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Chinese calendarFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopediaJump to navigationJump to searchThis article is about the traditional Chinese. For the most commonly and officially used calendar in modern China, see Gregorian calendar and Adoption of the Gregorian calendar § China.This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Chinese calendar" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR(January 2019)(Learn how and when to remove this template message)History of science and technology in ChinaInventions Four Great InventionsDiscoveriesBy subjectMathematicsAstronomyCalendarUnits of measurementCartographyGeographyPrintingCeramicsMetallurgyCoinageAlchemyTraditional medicine herbologyAgriculture sericultureSilk industryArchitecture classic gardensbridgesTransport navigationMilitary navalBy eraHanTangSongYuanPeople's Republic agriculturespaceThe traditional China calendar (officially known as the Rural Calendar [農曆; 农历; Nónglì; 'farming calendar']), or Former Calendar (舊曆; 旧历; Jiùlì), Traditional Calendar (老曆; 老历; Lǎolì) or Lunar Calendar (陰曆; 阴历; Yīnlì; 'yin calendar'), is a lunisolar calendar which reckons years, months and days according to astronomical phenomena. It is defined by GB/T 33661-2017, "Calculation and promulgation of the Chinese calendar", issued by the Standardisation Administration of China on 12 May 2017.Although modern-day China uses the Gregorian calendar, the traditional Chinese calendar governs holidays—such as the Lantern Festival—in both China and in overseas Chinese communities. It also gives the traditional Chinese nomenclature of dates within a year, which people use for selecting auspicious days for weddings, funerals, moving, or starting a business.Like Chinese characters, variants of this calendar are used in different parts of the Chinese cultural sphere. Korea, Vietnam, and the Ryukyu Islands adopted the calendar, and it evolved into Korean, Vietnamese, and Ryukyuan calendars. The main difference from the traditional Chinese calendar is the use of different meridians, which leads to some astronomical events—and calendar events based on them—falling on different dates. The traditional Japanese calendar also derived from the Chinese calendar (based on a Japanese meridian), but its official use in Japan was abolished in 1873 as part of reforms after the Meiji Restoration. Calendars in Mongolia and Tibet have absorbed elements of the traditional Chinese calendar, but are not direct descendants of it. [citation needed]Days begin and end at midnight, and months begin on the day of the new moon. Years begin on the second (or third) new moon after the winter solstice. Solar terms govern the beginning and end of each month. Written versions in ancient China [when?] included stems and branches of the year and the names of each month, including leap months as needed. Characters indicated whether a month was long (大, 30 days) or short (小, 29 days); stem branches for the first, eleventh, and 21st days, and the date, stem branch and time of the solar terms.HistoryThis section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Chinese calendar" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR(October 2018)(Learn how and when to remove this template message)Solar calendarsThe traditional Chinese calendar was developed between 771 and 476 BC, during the Spring and Autumn period of the Eastern Zhou dynasty. Before the Zhou dynasty, solar calendars were used.One version of the solar calendar is the five-elements calendar (五行曆; 五行历), which derives from the Wu Xing. A 365-day year was divided into five phases of 73 days, with each phase corresponding to a Day 1 Wu Xing element. A phase began with a governing-element day (行御), followed by six 12-day weeks. Each phase consisted of two three-week months, making each year ten months long. Years began on a jiǎzǐ (甲子) day (and a 72-day wood phase), followed by a bǐngzǐ day (丙子) and a 72-day fire phase; a wùzǐ (戊子) day and a 72-day earth phase; a gēngzǐ (庚子) day and a 72-day metal phase, and a rénzǐ day (壬子) followed by a water phase. [1] Other days were tracked using the Yellow River Map (He Tu).Five-phase and four-quarter calendarsAnother version is a four-quarters calendar (四時八節曆; 四时八节历; 'four sections, eight seasons calendar', or 四分曆; 四分历). Weeks were ten days long, with one month consisting of three weeks. A year had 12 months, with a ten-day week intercalated in summer as needed to keep up with the tropical year. The 10 Heavenly Stems and 12 Earthly Branches were used to mark days. A third version is the balanced calendar (調曆; 调历). A year was 365.25 days, and a month was 29.5 days. After every 16th month, a half-month was intercalated. According to oracle bone records, the Shang dynasty calendar (c. 1600 – c. 1046 BC) was a balanced calendar with 12 to 14 months in a year; the month after the winter solstice was Zhēngyuè.Lunisolar calendars[edit]The first lunisolar calendar was the Zhou calendar (周曆; 周历), introduced under the Zhou dynasty. This calendar set the beginning of the year at the day of the new moon before the winter solstice. It also set the shàngyuán as the winter solstice of a dīngsì year, making the year it was introduced around 2,758,130. [citation needed]Several competing lunisolar calendars were also introduced, especially by states fighting Zhou control during the Warring States period. The state of Lu issued its own Lu calendar(魯曆; 鲁历). Jin issued the Xia calendar (夏曆; 夏历) in AD 102, [4] with a year beginning on the day of the new moon nearest the March equinox. Qin issued the Zhuanxu calendar (顓頊曆; 颛顼历), with a year beginning on the day of the new moon nearest the winter solstice. Song's Yin calendar (殷曆; 殷历) began its year on the day of the new moon after the winter solstice.These calendars are known as the six ancient calendars (古六曆; 古六历), or quarter-remainder calendars, (四分曆; 四分历; sìfēnlì), since all calculate a year as ​365 1⁄4 days long. Months begin on the day of the new moon, and a year has 12 or 13 months. Intercalary months (a 13th month) are added to the end of the year. The Qiang and Dai calendars are modern versions of the Zhuanxu calendar, used by mountain peoples.Qin and early Han dynasties[edit]After Qin Shi Huang unified China under the Qin dynasty in 221 BC, the Qin calendar (秦曆; 秦历) was introduced. It followed most of the rules governing the Zhuanxu calendar, but the month order was that of the Xia calendar; the year began with month 10 and ended with month 9, analogous to a Gregorian calendar beginning in October and ending in September. The intercalary month, known as the second Jiǔyuè (後九月; 后九月; 'later Jiǔyuè'), was placed at the end of the year. The Qin calendar was used into the Han dynasty.Han-Ming dynasties and Taichu calendar[edit]Emperor Wu of Han r. 141 – 87 BC introduced reforms halfway through his reign. His Taichu Calendar (太初曆; 太初历; 'grand beginning calendar') defined a solar year as ​365 385⁄1539 days, and the lunar month was ​29 43⁄81 days. This calendar introduced the 24 solar terms, dividing the year into 24 equal parts. Solar terms were paired, with the 12 combined periods known as climate terms. The first solar term of the period was known as a pre-climate, and the second was a mid-climate. Months were named for the mid-climate to which they were closest, and a month without a mid-climate was an intercalary month. [citation needed]The Taichu calendar established a framework for traditional calendars, with later calendars adding to the basic formula. The Dàmíng Calendar (大明曆; 大明历; 'brightest calendar'), created in the Liang dynasty by Zu Chongzhi, introduced the equinoxes. The use of a syzygy to determine the lunar month was first described in the Tang dynasty Wùyín Yuán Calendar (戊寅元曆; 戊寅元历; 'earth tiger epoch calendar'). The Yuan dynasty Shòushí calendar (授時曆; 授时历; 'teaching time calendar') used spherical trigonometry to find the length of the tropical year.[5][6][7]The calendar had a 365.2425-day year, identical to the Gregorian calendar.[8]Modern calendars[edit]Although the Chinese calendar lost its place as the country's official calendar at the beginning of the 20th century,[9] its use has continued. The Republic of China adopted UTC+08:00 in 1928, but the change to a single time zone; some calendars followed the last calendar of the Qing dynasty, published in 1908. This caused confusion about the date of the 1978 Mid-Autumn Festival, and those areas then switched to the UTC+8-based calendar.[10]Shíxiàn calendar[edit]Main article: Chongzhen calendarDuring the late Ming dynasty, Xu Guangqi and his colleagues worked out a new calendar based on Western astronomical arithmetic; however, the new calendar was not released before the end of the dynasty. In the early Qing dynasty, Johann Adam Schall von Bell submitted the calendar to the Shunzhi Emperor. The Qing government issued it as the Shíxiàn (seasonal) calendar.In this calendar, the solar terms are 15° each along the ecliptic and it can be used as a solar calendar. However, the length of the climate term near perihelion is less than 30 days and there may be two mid-climate terms. The Shíxiàn calendar changed the mid-climate-term rule to "decides the month in sequence, except the intercalary month."[This quote needs a citation]The present traditional calendar follows the Shíxiàn calendar, except:The baseline is Chinese Standard Time, rather than Beijing local time.Astronomical data is used, rather than mathematical calculations.Proposals[edit]To optimize the Chinese calendar, astronomers have proposed a number of changes. Gao Pingzi (高平子; 1888–1970), a Chinese astronomer who co-founded the Purple Mountain Observatory, proposed that month numbers be calculated before the new moon and solar terms be rounded to the day. Since the intercalary month is determined by the first month without a mid-climate and the mid-climate time varies by time zone, countries which adopted the calendar but calculate with their own time could vary from the time in China. [citation needed]Outlying areas[edit]Calendars of ethnic groups in the mountains and plateaus of southwestern China and the grasslands of northern China are based on their phenology and algorithms of traditional calendars of different periods, particularly the Tang and pre-Qin dynasties.[citation needed]StructureElements[edit]Elements of the traditional Chinese calendar are:Day, from one midnight to the nextMonth, the time from one new moon to the next. These synodic months are about ​29 17⁄32 days long.Date, when a day occurs in the month. Days are numbered in sequence from 1 to 29 (or 30).Year, the time of one revolution of the earth around the sun. It is measured from the first day of spring (lunisolar year) or the winter solstice (solar year). A year is about ​365 31⁄128 days.Zodiac, ​1⁄12 year, or 30° on the ecliptic. A zodiac is about ​30 7⁄16 days.Solar term, ​1⁄24 year, or 15° on the ecliptic. A solar term is about ​15 7⁄32 days.Calendar month, when a month occurs within a year. Some months may be repeated.Calendar year, when it is agreed that one year ends and another begins. The year begins on the first day of spring, defined as the second (sometimes third) new moon after the winter solstice. A calendar year is 353–355 or 383–385 days long.The Chinese calendar is lunisolar, similar to the Hindu and Hebrew calendars.Features[edit]The movements of the sun, moon, Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter and Saturn (known as the seven luminaries) are the references for calendar calculations.The distance between Mercury and the sun is less than 30° (the sun's height at chénshí:辰時, 8:00 to 10:00 am), so Mercury was sometimes called the "chen star" (辰星); it is more commonly known as the "water star" (水星).Venus appears at dawn and dusk, and is known as the "bright star" (啟明星; 启明星) or "long star" (長庚星; 长庚星).Mars looks like fire and occurs irregularly, and is known as the "fire star" (熒惑星; 荧惑星 or 火星). Mars is the punisher in Chinese mythology. When Mars is near Antares (心宿二), it is a bad omen and can forecast the death of an emperor or removal of a chancellor (荧惑守心).The period of Jupiter's revolution is 11.86 years, so Jupiter is called the "age star" (歲星; 岁星); 30° of Jupiter's revolution is about a year on earth.The period of Saturn's revolution is about 28 years. Saturn, known as the "guard star" (鎮星), guards one of the 28 mansions every year.The Big Dipper is the celestial compass, and its handle's direction determines the season and month. The stars are divided into Three Enclosures and 28 Mansions according to their location in the sky relative to Ursa Minor, at the centre. Each mansion is named with a character describing the shape of its principal asterism. The Three Enclosures are Purple Forbidden, (紫微), Supreme Palace (太微), and Heavenly Market. (天市) The eastern mansions are 角, 亢, 氐, 房, 心, 尾, 箕. Southern mansions are 井, 鬼, 柳, 星, 张, 翼, 轸. Western mansions are 奎, 娄, 胃, 昴, 毕, 参, 觜. Northern mansions are 斗, 牛, 女, 虚, 危, 室, 壁. The moon moves through about one lunar mansion per day, so the 28 mansions were also used to count days. In the Tang dynasty, Yuan Tiangang (袁天罡) matched the 28 mansions, seven luminaries and yearly animal signs to yield combinations such as "horn-wood-flood dragon" (角木蛟).Codes[edit]Several coding systems are used to avoid ambiguity. The Heavenly Stems is a decimal system. The Earthly Branches, a duodecimal system, mark dual hours (shí, 時; 时 or shíchen (時辰; 时辰)) and climatic terms. The 12 characters progress from the first day with the same branch as the month (first Yín day (寅日) of Zhēngyuè; first Mǎo day (卯日) of Èryuè), and count the days of the month.The stem-branches is a sexagesimal system. The Heavenly Stems and Earthly Branches make up 60 stem-branches. The stem-branches mark days and years. The five elements of the Wu Xing are assigned to each of the stems, branches and stem-branches.DayMain article: Traditional Chinese timekeepingChina has used the Western hour-minute-second system to divide the day since the Qing dynasty. [11] Several era-dependent systems had been in use; systems using multiples of twelve and ten were popular, since they could be easily counted and aligned with the Heavenly Stems and Earthly Branches.Explanatory chart for traditional Chinese timeWeek[edit]For more information on the adoption of the seven-day week, see Names of the days of the week § East_Asian_tradition.For more information on the ten-day week, see Decan.As early as the Bronze-Age Xia dynasty, days were grouped into nine- or ten-day weeks known as xún (旬). [12] Months consisted of three xún. The first 10 days were the early xún (上旬), the middle 10 the mid xún (中旬), and the last nine (or 10) days were the late xún (下旬). Japan adopted this pattern, with 10-day-weeks known as jun (旬). In Korea, they were known as sun (순,旬).The structure of xún led to public holidays every five or ten days. During the Han dynasty, officials were legally required to rest every five days (twice a xún, or 5–6 times a month). The name of these breaks became huan (澣; 浣, "wash").Grouping days into sets of ten is still used today in referring to specific natural events. "Three Fu" (三伏), a 29–30-day period which is the hottest of the year, reflects its three-xún length.[13]After the winter solstice, nine sets of nine days were counted to calculate the end of winter.[14] The seven-day week was adopted from the Hellenistic system by the 4th century CE, although its source is unclear. It was again transmitted to China in the 8th century by Manichaeans via Kangju (a Central Asian kingdom near Samarkand),[15][a][b] and is the most-used system in modern China.Month[edit]Months are defined by the time between new moons, which averages approximately ​29 17⁄32 days. There is no specified length of any particular Chinese month, so the first month could have 29 days (short month, 小月) in some years and 30 days (long month, 大月) in other years.A 12-month-year using this system has 354 days, which would drift significantly from the tropical year. To fix this, traditional Chinese years have a 13-month year approximately once every three years. The 13-month version has the same alternation of long and short months, but adds a 30-day leap month (閏月; rùnyuè) at the end of the year. Years with 12 months are called common years, and 13-month years are known as long years.Although most of the above rules were used until the Tang dynasty, different eras used different systems to keep lunar and solar years aligned. The synodic month of the Taichu calendar was ​29 43⁄81 days long. The 7th-century, Tang-dynasty Wùyín Yuán Calendar was the first to determine month length by synodic month instead of the cycling method. Since then, month lengths have primarily been determined by observation and prediction.The days of the month are always written with two characters and numbered beginning with 1. Days one to 10 are written with the day's numeral, preceded by the character Chū (初); Chūyī (初一) is the first day of the month, and Chūshí (初十) the 10th. Days 11 to 20 are written as regular Chinese numerals; Shíwǔ (十五) is the 15th day of the month, and Èrshí (二十) the 20th. Days 21 to 29 are written with the character Niàn (廿) before the characters one through nine; Niànsān (廿三), for example, is the 23rd day of the month. Day 30 (as applicable) is written as the numeral Sānshí (三十).History books use days of the month numbered with the 60 stem-branches:天聖元年....二月....丁巳, 奉安太祖、太宗御容于南京鴻慶宮.Tiānshèng 1st year....Èryuè....Dīngsì, the emperor's funeral was at his temple, and the imperial portrait was installed in Nanjing's Hongqing Palace.— History of Song Dynasty, Part 9, Volume 9: Renzong part 1 (in Chinese)Because astronomical observation determines month length, dates on the calendar correspond to moon phases. The first day of each month is the new moon. On the seventh or eighth day of each month, the first-quarter moon is visible in the afternoon and early evening. In the 15th or 16th day of each month, the full moon is visible all night. On the 22nd or 23rd day of each month, the last-quarter moon is visible late at night and in the morning.Since the beginning of the month is determined by the new moon occurs, other countries using this calendar use their own time standards to calculate it; this results in deviations. The first new moon in 1968 was at 16:29 UTC on January 29. Since North Vietnam used UTC+07:00 to calculate their Vietnamese calendar and South Vietnam used UTC+08:00 (Beijing time) to calculate theirs, North Vietnam began the Tết holiday at 29 January at 23:29 and South Vietnam began it on 30 January at 00:15. The time difference allowed asynchronous attacks in the Tet Offensive.[10]Names of months[edit]Lunar months were originally named according to natural phenomena. Current naming conventions use numbers as the month names. Every month is also associated with one of the twelve Earthly Branches.Month numberStarts on Gregorian datePhenological nameEarthly Branch nameModern name1between 21 January – 20 February陬月; zōuyuè; 'corner month'. square of Pegasus month寅月; yínyuè; 'tiger month'正月; zhēngyuè; 'first month'2between 20 February – 21 March杏月; xìngyuè; 'apricot month'卯月; mǎoyuè; 'rabbit month'二月; èryuè; 'second month'3between 21 March – 20 April桃月; táoyuè; 'peach month'辰月; chényuè; 'dragon month'三月; sānyuè; 'third month'4between 20 April – 21 May梅月; méiyuè; 'plum flower month'巳月; sìyuè; 'snake month'四月; sìyuè; 'fourth month'5between 21 May – 21 June榴月; liúyuè; 'pomegranate month'午月; wǔyuè; 'horse month'五月; wǔyuè; 'fifth month'6between 21 June – 23 July荷月; héyuè; 'lotus month'未月; wèiyuè; 'goat month'六月; liùyuè; 'sixth month'7between 23 July – 23 August蘭月; 兰月; lányuè; 'orchid month'申月; shēnyuè; 'monkey month'七月; qīyuè; 'seventh month'8between 23 August – 23 September桂月; guìyuè; 'osmanthus month'酉月; yǒuyuè; 'rooster month'八月; bāyuè; 'eighth month'9between 23 September – 23 October菊月; júyuè; 'chrysanthemum month'戌月; xūyuè; 'dog month'九月; jiǔyuè; 'ninth month'10between 23 October – 22 November露月; lùyuè; 'dew month'亥月; hàiyuè; 'pig month'十月; shíyuè; 'tenth month'11between 22 November – 22 December冬月; dōngyuè; 'winter month'; 葭月; jiāyuè; 'reed month'子月; zǐyuè; 'rat month'十一月; shíyīyuè; 'eleventh month'12between 22 December – 21 January冰月; bīngyuè; 'ice month'丑月; chǒuyuè; 'ox month'臘月; 腊月; làyuè; 'end-of-year month'Chinese lunar date conventions[edit]Though the numbered month names are often used for the corresponding month number in the Gregorian calendar, it is important to realize that the numbered month names are not interchangeable with the Gregorian months when talking about lunar dates.Incorrect: The Dragon Boat Festival falls on May 5th in the Lunar Calendar, whereas the Double Ninth Festival, Lantern Festival, and Qixi Festival fall on September 9th, January 15th, and July 7th in the Lunar Calendar, respectively.Correct: The Dragon Boat Festival falls on Wǔyuè 5th (or, Fifth Month 5th) in the Lunar Calendar, whereas the Double Ninth Festival, Lantern Festival, and Qixi Festival fall on Jiǔyuè 9th (or, Nineth Month 9th), Zhēngyuè 15th (or, First Month 15th), and Qīyuè 7th (or, Seventh Month 7th) in the Lunar Calendar, respectively.Alternate Chinese Zodiac correction: The Dragon Boat Festival falls on Horse Month 5th on Lunar Calendar, whereas the Double Ninth Festival, Lantern Festival, and Qixi Festival fall on Dog Month 9th, Tiger Month 15th, and Monkey Month 7th on Lunar Calendar, respectively.One may even find out the heavenly stem and earthly branch corresponding to a particular day in the month, and those corresponding to its month, and those to its year, in order to determine the Four Pillars of Destiny associated with it, for which the Tung Shing, also referred to as the Chinese Almanac of the year, or the Huangli, and containing the essential information concerning Chinese astrology, is the most convenient publication to consult. Days rotate through a sexagenary cycle marked by a coordination between heavenly stems and earthly branchs, hence the referral to the Four Pillars of Destiny as, "Bazi", or "Birth Time Eight Characters", with each pillar consisting of a character for its corresponding heavenly stem, and another for its earthly branch. Since Huangli days are sexagenaric, their order is quite independent from their numeric order in each month, and from their numeric order within a week (referred to as True Animals with relation to the Chinese zodiac). Therefore, it does require painstaking calculation for one to arrive at the Four Pillars of Destiny of a particular given date, which rarely outpace the convenience of simply consulting the Huangli by looking up its Gregorian date.Solar term[edit]See also: Solar termThe solar year (歲; 岁; Suì), the time between winter solstices, is divided into 24 solar terms known as jié qì. Each term is a 15° portion of the ecliptic. These solar terms mark both Western and Chinese seasons as well as equinoxes, solstices, and other Chinese events. The even solar terms (marked with "Z") are considered the major terms, while the odd solar terms (marked with "J") are deemed minor. [16] The solar terms qīng míng (清明) on April 5 and dōng zhì (冬至) on December 22 are both celebrated events in China.[16]24 Jié QìNumberNameChinese MarkerEventDateJ1Lì chūn立春Beginning of springFebruary 4Z1Yǔ shuĭ雨水Rain waterFebruary 19J2Jīng zhé惊蛰Waking of insectsMarch 6Z2Chūn fēn春分March equinoxMarch 21J3Qīng míng清明Pure brightnessApril 5Z3Gŭ yŭ谷雨Grain rainApril 20J4Lì xià立夏Beginning of summerMay 6Z4Xiǎo mǎn小满Grain fullMay 21J5Máng zhòng芒种Grain in earJune 6Z5Xià zhì夏至June solsticeJune 22J6Xiǎo shǔ小暑Slight heatJuly 7Z6Dà shǔ大暑Great heatJuly 23J7Lì qiū立秋Beginning of autumnAugust 8Z7Chǔ shǔ处署Limit of heatAugust 23J8Bái lù白露White dewSeptember 8Z8Qiū fēn秋分September equinoxSeptember 23J9Hán lù寒露Cold dewOctober 8Z9Shuāng jiàng霜降Descent of frostOctober 24J10Lì dōng立冬Beginning of winterNovember 8Z10Xiăo xuě小雪Slight snowNovember 22J11Dà xuě大雪Great snowDecember 7Z11Dōng zhì冬至December solsticeDecember 22J12Xiăo hán小寒Slight coldJanuary 6Z12Dà hán大寒Great coldJanuary 20Solar year[edit]The calendar solar year, known as the suì, (岁) begins at the December solstice and proceeds through the 24 solar terms.[16] Due to the fact that the speed of the Sun's apparent motion in the elliptical is variable, the time between major solar terms is not fixed. This variation in time between major solar terms results in different solar year lengths. There are generally 11 or 12 complete months, plus two incomplete months around the winter solstice, in a solar year. The complete months are numbered from 0 to 10, and the incomplete months are considered the 11th month. If there are 12 complete months in the solar year, it is known as a leap solar year, or leap suì[16] Due to the inconsistencies in the length of the solar year, different versions of the traditional calendar might have different average solar year lengths. For example, one solar year of the 1st century BC Tàichū calendar is ​365 385⁄1539 (365.25016) days. A solar year of the 13th-century Shòushí calendar is ​365 97⁄400 (365.2425) days, identical to the Gregorian calendar. The additional .00766 day from the Tàichū calendar leads to a one-day shift every 130.5 years.Pairs of solar terms are climate terms, or solar months. The first solar term is "pre-climate" (節氣; 节气; Jiéqì), and the second is "mid-climate" (中氣; 中气; Zhōngqì).The first month without a mid-climate is the leap, or intercalary, month. In other words, the first month that doesn't include a major solar term is the leap month. [16] Leap months are numbered with rùn 閏, the character for "intercalary", plus the name of the month they follow. In 2017, the intercalary month after month six was called Rùn Liùyuè, or "intercalary sixth month" (閏六月) and written as 6i or 6+. The next intercalary month (in 2020, after month four) will be called Rùn Sìyuè (閏四月) and written 4i or 4+.Lunisolar year[edit]The lunisolar year begins with the first spring month, Zhēngyuè (正月; 'capital month'), and ends with the last winter month, Làyuè (臘月; 腊月; 'sacrificial month'). All other months are named for their number in the month order. If a leap month falls after month 11—as it will in 2033—the 11th month will be Shíèryuè (十二月; 'twelfth month'), and the leap month will be Làyuè.Years were traditionally numbered by the reign in ancient China, but this was abolished after the founding of the People's Republic of China in 1949. For example, the year from 8 February 2016 to 27 January 2017 was a Bǐngshēn year (丙申年) of 12 months or 354 days .During the Tang Dynasty, the Earthly Branches were used to mark the months from December 761 to May 762. [17] Over this period, the year began with the winter solstice.Age reckoning[edit]Main article: East Asian age reckoningIn China, a person's official age is based on the Gregorian calendar; for traditional use, age is based on the Chinese sui calendar. At birth, a child is considered the first year of lifetime using ordinal number (instead of "zero" using cardinal number); after each Chinese New Year, one year is added to their traditional age. Because of the potential for confusion, infant ages are often given in months instead of years.After the Gregorian calendar's introduction in China, the Chinese traditional age was referred to as the "nominal age" (虛歲; 虚岁; xūsuì; 'fake age') and the Gregorian age was known as the "real age" (實歲; 实岁; shísùi; 'real age').Year-numbering systemsEras[edit]Main article: Chinese era nameIn ancient China, years were numbered from a new emperor's assumption of the throne or an existing emperor's announcement of a new era name. The first recorded reign title was Jiànyuán (建元; 'founding era'), from 140 BC; the last reign title was Xuāntǒng (宣統; 宣统; 'announcing unification'), from 1908 AD. The era system was abolished in 1912, after which the current or Republican era was used.Stem-branches[edit]The 60 stem-branches have been used to mark the date since the Shang Dynasty (1600-1046 BC). Astrologers knew that the orbital period of Jupiter is about 4,332 days. Since 4332 is 12 × 361, Jupiter's orbital period was divided into 12 years (歲; 岁; suì) of 361 days each. The stem-branches system solved the era system's problem of unequal reign lengths.Continuous numbering[edit]Nomenclature similar to that of the Christian era has occasionally been used: [18]Huángdì year (黄帝紀年), starting at the beginning of the reign of the Yellow Emperor with year 1 at 2697 (or 2698) BCYáo year (唐堯紀年), starting at the beginning of the reign of Emperor Yao (year 1 at 2156 BC)Gònghé year (共和紀年), starting at the beginning of the Gonghe Regency (year 1 at 841 BC)Confucius year (孔子紀年), starting at the birth year of Confucius (year 1 at 551 BC)Unity year (統一紀年), starting at the beginning of the reign of Qin Shi Huang (year 1 at 221 BC)No reference date is universally accepted. The most popular is the Gregorian calendar (公曆; 公历; gōnglì; 'common calendar').On 2 January 1912, Sun Yat-sen announced changes to the official calendar and era. 1 January was 14 Shíyīyuè 4609 Huángdì year, assuming a year 1 of 2698 BC. The change was adopted by many overseas Chinese communities, such as San Francisco's Chinatown. [10]During the 17th century, the Jesuits tried to determine the epochal year of the Han calendar. In his Sinicae historiae decas prima (published in Munich in 1658), Martino Martini (1614–1661) dated the ascension of the Yellow Emperor to 2697 BC and began the Chinese calendar with the reign of Fuxi (which, according to Martini, began in 2952 BC. Philippe Couplet's 1686 Chronological table of Chinese monarchs (Tabula chronologica monarchiae sinicae) gave the same date for the Yellow Emperor. The Jesuits' dates provoked interest in Europe, where they were used for comparison with Biblical chronology. [citation needed]Modern Chinese chronology has generally accepted Martini's dates, except that it usually places the reign of the Yellow Emperor at 2698 BC and omits his predecessors Fuxi and Shennong as "too legendary to include". [This quote needs a citation]Publications began using the estimated birth date of the Yellow Emperor as the first year of the Han calendar in 1903, with newspapers and magazines proposing different dates. The province of Jiangsu counted 1905 as the year 4396 (using a year 0 of 2491 BC), and the newspaper Ming Pao (明報; 明报) reckoned 1905 as 4603 (using a year 0 of 2698 BC). [citation needed]Liu Shipei (劉師培, 1884–1919) created the Yellow Emperor Calendar, with year 0 as the birth of the emperor (which he determined as 2711 BC). There is no evidence that this calendar was used before the 20th century. [19]Liu calculated that the 1900 international expedition sent by the Eight-Nation Alliance to suppress the Boxer Rebellion entered Beijing in the 4611th year of the Yellow Emperor.Chinese New Year[edit]Main article: Chinese New YearThe date of the Chinese New Year accords with the patterns of the solar calendar and hence is variable from year to year. However, there are two general rules that govern the date. Firstly, Chinese New Year transpires on the second new moon following the December solstice. If there is a leap month after the eleventh or twelfth month, then Chinese New Year falls on the third new moon after the December solstice. Alternatively, Chinese New Year will fall on the new moon that is closest to lì chūn, or the solar term that begins spring (typically falls on February 4). However, this rule is not as reliable since it can be difficult to determine which new moon is the closest in the case of an early or late Chinese New Year. [16] It has been found that Chinese New Year moves back by either 10, 11, or 12 days in some years. If it falls before January 21, then it moves forward in the next year by either 18, 19, or 20 days.[16]Phenology[edit]The plum-rains season (梅雨), the rainy season in late spring and early summer, begins on the first bǐng day after Mangzhong (芒种) and ends on the first wèi day after Xiaoshu (小暑). The Three Fu (三伏; sānfú) are three periods of hot weather, counted from the first gēng day after the summer solstice. The first fu (初伏; chūfú) is 10 days long. The mid-fu (中伏; zhōngfú) is 10 or 20 days long. The last fu (末伏; mòfú) is 10 days from the first gēng day after the beginning of autumn.[13] The Shujiu cold days (數九; shǔjǐu; 'counting to nine') are the 81 days after the winter solstice (divided into nine sets of nine days), and are considered the coldest days of the year. Each nine-day unit is known by its order in the set, followed by "nine" (九)[14]See also[edit]China portalHistory portalChinese calendar correspondence tableChinese cultureChinese numeralsEast Asian age reckoningHorologyGuo Shoujing, an astronomer tasked with calendar reform during the 13th centuryList of festivals in AsiaList of Korean traditional festivalsPublic holidays in ChinaTraditional Chinese timekeepingFurther readingCohen, Alvin (2012). "Brief Note: The Origin of the Yellow Emperor Era Chronology" (PDF). Asia Major. 25 (pt 2): 1–13.Ho, Kai-Lung (何凱龍) (2006). “The Political Power and the Mongolian Translation of the Chinese Calendar During the Yuan Dynasty”. Central Asiatic Journal 50 (1). Harrassowitz Verlag: 57–69. The Political Power and the Mongolian Translation of the Chinese Calendar During the Yuan Dynasty.External links[edit]CalendarsChinese monthsGregorian-Lunar calendar years (1901–2100)Chinese calendar and holidaysChinese calendar with Auspicious EventsChinese Calendar OnlineCalendar conversion2000-year Chinese-Western calendar converter From 1 AD to 2100 AD. Useful for historical studies. To use, put the western year 年 month 月day 日in the bottom row and click on 執行.Western-Chinese calendar converterRulesMathematics of the Chinese CalendarThe Structure of the Chinese CalendarThis page was last edited on 19 September 2019, at 04:39 (UTC).

Though 2016 has been an epic year for movies, it almost feels like a warm-up when you look at the long list of blockbuster films already on the release calendar for 2017. Even though next year still feels far away, it's never too early to get excited about taking a trip to the theater, so we've lined up the biggest upcoming releases—and whether you're into action, comedy, horror, or drama, there's something here for everyone…Resident Evil: The Final Chapter - January 27Five years after Resident Evil: Retribution, Milla Jovovich returns to close out the sci-fi horror franchise she's led for more than a decade—and nearly $1 billion in worldwide grosses. Despite the long lapse between sequels, this sixth installment will reportedly pick up right where Retribution left off while following director Paul W.S. Anderson's mandate to come full circle with the saga of a dystopian future in which a corporate-created virus has unleashed a zombie plague. In other words, if you haven't been watching so far, this isn't the best place to come in—but if the Umbrella Corporation, Raccoon City, and "t-virus" are meaningful phrases for you, then you may want to mark your calendar.John Wick: Chapter 2 - February 10After everything he went through in the first movie, what could possibly convince John Wick to come out of retirement? Dog lovers will be relieved to hear it isn't the death of another pooch that gets his guns blazing in John Wick: Chapter 2—this time, one of John's old buddies is in the middle of a scheme to topple an assassin's guild and he needs backup. The circumstances are different, but the end results look pretty much the same: tons of stylish violence with Keanu Reeves in the middle of it all, back in the role he might have been born to play.The Lego Batman Movie - February 10Not long ago, the idea of a movie "based on" Legos seemed too silly for words, but then The Lego Movie racked up nearly $470 million while making us all root for plastic bricks (and play "Everything Is Awesome" on endless repeat). Taking the hint, Warner Bros. is diving right in with a universe of Lego-derived films, starting with this spin-off, which brings back Will Arnett as Gotham's Caped Crusader. He's joined by an intriguing cast that includes his Arrested Development castmate Michael Cera as Robin, Zach Galifianakis as the Joker, and Mariah Carey as the mayor—and with Lego Movie animation co-director Chris McKay on board to helm the film from a script by Abraham Lincoln: Vampire Hunter director Seth Grahame-Smith, we're sure plenty of inspired silliness awaits.The Great Wall - February 17Zhang Yimou's sprawling historical fantasy epic The Great Wall has been hit with early backlash over its casting of Matt Damon as the star of what's otherwise an eastern narrative. But the film has an intriguing (albeit a little ridiculous) idea: The Great Wall of China was built to keep out more than just unwanted human neighbors.The story was created in part by World War Z novelist Max Brooks, whose book segments about China's part in the zombie apocalypse were criminally underserved in the cinematic "adaptation" of his story, so this could be a point of serious creative redemption. Plus, the promotional materials have shown some ambitious special effects and stunts, and Bourne hero Damon's had some strong action successes in the past. From everything we've seen so far, The Great Wall will at least be a spectacular showcase of effects-heavy cinematography.Logan - March 3Hugh Jackman has played Wolverine for so long that it's nearly impossible to imagine anyone else in the role of the adamantium-clawed X-Men mutant. Soon, Fox will need to figure out who'll be the next actor to play the part, but first, Jackman's getting his swan song with a third standalone Wolverine feature. The film's plot draws from Marvel's Old Man Logan comic, about an alternate-future version of the (nearly) ageless hero. The film will also feature the return of Patrick Stewart's Professor X, adding yet another layer of closure for longtime fans of the franchise.Kong: Skull Island - March 10None of the many attempts to expand or remake the story of King Kong have managed to come anywhere near the classic original. But where there's franchise potential, there's a would-be blockbuster waiting to happen—so on March 10, 2017, the big guy returns with Kong: Skull Island. Directed by Jordan Vogt-Roberts (The Kings of Summer) and starring Tom Hiddleston, Brie Larson, and Samuel L. Jackson, this '70s-set trip into the Kong mythos gives viewers the biggest version of the character they've ever seen—which is a good thing for Kong, because after Skull Island finishes its theatrical run, Legendary is planning to pit him against Godzilla in a monster mashup for the ages.Beauty and the Beast - March 17Disney's campaign to turn each of their animated classics into live-action blockbusters continues with Beauty and the Beast, which offers a new perspective on their 1991 hit. Like Disney's earlier Beauty, this version draws inspiration from the classic fairy tale about a prince (played here by Dan Stevens) who's cursed with a grotesque appearance, yet finds love with a pure-hearted maiden (Emma Watson) imprisoned in his castle after her father (Kevin Kline) offers her up in a deal to spare his own life. Like a lot of stories from the era, it's rather dark, but Disney's animated adaptation put a family-friendly spin on it with music and humor, and we can expect the same here—plus a cast that includes Ewan McGregor and Sir Ian McKellen.Power Rangers - March 24Go Go Power Rangers! Whether or not you've ever had a preference for the red, yellow, pink, blue, black, or even the occasionally-seen green or white rangers, those ninja steel-wielding high schoolers were loads of fun to watch (and dress up as) back in the day. The forthcoming Power Rangers isn't the first movie to capitalize on the mighty morphin '90s craze, of course. During the original family television series' popular run, the show's cast members teamed up for a big-screen adventure in the somewhat successful 1995 film Mighty Morphin Power Rangers: The Movie, which was quickly followed up by 1997's Turbo: A Power Rangers Movie and several spinoff series.However, Director Dean Israelite's take on the story offers a much more serious and emotionally charged account of how these misfit teens managed to become a band of unlikely world saviors, battling back the forces of evil—namely, Rita Repulsa (Elizabeth Banks)—with the help of their sage mentor Zordon (Bryan Cranston). The film features young actors Dacre Montgomery, R.J. Cyler, Naomi Scott, Becky G., Zack Taylor, and Billy Cranston as the superhero squad, and if the film does manage to renew even a smidgen of the Power Rangers frenzy that the series enjoyed in the '90s, it's going to be massive.Ghost in the Shell - March 31Rupert Sanders' adaptation of the popular Masamune Shirow manga series of the same name has been riddled with controversy over its "whitewashed" casting of Scarlett Johansson as the main heroine, the Mayor. But Johansson's box office track record is still nothing to discount, and Sanders and Johansson also received the in-person blessings of Mamoru Oshii, Kenji Jamiyama, and Kenji Kawaii, who were each responsible for the original animated versions of the story.Assuming audiences can look past the controversy surrounding the racial inconsistencies from page to screen, Ghost in the Shell is expected to be a visual spectacular that chronicles an epic chase between a cyborg policewoman and a dangerous hacker with the same kind of gnarly effects and existential futurism that captivated audiences in films like The Matrix, Johansson's own turn in Lucy, and The Fifth Element.The Fate of the Furious - April 14The fate of the Furious franchise seemed a bit uncertain in the wake of star Paul Walker's sudden passing in 2013, which complicated production of 2015's Furious 7 and put the burden of additional expectations on his longtime co-star and friend, Vin Diesel. But with nearly $4 billion in worldwide grosses, Universal wasn't about to garage its gearhead soap opera, so like clockwork, the gang will return for an eighth installment—and one that's already being set up as a callback to previous chapters as well as a springboard into a new trilogy that will reportedly see stories pivot away from the heist capers of recent sequels and into a spy saga spearheaded by Kurt Russell's Frank Petty character.According to the official synopsis, the new sequel—titled The Fate of the Furious—finds Dom (Vin Diesel) lured back "into the world of crime he can't seem to escape and a betrayal of those closest to him" by a "mysterious woman" (Charlize Theron), setting up another worldwide adventure that sends our crew "from the shores of Cuba and the streets of New York City to the icy plains off the arctic Barents Sea." Listen carefully and under the roar of the motors, you can already hear the box office cash registers ringing.Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 - May 5Initially, it seemed like a hilariously dumb idea for Marvel to turn a relatively obscure comic about a ragtag team of intergalactic do-gooders—whose ranks include a raccoon-like creature and an alien resembling a sentient tree—into a $200 million movie. Nearly $775 million in box office receipts later, Guardians of the Galaxy could be the start of an Avengers-style franchise for the studio, and Chris Pratt, whose biggest credit prior to taking on the role of Peter "Star-Lord" Quill came as doughy doofus Andy Dwyer in NBC's Parks & Recreation, is a full-on action hero. The gang's all back for Vol. 2, along with writer-director James Gunn, and while we don't have many details regarding what they'll be up to this time around, we're confident it'll be tons of fun.Alien: Covenant - May 19With 2012's Prometheus, Ridley Scott made his eagerly awaited return to the Alien franchise by way of a prequel that hinted at the long-ago beginnings of his blockbuster saga's story. Under the weight of decades' worth of sequels, spinoffs, and expectations, the end result couldn't help but disappoint some viewers, and in spite of a $400 million gross and largely positive reviews, there's a sense of unfinished business hanging over the sequel. Fans who feel Prometheus didn't tie into the Alien films strongly enough might be better served by Alien: Covenant, which brings back Michael Fassbender and Noomi Rapace to show what happens after they hijack an ancient spacecraft in order to venture to the homeworld of the mysterious Engineers and halt their plans for humanity.Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Men Tell No Tales - May 26Pre-production on this fifth installment in the Pirates of the Caribbean saga started back when the previous sequel, 2011's On Stranger Tides, was on its way to theaters, and its path through development has been strewn with script difficulties and budget-induced delays. Still, any new chapter in a franchise that's grossed nearly $4 billion counts as a promising development for the studio, and Disney has stood by while producer Jerry Bruckheimer steered Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Men Tell No Tales to its destination. Directed by Joachim Rønning and Espen Sandberg (Kon-Tiki), this adventure sees Johnny Depp's Captain Jack Sparrow face off against an old nemesis played by Javier Bardem—and sees the return of Orlando Bloom's Will Turner in his new guise as Davy Jones.Wonder Woman - June 2After being introduced to audiences in Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice, Gal Gadot's Wonder Woman will get her own standalone feature, which is rumored to be the first installment in a period-piece trilogy that will take audiences from the 1920s to the present day. Monster director Patty Jenkins is at the helm, with a screenplay from Pan writer Jason Fuchs. Meanwhile, Gadot will be surrounded by a supporting cast that includes Chris Pine, Robin Wright, and Danny Huston. Whatever actually happens in the movie, it's a long-overdue victory for comics fans who've waited years for the Amazonian warrior to get a shot at her own big-screen franchise—and it may help Warner Bros. gain a demographic edge on Marvel in the superhero blockbuster arms race.World War Z 2 - June 9For a movie that tried to spin an action-thriller yarn out of a bestseller that used the oral history format to tell the story of a worldwide zombie outbreak—and had an infamously troubled production in the bargain—World War Z turned out to be a surprisingly entertaining (not to mention extremely commercially successful) film. Which brings us to the inevitable sequel, World War Z 2, in which Brad Pitt returns to battle the zombie plague. We don't know much about the plot at this point, but director Juan Antonio Bayona (The Orphanage, The Impossible) will be working from a screenplay by Steven Knight, whose varied list of credits includes the chess drama Pawn Sacrifice and Bradley Cooper's Burnt.Cars 3 - June 16Rev up your engines, kids, because Lightning McQueen (Owen Wilson) is back in high-speed action in Disney-Pixar's Cars 3. The 3D animated adventure, which follows the events of 2006's Cars and 2011's Cars 2, will follow the famous red race car on his journey to catch up with a new generation of speedsters and feature the return of some fan favorites like Mater (Larry the Cable Guy), Sally Carrera (Bonnie Hunt), and Ramone (Cheech Marin) while adding fresh fuel to the cinematic tank by way of yellow car and race technician Cruz Ramirez and the rookie racer McQueen longs to defeat, Jackson Storm. Considering how well the first two films (and spinoffs Planes and Planes: Fire & Rescue) have done at the box office, this one's sure to be a hit with the summertime family crowd.Transformers: The Last Knight - June 23Every time Michael Bay thinks he's out of the Transformers franchise, they pull him back in with a fresh boatload of cash. Bay's been making noises about being done with Optimus Prime and his buddies for years, and was initially only on board to produce this installment in the series. But the executives at Paramount must have been pretty persuasive, because he's still in the director's seat for what he insists will be his final Transformers film. Aside from Mark Wahlberg being back as the saga's current human star, The Last Knight looks like it'll plunge viewers into a time-traveling plot that includes King Arthur and an alternate history in which Nazis won World War II—plus plenty of action and lots of lead-ins to the assortment of spinoff films the studio's planning.Despicable Me 3 - June 30From its humble beginnings as a cartoon about a funny-looking supervillain who sets out to steal the moon and ends up adopting three adorable munchkins, Despicable Me has grown into an impressively adaptable franchise for Universal. In addition to 2013's Despicable Me 2, it's also spun off a prequel (2015's Minions), six short films, three video games, and a theme park attraction—and as we can see from the 2017 release schedule, it isn't done yet. Details are still very sketchy regarding this third installment, but we can safely assume Steve Carell will be back as the nefarious (but kinda cuddly) Gru—and we know he'll be working from a script written by Cinco Paul and Ken Daurio, who collaborated on the first two films.Spider-Man: Homecoming - July 7Sony's hopes for a Spider-Man film universe were dealt an embarrassing setback after director Marc Webb's reboots underperformed. But even if we aren't getting a Sinister Six or Venom movie anytime soon, the core franchise remains a top priority at the studio—as evidenced by this new reboot, which will find Tom Holland starring as the web-slinger in a standalone film while doing double duty as a supporting player in a number of Marvel movies (starting with Captain America: Civil War). Jon Watts, who helmed the creepy low-budget Kevin Bacon thriller Cop Car, is on board as director for a storyline that features Robert Downey, Jr.'s Tony Stark playing mentor to young Spidey in his battle against the Vulture (Michael Keaton).War for the Planet of the Apes - July 14Dawn of the Planet of the Apes director Matt Reeves returns for this follow-up, which picks up from Dawn's final scene—a grim foreshadowing of the major conflict brewing between genetically enhanced primates and a human population decimated by a virus dubbed the Simian Flu. Andy Serkis is back as the apes' leader, Caesar, whose journey from young chimp to noble warrior has formed the backbone for the franchise's overall arc. He's joined by Steve Zahn (as a new ape) and Woody Harrelson (as a character known as the Colonel, reportedly the film's chief antagonist). Reeves, who co-wrote the script, is keeping storyline details under wraps, but says the events depicted in War for the Planet of the Apes see Caesar achieving "mythic" status.Dunkirk - July 21After a decade spent in the sci-fi/fantasy realm, writer-director Christopher Nolan has put his considerable talents to work on a historical drama about a World War II battle. Dunkirk reunites Nolan with a pair of his Dark Knight and Inception alums, Tom Hardy and Cillian Murphy, and early footage hearkens back to the heart-pounding beachfront battle imagery in the legendary opening scene from Saving Private Ryan.Nolan's attention to historical detail on the partial IMAX production—including shooting on the site of the real-life events that inspired it—will no doubt serve his tale of heroism and survival well. And considering his box office track record, Dunkirk is sure to be a summer blockbuster that's much more engrossing than the usual generic popcorn fare.The Dark Tower - July 28Of all the adaptations Stephen King's written works have produced, Nikolaj Arcel's The Dark Tower has to be the most anticipated. The sci-fi western horror film will follow the events of King's prolific Dark Tower book series—reportedly picking up some time after the ending of The Dark Tower VII: The Dark Tower, with elements from the first book, The Gunslinger.The story will present the apocalyptic adventure of an 11-year-old boy named Jake Chambers (Tom Taylor) as he accidentally uncovers the Mid-World dimension and joins up with Roland Deschain (Idris Elba) to find the Dark Tower before the Man in Black (Matthew McConaughey) can stop him from saving his dimension from certain destruction. Like King's book series, the film will juxtapose Wild West-style revolver action with supernatural elements and fantastic locales that constitute their own, radical plane of reality. The King faithful are sure to turn up for this long-overdue Hollywood treatment of the beloved series, especially with Elba and McConaughey's star power driving the narrative.IT - September 8The 1991 TV miniseries adaptation of Stephen King's IT amassed a cult following but, unfortunately, the four-hour feature's laughable special effects and disorienting cutaway-style editing haven't aged well. Tim Curry's original performance as the town-terrorizing clown Pennywise still set a high bar for anyone to follow in the role, though—his signature cackle remains a chilling childhood memory for many—so when director Andrés Muschietti revealed his new version of the character (now played by Bill Skarsgård) in a costume that could've easily been borrowed from a schoolgirl's dress-up chest, it's only natural that he faced a little blowback.There's still reason to believe this thing will be a hit with the King faithful, though. There's a bevy of talent on board, including Skarsgård and Finn Wolfhard (of the breakthrough young cast from Stranger Things), and there were plenty of scenes from the book that were glossed over in the first adaptation. IT is just one of two chapters in the story of an ageless monster who picks the wrong group of kids to mess with; part two is expected to pick up their story as adults, when they reunite to grapple with it again.Blade Runner 2049 - October 6What kind of chutzpah does a person need to have in order to try and follow up a towering sci-fi classic like Blade Runner? It's a daunting task to say the least, but Blade Runner 2049 director Denis Villeneuve has a few big things going for him—most importantly, the presence of original Blade Runner director Ridley Scott, who's producing, and star Harrison Ford, reprising his role as Rick Deckard. Ford's joined by an ensemble rounded out by Ryan Gosling, Robin Wright, and Jared Leto (not to mention Dave "Drax" Bautista), all working from a script co-written by Blade Runner writer Hampton Fancher with Michael Green (Logan, Alien: Covenant). Storyline details are under wraps and whether the end result can stand up alongside the original obviously remains to be seen, but all the ingredients are here for a helluva movie.Kingsman: The Golden Circle - October 6The creative team behind 2015's Kingsman: The Secret Service reunites for this sequel, with director Matthew Vaughn continuing to work with characters created by comics legends Mark Millar and Dave Gibbons. The plot details are still a little loose—rumor has it that the Kingsman British spy team will team up with their American equivalents after their headquarters are destroyed by a lethal foe—but who needs a synopsis when you've got a cast this intriguingly weird? Returning stars Taron Egerton, Mark Strong, and Sophie Cookson are joined by an eclectic ensemble that includes Channing Tatum, Halle Berry, Julianne Moore, Jeff Bridges, and Elton John. Also reportedly in the mix? Kingsman star Colin Firth, who—if you've seen the original—is kind of a surprising addition. Whatever happens in The Golden Circle, we're betting it won't be dull.Friday the 13th Reboot - October 13Pity today's young film fans, for they've never experienced the cheesy joy that was being treated to regular installments of Friday the 13th throughout the '80s. Between 1980 and 1989, the hockey-masked slasher Jason Voorhees hacked his way through scores of screaming nubile victims in eight films—although by the end of the decade, the franchise had started to teeter between stale and ridiculous, and subsequent attempts to extend or reboot the character's mythology have failed to draw much of a following. This latest overhaul arrives nearly a decade after the last reboot, which grossed nearly $100 million. Although little is known about the plot, we're pretty sure it has to do with a guy in a hockey mask chopping sexed-up teens to bits.Saw: Legacy - October 27Lionsgate was definitely playing a game by presenting 2010's Saw 3D: The Final Chapter as the very last round of Jigsaw's punishing plans. While details are scant on what the newest round of trap-filled thrills will bring, composer Charlie Clouser told The Hollywood Reporter that the eighth installment of the franchise will be a "reinvention" of the series and that co-directors Michael and Peter Spierig offer "a fresh take on the material that will establish a new storyline and new characters that can carry the saga into the future."Some speculate that the new flick will pick up material left on the screenwriting table by Saw 3D, as that film was originally supposed to be split in two. As screenwriters Patrick Melton and Marcus Dunstan revealed to bloody-digusting.com, the return of Dr. Lawrence Gordon (Cary Elwes) to the final installment was supposed to be a little more eventful than it already was. "The big reveal of Dr. Gordon was a bit underserved as a result [of not being split into two], perhaps creating more questions than answers. There were several ideas we never quite figured out, but I don't want to say what they were because you never know what might happen in the future."Thor: Ragnarok - November 3In Norse mythology, Ragnarök is an apocalyptic series of events that results in the world being plunged into water after the deaths of several gods—including Odin, Thor, and Loki—and culminates in a planetary rebirth. Needless to say, it's obvious from the title that Thor: Ragnarok won't be a jolly good time for our hammer-wielding hero (Chris Hemsworth), although we can guess from his imminent participation in the upcoming Avengers: Infinity War movies that he'll emerge relatively unscathed after the final act. Whatever happens here, he'll be joined by Mark Ruffalo, reprising his Marvel Universe role as Bruce Banner/the Hulk, and working under the direction of New Zealand filmmaker Taika Waititi, who earned raves for his 2014 vampire mockumentary What We Do in the Shadows.Justice League - November 17Marvel has done a brilliant job of laying out the template for a successful shared universe, and now Warner Bros. is following in its rival's footsteps with its DC Comics properties, which are due to get their first moments in the all-star superhero team spotlight with Justice League. Director Zack Snyder has already agreed to helm, and confirmed members of the cast include stars from the studio's pre-existing franchises, including Henry Cavill, Gal Gadot, and Ben Affleck, as Superman, Wonder Woman, and Batman, respectively. While we don't yet have any idea what danger our team will face, we do know it'll be serious enough to attract the attention of Aquaman (Jason Momoa) and Cyborg (Ray Fisher). And with a sequel already scheduled for 2019, you can bet the battle won't end here.Star Wars: Episode VIII - December 15This is Star Wars we're talking about, so the list of things we truly know about Episode VIII is awfully short. But we do know a couple of important facts: one, Rian Johnson (Looper) will be in the director's chair; and two, most of Episode VII's cast will be back, including Daisy Ridley, John Boyega, Oscar Isaac, and Adam Driver, along with OG franchise stars Mark Hamill and Carrie Fisher. Beyond that, pretty much all we can tell you is that this installment follows the events of Episode VII, and advances the new trilogy pitting the Resistance against the First Order led by Supreme Leader Snoke (Andy Serkis) and his apprentice Kylo Ren (Adam Driver). Oh, and another thing: it'll sell tons of tickets.Have a Hollywood-filled Happy New Year ! Cheers to 2017..!!