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Has evolution been experimentally observed? If not, (how) could it be experimentally verified?Thanks for the A2A, I hope my answer helps. Feel free to click on any or all of the links below.Below, please find all of the evidence for creationism and (a small amount of) the evidence for evolution. From here, you can decide for yourself which is more compelling, is better proven and makes more sense to you…First here is all of the evidence that can be found for Creationism:A small amount of the evidence available for the Science of Evolution:Mount, D.M. (2004). Bioinformatics: Sequence and Genome Analysis (2nd ed.). Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press: Cold Spring Harbor, NY. ISBN 978-0-87969-608-5.Penny, David; Foulds, L. R.; Hendy, M. D. (1982). "Testing the theory of evolution by comparing phylogenetic trees constructed from five different protein sequences". Nature. 297 (5863): 197–200. Bibcode:1982Natur.297..197P. doi:10.1038/297197a0. PMID 7078635."Eukaryotes". 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"Genomic Divergences between Humans and Other Hominoids and the Effective Population Size of the Common Ancestor of Humans and Chimpanzees". American Journal of Human Genetics. 68 (2): 444–56. doi:10.1086/318206. PMC 1235277. PMID 11170892.Cooper, G.M.; Brudno, M.; Green, E.D.; Batzoglou, S.; Sidow, A. (2003). "Quantitative Estimates of Sequence Divergence for Comparative Analyses of Mammalian Genomes". Genome Res. 13 (5): 813–20. doi:10.1101/gr.1064503. PMC 430923. PMID 12727901.The picture labeled "Human Chromosome 2 and its analogs in the apes" in the article Comparison of the Human and Great Ape Chromosomes as Evidence for Common Ancestry Archived 2011-08-20 at WebCite is literally a picture of a link in humans that links two separate chromosomes in the nonhuman apes creating a single chromosome in humans. Also, while the term originally referred to fossil evidence, this too is a trace from the past corresponding to some living beings that, when alive, physically embodied this link.The New York Times report Still Evolving, Human Genes Tell New Story, based on A Map of Recent Positive Selection in the Human Genome, states the International HapMap Project is "providing the strongest evidence yet that humans are still evolving" and details some of that evidence.Alberts, Bruce; Johnson, Alexander; Lewis, Julian; Raff, Martin; Roberts, Keith; Walter, Peter (March 2002). Molecular Biology of the Cell (4th ed.). Routledge. ISBN 978-0-8153-3218-3."Converging Evidence for Evolution." Archived 2010-12-01 at the Wayback Machine Phylointelligence: Evolution for Everyone. 26 November 2010.Petrov, D.A.; Hartl, D.L. (2000). "Pseudogene evolution and natural selection for a compact genome". The Journal of Heredity. 91 (3): 221–7. doi:10.1093/jhered/91.3.221. 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Good question and IN FACT NOT EVEN 1% OF TOTAL AS THE ACTUAL AMOUNT OF CO2 VARIES BUT IS MORE LIKE 0.04%. The answer here helps to see the impossibility that such a minute gas as CO2 could be a big factor in the climate. CO2 is not causing global warming because there is simply too little gas to play such a major role.The major greenhouse gas is water vapour at 95% and human emissions of CO2 are imperceptible as only 0.117% of total alleged greenhouse effect.Not only is CO2 only a trace gas measured in ppm it is also not spread evenly around the earth’s atmosphere. THE EVIDENCE OF PATCHY DISTRIBUTION DEBUNKS THE POSSIBILITY OF A GREENHOUSE TRAPPING HEAT. 3. CO2 is not evenly distributed.Satellite observations show carbon dioxide in the air can be somewhat patchy, with high concentrations in some places and lower concentrations in others. For instance, the map below shows carbon dioxide levels for May 2013 in the mid-troposphere, the part of the atmosphere where most weather occurs. At the time there was more carbon dioxide in the northern hemisphere because crops, grasses, and trees hadn’t greened up yet and absorbed some of the gas. The transport and distribution of CO2 throughout the atmosphere is controlled by the jet stream, large weather systems, and other large-scale atmospheric circulations. This patchiness has raised interesting questions about how carbon dioxide is transported from one part of the atmosphere to another – both horizontally and vertically.The first space-based instrument to independently measure atmospheric carbon dioxide day and night, and under both clear and cloudy conditions over the entire globe, was the Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS) on NASA’s Aqua satellite. Read more about this world CO2 map. The OCO-2 satellite, launched in 2014, also makes global measurements of carbon dioxide, and it does so at even lower altitudes in the atmosphere than AIRS.REF. 6 things to know about carbon dioxide | EarthSky.orgThere are large areas with no covering of CO2 as this NASA graph of US CO2 concentrations shows.This education graph shows the minute amount of CO2 in the atmosphere at 0.04% - AND REMEMBER HUMAN EMISSION ARE VARIABLE AROUND 2% OF NATURAL.nitrogen (N2) 78%oxygen (O2) 21%argon (Ar) almost 1%carbon dioxide (CO2) 400 ppmv (0.04%)everything else (neon, helium, methane, krypton, hydrogen,...) less than 28 ppmv totalThis brief 3 minute Rice Video minute video puts the small amount of CO2 in perspective.THE RICE VIDEO FROM AUSTRALIATHE RICE VIDEO FROM AUSTRALIA SHOWS CO2 ATMOSPHERIC SIZE“The Carbon Cycle“Carbon is the backbone of life on Earth. We are made of carbon, we eat carbon, and our civilizations—our economies, our homes, our means of transport—are built on carbon. We need carbonCarbon is both the foundation of all life on Earth, and the source of the majority of energy consumed by human civilization. [Photographs ©2007 MorBCN (top) and ©2009 sarahluv (lower).]Forged in the heart of aging stars, carbon is the fourth most abundant element in the Universe. Most of Earth’s carbon—about 65,500 billion metric tons—is stored in rocks. The rest is in the ocean, atmosphere, plants, soil, and fossil fuels.Carbon flows between each reservoir in an exchange called the carbon cycle, which has slow and fast components. Any change in the cycle that shifts carbon out of one reservoir puts more carbon in the other reservoirs.”The Carbon Cycle“HISTORY OF THE EARTH’S ATMOSPHEREThis graph gives a picture of the composition of earth's atmosphere over the last 4.5 billion years.The important thing to notice is that there was a lot of carbon dioxide (25%) and water vapour (25%) a long time ago in the eary's atmosphere. There was a little bit of methane and the rest was nitrogen.We only got oxygen in our atmosphere 2 billion years ago, and as I understand it this was because the carbon dioxide in the air, combined with water, lightning and - literally - God knows what else, to form rudimentary plant life in water. That life photosynthesized carbon dioxide and produced oxygen in the air, and deposited carbon into water and the ground as by-products (plant litter, soil.... these later metamorphosed into coal and oil).”Thinking about Air CompositionComposition of the atmosphere todayThe atmosphere is made up of different gases, water vapour and dust particles.The composition of the atmosphere is not static and it changes according to the time and place.Gases of the atmosphereHere is another graphic that helps see how minute C02 is: “Over the past century, atmospheric CO2 has increased by one part per ten thousand. That is equivalent to packing an extra ten people into the Rose Bowl.”Visualizing Man-Made CO2 (Visualizing Man-Made CO2)It is beyond imagination that this minuscule amount of non-toxic life giving through photosynthesis gas is having any effect on the climate.If there is anything to the GHG it is water vapour alone at 95%.“Atmospheric Composition and Vertical StructureThomas W. Schlatter4.3 Water Vapor“Because the concentration of water vapor in the atmosphere is temperature limited, and winds can easily transport vapor thousands of kilometers, this gas is highly variable in space and time. Its concentration is 0-4% by volume. Almost all water vapor in the atmosphere is confined to the troposphere, where clouds and storms occur. Low temperatures at the top of the troposphere (-50 to -70o C) assure that condensation will remove all but trace amounts of vapor before it can reach the stratosphere, the layer of atmosphere immediately above the troposphere. The principal source of water vapor is evaporation from the oceans, mostly in the tropics where the temperature is relatively high. Evaporation from lakes and soils, and transpiration from plants are other important sources of vapor. Precipitation removes water vapor from the atmosphere. Water vapor is a naturally occurring greenhouse gas, that is, it absorbs little incoming solar radiation (visible wavelengths), but absorbs significant outgoing longwave radiation (infrared wavelengths). “http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/vie...Earth’s AtmosphereWhich Gases Make Up Earth’s Atmosphere?Composition of the AtmosphereHere are a few facts to remember:The specific gravity of any gas is the weight of that gas compared with air. Carbon dioxide has a specific gravity of 1.52. It is about one and a half times heavier than air. CO2 has the same weight as propane. [The specific gravity of propane vapor is 1.50; air is 1. W.]This means that propane vapor weighs one and one-half times more than air.If you have used propane, you know it to be very heavy. Carbon dioxide can actually sink into the ground like a puddle of water.Does carbon dioxide trap and retain heat? No, although it cools more slowly than some other gases, it absorbs some amount of heat and quickly cools by the same amount once the heat source is removed. Does it rise up in the atmosphere? No, it does the opposite.The effect of carbon dioxide on the temperature of our atmosphere is fleeting and inconsequential. Note that during the most dramatic industrial growth from 1950 to 1980, the atmosphere actually cooled.CO2 is a trace atmospheric gas constituting 400 parts per million. This trace gas cannot be responsible for climate change”REF. JOHN FLAVIN ENGINEER AND QUORA WRITER.Without doubt photosynthesis is the most important role of Co2 and we contribute to this vital process with every breath.Since specific gravity is the ratio between the density (mass per unit volume) of an actual gas and the density of air - specific gravity has no dimension. The density of air at NTP is 1.205 kg/m3.″.Here are a few facts to remember:The specific gravity of any gas is the weight of that gas compared with air. Carbon dioxide has a specific gravity of 1.52. It is about one and a half times heavier than air. CO2 has the same weight as propane. [The specific gravity of propane vapor is 1.50; air is 1. W.]This means that propane vapor weighs one and one-half times more than air.If you have used propane, you know it to be very heavy. Carbon dioxide can actually sink into the ground like a puddle of water.Does carbon dioxide trap and retain heat? No, although it cools more slowly than some other gases, it absorbs some amount of heat and quickly cools by the same amount once the heat source is removed. Does it rise up in the atmosphere? No, it does the opposite.The effect of carbon dioxide on the temperature of our atmosphere is fleeting and inconsequential. Note that during the most dramatic industrial growth from 1950 to 1980, the atmosphere actually cooled.CO2 is a trace atmospheric gas constituting 400 parts per million. This trace gas cannot be responsible for climate changeREF. JOHN FLAVIN ENGINEER AND QUORA WRITER.Without doubt photosynthesis is the most important role of Co2 and we contribute to this vital process with every breath.CO2 is invisible undergoing this chemical reaction to convert light into energy for plants - 6CO2+12H2O + Light → C6H12O6+ 6O2+ 6H2O. It is dwarfed by Nitrogen at 78.08% and Oxygen at 20.95% and is heavier than air does not mix well with other gases. The reason only a minute amount works in photosynethesis is because CO2 is part of a chemical reaction. Think of the fact small amounts of salt change the taste of food or minute amounts of arsenic poison will kill you again because of the chemical reaction. However there is no alleged chemical reaction for the unfounded claim that tiny amounts of CO2 impact the climate like the cover of a greenhouse.JUST LIKE A PINCH OF SALTA much more accurate metaphor for Co2 is the well known “a pinch of salt makes everything taste better.” The minute amount of salt like Co2 has a chemical reaction with food making it more sugary and less bitter. A pinch of salt is too little to warm our food and CO2 is too little to warm the planet.Energy: The Driver of Climate“The current levels of carbon dioxide in the earth's atmosphere, approaching 400 parts per million, are low by the standards of geological and plant evolutionary history. Levels were 3,000 ppm, or more, until the Paleogene period (beginning about 65 million years ago). For most plants, and for the animals and humans that use them, more carbon dioxide, far from being a "pollutant" in need of reduction, would be a benefit. This is already widely recognized by operators of commercial greenhouses, who artificially increase the carbon dioxide levels to 1,000 ppm or more to improve the growth and quality of their plants.REF. Harrison H. Schmitt and William Happer: In Defense of Carbon DioxideThe demonized chemical compound is a boon to plant life and has little correlation with global temperature.SUSTAINABILITYThe National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) reports that global monthly CO2 levels reached 400 ppm. The size in parts per million is so small that there is no effect on the climate.CO2 2015=400ppm. While this may seem to be a large increase because it is measured in ppm it is still insignificant at only an additional 1/10000. Here is the math -CO2 1750=280ppmIncrease: 120ppmCO2 2015=400ppm=0.000400=ca 4/10,000CO2 1750=280ppm=0.000280=ca 3/10,000Increase: 120ppm=0.000120=ca 1/10,000It helps to gain perspective OF HOW MINUTE CO2 IS with a picture graph. The yellow molecule is Co2 at 1 in 2500 and 5 times this for the added human emission? Now the global warming issue is only about the additional human emissions of Co2 from fossil fuels. They are only 4% of natural which is only 0.039% of total air. Now imagine the little yellow molecule of Co2 presented in the graph above and the math puts it at 1 in 100,000 molecules.Carbon dioxide (CO2) is an important trace gas in Earth's atmosphere. It is an integral part of the carbon cycle, a biogeochemical cycle in which carbon is exchanged between the Earth's oceans, soil, rocks and the biosphere. Plants and other photoautotrophs use solar energy to produce carbohydrate from atmospheric carbon dioxide and water by photosynthesis. Almost all other organisms depend on carbohydrate derived from photosynthesis as their primary source of energy and carbon compounds.Concentrations of CO2 in the atmosphere were as high as 4,000 parts per million by mass (ppm) during the Cambrian periodabout 500 million years ago to as low as 180 ppm during the Quaternary glaciation of the last two million years.Reconstructed temperature records for the last 420 million years indicate that atmospheric CO2 concentrations peaked at ~2000 ppm during the Devonian (∼400 Myrs ago) period, and again in the Triassic (220–200 Myrs ago) period. Global annual mean CO2 concentration has increased by more than 45% since the start of the Industrial Revolution, from 280 ppm during the 10,000 years up to the mid-18th century to 415 ppm as of May 2019. W.The current levels of carbon dioxide in the earth's atmosphere, approaching 400 parts per million, are low by the standards of geological and plant evolutionary history. Levels were 3,000 ppm, or more, until the Paleogene period (beginning about 65 million years ago).REFERENCESThink about it this Co2 is not 1%, not 0.1 % and not even half of 0.1 %.THE ALARMIST IGNORE THE MINUTE PROPORTION OF HUMAN CO2 EMISSIONS AS A PERCENTAGE OF ATMOSPHERIC GAS AS IT IS BEYOND IMAGINATION THAT THIS SMALL AMOUNT OF CO2 COULD POSSIBLY EFFECT THE CLIMATE!More Climate Deceptions and False IPCC ClaimsPART 2. THE FUNDAMENTAL QUESTIONIf carbon dioxide makes up only a minute portion of the atmosphere, how can global warming be traced to it? And how can such a tiny amount of change measured in ppm produce such large effects?The scientific method eschews the idea that science is settled and debate is over as claimed by alarmists like former US President Barack Obama. Doubt abounds in science and is essential for progress as Einstein says -Yahoo Image Search Results“No amount of experimentation can ever prove me right; a single experiment can prove me wrong.” – Albert EinsteinWhat experiments have proved that CO2 controls the climate? No observational only thought experiments.What experiments have discredited the hypothesis that CO2 controls the climate? Answer: MANY.Natural SourcesMore Climate Deceptions and False IPCC ClaimsHarrison H. Schmitt and William Happer: In Defense of Carbon DioxideThe demonized chemical compound is a boon to plant life and has little correlation with global temperature.By HARRISON H. SCHMITT AND WILLIAM HAPPERMay 8, 2013 6:37 p.m. ETOf all of the world's chemical compounds, none has a worse reputation than carbon dioxide. Thanks to the single-minded demonization of this natural and essential atmospheric gas by advocates of government control of energy production, the conventional wisdom about carbon dioxide is that it is a dangerous pollutant. That's simply not the case. Contrary to what some would have us believe, increased carbon dioxide in the atmosphere will benefit the increasing population on the planet by increasing agricultural productivity.The cessation of observed global warming for the past decade or so has shown how exaggerated NASA's and most other computer predictions of human-caused warming have been—and how little correlation warming has with concentrations of atmospheric carbon dioxide. As many scientists have pointed out, variations in global temperature correlate much better with solar activity and with complicated cycles of the oceans and atmosphere. There isn't the slightest evidence that more carbon dioxide has caused more extreme weather.The current levels of carbon dioxide in the earth's atmosphere, approaching 400 parts per million, are low by the standards of geological and plant evolutionary history. Levels were 3,000 ppm, or more, until the Paleogene period (beginning about 65 million years ago). For most plants, and for the animals and humans that use them, more carbon dioxide, far from being a "pollutant" in need of reduction, would be a benefit. This is already widely recognized by operators of commercial greenhouses, who artificially increase the carbon dioxide levels to 1,000 ppm or more to improve the growth and quality of their plants.Using energy from sunlight—together with the catalytic action of an ancient enzyme called rubisco, the most abundant protein on earth—plants convert carbon dioxide from the air into carbohydrates and other useful molecules. Rubisco catalyzes the attachment of a carbon-dioxide molecule to another five-carbon molecule to make two three-carbon molecules, which are subsequently converted into carbohydrates. (Since the useful product from the carbon dioxide capture consists of three-carbon molecules, plants that use this simple process are called C3 plants.) C3 plants, such as wheat, rice, soybeans, cotton and many forage crops, evolved when there was much more carbon dioxide in the atmosphere than today. So these agricultural staples are actually undernourished in carbon dioxide relative to their original design.At the current low levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide, rubisco in C3 plants can be fooled into substituting oxygen molecules for carbon-dioxide molecules. But this substitution reduces the efficiency of photosynthesis, especially at high temperatures. To get around the problem, a small number of plants have evolved a way to enrich the carbon-dioxide concentration around the rubisco enzyme, and to suppress the oxygen concentration. Called C4 plants because they utilize a molecule with four carbons, plants that use this evolutionary trick include sugar cane, corn and other tropical plants.Although C4 plants evolved to cope with low levels of carbon dioxide, the workaround comes at a price, since it takes additional chemical energy. With high levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, C4 plants are not as productive as C3 plants, which do not have the overhead costs of the carbon-dioxide enrichment system.That's hardly all that goes into making the case for the benefits of carbon dioxide. Right now, at our current low levels of carbon dioxide, plants are paying a heavy price in water usage. Whether plants are C3 or C4, the way they get carbon dioxide from the air is the same: The plant leaves have little holes, or stomata, through which carbon dioxide molecules can diffuse into the moist interior for use in the plant's photosynthetic cycles.The density of water molecules within the leaf is typically 60 times greater than the density of carbon dioxide in the air, and the diffusion rate of the water molecule is greater than that of the carbon-dioxide molecule.So depending on the relative humidity and temperature, 100 or more water molecules diffuse out of the leaf for every molecule of carbon dioxide that diffuses in. And not every carbon-dioxide molecule that diffuses into a leaf gets incorporated into a carbohydrate. As a result, plants require many hundreds of grams of water to produce one gram of plant biomass, largely carbohydrate.Driven by the need to conserve water, plants produce fewer stomata openings in their leaves when there is more carbon dioxide in the air. This decreases the amount of water that the plant is forced to transpire and allows the plant to withstand dry conditions better.Crop yields in recent dry years were less affected by drought than crops of the dust-bowl droughts of the 1930s, when there was less carbon dioxide. Nowadays, in an age of rising population and scarcities of food and water in some regions, it's a wonder that humanitarians aren't clamoring for more atmospheric carbon dioxide. Instead, some are denouncing it.We know that carbon dioxide has been a much larger fraction of the earth's atmosphere than it is today, and the geological record shows that life flourished on land and in the oceans during those times. The incredible list of supposed horrors that increasing carbon dioxide will bring the world is pure belief disguised as science.Mr. Schmitt, an adjunct professor of engineering at the University of Wisconsin-Madison, was an Apollo 17 astronaut and a former U.S. senator from New Mexico. Mr. Happer is a professor of physics at Princeton University and a former director of the office of energy research at the U.S. Department of Energy.My Two Favorite Questions for Global WarmistsDetails Written by Paul JacobsonSo, I find myself sitting around a patio table next Independence Day sipping on the perfect mimosa with some friends and a couple of folks I haven't met before. One of the new acquaintances brings up the subject of "climate change." I know from the term used that this one is probably a sorta believer but not a hard-core, unshakable advocate; were that so, he would have used the latest, hippest, most with-it name-change term "climate disruption." Now it's time for my Favorite Global Warmism Question #1:Did you know that there's no such thing as a greenhouse gas?The conversation around the table stops dead in its tracks. Everybody's looking quizzically at each other. No one is looking at me. After a few seconds, a dear friend of many years says, "C'mon, Flyoverpen, you must be kidding. Everybody knows greenhouse gasses exist." I cross my arms, put on a smug pursed-lip smile and repeat, "Nope, there's no such thing as a greenhouse gas."I then proceed to explain that the word "greenhouse" in that term is a misnomer. In a real-world earthbound greenhouse -- we all know what they look like even though there aren't many in existence anymore -- the sun's short-wave infrared light penetrates through the glass roof, warming up what's inside the greenhouse: air, plants, soil, etc.As the things inside the greenhouse absorb the short-wave infrared, they convert it into heat -- long-wave infrared. This long-wave infrared, instead of readily penetrating glass on the way out, is partially blocked; greenhouse glass is said to be opaque to long-wave infrared. Inside heat can escape from a greenhouse more readily if the temperature between inside and outside air increases. However, the mechanism -- convection -- by which the greenhouse cools under such circumstances is altogether different from what the sun does to heat up the greenhouse.And, of course, if that bratty neighbor kid pitches a rock at the greenhouse roof and breaks a glass pane, warm air escapes, by air convection, in a hurry. In other words, a real greenhouse does its job primarily by suppressing convection.Not so with the so-called "greenhouse" gasses, among them water vapor, methane (CH4) and, most controversially, carbon dioxide (CO2). In this case, long-wave infrared radiation radiating back from earth is absorbed by these gasses; some of it is then radiated out into space, and some is radiated back to earth, creating more warmth here. There is no phenomenon quite like this that we experience in everyday human life, which is probably why we don't have an apt word for it in common discourse. Maybe someday somebody smarter than I am will come up with such a word, one that really fits. Until then I'll keep using the term "greenhouse" gas but not without the irony quotes; take those quotes to mean "not really."Hey, I admit it: Question #1 is something of a semantic teaser. But now it's time for Favorite Global Warmism Question #2, and this one is really serious:How much actual CO2 is there in the atmosphere?Shoulders are shrugging all around the table, and folks are muttering, "I have no idea... not a clue... beats me," the way just about any normal citizen would respond to this question... except the other new acquaintance, whose arms are folded and whose face is bearing a smug pursed-lip smile. "That's one I happen to know: the actual CO2 in the atmosphere today is 379ppm." Aha! Now I strongly suspect that I have a global warmism true believer in front of me, so I'm gonna have to be careful. I respond, "You're absolutely right! And that number is virtually undisputed." And it so happens that number comes straight from the 2007 report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), a notoriously pro-global-warmism U.N. entity.At this point, I'm going to depart from the fantasy conversation in order to play some games with that number. The IPCC, along with the rest of the global-warming "consensus," would just as soon nobody even be aware of that IPCC number; notice how global warmists never refer to it in their advocacy propaganda. However, if somebody has to know, best that the data be presented in the format of their choice. They wouldn't like one bit what I'm about to do with it.First, let's take a look at IPCC presentation of present-day CO2 (actual data from 2005) compared with the beginning of the Industrial Revolution (1750):CO2 2005=379ppmCO2 1750=280ppmIncrease: 99ppmA normal citizen looking at these numbers would probably be thinking, "Hmm, those are pretty good size numbers, several hundred; the difference between them is substantial. But, uh, what does 'ppm' mean? Oh, yes, parts per million, I get it." But even following that cognitive eureka, the full import of the data is unlikely to really sink in: people can come close to conceiving a hundred in human experiential terms, but a million? That will always remain an abstraction. So far so good for the cause of global warmism: the truth is still very opaque if not completely disguised.To get closer to human experience, we need to play with the IPCC data format by presenting the numbers like this*:CO2 2005=379ppm=0.000379=ca 4/10,000CO2 1750=280ppm=0.000280=ca 3/10,000Increase: 99ppm=0.000099=ca 1/10,000Whoa! You're trying to tell me a change of one part in ten* thousand threatens to plunge the earth into climate catastrophe? That CO2 is just a trace gas and a miniscule one at that. What kind of a super-mega gas is that CO2, anyway? This whole "climate disruption" thing is preposterous before it even gets out of the starting gate.OK, I've calmed down. Now I'll try to speak rationally.New scientific inquiries often as not entail a form of logic known as abduction, or abductive reasoning. Another name for this is "inference to the best explanation." Another way of putting it might be"make your best guess with the data you've got." Inquiries that rely on historical data often begin and end at the level of abduction if there's no possibility of acquiring new evidence.Abduction can also sometimes act as a hypothesis gateway, giving cause for acceptance, even if only provisional, of a hypothesis... or dismissal of a hypothesis as prima facie implausible. Global warmism manifestly deserves the second response. The poison pill is the sheer paucity of CO2 in the atmosphere. Just in case you're still not convinced of the magnitude of that paucity, consider this image:While water vapor is known to be a less potent "greenhouse" gas than CO2, it utterly dwarfs puny little CO2 in terms of sheer quantity.This much we -- skeptics and advocates of global warmism alike -- agree on: CO2 is a "greenhouse" gas (the simplest high school science project can demonstrate that); atmospheric CO2 has increased during the industrial era due to human activity; this has added more heat energy to earth's atmosphere and surface than previously. However, this is not enough to break through the paucity-implausibility gateway. To accept the global warmist hypothesis that anthropogenic global warming is leading to climate catastrophe, we need to know not just that industrial-era anthropogenic CO2 emissions are merely effectual; this variable must be shown to be determinative.This means that anthropogenic CO2 emissions must be examined in full context with numerous other climate variables such as solar activity, volcanism, magnetic field shifts, etc. An inquiry like this is certain to be dauntingly, perhaps overwhelmingly, complex if conducted like authentic, inductive science. Global warmism advocates have shamelessly evaded this monumental evidence burden -- and the burden is entirely on them -- by resorting to garbage-in-garbage-out computer models, even outright data fraud and deceitfulness.Global warmism remains the most colossal hoax ever perpetrated.*numbers correctedhttp://www.melaniemorgan.com/146...C02 Toxicity ResearchCarbon dioxide (CO2) is one of the inputs of photosynthesis and as such CO2plays an important role in increasing crop productivity (Hand 1993, Rijkdjik and Houter 1993). Optimal CO2 concentrations for the greenhouse atmosphere fall with the range of between 700 to 900 ppm (parts per million) (Romero-Aranda et al 1995, Tremblay and Gosselin 1998). Crop productivity depends not only on efficiency of interception of light but also on the efficiency with which light is converted to chemical energy in photosynthesis. Carbon dioxide enrichment to 1200 ppm increases the maximum conversion efficiency by a substantial amount (between 28 to 59%) (Wilson et al 1992). Photosynthetic efficiencies appear never to exceed about 22 % of the absorbed light energy in the 400 to 700 nm range, the maximum efficiency is obtained at relative low light intensities, not in brightest sunlight (Salisbury and Ross 1978). Considering the supply of light to available land area on which a crop is growing, the overall yield efficiencies are always much below 22% (Salisbury and Ross 1978).The use of CO2 in greenhouses can give light use efficiencies exceeding those of field crops (Wilson et al 1992). Glasshouse crops with CO2 enrichment achieve maximum efficiency of light energy utilization between 12-13% (Wilson et al 1992). The ability of plants to utilize CO2 is dependent upon the presence of light, for this reason it is only useful to supplement CO2during the daylight hours (Styer and Koranski 1997).There is no greenhouse effect to minimize! It is a delusion. The idea of a greenhouse effect first introduced in 1824 by Fourier and Tyndal 1861 was refuted by Dr. RW Wood in 1909 using a laboratory experiment. Wood was a famous American physicist and pioneer in development of infrared and ultraviolet photography. NOTE :“It is not the “trapped” infrared radiation, which explains the warming phenomenon in a real greenhouse, it is the suppression of air cooling.”https://arxiv.org/pdf/0707.1161v...Therefore, “So called greenhouse gases have absolutely nothing to do with greenhouses.”Because the alleged greenhouse gases are small part of the atmosphere they provide no heat trapping cover.NASA drawing of a fake global greenhouse showing uncovered panelsHistory proves that vivid metaphors with false science in the hands of the media, politicians and mass hysteria can be devastating. The popular book, SILENT SPRING written by Rachel Carson is a tragic example of environmentalism gone mad.Bad METAPHORS from shoddy science are deadlyTHE SILENT SPRING AND THE GREENHOUSE EFFECT EXAMPLES“While excellent literature, however, Silent Spring was very poor science…Carson wrongly claimed DDT Endangered U.S. Birds with Extinction. According to Rachel Carson, DDT was so harmful to birds that someday America’s springs would be silent, as all the birds that might enliven them with song would be dead. Indeed, it was from this poignant image that she drew the title for her book.An examination of actual data, however, thoroughly debunks Carson’s claim… In the case of the robin, singled out by Carson as “the tragic symbol of the fate of the birds,”[40] the population count increased twelvefold.Many other studies show the same pattern of sharp increase of some bird populations during the DDT years.THE DDT LIE IN PHOTO BY THE NEW YORKER JUNE 23, 1962Silent Spring—IITo only a few chemicals does man owe as great a debt as to DDT. It has contributed to the great increase in agricultural productivity, while sparing countless humanity from a host of diseases, most notably, perhaps, scrub typhus and malaria. Indeed, it is estimated that, in little more than two decades, DDT has prevented 500 million deaths due to malaria that would otherwise have been inevitable.. By some estimates, the death toll in Africa alone from unnecessary malaria resulting from the restrictions on DDT has exceeded 100 million people.[26]”Robert Zubrin is a New Atlantis contributing editor. This essay is adapted from his new book — the latest volume in our New Atlantis Books series — Merchants of Despair: Radical Environmentalists, Criminal Pseudo-Scientists, and the Fatal Cult of Antihumanism.https://www.thenewatlantis.com/p...I submit that Al Gore’s slide show and subsequent movie, THE INCONVENIENT TRUTH is sadly a remake of Rachael Carson’s SILENT SPRING and by denying fossil fuels to > 2 billion living off the grid the result will be just as devastating..The justification to call out Canada’s erroneous website greenhouse explanation as ‘bunk” begins with the fact the earth’s atmosphere is an open, uncontrolled environment unlike a physical greenhouse. There is nothing like glass panels trapping sunlight and heat unless you believe in magic. The magic of alarmist climate scientists is to resurrect a disproven hypothesis of the 1800s that greenhouse gases, (GHG) water vapour in particular acts like glass panel or blanket and keeps the heat from escaping especially at night.Remember for every complex problem there is a simple answer and it is wrong. NASA’s greenhouse gas story aimed at kids is simple and wrong – yes it is bunk. The best way to see the error is NASA’s education brief on the subject.Scientific studies impressively and frequently demolish the alleged greenhouse effect and in particular any role for trace Co2 as a greenhouse gas pushed by alarmists.“Role of atmospheric carbon dioxide in climate changeMartin Hertzberg and Hans SchreuderMARTIN HERTZBERG - a long time climate writer, a former U.S. Navy meteorologist with a PhD in Physical Chemistry from Stanford University and holder of a Fulbright Professorship.Abstract0(0) 1–13 ! The Author(s) 2016 Reprints and permissions: Journals PermissionsDOI: 10.1177/0958305X16674637 Your gateway to world-class journal researchThe authors evaluate the United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) consensus that the increase of carbon dioxide in the Earth’s atmosphere is of anthropogenic origin and is causing dangerous global warming, climate change and climate disruption. The totality of the data available on which that theory is based is evaluated. The data include: (a) Vostok ice-core measurements; (b) accumulation of CO2 in the atmosphere; (c) studies of temperature changes that precede CO2 changes; (d) global temperature trends; (e) current ratio of carbon isotopes in the atmosphere; (f) satellite data for the geographic distribution of atmospheric CO2; (g) effect of solar activity on cosmic rays and cloud cover. Nothing in the data supports the supposition that atmospheric CO2 is a driver of weather or climate, or that human emissions control atmospheric CO2. [Emphasis added]IntroductionOver the last 200 years, data show that there has been a more or less steady increase in the average atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide (CO2), from 280 ppmv (parts per mil- lion by volume) to 400 ppmv. That is a 43% increase, from 0.028% to 0.040%. CO2 is said to be a ‘greenhouse gas,’ which traps heat or prevents infrared radiation from being lost to free space.It is argued that the increase of CO2 is caused by the human combustion of fossil fuels such as coal, petroleum products and natural gas, and that any continuing increase is a threat to the earth’s habitability. According to the United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) paradigm, increases in atmospheric CO2 precede and cause parallel increases in the Earth’s temperature.”Corresponding author:Martin Hertzberg, private consultant, USA. Email: [email protected] Energy & Environment 0(0)A large number of the world Governments, professional societies, editors of scientific journals, print journalists, TV media reporters and many corporations generally accept the validity of the IPCC paradigm. Accordingly, there is a concerted effort to reduce CO2 emissions, tax such emissions and replace fossil fuel combustion by alternative energy sources.The purpose of this report is to summarise all available observations and measurements relating to the IPCC paradigm and question all aspects of the anthropogenic global warming (AGW)/ catastrophic anthropogenic climate change (CACG) hypothesis.“DATA TO SUPPORT THE UN IPCC PARADIGMPublished data that might appear to support the conclusion that human CO2 emissions have caused a modest increase in the average temperature of the Earth is shown in Figure 3.The average monthly surface air temperature anomaly as measured by the National Climatic Data Center is shown in blue and the atmospheric CO2 concentration in red. CO2 concentrations are the average monthly values measured at the Mauna Loa Observatory in Hawaii. The dashed gray line indicates the approximate linear trend. The boxes at the bottom of the chart indicate whether a temperature trend is positive or negative relative to the CO2 trend. The data is taken from Ole Humlum’s “climate4you” website. [2]The temperature data are shown as “anomalies” – that is, as differences in the actual temperatures from their average value base for an extended period of time. Note the anomaly values vary by about 1°C at most, whereas actual temperatures vary by as much as 50°C, reflecting their seasonal or diurnal variations at a given station.The CO2 data show a continuous increase from 1958 onward, whereas the temperature trend is downward between 1958 and 1978 (a negative correlation). Between 1978 and 2003, both temperature and CO2 trend upward (a positive correlation). From 2003 to 2010 the temperature trend is flat (a “pause” with no correlation) and 2010 to the present is again positive with the El Niño event in the Pacific Ocean being a possible influence. The entire period could end up flat, as happened after the previous El Niño event in 1998.Over the same time-span human global emissions of CO2 show a general increase from 2.5 billion metric tons in 1958 to about 10 billion metric tons currently. This generally positive correlation between atmospheric CO2 increase and the increase in human CO2 emissions may prompt one to conclude that human emissions cause a CO2 increase and, concomitantly, cause temperatures to rise. Such a conclusion is, however, contradicted by the negative correlation between temperature and CO2 during the period 1958-1978 and the “pause” from 2003 to 2010.That a parallel between anthropogenic emissions on the one hand and increased CO2 and higher temperatures on the other, constitutes a causal relationship as the IPCC asserts, is questionable.For, while a parallelism between two separate quantities does not prove that the two are causally related, the lack of parallelism proves that they are not causally related.From 1958 to 1978 the average global temperature dropped some 0.25°C while human emission of CO2 from fossil fuels tripled. This CO2 emission did not contribute to global warming over that period – eliciting suggestions of a coming ice age. Data from 1910 to 1940 indicate a similar increase in temperature as for 1970 to 2000 despite fossil fuel production at that time being around five times lower than it is today!In 1929 the production of fossil fuels was 1.17 Gigatons of carbon per year. Following the stock market crash and the depression, human production decreased to 0.88 Gigatons per year — a 30% drop. Yet during that same period both atmospheric CO2 and temperature continued to rise at around the same rate as before and in 1934 the “dust bowl” began when temperatures climbed higher than they have been since.THE AVERAGE LIFESPAN OF CO2 IN THE ATMOSPHEREThus far, in our assessment of the IPCC CO2 paradigm, we’ve dealt with what we saw as a lack of objectivity and failure to apply the more important questions. We now examine the position of AGW advocates, including the IPCC, that CO2 emitted into the atmosphere lasts for centuries. Some claim it accumulates for thousands of years and would make the Earth uninhabitable.The residence time of atmospheric CO2 (i.e., its turnover rate) refers to how long it takes for a CO2 molecule to be removed from the atmosphere by natural sinks. The most authoritative study of the atmospheric lifetime of CO2 is that of Professor Tom Segalstad of the University of Oslo [3].A variety of methods, and a variety of researchers, consistently find short residence times.“Both radioactive and stable carbon isotopes show that the real atmospheric CO2 residence time (lifetime) is only about 5 years, and that the amount of fossil-fuel CO2 in the atmosphere is maximum 4%. Any CO2 level rise beyond this can only come from a much larger, but natural, carbon reservoir with much higher 13-C/12-C isotope ratio than that of the fossil fuel pool, namely from the ocean, and/or the lithosphere, and/or the Earth’s interior.”THE ACTUAL TEMPERATURE RECORDFigure 4 is a plot from the 1990 IPCC report which shows an early global temperature reconstruction. This depicts the well-established Medieval Warm Period (MWP) which reached its peak in about 1200 AD and then gave way to the Little Ice Age (LIA) which lasted from about 1400 to 1850. Those periods are well documented in history and accepted by climatologists. The Viking colonization of Greenland took place during the Medieval Warm Period when lush green vegetation thrived, giving it its name. The Viking settlements collapsed during the Little Ice Age, when even the Thames in London froze over.If the Medieval Warm Period was warmer than today, with no greenhouse gas contribution, what would be so unusual about modern times being warm also?John Daly [5]Like the Vostok data, this curve presented a serious problem to the supporters of AGW. The Medieval Warm Period peaked at a higher temperature than today and at a time when there was no significant human emission of CO2. This naturally raised the question: What would be so unusual about the current warming trend that necessitated the response to link it to human CO2 emissions? In return, the AGW advocates drew attention to a little known 1999 paper using tree ring data to assess past temperatures [4], eliciting memories of the now infamous presentation of the “Hockey Stick” curve.Tree rings are not a reliable temperature proxy because they are influenced by many other factors, apart from temperature: rainfall, sunlight, cloudiness, pests, competition from other trees, soil nutrients, frost, and snow duration. Nevertheless, the tree ring curve as shown in Fig. 5 was accepted by the IPCC and replaced their earlier curve. As can be seen, it has the shape of a hockey stick. Trees grow only on land and 71% of the Earth’s surface is covered by water. The data was only from the Northern Hemisphere, yet presented as the global temperature curve. Quoting John Daly: “It was a coup: total, bloodless, and swift, and the hockey stick was greeted with a chorus of approval from the greenhouse effect supporting industry.” [5]The MWP and the LIA became non-events, consigned to an “Orwellian memory hole”. It was argued that they were strictly local European phenomena and the tree ring hockey stick was duly presented in the media as: “New studies indicate that temperatures in recent decades are higher than at any time in the past 1000 years….with the 1990’s as the warmest decade and 1998 as the warmest year”.Knowledgeable climatologists and other concerned scientists questioned these results and asked for copies of the original data to check the analysis leading to the hockey stick. The authors of the hockey stick initially resisted, delaying release of data and details of the computer program used to analyze the material and the requested E-mail communications among the various authors of the tree ring report have yet to be received. An independent committee of statisticians was appointed to evaluate the tree ring results. The conclusion was that the authors had “misused certain statistical methods in their studies, which inappropriately produced hockey stick shapes in the temperature history”. They also concluded that the claim that the 1990’s was the hottest decade in the millennium and 1998 the hottest year could not be supported by the original data.The UN IPCC ignored the situation and did not refer to it again.Recent climatological data assembled from around the world using different proxies attest to the presence of both the MWP and the LIA in the following locations: the Sargasso Sea, West Africa,, Kenya, Peru, Japan, Tasmania, South Africa, Idaho, Argentina, and California. These events were clearly world-wide and in most locations the peak temperatures during the MWP were higher than current temperatures.This is John Daly’s conclusion on the matter:“The evidence is overwhelming from all corners of the globe, the Medieval Warm Period and the Little Ice Age clearly show up in a variety of proxy indicators, proxies more representative than the inadequate tree ring data. What is disquieting about the hockey stick is not its original publication. As with any paper, it would sink into oblivion if found flawed. Rather it was the reaction of the greenhouse effect industry to it – the chorus of approval, the complete lack of critical evaluation of the theory, the blind acceptance of evidence that was so flimsy. The industry embraced the theory for one reason and one reason only – it told them exactly what they wanted to hear”.John Daly died not long after writing that. One of the notorious “climategate” e-mails mentioned his death as a “fortunate occurrence” and “some cheering news.” Daly knew that the hockey stick was inaccurate from day 1.EVASIONS AND SUBTERFUGE“Daily we see the news media presenting apocalyptic views, not backed by solid measurements or comprehensive scientific theory. When we try to correct them, our contributions are routinely rejected.” — SegalstadThe hockey stick incident is not unique. There are other instances of questionable science that have appeared, displaying the same pattern: new data surfaces seeming to challenge the IPCC paradigm, a short time later a new paper appears with a dozen or so co-authors containing a convoluted statistical analysis dismissing the challenge and reaffirming the IPCC paradigm. The statistical analysis manipulates the data, enabling conformity to the requirements of the author. The conclusion then is prominently displayed but the original data withheld.…ConclusionAs demonstrated, empirical evidence does not support the claim that anthropogenic CO2 emissions cause global warming and/or climate change. We suggest that without adequately proven evidence being demonstrated – should it exist in the first place – such a conclusion can not be adduced from the known facts.http://tech-know-group.com/paper...“Dr. Tim Ball: The Evidence Proves That CO2 Is Not A Greenhouse GasSeptember 14, 2018 Pam Barker ENVIRONMENT, GOVERNMENT, Tyranny 0Tim Ball: The Evidence Proves That CO2 Is Not A Greenhouse GasDR. TIM BALL“The CO2 error is the root of the biggest scam in the history of the world, and has already bilked nations and citizens out of trillions of dollars, while greatly enriching the perpetrators. In the end, their goal is global Technocracy (aka Sustainable Development), which grabs and sequesters all the resources of the world into a collective trust to be managed by them. ⁃ Technocracy News EditorThe Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) claim of human-caused global warming (AGW) is built on the assumption that an increase in atmospheric CO2 causes an increase in global temperature. The IPCC claim is what science calls a theory, a hypothesis, or in simple English, a speculation. Every theory is based on a set of assumptions. The standard scientific method is to challenge the theory by trying to disprove it. Karl Popper wrote about this approach in a 1963 article, Science as Falsification. Douglas Yates said, “No scientific theory achieves public acceptance until it has been thoroughly discredited.”Thomas Huxley made a similar observation.“The improver of natural knowledge absolutely refuses to acknowledge authority, as such. For him, skepticism is the highest of duties; blind faith the one unpardonable sin.”In other words, all scientists must be skeptics, which makes a mockery out of the charge that those who questioned AGW, were global warming skeptics. Michael Shermer provides a likely explanation for the effectiveness of the charge.“Scientists are skeptics. It’s unfortunate that the word ‘skeptic’ has taken on other connotations in the culture involving nihilism and cynicism. Really, in its pure and original meaning, it’s just thoughtful inquiry.”The scientific method was not used with the AGW theory. In fact, the exact opposite occurred, they tried to prove the theory. It is a treadmill guaranteed to make you misread, misrepresent, misuse and selectively choose data and evidence. This is precisely what the IPCC did and continued to do.A theory is used to produce results. The results are not wrong, they are only as right as the assumptions on which they are based. For example, Einstein used his theory of relativity to produce the most famous formula in the world: e = mc2. You cannot prove it wrong mathematically because it is the end product of the assumptions he made. To test it and disprove it, you challenge one or all of the assumptions. One of these is represented by the letter “c” in the formula, which assumes nothing can travel faster than the speed of light. Scientists challenging the theory are looking for something moving faster than the speed of light.The most important assumption behind the AGW theory is that an increase in global atmospheric CO2 will cause an increase in the average annual global temperature. The problem is that in every record of temperature and CO2, the temperature changes first. Think about what I am saying. The basic assumption on which the entire theory that human activity is causing global warming or climate change is wrong. The questions are, how did the false assumption develop and persist?The answer is the IPCC needed the assumption as the basis for their claim that humans were causing catastrophic global warming for a political agenda. They did what all academics do and found a person who gave historical precedence to their theory. In this case, it was the work of Svante Arrhenius. The problem is, he didn’t say what they claim. Anthony Watts’ 2009 article identified many of the difficulties with relying on Arrhenius. The Friends of Science added confirmation when they translated a more obscure 1906 Arrhenius work. They wrote,Much discussion took place over the following years between colleagues, with one of the main points being the similar effect of water vapour in the atmosphere which was part of the total figure. Some rejected any effect of CO2 at all. There was no effective way to determine this split precisely, but in 1906 Arrhenius amended his view of how increased carbon dioxide would affect climate.The issue of Arrhenius mistaking a water vapor effect for a CO2 effect is not new. What is new is that the growing level of empirical evidence of the warming effect of CO2, known as climate sensitivity, is zero. This means Arrhenius’ colleagues who “rejected any effect of CO2 at all” are correct. In short, CO2 is not a greenhouse gas.The IPCC through the definition of climate change given them by the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) were able to predetermine their results.a change of climate which is attributed directly or indirectly to human activity that alters the composition of the global atmosphere and which is in addition to natural climate variability observed over considerable time periods.This allowed them to only examine human causes, thus eliminating almost all other variables of climate and climate change. You cannot identify the human portion if you don’t know or understand natural, that is without human, climate or climate change. IPCC acknowledged this in 2007 as people started to ask questions about the narrowness of their work. They offered the one that many people thought they were using and should have been using. Deceptively, it only appeared as a footnote in the 2007 Summary for Policymakers (SPM), so it was aimed at the politicians. It said,“Climate change in IPCC usage refers to any change in climate over time, whether due to natural variability or as a result of human activity. This usage differs from that in the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, where climate change refers to a change of climate that is attributed directly or indirectly to human activity that alters the composition of the global atmosphere and that is in addition to natural climate variability observed over comparable time periods.”Few at the time challenged the IPCC assumption that an increase in CO2 caused an increase in global temperature. The IPCC claimed it was true because, when they increased CO2 in their computer models, the result was a temperature increase. Of course, the computer was programmed for that to happen. These computer models are the only place in the world where a CO2 increase precedes and causes a temperature change. This probably explains why their predictions are always wrong.An example of how the definition allowed the IPCC to focus on CO2 is to consider the major greenhouse gases by name and percentage of the total. They are water vapour (H20) 95%, carbon dioxide (CO2) 4%, and methane (CH4) 0.036%. The IPCC was able to overlook water vapor (95%) by admitting humans produce some, but the amount is insignificant relative to the total atmospheric volume of water vapour. The human portion of the CO2 in the atmosphere is approximately 3.4% of the total CO2 (Figure 1). To put that in perspective, approximately a 2% variation in water vapour completely overwhelms the human portion of CO2. This is entirely possible because water vapour is the most variable gas in the atmosphere, from region to region and over time.Figure 1In 1999, after two IPCC Reports were produced in 1990 and 1995 assuming a CO2 increase caused a temperature increase, the first significant long term Antarctic ice core record appeared. Petit, Raynaud, and Lorius were presented as the best representation of levels of temperature, CO2, and deuterium over 420,000 years. It appeared the temperature and CO2 were rising and falling in concert, so the IPCC and others assumed this proved that CO2 was causing temperature variation. I recall Lorius warning against rushing to judgment and saying there was no indication of such a connection.Euan Mearns noted in his robust assessment that the authors believed that temperature increase preceded CO2 increase:In their seminal paper on the Vostok Ice Core, Petit et al (1999) [1] note that CO2 lags temperature during the onset of glaciations by several thousand years but offer no explanation. They also observe that CH4 and CO2 are not perfectly aligned with each other but offer no explanation. The significance of these observations are therefore ignored. At the onset of glaciations temperature drops to glacial values before CO2 begins to fall suggesting that CO2 has little influence on temperature modulation at these times.Lorius reconfirmed his position in a 2007 article.“our [East Antarctica, Dome C] ice core shows no indication that greenhouse gases have played a key role in such a coupling [with radiative forcing]”Despite this, those promoting the IPCC claims ignored the empirical evidence. They managed to ignore the facts and have done so to this day. Joanne Nova explains part of the reason they were able to fool the majority in her article, “The 800 year lag in CO2 after temperature – graphed.” when she wrote confirming the Lorius concern.“It’s impossible to see a lag of centuries on a graph that covers half a million years, so I have regraphed the data from the original sources…”Nova concluded after expanding and more closely examining the data that,The bottom line is that rising temperatures cause carbon levels to rise. Carbon may still influence temperatures, but these ice cores are neutral on that. If both factors caused each other to rise significantly, positive feedback would become exponential. We’d see a runaway greenhouse effect. It hasn’t happened. Some other factor is more important than carbon dioxide, or carbon’s role is minor.Al Gore knew the ice core data showed temperature changing first. In his propaganda movie, An Inconvenient Truth, he separated the graph of temperature and CO2 enough to make a comparison of the two graphs more difficult. He then distracted with Hollywood histrionics by riding up on a forklift to the distorted 20th century reading.Thomas Huxley said,“The great tragedy of science – the slaying of a lovely hypothesis by an ugly fact.”The most recent ugly fact was that after 1998, CO2 levels continued to increase but global temperatures stopped increasing. Other ugly facts included the return of cold, snowy winters creating a PR problem by 2004. Cartoons appeared (Figure 2.)Figure 2The people controlling the AGW deception were aware of what was happening. Emails from 2004 leaked from the University of East Anglia revealed the concern. Nick at the Minns/Tyndall Centre that handled publicity for the climate story said,“In my experience, global warming freezing is already a bit of a public relations problem with the media.”Swedish climate expert on the IPCC Bo Kjellen replied,“I agree with Nick that climate change might be a better labelling than global warming.”The disconnect between atmospheric CO2 levels and global temperatures continued after 1998. The level of deliberate blindness of what became known as the “pause” or the hiatus became ridiculous (Figure 3).Figure 3“The assumption that an increase in CO2 causes an increase in temperature was incorrectly claimed in the original science by Arrhenius. He mistakenly attributed the warming caused by water vapour (H2O) to CO2. All the evidence since confirms the error. This means CO2 is not a greenhouse gas. There is a greenhouse effect, and it is due to the water vapour. The entire claim that CO and especially human CO2 is absolutely wrong, yet these so-called scientists convinced the world to waste trillions on reducing CO2. If you want to talk about collusion, consider the cartoon in Figure 4.Figure 4″************Original articleDr. Tim Ball: The Evidence Proves That CO2 Is Not A Greenhouse Gas | Europe Reloaded

ATTACKING GREENHOUSE GASES IS TILTING AT WINDMILLS.“Most climate alarmists don't realize that the "solutions" they are proposing would cause great human suffering.” AramburuThe alarmists claiming greenhouse gases are making the climate too hot is far from settled science and there is a high probability the theory is wrong. This means the economic sacrifices needed to reduce CO2 is a tragic self inflicted harm mostly on the poor and developing nations without any positive effect on the climate.The goal of making the climate colder by governments undertaking to reduce carbon dioxide with taxes etc is especially hard to fathom when you consider that the Earth is in the middle of an ice age that surely makes runaway warming impossible. In an ice age there are only cycles of glaciation and deglaciation caused by the variable relationship of the Earth to the Sun. The earth is cooling and the fear is deglaciation is waning and that is truly a climate crisis.Further all the efforts so far by governments such as the Paris Agreement to reduce CO2 have been in vain just hot air signifying nothing.The public campaign against so called CO2 as a greenhouse gas is a farce just like Don Quijote of Las Mancha tilting at imaginary windmills.The subsidies for wind and solar renewables are harmful tilting at windmills. Due to intermittency these renewables in increase the cost of electricity and cause heat poverty.Denmark and Germany have the highest installed renewables and the highest cost of electricity.German Institute Delivers Bad News On CO2, E-Cars: “Electric Vehicles Not A Panacea For Climate Change”By P Gosselin on23. April 2019A few days ago here we wrote about how a team of German scientists at the Munich-based ifo Institute released the results of a study that showed that Electric cars end up producing more CO2 than comparable diesel cars. What follows is the press release in English issued by the ifo Institute: ========================================================= ifo: Electric […]ifo: Electric Vehicles not a Panacea for Climate ChangeApr 17, 2019Electric vehicles will barely help cut CO2 emissions in Germany over the coming years, as the introduction of electric vehicles does not necessarily lead to a reduction in CO2 emissions from road traffic. Natural gas combustion engines are the ideal technology for transitioning to vehicles powered by hydrogen or “green” methane in the long term.Considering Germany’s current energy mix and the amount of energy used in battery production, the CO2 emissions of battery-electric vehicles are, in the best case, slightly higher than those of a diesel engine, and are otherwise much higher. This has been confirmed by a new study by Christoph Buchal, professor of physics at the University of Cologne; Hans-Dieter Karl, long-standing ifo energy expert; and Hans-Werner Sinn, former ifo president and professor emeritus at Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München. The researchers carried out their detailed calculations using the concrete examples of a modern electric car and a modern diesel vehicle. In addition to CO2 emissions from battery production, they looked at alternative energy sources for electricity in order to calculate the impact electric vehicles have on CO2 emissions. They show that even with today’s technology, total emissions from a combustion engine powered by natural gas are already almost one-third lower than those of a diesel engine. “Over the long term, hydrogen-methane technology offers a further advantage: it allows surplus wind and solar power generated during peaks to be stored, and these surpluses will see a sharp increase as the share of this renewable energy grows,” Professor Buchal explains.In their study, the authors criticize the fact that EU legislation allows electric vehicles to be included in calculations for fleet emissions with a value of “zero” CO2 emissions, as this suggests that electric vehicles do not generate any such emissions. The reality is that, in addition to the CO2 emissions generated in the production of electric vehicles, almost all EU countries generate significant CO2 emissions from charging the vehicles’ batteries using their national energy production mixes. The authors also take a critical view of the discussion about electric cars in Germany, which centers around battery-operated vehicles when other technologies also offer great potential: hydrogen-powered electric vehicles or vehicles with combustion engines powered by green methane, for instance. “Methane technology is ideal for the transition from natural gas vehicles with conventional engines to engines that will one day run on methane from CO2-free energy sources. This being the case, the German federal government should treat all technologies equally and promote hydrogen and methane solutions as well,” emphasizes Professor Sinn.Publication (in German)Buchal, Christoph, Hans-Dieter Karl and Hans-Werner Sinn, “Kohlemotoren, Windmotoren und Dieselmotoren: Was zeigt die CO2-Bilanz?”, ifo Schnelldienst 72 (08), 2019 | Details | PDF DownloadPosted in Alternative Energy | 4 ResponsesDriving Electric Vehicles In China Increases CO2 Emissions…Driving Gasoline Vehicles In China Reduces CO2 EmissionsBy Kenneth Richard on11. December 2017Electric Vehicle Emissions 27-50% GreaterThan Internal Combustion Engine VehiclesImage: Qiao et al., 2017Sales of electric vehicles (EV) in China have exploded in recent years.According to the New York Times (October, 2017), between 2014 and 2017, annual EV purchases by China’s citizens more than doubled, from 145,000 in 2014 to 295,000 (projected) for 2017. By 2019, the annual sales of EVs are expected to swell to 814,000 for China alone, which will eclipse the expected EV sales for the rest of the world combined (602,000).Good news for the climate, right? After all, driving an EV is green. Driving an EV reduces CO2 emissions. Driving an EV is sustainable. Right?Well, no. According to recently published scientific papers, driving an EV in China dramatically increases CO2 emissions relative to driving an internal combustion engine vehicle (ICEV).Why? Because China’s electricity grid is overwhelmingly powered by fossil-fuels (i.e., 88% of China’s energy consumption (2015) is derived from coal, oil and gas). Therefore, the energy used to charge up an electric vehicle in China is derived from a rapidly growing fossil fuel-based electrical grid.Fossil fuel-powered electricity grids are growing in prevalence across the world. And this will continue to be the case as “1,600 coal plants are planned or under construction in 62 countries” which will “expand the world’s coal-fired power capacity by 43 percent” (New York Times, July, 2017).As long as EVs continue to be predominantly powered by the growing fossil fuel infrastructure in China (“Chinese corporations are building or planning to build more than 700 new coal plants at home and around the world”), driving EVs will not reduce CO2 emissions relative to driving ICEVs.Put another way, purchasing and driving a conventional internal combustion engine vehicle will actually reduce China’s CO2 emissions.According to Barkenbus (2017), “when EVs receive electricity with emission levels exceeding 559 gCO2/kWh, they, unfortunately, are net contributors to climate change when compared with conventional vehicles.”China’s EVs receive electricity with emissions levels of 712 gCO2/kWh, which is 27% greater than the emissions associated with driving the average ICEV.Image: Barkenbus, 2017Not only that, but as the introductory image above indicates, the manufacture of battery-powered EVs emit 50% more greenhouse gas emissions (CO2) than ICEVs do.Qiao et al., 2017“In this study, the life cycle energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions of vehicle production are compared between battery electric and internal combustion engine vehicles in China’s context. … Greenhouse gas emissions of battery electric vehicles are 50% higher than internal combustion engine vehicles.”“Electric Drive Vehicles (EDVs) are considered to be environmentally-friendly and have attracted much attention worldwide, and Battery Electric Vehicles (BEVs) are the most popular vehicles among all kinds of EDVs. In China, the country with the world’s largest automotive market, the government is determined to develop BEV industry and produced over 250 thousand BEVs in 2015, and the annual growth rate was 420%. In addition, according to the production plan, the cumulative output of BEVs in China will reach 5 million in 2020, meaning that BEVs will gradually replace Internal Combustion Engine Vehicles (ICEVs). BEVs [Battery Electric Vehicles] are designed to obtain more environmental benefits, but the energy consumption and GHG emissions of BEV production are much larger than those of ICEV [Internal Combustion Engine Vehicles] production in China.”So why is it that advocates of CO2 emissions reductions so readily extol the explosion of EV purchases and use worldwide?German Post Electric Delivery Vehicles Falter, “Lose Power Mid Delivery Route”By P Gosselin on7. January 2018The online Die Welt/N24 here reports on how the German Post, Deutsche Post, put electric vehicles dubbed Streetscooters” into action last summer with the high hopes of making mail delivery greener. Months later it is emerging that things are not working out as hoped, as a myriad of technical problems have emerged. With winter weather […]Posted in Alternative Energy | 18 ResponsesBattery Issues Continue To Plague Electric Cars…BMW Orders “Large-Scale” Recall Of Plugin HybridsBy P Gosselin on27. October 2020Technical snafus lead to mass recall of BMW hybrid vehicles. Image: Mario Roberto Durán Ortiz jCreative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 International license. Explosive car batteries? BMW recalls large number of electric hybrid cars By A.R. Göhring (Translated by P. Gosselin) Reader M.P. points out how ‘auto motor sport’ and other magazines are reporting that BMW is recalling […]Posted in Alternative Energy | 7 ResponsesBack To Reality: Electric Mobility Gets Dose Of Shock Therapy …German, Swiss Post To End Electric FleetBy P Gosselin on14. March 2020The “Streetscooter”: Electric Mobility’s First Large Bankruptcy Image: From Superbass – own work, CC BY-SA 4.0, Wikimedia Commons By AR Göhring, European Institute for Climate and Energy (EIKE) (Text translated and summarized by P. Gosselin) Manufacturer “Streetscooter”, purchased by Deutsche Post (German Post) in 2014, will be scrapped. The German media of course blame it on […]Posted in Alternative Energy, Misc. | 11 ResponsesAttempts To Use Electric Buses In Germany Flop…”Many Disadvantages”, “Short Service Life”, “No Real Progress”By P Gosselin on17. December 2019Few places virtue signal green as much as Germany. So not surprisingly a number of cities led by socialist/green governments have attempted to implement electric public transportation buses, declaring they are the future of clean mobility. Electric powered buses still struggling to be successful. Image: Flixbus But Tichy’s Einblick just recently reported on the results […]Posted in Alternative Energy | 17 ResponsesNew German Study Shocks Electric Cars: “Considerably” Worse For Climate Than Diesel Cars, Up To 25% More CO2!By P Gosselin on19. April 2019Germany’s Stuttgarter Zeitung here reports that electric cars are in fact pretty bad for the climate, it turns out. So, once activists are done banning fossil fuel powered vehicles, then electric ones will soon follow. According to a new German study, electric cars have “significantly higher CO2 emissions than diesel cars”, and especially the Tesla […]Posted in Alternative Energy | 13 ResponsesGerman Public Television Report: “Electric Cars A Swindle” …”Rolling Climate-Killers”By P Gosselin on1. July 2018Germany is a country that madly rushed in all earnest into green energies without any planning and thought some 10 years ago. Electric cars of course were envisioned as being a key part of the green energy transition, dubbed the Energiewende. Fortunately, since then, some are beginning to wake up to the harsh reality of […]Posted in Alternative Energy | 68 ResponsesSixt Car Rental CEO Sees No Future For Electric Cars…”Politically Serious Mistake”…”Devours Money”By P Gosselin on2. June 2018As the pressure mounts in Europe to ditch diesel-engine-powered cars and switch over to electric vehicles, a number of experts advise some sobriety before taking the great big green leap. “Serious mistake” According to the online German business weekly Wirthschaftswoche (WIWO) here, the CEO of Sixt car rental company, one of the largest in Europe, recently […]Posted in Alternative Energy | 41 ResponsesGerman Analysis: Florida Evacuation With E-Vehicles Would Mean “Mass Death On The Highways”By P Gosselin on12. September 2017If Florida’s transportation were based mostly on electric vehicles, as activists demand, it would quickly come to a standstill in times of hurricanes and mass evacuations. Charging stations would be overwhelmed and millions of lives put at risk. Good thing we have fossil fuel powered vehicles, which can run and be refueled whenever the power […]Posted in Alternative Energy | 49 ResponsesNew Study: Electric Vehicle Use Does Not Reduce CO2 EmissionsBy Kenneth Richard on27. July 2017Negligible 4.9% Emissions Difference Between EVs And Petroleum Vehicles According to a new paper published in the journal Issues in Science and Technology entitled “Electric Vehicles: Climate Saviors, Or Not?”, driving an electric vehicle (EV) rather than a conventional petroleum-powered vehicle effectively does nothing to reduce global-scale CO2 emissions. This is because charging EVs on […]Extreme WeatherDelhi suffers Coldest month of November in 71 years, since before the birth of the Indian RepublicExtreme Weather GSMDELHI SUFFERS COLDEST MONTH OF NOVEMBER IN 71 YEARS, SINCE BEFORE THE BIRTH OF THE INDIAN REPUBLICDECEMBER 1, 2020 CAP ALLONDelhi, India has been experiencing historic cold since the end of September. It appears autumn has been entirely skipped this year, with Sept. 22, 2020 bringing about an almost instantaneously flip to winter-like weather.On Monday, Nov. 29, Delhi recorded a record-breaking low of 6.9C (44.4F), and on Tuesday, Nov. 30, the mercury fell to 10C (50F)–two readings that capped the month off as the capital’s coldest November in 71 years with a mean minimum temperature of just 10.2C (50.4F).According to data provided by India’s Meteorological Department (IMD), the last time Delhi reported a November with a mean minimum temperature equal-to or below 10.2C was way back in 1949, before India was even a Republic.Moreover, November 2020 finished-up joint fourth on the list of Delhi’s all-time coldest Novembers, tying with 1949’s (10.2C) and only eclipsed by those in 1938 (9.6C), 1931 (9C), 1930 (8.9C), and tied with 1949.The average mean November low is 12.9C (55.2F).In addition, the IMD has confirmed that the national capital also braved four severe cold waves during November: on the 3rd, 20th, 23rd and 24th of the month.“The minimum temperature this month has remained 2-3 degrees Celsius below normal”, the IMD said, whose data also reveals that the historically chilly November just suffered comes hot-on-the-heels of an exceptionally cold October–Delhi’s coldest since 1962.Delhi suffers Coldest month of November in 71 years, since before the birth of the Indian Republic - Electroverse