigned with twenty of her top employees. (1980)[438]Rita Lavelle, a U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Administrator, misused "superfund" monies and was convicted of perjury. She served six months in prison, was fined $10,000 and given five years' probation.[439]Louis O. Giuffrida (R), director of the Federal Emergency Management Agency, was appointed in April 1981 by Ronald Reagan and resigned his position on September 1, 1985. His announcement came a day before a Congressional subcommittee was to approve a report detailing waste, fraud, and abuse at his agency.[440]Fred J. Villella, Deputy Director at Federal Emergency Management Agency, had more than $70,000 in renovations made to part of a dormitory at an agency training center in Maryland for use as a residence, including an $11,000 stove, wet bar, microwave oven, fireplace and cherrywood cabinets. Villella accepted free tickets to the same Republican fund-raisers as Giuffrida and also was accused of sexually harassing a FEMA security guard he also used for private errands. He resigned in 1984. (1984)[441][442][443]J. Lynn Helms was appointed head of the Federal Aviation Administration by Ronald Reaganin April 1981. He was charged by the Securities and Exchange Commission with diverting $1.2 million from an issue of tax-exempt municipal bonds to his own personal use. Mr. Helms signed an order that settled the case before trial, though he resigned his FAA post.[444][445]Veterans administration Chief Bob Nimmo was appointed by President Ronald Reagan in 1981. He resigned one year later just before a General Accounting Office report criticized him for improper such use of government funds. (1982)[441][446]John Fedders was appointed chief of enforcement for the Securities and Exchange Commission by President Ronald Reagan.[447] He was asked to resign his position after divorce proceedings, during which he admitted beating his wife.[448][449]Peter Voss (R) was appointed to the US Postal Service Board of Governors in 1982 by President Ronald Reagan. He was sentenced to four years in federal prison and fined $11,000 for theft and accepting payoffs. He resigned his office in 1986, when he pleaded guilty.[450][451]Carlos Campbell (R) Asst Sec of Commerce to the EDA, he was accused of favoritism in awarding grants and being over zealous. Before an investigation could start he resigned. (1983)[452][453]Jim Petro (R), U.S. Attorney appointed by President Ronald Reagan, was dismissed and fined for tipping off an acquaintance about an ongoing Secret Service investigation. (1984)[454][455]William H. Kennedy, United States Attorney in San Diego, was dismissed by President Reagan after he mentioned that the CIA was involved in a smuggling case. (1982)[456][457][458]Marjory Mecklenburg (R) Deputy Assistant Secretary of the Department of Health and Human Resources used travel funds to see her son's Denver Bronco games. She resigned(1985)[459][460]Guy W. Fiske (R) Deputy Secretary of Commerce, after allegations of a conflict of interest in contract negotiations with satellite communications company Comsat, resigned. (1983)[461][462][463]Legislative BranchEditMark Hatfield (R-OR) US Senator and US Appropriations Chairman, revealed that his wife had been paid $55,000 by Greek arms dealer Basil Tsakos, who had been lobbying for a trans-African pipeline. (1984)[464][465][466][467]David Durenberger (R-MN) Senator was denounced by the Senate for unethical financial transactions (1990) and then disbarred as an attorney.[468] In 1995, he pled guilty to 5 misdemeanor counts of misuse of public funds and was given one year's probation.[469]Jesse Helms (R-NC) Senator and his campaign was found guilty of "voter caging" when 125,000 postcards were sent to mainly black neighborhoods and the results used to challenge their residency and therefore their right to vote. (1990)[470]Barney Frank (D-MA) US Representative, lived with convicted felon Steve Gobie, who ran a gay prostitution operation from Frank's apartment without his knowledge. Frank was admonished by Congress for using his congressional privilege to eliminate 33 parking tickets attributed to Gobie. (1987)[471]Donald E. "Buz" Lukens (R-OH) was convicted of two counts of bribery and conspiracy. (1996)[472](See also sex scandal.)Anthony Lee Coelho (D-CA) resigned rather than face inquiries from both the Justice Department and the House Ethics Committee about an allegedly unethical "junk bond" deal, which netted him $6,000. He was never charged with any crime. (1989)[473]Jim Wright (D-TX) US Representative and house Speaker, resigned after an ethics investigation led by Newt Gingrich alleged improper receipt of $145,000 in gifts (1989)[474]Keating Five (1980–1989) The failure of Lincoln Savings and Loan led to Charles Keating donating to the campaigns of five Senators for help. Keating served 42 months in prison.[475] The five were investigated by the Senate Ethics Committee which found that:Senator Alan Cranston (D-CA) was reprimanded.[476]Senator Dennis DeConcini (D-AZ) acted improperly.[477]Senator Don Riegle (D-MI) acted improperly.[477]Senator John Glenn (D-OH) used poor judgment.[477]Senator John McCain (R-AZ) used poor judgment.[477]Abscam was an FBI sting involving fake "Arabs" trying to bribe 31 congressmen. (1980)[478] The following six Congressmen were convicted:Senator Harrison A. Williams (D-NJ) was convicted on nine counts of bribery and conspiracy, and was sentenced to three years in prison.[479]Representative John Jenrette(D-SC) was sentenced to two years in prison for bribery and conspiracy.[480]Richard Kelly (R-FL) accepted $25K and then claimed he was conducting his own investigation into corruption. Served 13 months.[481]Raymond Lederer (D-PA) said that "I can give you me" after accepting $50,000. He was sentenced to three years in prison.[482]Michael Myers (D-PA) accepted $50,000, saying "... money talks and bullshit walks." He was sentenced to three years in prison and was expelled from the House.[483]Frank Thompson (D-NJ) was sentenced to three years in prison.[484]John M. Murphy (D-NY) served 20 months of a three-year sentence.[485]Also arrested were NJ State Senator Angelo Errichetti(D)[486] and members of the Philadelphia City Council.Mario Biaggi (D-NY) was part of the Wedtech scandal and was convicted of obstruction of justice accepting illegal gratuities, obstruction and bribery. He was Sentenced to eight years in prison and fined $500,000.(1988)[487][488]Pat Swindall (R-GA) was convicted of six counts of perjury. (1989)[489][490]George V. Hansen (R-ID) was censured for failing to file out disclosure forms. He spent fifteen months in prison.[491]Frederick W. Richmond (D-NY) was convicted of tax evasion and possession of marijuana. He served nine months in prison. (1982)[492]Joshua Eilberg (D-PA) pleaded guilty to conflict-of-interest charges. In addition, he convinced President Jimmy Carter (D) to fire the U.S. Attorney investigating his case.[493]Robert E. Bauman (R-MD) was charged with soliciting sex from a teenage boy. Counseling was ordered, but he lost his next two elections. (1980)[494][495]Judicial BranchEditFederal District Court Judge Alcee Hastings (D-FL) was impeached by the House and convicted by the Senate of soliciting a bribe. (1989)[496]Federal District Court Judge Harry Claiborne (D-NV) was impeached by the House and convicted by the Senate on two counts of tax evasion. He served over one year in prison.[497]J. William Petro (R) U.S. Attorney in Ohio, was found guilty of criminal contempt of court for leaking confidential information. He was removed from office. (1985)[498]Walter Nixon (D) US Judge for the Southern District of Mississippi, was accused of asking a local DA to stop prosecuting the son of a donor to Richard Nixon. He was found guilty of perjury and sentenced to five years in prison. Still a US Judge while imprisoned, he was impeached by the House and convicted by the Senate of perjury and removed from office. (1983)James E. Carter administration (1977–1981)EditExecutive BranchEditDebategate – An election briefing book for President Jimmy Carterwas stolen and given to opponent Ronald Reagan before the presidential election of 1980[503]Legislative branchEditDaniel J. Flood (D-PA) was censured for bribery during the 96th United States Congress. The allegations led to his resignation on January 31, 1980.[504]US Representative J. Herbert Burke (R-FL) pleaded guilty to disorderly intoxication and resisting arrest, and nolo contendere to an additional charge of witness tampering. He was sentenced to three months plus fines. (1978)[505]US Representative Robert E. Bauman (R-MD) was charged with soliciting sex from a teenage boy in gay bar. After counseling, the charges were dropped, but he lost his next two elections. (1980)[494][495]Fred Richmond (D-NY) received charges of soliciting sex from a 16-year-old boy were dropped after he submitted to counseling. (1978)[506]Charles Diggs (D-MI) was convicted on 29 charges of mail fraud and filing false payroll forms which formed a kickback scheme with his staff. Sentenced to 3 years (1978)[507]Senator Herman Talmadge (D-GA) was denounced by the Senate for "improper financial conduct" on October 11, 1979. He failed to be re-elected.[508]Michael Myers (D-PA) received suspended six-month jail term after pleading no contest to disorderly conduct charged stemming from an incident at a Virginia bar in which he allegedly attacked a hotel security guard and a cashier.[509]Charles H. Wilson (D-CA) was censured after he converted $25,000 in campaign funds to his own use and accepted $10,500 from a man with a direct interest in legislation before Congress. This was a later non-Park incident.[510]John Connally (R-TX) was accused of accepting a $10,000 bribe (Milk Money scandal). He was acquitted. (1975)[511]Richard Tonry (D-LA) pleaded guilty to receiving illegal campaign contributions.[512]Koreagate scandal involving alleged bribery of more than 30 members of Congress by the South Korean government represented by Tongsun Park. Several other Koreans and Congressmen were allegedly involved, but not charged or reprimanded.[513] The most notable are:Richard T. Hanna (D-CA) pleaded guilty[514] and sentenced to 6–30 months in federal prison.[515] Wound up serving a year in prison.[516]John J. McFall, Edward Roybal, and Charles H. Wilson, all (D-CA), were involved. Roybal was censured and Wilson was reprimanded,[517] while McFall was reprimanded,[518]JudicialEditHerbert Allan Fogel (R) Federal Judge of the Eastern Federal District of Pennsylvania (1973–1978), and nominated by Richard M. Nixon, resigned after investigation of a government contract in which he was forced to invoke the 5th Amendment. (1978)[519][520]Jack T. Camp (R) Federal Judge, Northern District of GA, appointed by Roanld Reagan, guilty of trying to purchase cocaine, firearms violations, aiding a felon. Resigned. Sentenced to 30 days. (2010)[521][522]Gerald Ford administration (1974–1977)EditExecutive BranchEditSecretary of Agriculture Earl Butz(R) was asked privately why the party of Lincoln was not able to attract more blacks. Butz replied: "I'll tell you what the coloreds want. It's three things: first, a tight pussy; second, loose shoes; and third, a warm place to shit." Butz resigned soon afterwards on October 4, 1976.[523]Legislative BranchEditCongressman Andrew J. Hinshaw(R-CA) was convicted of accepting bribes while Assessor of Orange County. He served one year in prison. (1977)[524]Wayne L. Hays (D-OH) resigned from Congress after hiring and promoting his mistress, Elizabeth Ray. (1976)[525]Frank Horton (R-NY) pleaded guilty to a DWI (arrested at 105 mph with two women; neither were his wife) and was sentenced to 11 days in jail. (1976)[526][527]James F. Hastings (R-NY) was convicted of taking kickbacks from his staff and mail fraud. He took the money from his employees and used it to buy cars, boats, school tuition and retirement. Served 14 months at Allenwood penitentiary. (1976)[528]James R. Jones (D-OK) US Rep, plead guilty to a federal misdemeanor charge that he had failed to report a 1972 campaign contribution from Gulf Oil. (1976)[529]* Bob Sikes (D-FL) was reprimanded for conflict of interest in failing to disclose stock holdings.[510]John V. Dowdy (D-TX) served 6 months in prison for perjury. (1973)[530]Bertram Podell (D-NY) pleaded guilty to conspiracy and conflict of interest. He was fined $5,000 and served four months in prison. (1974)[531]Frank Brasco (D-NY) was sentenced to three months in jail and fined $10,000 for conspiracy to accept bribes from a reputed Mafia figure who sought truck leasing contracts from the Post Office and loans to buy trucks.[493]Frank Clark (D-PA) paid congressional salaries to 13 Pennsylvania residents who performed no official duties.[493]Wilbur Mills (D-AR) stepped down as Chairman of the House Ways and Means Committee after his affair with Argentinian stripper Fanne Fox was made public in 1974.[532]JudicialEditOtto Kerner (D) US Judge of the 7th Circuit Court and former Illinois Governor, was appointed by Lyndon Johnson and indicted on charges of conspiracy, bribery, mail fraud, and income tax evasion related to accepting stock shares from a racing company and lying about it. He was convicted and resigned his position. (1974)[533][534]Richard M. Nixon administration (1969–1974)EditExecutive BranchEditVice President Spiro Agnew (R-MD) was convicted of tax fraud stemming from bribery charges in Maryland and forced to resign.[535]Gerald R. Ford (R-MI) was nominated by Nixon to replace Agnew as Vice President (the first person appointed to the Vice Presidency under the terms of the 25th Amendment).Bebe Rebozo (R)[536] was investigated for accepting large contribution to Nixon's campaign. No charges were filed. (1973)[537]Watergate (1972–1974) – President Richard Nixon (R) ordered the coverup of the burglary and 'bugging' of the Democratic Party National Headquarters at the Watergate Hotel. The cover up by Nixon and his staff resulted in 69 government officials being charged and 48 convicted or pleading guilty. Eventually, Nixon resigned his office rather than face impeachment.[538] Those involved include:John N. Mitchell (R) Attorney General of the United States, was convicted of perjury and served nineteen months of a one- to four-year sentence.[539]Richard Kleindienst (R) Attorney General that replaced Mitchell, was convicted of "refusing to answer questions" given one month in jail.[540]Jeb Stuart Magruder (R) Head of Committee to Re-elect the President, pleaded guilty to one count of conspiracy, August 1973[541]Frederick C. LaRue (R) Advisor to John Mitchell, was convicted of obstruction of justice.[541]H. R. Haldeman (R) CoS for Nixon, was convicted of conspiracy, obstruction of justice, and perjury.[542]John Ehrlichman (R) Counsel to Nixon, was convicted of conspiracy, obstruction of justice, and perjury.[543]Egil Krogh (R) aide to John Ehrlichman, was sentenced to six years.[541][544][545]John W. Dean III (R) counsel to Nixon, was convicted for obstruction of justice.[541]Dwight L. Chapin (R) deputy assistant to Nixon, was convicted of perjury.[541]Herbert W. Kalmbach (R) personal attorney to Nixon, was convicted of illegal campaigning.[541]Charles W. Colson (R) special counsel to Nixon, was convicted for obstruction of justice.[540]Herbert L. Porter (R) aide to the Committee to Re-elect the President, was convicted of perjury.[541]G. Gordon Liddy (R) Special Investigations Group, was convicted of burglary.[541]Maurice Stans (R) Secretary of Commerce, pleaded guilty to 3 counts of violating the reporting sections of the Federal Election Campaign Act and 2 counts of accepting illegal campaign contributions and was fined $5,000. (1975)[546]G. Bradford Cook (R) was appointed by President Nixon to be Chairman of the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission. He resigned his position during the investigation into the Robert Vesco/Watergate affair during which he allegedly lied to a grand jury and was disbarred by the US Supreme Court for three years. He had served as Chairman for just 74 days. (1973)[547][548] The Washington Star reported that Cook believed he was going to be impeached, and offered to resign. The White House allowed him to do so.[549]Operation Townhouse was established by H. R. Haldeman (R) Nixon's Chief of Staff, to set up a secret fund-raising enterprise, the "Townhouse Operation", designed to bypass the Republican National Committee. (1970)[550][551]Harry Shuler Dent (R) Presidential Counsel and Strategist, pleaded guilty to violations of Federal election law for his part in the illegal fundraising operation.[552]Herbert W. Kalmbach (R) Nixon's Personal Attorney, raised $3.9 million for a secret Republican slush fund.[553] He also promised an ambassador a better post in exchange for $100,000, which led to conviction and imprisonment.[554] Kalmbach pleaded guilty to violation of the Federal Corrupt Practices Act and one count of promising federal employment.[555]White House Aide Jack A. Gleason (R) pleaded guilty to violations of Federal election law concerning an illegal fund raising operation run by the White House.[556]Richard Helms, Director of the Central Intelligence Agency (1966–1973), was convicted of misleading Congress concerning assassination attempts in Cuba, anti-government activities in Chile and the illegal surveillance of journalists in the US. Mr. Helms pleaded no contest.[557][558]Donald Segretti (R) ran a campaign of dirty tricks for Nixon which he dubbed "ratfucking", which meant forging and distributing documents to embarrass Democrats. Segretti pled guilty to 3 counts of distributing illegal (forged) campaign literature and was sentenced to 6 months in prison. (1974)[559][560]Legislative BranchEditSenator Ted Kennedy (D-MA) drove his car into a tidal channel on Chappaquiddick Island, a small island off of Martha's Vineyard, Massachusetts, passenger Mary Jo Kopechne drowned. Kennedy pleaded guilty to leaving the scene of an accident and received a suspended sentence of two months.[561] (1969)Cornelius Gallagher (D-NJ) pleaded guilty to tax evasion, and served two years in prison.[562]J. Irving Whalley (R-PA) received suspended three-year sentence and fined $11,000 in 1973 for using mails to deposit staff salary kickbacks and threatening an employee to prevent her from giving information to the FBI.[493]Martin B. McKneally (R-NY) was placed on one year's probation and fined $5,000 in 1971 for failing to file income tax return. He had not paid taxes for many years prior.[563]Richard T. Hanna (D-CA) was convicted in an influence-buying scandal. (1974)[564]Edwin Reinecke (R-CA) was convicted of perjury and sentenced to 18 months in prison as part of the Watergate investigation. He resigned one day before his sentencing, which was overturned on appeal because "the Senate Judiciary Committee before which he was accused of perjuring himself had failed to publish its rule permitting a one-man quorum."[565][566]US Representative William Oswald Mills (R-MD) had received an undisclosed $25,000 gift from the Finance Committee of President Richard Nixon's re-election campaign (CREEP), which was part of $900,000 in unaccounted donations made by that committee in May 1973. Five days later, he committed suicide. (1973)[567][568][569]US Representative George V. Hansen (R-ID) was the first member of Congress to be convicted of violating a new 1971 campaign law requiring disclosure of financial contributions. (1974)[570][571]James R. Jones (D-OK) US Representative, plead guilty to a federal misdemeanor charge that he had failed to report a $200 campaign contribution. He was fined $200. (1972)[529]Judicial BranchEditJudge Harrold Carswell (R) was nominated to the U.S. Supreme Court in 1970 by Richard Nixon, but was not confirmed. Civil rights advocates questioned his civil rights record, citing his voiced support for racial segregationduring his unsuccessful election bid in 1948. Various feminists, including Betty Friedan, testified before the Senate and opposed his nomination and contributed to his defeat.[572] Roman Hruska(Republican, Nebraska) stated:Herbert Allan Fogel (R) US Judge of Eastern District of PA (1973–1978) resigned after investigations of a government contract started, during which he was forced to invoke the 5th Amendment multiple times. (1978)[575][576]Lyndon B. Johnson administration (1963–1969)EditExecutive BranchEditBobby Baker, (D) Secretary to the Majority Leader of the Senate (the vice-president then serving) and adviser to President Lyndon B. Johnson, resigned after charges of favoritism. (1963)[577]Legislative BranchEditSenator Daniel Brewster (D-MD) pleaded no contest to accepting an illegal gratuity in 1975 and fined $10,000.[578][page needed][579]Brewster was convicted in 1972 of accepting $14,500 from a lobbyist,[580] and was handed a six-year prison term in 1973 over the conviction,[581] but the conviction was overturned on grounds of unclear jury instructions.[582]Congressman Lawrence J. Smith(D-FL) pleaded guilty to one count of tax evasion and one count of filing false campaign reports on August 3, 1993. He was sentenced to three months in prison.[356]James Fred Hastings (R-NY) was a delegate to the 1968 Republican National Convention and the 1972 Republican National Convention. He was elected to Congress in 1968 and served from January 3, 1969, until he resigned on January 20, 1976, after being convicted of kickbacks and mail fraud. He served 14 months at Allenwood penitentiary (1976).[528]Judicial BranchEditU.S. Supreme Court Justice Abe Fortas (D) resigned when he was discovered to be a paid consultant to a convicted criminal. No charges were ever filed. (1969)[583][533]John F. Kennedy administration (1961–1963)EditLegislative BranchEditThomas F. Johnson (D-MD) was indicted on charges of members of Maryland's S&L industry bribing him and lost his seat in 1962. Later was convicted of conspiracy and conflict of interest in 1968, served 3½ months of a 6-month sentence and was fined $5,000.[584]Frank W. Boykin (D-AL) was placed on six months' probation in 1963 following conviction in a case involving a conflict of interest and conspiracy to defraud the government. His prison sentence was suspended on age and health grounds and was fined $40,000 total. He was pardoned by President Lyndon Johnson in 1965.[585][586]Dwight D. Eisenhower administration (1953–1961)EditThis is before my time.