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Thanks Rajkumar for A2A.Interesting question. Please read this in free time, its a long answer.Who has to the research on history, what motivates him/her and what obstructs him? Who should support him? What value that history gets in telugu land?Clarification : I don’t see Telangaana different from AP, I know just telugu land. As per my understanding, whole telugu land is backward in protecting language , culture and heritage when compared to Tamizh or Maratha or Kannada countries. No need to pin point one particular part of telugu land. I feel my telangana brethren may not like this answer.Telangana is a large area. I can only answer from the understanding of few regions that I am familiar with. My answer looks novice and naive.First, regarding history of “telangana”, See this statement:“ఆంధ్ర దేశమును గురించియు, ఆంధ్ర రాజులను గురించియు, ఆంధ్ర వాఙ్మయమును గురించియును పెక్కుడు పరిశోధనలను జేసి, క్రొత్తవింతలను కనుగొనదలచినవాఱికి హైదరాబాదు రాజ్యమందలి తెలుగు భాగమొక బంగారపు గని వంటిది ” . Near Translation - “For those who want to do a thorough research to find new unknown and fascinating aspects about history of “Andhra” country (desam), about “Andhra” Kings/Royals, about “Andhra” Literature and consciousness, the Telugu part of Hyderabad state (present day Telangana) is a Gold Mine (treasure trove)”.This statement is given by none other than Indian scholar, historian and one of the important telugu scholars who built scientific encyclopedia in telugu - Kommarraju Lakshmana Rao garu. He is also pioneer of telangana Library movement. He is the one who proved with literary evidences , the geographic locations of Trilinga dessams and also about Parnasala (which was thought to be in nashik).Sadly, this gold mine , even still in 21st century, largely left without mining !!Ironically , people and politicians of telanagana have disassociated themselves with this basic linguistic identity of “Andhra” due to political reasons..I really doubt , how many among the educated young generation knew Kommarraju garu !Recently few years back there was a unique temple discovered in forests of warangal, called devunigutta temple, which had an architecture similar to Angkor wat. It is an old buddhist temple. More than indoan historians, foreign scholars have visited and noted its uniqueness and antiquity . That is our situation.Ofcourse Due to large scale destruction and ruins of monuments, epigraphs and manuscripts, and loss of links, research is not going to be easy ! yet many historians collected and built from the available clues. there is much more to do.Suravaram Prathapa reddy garu in the editorial of his monumental journal “Golakonda Kavula Sanchika“, clearly says that— Due lack of connectivity and exposure to outside world, the great poets, scholars of “Andhra lands in Hyderabad state (telangana )” are not known to telugus in British ruled Andhra and to outside world. And these poets are very well versed with poetry and author works in a highly classical and ancient style poetry in both Sanskrit and Andhra languages. Also, they write in modern literary style of Bhavakavitvam. See—-He calls telangana as “Andhra lands or Andhra part of Hyderabad state”.Dasarathi, who is known for his popular line “Naa telangana koti ratanala veena” has written about telugu unity and renaissance in 20th century , as “Mahandhrodayam”. See how he says about telnagana to Andhraambika(He says to mother of “Andhras”, about its children in Telangana, that your children in telangana has preserved its linguistic, cultural identity through centuries when religious fundamentalist and extremism of aliens are torturing and martyring telangana people. )Adiraju veerabhadra rao garu , a historian from Telanganaa , has written his works on ancient Telugu cities as “Prachina Andhra Nagaramulu”.. How many Telangaan or telugu people yearned for studying the true name of Hyderabad when all our neighboring states were changing names of their cities.The history of Hyderaabad, its temples, its culture itself is unknown despite sole focus on Hyderabad.. What we can expect the history of other parts of telangaana/telugu land?How many Telangana people knew great women leader and freedom fighter Sangam lakshmi bayi garu talking in Hyderaabad assembly during 1956 on issue of “merger with Andhra”,..she was for separate telanganaa , but see her linguistic pride- ” We want separate Telangana state for some years to make ourselves self-reliant and to understand the political rights. Later we can form Vishalandhra. We don’t have any thing against Andhras of Andhras state (AP).. They (AP) are Andhras , We are also Andhras. . There are no walls between Hyderabad and Bezawada. The Pothana’s Bhagavatham written here is widely read and valued across Andhra desam . Telangana is known for some of the pure vocabulary of telugu.” Meaning Telangana is not against cultural and linguistic identity of Andhra. ( This is A loose translation of few of her sentences of her telugu speech in Hyderabad assembly).But todays’ telangana identity is directed in a wrong way of just opposing Andhra.Coming to answer.But before talking about telugu history , do our telugus have any enchantment for heritage, history when compared to marathis , Tamizhs.Even a small kid of marathis can explain about Shivaji in a simple way, so is a small tamizh kid about tamizh heritage, cholas, etc . But what about telugus ?You will not be surprised to know that there are still important historical forts and monuments in Telangana that are not even mapped/stored in Google maps. Still today, telanagna research failed to erase the popular myth that “Telangana has not many temples”. That is another big story leave it.We telugus are yet to bring or atleast copy the precious ancient and precious telugu literary works preserved in Thanjavur saraswathi Mahal library !!Telangana people are proud of folk literature and songs. But how many are aware of God father Indian folkolore studies - “Birudu raju ramaraju ”, from telanganaa, who was pioneer in preserving and throwing new insights on telugu history, literature and on history of telangana too !! There is not even a wikipedia article on this Natuonal Research Professor!!How many telanganaites know the 110 “Andhra bhasha nilayamas” spread cross telangana , which were established in early 20th century , which created cultural, linguistic renaissance in telangana ?? How many of knew that Sri Krishna devaraya won and conquered warangal and offered prayers at Kaleshwaram temple, donated huge sum?Is research a discrete process? No, it is a continuous and sometimes is built on existing works. So I am asking people how many of us studied atleast existing works on history of telugu land or atleast telangana which is documented painstakingly by freedom fighters and scholars of renaissance movement in 20th century?Yes given the historical situations and alien rule, faced tough situation in documenting history. yet we have great historians like Adiraju veerabhadra rao garu, scholar and leader like Suravaram Pratapa reddy garu , artists like Nataraja Ramakrishna , poets and historians like Seshadri Ramana kavulu , Oddiraju sodarulu and Indologist Biruduraju rama raju garu, to present era jayadheer tirumala rao garu. Lots of work is documented within the least availability of resources and tough circumstances But how many of us know these people and their works?Many knew Adavi bapiraju garu only as polymath. But his influential stint as journalist helping to create the bond between telugus as editor of Mezan , and supporting Andhra mahasabha and local telugus, and researching on sculpture of Temples here? Do you how impressed was he. And how people and scholars of TS had very close and soulful relationship with him?Who has to do research on this? What are the goals, who are the end users and beneficiaries? History, heritage and culture, language are the subjects that have are not seen as “money making” by our Telugu society as immediate results are not so easy in these. This is democratic setup, we telugus are having no interest in learning even telugu just to score “marks”. We substitute it with Sanskrit and french, etc . Telugu medium is long neglected and hated one. Our governments , which are elected by us and the leaders nurtured in our society , naturally have no interest or veneration for language, history and culture. Whom we have to blame? we are ourselves responsible for this sorry state of affairs.How many telugus knew about living legend CR Rao garu or Raj reddy garu , despite telugus having great craze for Software jobs and interest for maths and computing sciences????Simple answer:Telangana , since fall of kakatiyas had bore the continuous brunt of alien rules with slight relief during secular golkonda regime. There was always strife and revolutions, destroying most valuable monuments and epigraphs..And the thorough process of documenting history was started very late.In India, most modern documentation of ancient history with thorough research was during early modern era - 18th to 20th centuries with the support of modern techniques under British education. That too when there is a good support from governing bodies. And as you know, Telangana was under deep alien feudal distress with no scope for education, no respect for native culture and history. In Telangana good research on native history started only in 20th century , behind the schedule by more than a century , that too with little support and scope!! And added to this the continuous internal rebellions, reactionary actions from state, have took a great toll on protection of monuments.Hence all these factors made sure that Telangana went into oblivion from mainstream Telugu consciousness, despite being a nerve center during Satavahana and Kakatiyan eras. Now every one and every thing of Telangana is seen from the spectrum of Hyderabad state and nizam rule.The destruction of invaders was so much that even the evidences of many poets and historical sites were lost or in irrecoverably ruined state. The birthplaces and works of many poets were completely in controversy for most time because of this.After independence, all telugus were focused on economics, our society solely focused on making money, preferring financially lucrative careers keeping the linguistic , cultural consciousness in cold storage . Post independence, telugus society was not at all interested in linguistic identity, history despite telugus putting up valiant fight for forming first linguistic state in independent India.Regarding food- there are wide varieties, from varugulu to uppudu pelalu , uppudu pindi, to penilu, shondelu, ragi, jonna gatka to atu pulusus- Telangana also has large set of options in its Vegetarian cuisine. How many karimnagar -Warnagal people remember the yester-year fact that “uppudu pelalau” used t be a dish known for its “prestige”. Those who include this dish in marriages or other functions are considered as “prosperous” and much appreciated, though they may be middle class?One day, I have seen a comment in quora , when a good telugu lover (and a scholar of course) , out of interest asked who should/can be the most revered historical figure of Telugus analogous to Shivaji for Marathas. One of person from TS bluntly replied “ we telanganaites have KCR”. I was literally shocked, irritated.I mean I am not generalizing this to all telugus , but honestly the amount of interest and efforts we put on making riches, money, politics, caste, region and recent trend of lavish weddings- we telugus in general do not have the penchant for arts, literature, heritage and language. Harsh reality , bitter truth.END of simple answer——Ironically telangaana politicians and people, over decades have disowned and disassociated with the term “Andhra” itself due to politics. Do you know the same people and leaders were forefront and were more assertive in highlighting the “Andhra identity” during freedom struggle against feudal lords and nizams? According to MVR sastry garu (Andhra Bhommi editor), it was telanagan’s people and leaders and scholars who had proudly and firmly held the “Andhra bavuta(flag)” high with the high success of the Andhra Mahasabhas despite the restrictions and tough obstacles created by Nizam.How can we know our history when we reject an important identity of ours?How many of us knew the fact that having separate state for Telanagna doesn’t need to disassociate with our own cultural and linguistic identity of “Andhra”The term “Telungu/Telangana /Telanga/ Tiling” is also an important telugu identity, but still there are not enough research on it. But there are ample evidences that it is one of the important and old word. Instead of removing every cultural thing of Andhra, government of telangaana should encourage research in identifying literary sources for solving this puzzle regarding the ancient word “telangana/tilinga and telungu”Few interesting naive things that are potential for historical research in Telugu land or Telangana in particular of modern history: (Lots of interesting things have happened post the fall of Golkonda regime):How many of us knew that till 1930s , native Telugu jain families existed in Karimnagar - Yelagandula, Nizamabad - Induru districts?? Isn’t it interesting that despite absence of jain patronage by later era Kakatiyas , jains continued to exist ? And that too even in centuries of alien rule when hinduism itself suffered a lot? How they disappeared suddenly? Where were their places of worship? What about their native scriptures.How many of us know the migration of telugus from this part to maratha lands during and after rule of Shivaji? Also many migrated during Nizam era , were successful in textile business?Can we get clues of the then resource management in early 19th century (1830) from the first telugu travel document- Kashi Ytara Charitra of Yenugula Veraswamayya garu— Which describes many important aspects of rayalaseema and western parts of telangana and coastal Andhra. Infact Kashi yatra charithra was one of the main references used by Suravaram Pratapa Reddy garu in Andhrula Sanghika Charithra to describe the 19th century history of Telangana !!How people preserved Telugu culture, rituals , literature, arts across the land without any royal support for centuries? Are the pre telugu songs sung out side vemulawada temple during sivarathri, are they telugu equivalent of sanskrit slokas? Same doubt applies to telugu puja offered in veera saiva temples.There are many classical saint poets (dasa tradition) and one of them have even written bathukamma songs !! Even in late 20th century we have a great devotee called paramadasa in rangareddy who has built temple for Narasimha swamy by excavating a rocky hill. he did it singularly. The temple is beautiful and gives cave like aura. The devotee is not elite or priestly class, but he is himself the priest of the temple.Why The palnati veera gallula aradhana is found across all interior telangana villages.In this Nizam era , there was Dharmapuri Seshappa kavi, whose poems were popular across telugu land. Interesting isn’t it? Why do you think Dharmapuri Temple was exempted from all taxes?Why great polymaths like Oddiraju sodarulu were unsung and even went into oblivion despite having taught many people. Where are their students?How many knew that some small library in warangal’s battla bazar , named after “title of adi kavi nannaya”-”Sabdhanushasana Andhra bhasha nilayam” was a treasure trove of rare collection of telugu manuscripts which even telugu scholars from Hyderabad used to visit for studying them. How this library got disappeared ?Not just gadwala samsthanam, but even a small samsthanam in central telangana had many poets and patrons of telugu literature- so much so that many great telugu poets across telugu land ,Tirupathi venkata kavulu , find it motivational to have received titles from this small samsthanam.. There are many such. Remember this is in highly regressive regime !! There are quite a few such. It is not surprising that because of this reason, Suravaram garu had taken a herculean task of documenting the then existing highly prolific poets across Telangana in his journal - Golakonda kavula sanchika !! This is true for most art forms too.. very important. Telugu people of Telangana have preserved.How many of us knew that the story of a warrior who fought against Mughal representatives by building a small kingdom in central telangana -has his life story sung by ballads in rayalaseema?There existed a telugu sikh poet whose works were celebrated by building temple to them !!Do you know the infamous ichchampally project, which was stopped in the middle of execution due to some epidemic. It is still surprising that no European Engineers took up this project despite the then age was of taking up challenges. Also during the time of project , both banks of the river were under Telangaana districts under Hyderaabd state. But on what basis the portion of districts that contains other bank of the project was given away?? It needs some investigation. why would one lose the bank. Is the haunted folk lore stories regarding ichchampally , are just myths or is there any clue in them? Some can make a historic and mystery film around this magnificent structure on godavari.You know what - Sir Mokshagundam Vishweshwarayya visited ramappa lake and near by Kakatiyan lakes, impressed by their engineering , and strengthened the lakes? Sir MV also had an interaction with local ryots then !!The only secular nizam- 6th , he used to respect native heritage and languages personally (not official). He used to send muthyala talambralu to bhadrachalam on elephant Ambari, the previous day of kalyanam and used to go fast till prasadam from Bhadrachalam kalyanam reached Hyderabad palace. He used to give “aada padachu katnam for women during bathukamma festival in hdyerabad “. He is the only Nizam to have personally learnt telugu. Interesting thing known from my acquaintances is that, the then telugu elders and liberal elites tried hard to meet 6th nizam and convince him on the support of Telugu language and removal of restrictions on Telugu language. But by the time they tried to make a team and consult, he said to have passed away.How many of us knew what are the old districts in Telangana and their names and geographical significance. Well, coastal and rayalaseema areas are known. But as I said , the north eastern parts of telugu lands- Sironcha , parts of Dantewada, etc which were actually part of telanagana districts went into British control. What was the reason that British didin’t take any developmental activity in Sironcha despite having many water resources?The closure of huge koneru/temple tank in Vemulawada’s bhimeshwara temple closed in 1860s and the remians/pillars of the well are used as steps for already existing dharma gundam , for further strengthening it. That is why the steps of Dharmagundam in vemulawada seems to be so strong and deep. It is said that the closure of the koneru for bhimeshwara is not common, because just like every major deity has own temple tank/koneru in many temple cities, vemulwada is no exception. But what is the mystery of it. It is said to be coincided with the finding of large scale jain and old hindu sculptures across vemulwada.Dahagam Lakshmi narayanana , a telugu person from telabgana had becaome an industrialist in Nagpur and was a philanthrpist and educationalist in Nagpur.. Do we know that he had done great favour to telugus in his educational nstitutions across Nagpur. How many knew that he donated his collection of one lakh books to Andhra University?Some interesting naive things that are potential for historical research in Telugu land or Telangana in particular of ancient and medieval history:The mystery of warangal fort is yet to be solved.. What you find in the site is many ruins and remains of temple and temple gate ways. And the fort walls, but what about fort structures? it is still a mystery uncommon for most of the medieval forts.What are those 30 fort towns of Andhras as mentioned by Megesthenes.What is the word “Tiling” as used by Ptolemy?How many of us are aware of famous “Gangadhara” Bommalmma gutta inscription which throws important light on the vemulawada chalukya kingdom and the ancient poets and kingdoms existed the region?? Karnataka government cared it more than our telugu ones!!Is jain heritage in Telangana is as old as Buddhist one, going by the antiquity of Jain temples at Kolanupaka in nalgonda and Gollatha gudi in Palamuru and Bodhan /Poudhanyapura in Induru??The local historians believe that “Amamarabad” in nagarkurnool is another ancient Amaravathi, on the banks of Krishna river? Isn’t it quite interesting to further dig into it.Do you know there exists many old temples deep interior of Telanagan with their lands in Andhra??There is an assumption that first telugu saint-poet Krishnamacharyulu was patronized by Kakatiyas and the royals of warangal offered him posting in Simhachalam, where he had written Simhagiri vachanams.As documented in 1915, vemulawada town existed far more than what is today. Absence of forts, temples, etc here is a mystery.Why cholas had title Telinga kula kala or Telungana kula kala. Is it anything to do with chola attack on Vemulawada ?Is the often referred mythical king of Vemulawada- Raja raja narendra, is he the same one of Eastern chalukyas. Why do people of vemulawada assume that the events of Sarangadhara had happened n vemulawada itself?There are many villages which “underground” tales. that there are temples beneath the surface and sculptures found every where. From warangal to palamuru to medak, silam kota this is every where.How many of us knew Mallinatha suri, from kolcharam , medak, without whose commentaries, world would not have appreciated Kalidasa’s beautiful poetry??How many of us knew that there are many matsyavatara temples here? Also, many “varadaraja swamy temples” and “bethala swamy temples”.How many of us knew that there are temples constructed separately for “utsava vigrahams” , the procession deities. This tradition strangely exists in tribal traditions as well as for vedic Sri vaishanava traditions !!Interesting aspects about Bathukamma history lining to cholas and vemulawada temple, there are conjectural evidences in songs . ow many telugus knew that there are few villages in TN that celebrate bathukamma , These people had supposedly migrated from telugu lands with the fall of Kakatiyan empire.How many of us knew that there are interesting Rama temples dating back to Kakatiyan and chalukyan era where the sculpture of Rama is same as that in Bhadrachalam, but these temples being much older than bhadrachalam?How many of us are yet to find often mentioned tributary of “rama bhadra nadi” , on whose banks Satavahana kings used to have performed rituals. Some point it as Kadem river, some point it as maneru river, but not known exactly.How many of us knew the enchanting temples which have koneru and springs within garbhagudi?There was a doubt that warangal (not hanumakonda) as a major town existed much before kakatiyas , something which needs to be looked into. On the Outskirts of warangal, we had a temple where many satavahana era artefacts are found, about which there was a discussion in parliament too !!How the various religious, social cultural, architectural aspects of the region have sustained and evolved with lack of royal support.? Does they give clue about Kakatiyan era culture as most of them were not sanskritized and also developed stiff resistance to persian overlords??How many of us knew that the telugu priestly class along the shores of Godavari in northern telangana served as spiritual advisors for many central and North Indian kingdoms?Regarding food, do we knew that the vegetarian chefs of Telangaan served many kingdoms?Dayyala vagu, a perennial stream that divides Eturunagaram wildlife sanctuary is said to a place of fight between Kakatiyas and Medaram tribal cheiefs. But as per local lore, it is also a stream where many Kakatiyan soldiers attained their martyrdom fighting Sultans , hence the scary name. There is a similar issue - Within heart of warangal city-Hanumakonda old fort area , located just near main commercial center and busstation - which has many temples like the Padmakshi hill and siddeshwara temple and Kalabhairvava temple hill is also mostly abandoned feared site, except during Bathukamma and dasara festivals. You will be surprised that despite having one of the tallest Jain sculpture (45 feet) and beautiful surroundings and historical significance this site is yet to opened to public !! A place where bathukamma is vibrantly celebrated is also a place of fear. Siddeshwara temple is among the oldest temples of Telugu land.There are many many such issues in both Buddhist heritage, jain and hindu heritage , etc.But I am concerned about following attitude of telugus:Our telugu society , not just telangana , simply quips off saying with this kind of negligent attitude — “lite tesuko, nakenti labham charithra valla?, charithra emundi cheripesti chediripotundi, groups , IAS exams ki tappa ekkadaa upayogapadadu ii charithra” Or other side , we have people also saying“emundi charithra, rajulu, vari racharika katinyam valla balayina samanyulu”..So there is no base support, no favorable , recognition for enthusiasts in heritage or history . Neither there is encouragement nor celebration of heritage.Cool.Well, you can’t simply put blame on governments (though they have significant role).. We have to consume the bitter pill of truth- The blame is on the society. Telugu society (Telangaana or AP) post independence , failed to nurture linguistic and cultural consciousness and love for our ancient heritage /history and native arts . Yes, when society itself is not caring about its identity and history.. what will the leaders, politicians who are nurtured out from the society do ? Simply nothing. Telangana is mostly localized tradition. the history, culture and literature of a village or town despite being so great is just confined to oral recitation in that one or two villages. Despite being influenced by that history the other regions would have no idea thanks to lack of documentation and publication.Regarding culture , food , heritage - many people falsely misunderstand Telangana as homogeneous entity - just like any other Indian region it is diverse and the beauty lies in that diversity. For sure, I am not talking about cosmopolitan diversity that exists Hyderabad over centuries, nor i am talking about diversity that naturally exists in border regions.Within interior Telangana itself , there is large scale diversity in culture, food and there is no thorough formal documentation about its vast varied cultural , food, architectural heritage.Coming to the point of heritage —Again same story,And no wonder that post fall of kakatiyas, heritage and culture telanagana are left undocumented and preserved just as oral traditions losing sources, information and authenticity with every passing generation.Telangana is most unluckiest region in India as far as historical documentation is concerned. In this case, Kashmir is far better than Telangana.Unlike most common perception that South India was spared from foreign attacks, Telangana and most parts of AP , North karnataka, maharashtra bore huge brunt of them.But problem is that Maharashtra has maratha empire, and later post independent governments and society took a great interest in preserving history. Same goes with North Karnataka. While AP experienced Vijayanagara and benevolent during British regime which helped the native scholars in documenting the authentic native history and to make up the loss of invasions.Most of the telanganaites feel that -we are under-represented, or misunderstood, or not respected. Before talking about new research on history , how many of us knew and studied research and historical works by many great personalities during 20th centuries??We are ungrateful to Potti Sree Ramulu garu and his ideals.No wonder, Kalatapaswi garu once said that Tyagaraja swami was lucky enough to have born in Tamizh country instead of telugu country.AP , thankfully was blessed with good british regime which helped native scholars to document history and legends, literature and preserved and passed them to future generations. hence despite low enthusiasm post independence, the monumental pre-independent work helped AP to a larger extent and encouraged many to further protect and do research on it.And hence modern telugu consciousness and mainstream started to built around AP with telangana completely slipping into oblivion due to the darkness.As I said by 20th century in telangana, under great scholars like Suravaram, Kommarraju Lakshmana rao, Adiraju veerabhadra rao, Seshadri Ramana kavulu, etc to embark on historical documentation and protection of heritage. But wait, their efforts are neither supported by government and many feudal lords. worst, government sometimes had put unnecessary hurdles in addition to lack of support.Later eminent Indologist and literary doyen, Biruduraju Ramaraju garu too embarked upon similar work , albeit post independence.Not just many invasions since the fall of Kakatiyas, but also internal revolutions have destroyed many precious historical artefacts. Sardar Papadu’s orugallu war is clear example. This war is said to be a game changer of warangal fort and it made sure that merchants, trade is moved to western parts of the city out of warangal fort and also the loss of monuments and buildings in the fort !!Finally :Society should value the historians and history, language as a vocation. So should government. For common people -Start Studying about existing works, take interest , try to collect interesting information from your elders , verify them or inform to local historians for verification.. Protect and popularize local monuments.. really our telugu history is diamond mine..It takes many decades to build the lost heritage.Telangana people and even government to understand their history and heritage should first shun the artificial differentiation of Andhra-Telangana identity. The history of telangana will be known and nourished proudly when we consider whole telugu land as one linguistic identity (politics apart).True respect for telanagana is achieved with research on Telanagana , but not on nullifying and opposing our own “Andhra” identity.Thank you.

I usually dont answer such questions but thanks to this boring lockdown period I got sometime to type this answer which is gone be purely based on facts than bs like other popular answers out here, so shall we begin ?Let me introduce you all Choudhry Rahmat AliI bet most of you never heard of this guy all thanks to our great Indian education system and false history propagated on us in the name of fake secularism since 1947. Born in a Gujjar Muslim family in Balachaur in the Hoshiarpur district of Punjab in 1897, Ali graduated from Islamia Madrassa, Lahore in 1918 and taught at Aitchison College, Lahore for a while before joining Punjab University to study law. It appears that after his legal studies he served as a legal adviser to a Baluchi landlord in which capacity he was able to save enough money and in 1930, move to England to join Emmanuel College, Cambridge. Subsequently, he obtained a BA degree in 1933 and MA in 1940 from the University of Cambridge. In 1943, he was called to the Bar, from Middle Temple, London. This man is creator of the first ever map of Pakistan and its allied muslim states or pure islamic states that will be created out of vast united Indian subcontinent, any idea how that map looks like ?The map above was created by Choudhry Rahmat Ali In a 1933 , who was a Pakistani nationalist and is often credited with coming up with the name ‘Pakistan.’Our religion and culture, our history and tradition, our social code and economic system, our laws of inheritance, succession and marriage are fundamentally different from those of most peoples living in the rest of India. The ideals which move our people to make the highest sacrifices are essentially different from those which inspire the Hindus to do the same. These differences are not confined to broad, basic principles. Far from it. They extend to the minutest details of our lives. We do not inter-dine; we do not inter-marry. Our national customs and calendars, even our diet and dress are different.— Choudhry Rahmat Ali in January 1933He wanted to rename the whole sub-continent to continent of Dinia instead of India which would have had many successor Islamic states.Ali had published several pamphlets where he listed himself as the "Founder of the Pakistan National Movement", In these pamphlets Ali had added various maps of the subcontinent with potential names that the new proposed nation might have according to him. Haideristan, Siddiqistan, Faruqistan, Muinistan, Maplistan, Safiistan and Nasaristan were some of these names. Safiistan and Nasaristan nations were proposed on the map of Sri Lanka !!!!!In his maps he had renamed the Indian subcontinent as 'Pakasia' and more often as 'Dinia', (an anagram of "India" with position of 'd' changed). Dinia was represented with dependencies Pakistan, Osmanistan (representing Hyderabad Deccan and neighbouring areas) and Bangistan (representing Bengal). He proposed the former Muslim provinces of Eastern Bengal and Assam in East India to become Bangistan, an independent Muslim state for Bengali, Assamese and Bihari speaking Muslims. He proposed the princely Hyderabad State, to become an Islamic monarchy called Osmanistan. Ali also renamed the seas around the Indian subcontinent, and referred the seas around landmass of Dinia as the Bangian, Pakian and Osmanian seas that were his proposed names for the Bay of Bengal, Arabian Sea, and the Indian Ocean respectively.On 26 January 1931, he was admitted to Emmanuel College, Cambridge, where he passed the Law Tripos examination in June 1932, received his BB degree on 29 April 1933 and his MA degree on 18 October 1940.Although Rahmat Ali had already voiced his idea for an independent Muslim state on the subcontinent before he moved to Britain, it was here that he would publish his pamphlet Now or Never: Are We to Live or Perish for Ever? (1933). In this pamphlet, issued on 28 January 1933, he made an appeal 'on behalf of the thirty million Muslims of PAKSTAN, who live in the five Northern Units of India - Punjab, N. W. F. P. (Afghan Province), Kashmir, Sindh and Baluchistan, embodying their inexorable demand for the recognition of their separate national status, as distinct from the rest of India, by the grant of a separate Federal Constitution on social, religious, political and historical grounds'. According to one source, Rahmat Ali had already coined the word in late 1932, while travelling on top of a bus (route 11) in London (see Aziz, Rahmat Ali, p. 89).Rahmat Ali was dissatisfied with the outcome of the Round Table Conferences (1930-32) and felt that the nation was being sacrificed. His declaration was co-signed by Khan Muhammad Aslam Khan Khattak, Sahibzada Sheikh Muhammad Sadiq and Khan Inayat Ullah Khan in order to make it more representative. Given that he was just a student, his declaration was dismissed by politicians on all sides, Muslim, Hindu and British. In order to gain more political weight, he founded the Pakistan National Movement in 1933. The Movement fought against 'Indianism', and from his Cambridge address Rahmat Ali published a series of pamphlets over the next years.Choudhry Rehmat Ali (seated first from left) with Muhammad Iqbal (center), Khawaja Abdul Rahim (right) and a group of other young activists during Iqbal visit to England in 1932.In 1934, Choudhry Rahmat Ali and his friends met Muhammad Ali Jinnah and appealed for his support of the Pakistan idea. He replied, "My dear boys, don't be in a hurry; let the waters flow and they will find their own level."By 1940, he decided that they should form the core of a separate country to be called Bangistan, also deemed Bang-i-Islamistan. Ali dreamed of additional Muslim states emerging out of Britain’s South Asian empire. The most significant was “Osmanistan,” to be constructed from Hyderabad, a Muslim-ruled princely state with a clear Hindu majority. Jinnah also wanted Hyderabad for Pakistan, but the idea was hardly feasible, considering its envelopment by India. The Indian military settled the matter in 1948 by forcibly annexing Hyderabad in Operation Polo, so-called for the territory’s 17 polo grounds. (In the 1930s, the Nizam [ruler] of Hyderabad was reputed to be the world’s wealthiest person.)In 1942, he published the pamphlet 'The Millat and the Mission: Seve Commandments of Destiny for the "Seventh" Continent of Dinia', in which he called for two further independent Muslim states, Bangistan (an abbreviation of Bang-i-Islamistan) and Osmanistan. This grandiose scheme represented Rahmat Ali's utmost dedication to the creation of a new Muslim Asia with seven Muslim strongholds surrounded by Hindu regions.The transfer of power and the birth of two countries :Elections held in the winter of 1945–46 proved how effective Jinnah’s single-plank strategy for his Muslim League had been, as the league won all 30 seats reserved for Muslims in the Central Legislative Assembly and most of the reserved provincial seats as well. After winning with such an overwhelming majority (95% Muslims voted in favor of Jinnah) Muslim League was confident to break down India into continent of Dinia as per original plan of Choudhry Rehmat Ali as a matter of fact they had promised most Muslims in India that they will be part of larger continent of Dinia where there will be several Muslim states where they (Muslims) are in majority hence no Muslim will have to leave his ancestor’s place or abandoned wealth accumulated over several centuries in past. The Congress Party was successful in gathering most of the general electorate seats, but it could no longer effectively insist that it spoke for the entire population of British India, hence general election of 45–46 paved the way for partition of India.Lord Mountbatten (served March–August 1947) was sent to replace Wavell as viceroy as Britain prepared to transfer its power over India to some “responsible” hands by no later than June 1948. Shortly after reaching Delhi, where he conferred with the leaders of all parties and with his own officials, Mountbatten decided that the situation was too dangerous to wait even that brief period. Fearing a forced evacuation of British troops still stationed in India, Mountbatten resolved to opt for partition, one that would divide Punjab and Bengal, rather than risk further political negotiations while civil war raged and a new mutiny of Indian troops seemed imminent. Among the major Indian leaders, Gandhi alone refused to reconcile himself to partition and urged Mountbatten to offer Jinnah the premiership of a united India rather than a separate Muslim nation. Nehru, however, would not agree to that, nor would his most powerful Congress deputy, Vallabhbhai Jhaverbhai Patel (1875–1950), as both had become tired of arguing with Jinnah and were eager to get on with the job of running an independent government of India.The British authorities had clearly thrown original map created by Choudhry Rehmat Ali into dustbin since they came up with following map (as they proceed to divide India on the basis of results of 1945–46 election) in less than a month !!!!While Choudhry Rahmat Ali was a leading figure for the conception of Pakistan, he lived most of his adult life in England.After the partition and creation of Pakistan in 1947, Ali returned to Lahore, Pakistan on 6 April 1948. He had been voicing his dissatisfaction with the creation of Pakistan ever since his arrival in Lahore. He was unhappy over a smaller Pakistan than the one he had conceived in his 1933 pamphlet. He condemned Jinnah for accepting a smaller Pakistan, calling him "Quisling-e-Azam".So the question is why large number of Muslims stayed in India after partition ?The answer is they simply couldn’t afford to abandon the wealth accumulated over several centuries, no doubt that they voted in favor of Pakistan and not united India but they were simply way too greedy to leave all they had earned and move to completely different region. As a matter of fact any region where bloody riots took place the mass migration followed immediately, most Muslims who moved to west Pakistan were mostly from Punjab only who feared for their lives and vice versa with Hindus who moved from west Pakistan to India, similarly large number of Muslims from Delhi moved to west Pakistan after bloody riots which shook the city for more than a week, same in case of east Pakistan and Bengal region, but there were hardly any Muslims from UP/MH/GJ/MP/TN who moved to either east Pakistan or west Pakistan, isnt that hypocrisy at its best ?Sources:Dreams of Dinia and a Greater PakistanChoudhary Rahmat AliNow or Never, by Chaudhary Rahmat Ali, 1933Here is video reference for those curious minds who wish to know more in depth factual details :95% Indian Muslims voted for PakistanWhy did Jinnah's Muslims decide to stay in India ?

Why are there so many dead malls across the US?I’ve been working in the retail field for over 30 years and have worked both on the store side of the business as well as the corporate side, so I think I have a pretty good idea on how things work.There’s not one answer to this, it is a complex issue with many pieces involved. You many have heard about this recently being called the Retail Apocalypse.I grew up in Florida on the west coast around St. Petersburg/Clearwater. Back when I was in high school there were 13 malls in our county alone. That’s right, 13 malls. Many of them are what we used to call “neighborhood malls”. These were ones that would have an anchor at each end and a bunch of stores going straight between them. The anchors may not have been a big department store chain, but a larger local company store, although many also had a Woolco, Zayre, Sears or so on. In our area we also had a chain called J Byrons that used to be part of the Eckerd Corporation which also owned a lot of drug stores down here. Over in the Tampa area I think they had around 8 or so malls as well. That’s a lot of malls just for two counties. Today in the same area you have just two remaining in the St. Pete/Clearwater area and I think five are in the Tampa area still.So why are so many malls closing? In the United States we are just over-stored. What I mean by this is that are just too many stores in existence for the population to support. Many retail analysts have been saying that this has been a long time coming and a combination of factors have had their toll on retail in general and not just malls. As I said, there is no one answer to this, but consider the following:As of 2017, the U.S. had 23.5 square feet of retail space for every person in the country. Compare this to 16.4 square feet per person in Canada and 11.1 square feet in Australia.According to real-estate research firm Cushman & Wakefield, traffic in malls has been declining for years, having gone down 50% between 2010 and 2013 alone, and that was after the heighth of the 2008 financial crisis.Spending trends by consumers has been shifting towards technology, travel and restaurants and away from accessories and clothing, long the staples of many mall stores.Retail on the internet, otherwise known as the Amazon Factor. Amazon, in particular, has had a significant impact on bricks and mortar retailing as the company made it possible for people to use physical stores to showroom - see what they like in person - and then buy it cheaper on the internet.Shopping preferences have changed over the years where malls are no longer the preferred shopping destination. This may include people wanting to be able to park in front of stores where they shop or wanting to be outdoors instead of being inside a massive building. Numerous malls have been demolished and repurposed as outdoor centers similar to old-time downtown shopping districts that the malls ironically helped kill.Lease types. Anchors in malls usually have tenancy clauses which limit what types of stores can locate there or even limit companies by name. This limits consumer choice.Better quality malls. As newer malls were built, older ones suffered due to location, tenant mix, or other factors such as crime.Mergers and consolidation have taken their toll and turned off customers as well. I remember when I graduated from college and was interviewing, there were so many department store companies across the country and jobs were bountiful. Aside from the national chains (Sears, Penney’s), you had companies like I. Magnin, Bullock’s, and Macy’s West on the west coast, Filenes, Wannamaker’s and Macy’s east on the east coast, Foley’s and Carson Pierre Scott in the middle as well as a lot of others and smaller, local chains as well. Most, if not all, had their own buyers, planners, support staff and others working for them at their own headquarters. Each chain also had their own flair, style and flavor that tailored their business to their local customers.Over the course of the years there have been companies buying up their rivals to get a little bigger and eliminate the competition. To do this many companies had to take on debt to finance the acquisitions. If you’ve ever borrowed money, you know that this is an expensive thing to do, so there are really only two ways to pay this debt down: get more sales or pare back expenses. In retail the biggest expense is people, and “eliminating redundancies”, or getting rid of people, is usually the first thing that happens after an acquistion or merger in retail as the acquiring company closes down operations at the company it bought, such as headquarters staff, distributon centers and so on.I used to work for what was then Federated Department Stores, the predecessor of what is now Macy’s, Inc. Back then you had Macy’s, but they were seperate, semi-independent companies with headquarters in cities like Atlanta, San Francisco and New York. We also owned Burdine’s in Florida (which bought up Maas Brothers, Jordan Marsh and others), Bloomingdales, Gold Circle and some other chains.Around 2005, Federated merged/bought the May Department Stores company which had May, Dayton/Hudson, Foley’s and others. This effectively almost doubled the size of Federated overnight. After the merger, company executives decided that they were going to go with a single nameplate for the majority of the stores across the country for maximum name recognition and “effeciencies”.Soon stores across the country began to be cobranded as Burdine’s/Macy’s , Foley’s/ Macy’s and so on with the goal to transition all stores to the Macy’s nameplate over the next few years. When they did this they also began to consolidate and close down the separate operating companies. Our Macy’s Central HQ in Atlanta eventually closed, putting over 800 people out of work. The same happend in San Francisco, Pittsburgh, Seattle, Miami and several other cities as all operations were consolidated to either Cincinatti or New York.With the consolidation to a single nameplate also came another consequence: now you had around 800 department stores across the country that were all selling the same thing where you used to have, in some malls and cities, several that were unique and sold different stuff from eachother.In Birmingham, AL, where I worked at one point, there is a mall that has 6 department stores. All were different nameplates and independent when it opened. At one point when I worked there, there were still six anchors but three were the same company. The same happened in Columbus, OH where two of the anchors became Macy’s, and the same in many other cities.This is what I call the “vanillafication” of retail, where there are so few stores with differentiation that they all look the same and sell the same thing because there is so little competiton left.Getting back to the money borrowing issue, having too many stores where everything is the same is an issue unless you’re selling groceries. People like variety when it comes to retail. Sameness and uninspiring stores turn people off so they reduce their shopping frequency and dollars spent or find another place that satisfies their needs.As sales go down, these companies still have to pay their usual expenses as well as the payments and interest on what they borrowed to execute their acquisitions and consolidations in the first place. So what happens when they can't afford it?First, they pare back expenses where it’s easiest, and that’s usually people. Then it’s things like maintenance, store visual & signage, and (eventually) reducing merchandise count and variety. If these cuts are not enough, they will eventually close store locations.This is exactly what has happened with Macy’s, Bon-Ton, Toys R Us and many others with the factors listed above as contributors to the issue.We all, I think, know what has happened with brick-and-mortar retail the last several years with massive numbers of stores closing. JC Penney and Macy’s have each shuttered hundreds of locations. Macy’s will most likely end up just in the larger cities by abandoning most of the smaller markets it acquired with the May Company acquisition. Penney’s is still reeling from the disastrous Ron Johnson era where they tried to remake the company appeal more to millenials, and they may not be able to survive in the long run.Entire chains have also shut down, including Sports Authority, Toys R Us, and, most recently, the entire Bon-Ton department store chain.The combination of Sears & Kmart never really worked. That company has been in a long, slow death spiral and may be gone entirely by 2020 as they run out of money and assets to keep them afloat.As these stores close in the malls, they also have a negative multiplier effect. As anchors, they drove traffic in that also shopped at the smaller stores, services and restaurants. Without this traffic, more stores close due to lack of business. Some stores also close due to “co-tenancy clauses” which means if an anchor leaves, they also can leave or renegotiate lower rental rates until another anchor fills the space. Often, however, this does not happen, or if it does it takes a very long time as filling large spaces vacated by anchors is difficult.Many spaces have been filled and repurposed as offices, convention centers, libraries, or even schools that neither bring in the traffic nor the tax dollars former retail anchors did, and as a result the malls continue to decline. Eventually it gets to a point of no return where it just does not make economic sense to keep the mall or shopping center open anymore.All of this is not necessarily a bad thing, though. As the amount of retail space in the country contracts, the remaining locations should, at least theoretically, become healthier with higher sales per square foot that can sustain their expenses. This also leads to more innovation, newer companies, and even more choice for consumers as the “vanilla flavor” starts to dissipate.Remember, also, that businesses are a lot like people. They are born, they grow and live, and they can die. There are many companies that once dominated their segments that are now just memories, such as Kress, Woolworth and all those local department stores.There is one thing that you also need to keep in mind through all of this: don’t blame what has happened to malls, or even to retail in general, on Amazon alone. Yes, they control around 44% of all U.S. e-commerce, but overall Amazon only has around 4% of the total retail figures.In total, e-commerce, though growing rapidly, is still only expected to total 12.4% of U.S. retail sales by 2020. That means that an overwhelming 96% of retail business is still done elsewhere, proving that people still like to physically shop in stores.One side note: there has only been a single new mall built in the U.S. in the last five years, The Mall at University Town Center in Sarasota, FL south of the Tampa Bay area.Edit: I’ve had a couple of questions regarding malls being repurposed and outlet/value centers. As I’ve said in the asnwer above, there are numerous examples of this being done throughout the country, but I can tell about a few with which I have direct knowledge from where I’ve lived/worked.In Oak Ridge, TN just outside Knoxville there used to be a small mall called Oak Ridge Mall. Back in the early 2000’s the mall failed aside from a few stores and the two remaning anchors, J.C. Penney and Belk. The 58 acre property was redeveloped as an outdoor mixed-use development called Main Street Oak Ridge which includes restaurants, retail and even housing units.In Huntsville, AL, the former Madison Square Mall was shuttered in January 2017 after a new outdoor lifestyle center called Bridgestreet opened across town and took away most of the business. The site is currently being redeveloped as MidCity Huntsville with a Topgolf entertainment center, office, retail and housing. Regarding outlet centers, I could do an entire other article on these.The more interesting is the rise of value centers, those that are populated with stores like T.J. Maxx, Marshall’s, Ross and Steinmart.Here in Sarasota, FL we actually have a rather large value center as part of the University Town Center project directly across the street from the new mall. In it we have Ross, Marshall’s, Home Goods, Ross, Nordstrom Rack and around 70 other similar stores and restaurants and business is booming here while the mall has suffered somewhat.Why? It’s really simple when you think about it, and it comes down to price. Stores like these typically sell goods for 20–70% less than mall stores and it is often the same goods, although from past seasons. They also source goods from manufactures who have overruns and order cancelations, and even from other retailers themselves. I have often seen items in Ross that have tags on them from Kohl’s, Abercrombie, Carter’s Kids and even from Sears lately.It’s no suprise really when you consider that people have finally gotten wise to the games that mainline retailers play with “sales” where prices constantly change and these retailers sell goods at low prices every day. They are so successful, in fact, that even Macy’s and Nordstrom are fueling their sales and growth by opening similar stores of their own, namely Macy’s Backstage and Nordstrom Rack, and in Macy’s case, they are opening most inside their existing department stores.Sources:My 30+ years in retailWhy are there so many dead malls across the US?Watch out, retailers. This is just how big Amazon is becomingUnited States: e-commerce share of retail sales 2021 | StatisticAmerica’s vast swaths of retail space have become a burden in the age of e-commerceFive Reasons The U.K. And Europe Won't Feel America's Retail Pain, And Two Why It MightGeneral Growth PropertiesMacy’s, Inc.