Vaccine Administration Record For Children And Teens: Fill & Download for Free

Guide to the Answer:A. History of VaccinationB. Major Arguments Against VaccinationThe history of vaccination is long - very long. I think in order to understand our current resistance to vaccination you need to understand the history a little. Throughout the story you will see a pattern -“We don’t like what we don’t understand, in fact it scares us, and this monster is mysterious at least!”Historians noted that people began observing the protective effect of acquiring some diseases, such as smallpox as early as 430 BC.[1] Records from the 10th century indicate Chinese physicians were inoculating through a process called “variolation” - deliberate infection with disease by blowing scabs up a healthy person’s nose. Variolation worked, too - cutting mortality from around 30% down to 1–2%.[2]Why would it take so many centuries? There were several problems. First, the early inoculation attempts worked — sort of. Often the person would get a lesser form of the disease. Sometimes they wouldn't. Sometimes they’d contract another disease. Because the physicians had no clue about other blood-borne diseases, sterile technique, secondary infections and the like, they often caused unexpected problems that were rather difficult to understand.Above everything else — no one really understood why people got sick in the first place, much less why this method of making a person sick — just less sick — worked. Germ theory of disease was proposed in 1546, and improved in 1762 — but largely ignored in favor the more plausible miasma (bad air) theory, which went back to antiquity (note to scientists — beware of “settled science”!) So the physicians by and large believed that smallpox was caused by “bad air”, and for whatever reason, exposing people to the lesions and giving them the disease this way protected them against the disease contracted through the “bad air” — particularly if a worse case of “bad air” came along.The physicians were pragmatic — they observed it worked, so they wanted to do it, but let’s be real here, the treatment is a bit gross. A lot gross. The physicians were cutting open scabs from the following types of lesions:People were terrified of this disease, and rightfully so. It killed between 30% to 100% of the people who got it, depending on the strain. Many people who survived were scarred for life. They might go blind, or become completely crippled from the disease attacking their bones and joints.Physicians were asking people to let them take fluid or powder from those pustules, and blow it up their nose or inject it right into them. Think about how frightening that must have been! They didn't even want to be near someone with the disease, or near someone who had been near a person with it because they all knew it was contagious. This was a terrible invasion of privacy.So people did what people always do — they invented a million reasons the physician should NOT do this terrifying thing to them.In 1721 a tremendous smallpox epidemic broke out in Boston. The Rev. Cotton Mather initiated a highly controversial inoculation program. Yes, that Cotton Mather, of the Salem Witch Trials — he wasn’t all bad.mezzotint portrait of Cotton Mather (Feb. 12, 1663 - Feb. 13, 1728), American Puritan clergyman.Peter Pelham, artist - http://www.columbia.edu/itc/law/witt/images/lect3/Cotton Mather was inspired by a slave named Onesimus, who told him about his inoculation in Africa, and by a letter published to the Royal Society of London in 1721 by Emanuale Timoni describing the procedure and its efficacy. He was backed by exactly one physician — Zabdiel Boylston. He faced opposition that was religious and scientific.Why do you fight God’s will? (doesn’t this sound familiar)There’s not enough evidence to use that method (not a bad science argument).Cotton Mather and Zabdiel Boylston decided to argue against the religious people with a fairly succinct message — this is no different than any other invasive medical procedure.And the scientific argument? Well — that meant collecting data. So they began inoculating people — not as many as they could have if they had had the support of the town’s physicians as a whole, but they managed to inoculate 287, and only 2% died, compared to nearly 15% of those in the city at large.[3] That largely put the matter to rest in the mind of the scientific community, and the practice was adopted to the great health benefit of the Boston community. (See graph below)The Fight Over Inoculation During the 1721 Boston Smallpox Epidemic - Science in the NewsNow, keep in mind, people still had no idea why this worked. Only that it did.Twenty years later, in 1774, a farmer in England named Benjamin Jetsay contracted cowpox. All the dairy farmers and milkmaids knew if you got cowpox, you could safely nurse people with smallpox and you wouldn't get the disease. Cowpox was much milder than any form of smallpox, so this was very good. Jetsay had heard about inoculating people with smallpox, and even though he wasn't a doctor, he decided to deliberately inoculate his wife and sons with cowpox.[4]It worked.It was another twenty years before Edward Jenner caught wind of this wonderful phenomenon, and decided to stake his career as a physician on it. In 1796, Jenner gave his first trial, inoculating a child with material he gathered from a milkmaid’s pustule. He continued his inoculations, and two years later published “An Inquiry into the Causes and Effects of the Variolae Vacciniae.”[5] The book was pretty much a hit — people read it — and debated it widely — but it wasn't really accepted by the scientific community immediately. Jenner had to do a lot of work to get this idea accepted. However, he was tireless, and vaccination spread through England, and ultimately to America as well.That’s not to say it didn't have people up in arms!James Gillray's The Cow-Pock—or—the Wonderful Effects of the New Inoculation!, Library of Congress, Prints & Photographs Division, LC-USZC4-3147As you can see from the image abov,e there were those who thought that cowpox inoculation might turn you into a cow. Does this really seem much different than modern-day fears?All this — and people still thought disease was transmitted by “bad air”. Although several physicians working with microscopes had described microorganisms and implicated them in the bubonic plague (black death), smallpox, measles, rabies, and others, their work by and large just wasn’t accepted by physicians or the public.This work was probably set back in no small part due to the understandable fear of Antonie van Leeuwenhoek[6], “the father of Microbiology”, who developed a unique method of grinding lenses in the 1650s that enabled him to create microscopes of spectacular resolution. Due to a lack of patent law protection, he guarded his secrets and took them to his grave, and similar caliber instruments weren't developed for almost 200 years. This set back microbiology by about the same amount.The Geographer - by Johannes Vermeer - historians believe painting is of Antonie van Leeuwenhoek[7]It wasn’t until 1854 when a physician named John Snow, working to stem a cholera outbreak, realized that the disease must be transmitted by an agent present in water [8]— and that it was coming from feces of infected individuals. He meticulously detailed the contamination of water used for drinking and cooking with waste from infected individuals in a number of cases. Only after removing a single pump he believed infected with cholera did the epidemic in London subside.After another outbreak, he argued strenuously for filtration of water. He was convinced that people’s poop was contaminating water, and in drinking water with poop from sick individuals, everyone was getting sick and dying. Unfortunately for the citizens of London, and the world elsewhere, his ideas were slow to catch on. Why?It was too disgusting to accept.[9]How slow? Well, in 1854 the Italian scientist Filippo Pacini published a full description of the virus[10] that caused cholera, and in subsequent years further described how to properly treat the disease as well as how the disease became so deadly[11]. Somewhat later, and independently of him, scientific literature not being quite so easy to share in the 19th century, Robert Koch published his work describing the same bacterium[12] (1884).Now you would think the matter of cholera settled, right? It is, after all, 2019. We've understood how to combat this disease now for over 150 years.WHO Cholera Kit inforgaphic. [13]From the infographic: “Researchers estimate there are as many as 4 million cases each year and up to 143,000 deaths annually (2017).”OK, but what does this have to do with worldwide anti-vaccination sentiment?A lot, I’m afraid. You see, the persistence of cholera is only one symptom of the anti-vaccination sentiment that’s been around since the beginning of vaccination. The first cholera vaccination was available in the 1880s.[14] People are still afraid to get vaccinated even when they know they run a high risk of contracting and dying from cholera, a disease that has mortality between 10–90%, and can kill within 2 hours[15].2 hours.Did I mention there are vaccines for this? Now you’d think people would be MORE afraid of cholera than of vaccines, but — no. In fact, they’re not even afraid enough of cholera to wash their hands or drink bottled water consistently.[16] People are weird like that.Throughout history, and worldwide, people invoke the same reasons over and over and over for why vaccination is bad, or at least just isn't right for them.[17][18][19] [20][21] [22] [23] [24]Moral/Religious FoundationInvulnerabilityCost/Benefit Ratio isn't worthwhile* (this is complex)Fear of Bad EffectsNone of these are irrational — per se — not even the moral/religious foundation argument.Moral/Religious FoundationThis argument hasn't changed much. There aren’t that many groups [25]that claim a religious exemption to vaccination, and those that do aren’t under significant expansion in numbers. You’ve got the Christian Scientists, and some members of the Dutch Reformed church. For major religions, that’s it.InvulnerabilityCalvin of Calvin and Hobbes - being selective about accepting realityPeople are very good at this — feeling invincible. Invulnerable. That’s why 15% of Americans don’t use seat belts[26] and 43% of drivers admit to texting and driving[27] (seriously, people STOP IT!). When it comes to vaccines, a fair number of people don’t believe they or their child will actually become ill, so they forgo vaccines. This is a major factor in why people routinely travel without proper vaccinations.Cost/Benefit Ratio isn’t worthwhile* (this is complex)Costs of vaccination vary widely. Many people receive free or low-cost vaccination for children — but the money cost isn't the only cost involved. There’s time spent traveling to and from the provider. This may be fairly trivial in much of the Western world, where vaccinations can be received at any grocery store pharmacy as well as community clinic or hospital, but in developing nations it can present a huge roadblock. A parent may not want to deal with a child being feverish or cranky after vaccination after a tough night on a previous course. They may perceive vaccines as not being effective enough to justify the cost or inconvenience (this is especially true with influenza vaccines). A lot goes into the decision to actually get up and go get a vaccination — and people acting in rational self-interest don’t always weigh the factors the way those invested in public health would hope they should.Fear of Bad EffectsBy far and away, the current anti-vaccine sentiment roared to a new momentum with the 1998 study led by Andrew Wakefield that seemed to link autism to the combined measles mumps & rubella (MMR) vaccine.[28]Andrew Wakefield, Certified FraudThat study was a disaster from the moment of publication — and honestly, it wreaked havoc in far more than just vaccine science. In that same paper, now retracted, which cost Wakefield his medical license, [29]Wakefield et al. proposed the now terribly popular “leaky gut” theory that you can find all over the place — that GI disturbances from food cause a “leaky gut” which in turn leads to “bad blood” and every ailment known to mankind. All of it is modern quackery nonsense, and all of it widely embraced by far more than just those afraid of vaccines.The study was a disaster — with a selected sample size of 12, no control, and terrible statistics, The Lancet never should have published it. Publish it they did, and the damage was done. His co-authors ultimately retracted the paper, but Wakefield went on a martyr tour, selling his “leaky gut” hypothesis. After that, as they say, the horse was out of the barn, and hysterics piled on.“Thiomersal!” became the new rallying cry. As with the MMR issue, there was little scientific evidence for that hypothesis, and a lot against it.[30][31]In fact, there is only one serious research group pursuing this theory at this time, and they self-refer to their own studies most of the time, a hallmark of quack science. Moreover, even though the use of the preservative was phased out[32] in most of Europe and the U.S. after 1999, autism rates continue to rise — making the correlation hypothesis very difficult to support.This is the oldest, and most intractable of the problems — yet seemingly the most simple. Unfortunately, it goes hand-in-hand with distrust of authority, so reinforcement by peer networks is playing a large role in the spread of anti-vaccination sentiment.Combating this movement will require a good deal of public health work[33] — but it also is a responsibility of every parent and citizen. Talk to your friends and neighbors. Encourage vaccination with positive, fact-based information. When you see them spreading misinformation, don’t be afraid to point it out — tactfully. (OK, I admit — this can be hard!). Ultimately vaccination protects both individuals and the population.It’s a wonderful time we live in, when so many awful diseases can be prevented. Now, if only we can get everyone to fully appreciate how lucky we are!Now go check to make sure your vaccines are up-to-date.And get your flu shot!Don’t forget — immunizations are for adults, too!Relaxed. Researched. Respectful. - War ElephantFootnotes[1] http://Gross, C. P., & Sepkowitz, K. A. (1998). The myth of the medical breakthrough: smallpox, vaccination, and Jenner reconsidered. International journal of infectious diseases, 3(1), 54-60.[2] Smallpox: Variolation[3] The Fight Over Inoculation During the 1721 Boston Smallpox Epidemic - Science in the News[4] http:// Nicolau Barquet and Pere Domingo. "Smallpox: The Triumph over the Most Terrible of the Ministers of Death". Annals of Internal Medicine. Retrieved 2006-10-26.[5] http://Jenner, E. (1800). An inquiry into the causes and effects of the variolae vaccinae, a disease discovered in some of the western counties of England, particularly Gloucestershire, and known by the name of the cow pox. author.[6] Antonie van Leeuwenhoek | Biography, Discoveries, & Facts[7] The Geographer by Johannes Vermeer: Geography in Fine Art[8] http://Snow, J. (1855). On the mode of communication of cholera. John Churchill.[9] http://Chapelle, Frank (2005) Wellsprings. New Brunswick, New Jersey: Rutgers University Press. ISBN 0-8135-3614-6. p. 82[10] http://Pacini, F. (1854). Osservazioni microscopiche e deduzioni patologiche sul cholera asiatico. tip. di F. Bencini.[11] Who first discovered cholera?[12] http://Koch, R. (1884). An address on cholera and its bacillus. British medical journal, 2(1236), 453.[13] World Health Organization[14] http://Barrett, A. D., & Stanberry, L. R. (2009). Vaccines for biodefense and emerging and neglected diseases. Academic Press.[15] Cholera - Symptoms and causes[16] http://KOZICKI, MARKUS, ROBERT STEFFEN, and MEINRAD SCHÄR. "‘Boil it Cook it, Peel it or Forget it’: Does this Rule Prevent Travellers ‘Diarrhoea?." International journal of epidemiology 14.1 (1985): 169-172.[17] The Four Main Reasons People Don't Vaccinate[18] http://Gordon, D., Waller, J., & Marlow, L. A. (2011). Attitudes to HPV vaccination among mothers in the British Jewish community: reasons for accepting or declining the vaccine. Vaccine, 29(43), 7350-7356.[19] http://Canning, H. S., Phillips, J., & Stephen Allsup, M. D. (2005). Health care worker beliefs about influenza vaccine and reasons for non‐vaccination–a cross‐sectional survey. Journal of clinical nursing, 14(8), 922-925.[20] http://Kee, S. Y., Lee, J. S., Cheong, H. J., Chun, B. C., Song, J. Y., Choi, W. S., ... & Kim, W. J. (2007). Influenza vaccine coverage rates and perceptions on vaccination in South Korea. Journal of Infection, 55(3), 273-281.[21] http://Singleton, J. A., Santibanez, T. A., & Wortley, P. M. (2005). Influenza and pneumococcal vaccination of adults aged≥ 65: racial/ethnic differences. American journal of preventive medicine, 29(5), 412-420.[22] http://Constantine, N. A., & Jerman, P. (2007). Acceptance of human papillomavirus vaccination among Californian parents of daughters: a representative statewide analysis. Journal of Adolescent Health, 40(2), 108-115.[23] http://Darden, P. M., Thompson, D. M., Roberts, J. R., Hale, J. J., Pope, C., Naifeh, M., & Jacobson, R. M. (2013). Reasons for not vaccinating adolescents: National Immunization Survey of Teens, 2008–2010. Pediatrics, peds-2012.[24] http://Francis, M. R., Nohynek, H., Larson, H., Balraj, V., Mohan, V. R., Kang, G., & Nuorti, J. P. (2018). Factors associated with routine childhood vaccine uptake and reasons for non-vaccination in India: 1998–2008. Vaccine, 36(44), 6559-6566.[25] http://Grabenstein, J. D. (2013). What the world's religions teach, applied to vaccines and immune globulins. Vaccine, 31(16), 2011-2023.[26] Policy Impact: Seat Belts[27] Facts & Statistics About Texting & Driving (Updated for 2018)[28] http://Wakefield, A. J., Murch, S. H., Anthony, A., Linnell, J., Casson, D. M., Malik, M., ... & Valentine, A. (1998). RETRACTED: Ileal-lymphoid-nodular hyperplasia, non-specific colitis, and pervasive developmental disorder in children.[29] Doctor behind vaccine-autism link loses license | TIME.com[30] http://Gadad, B. S., Li, W., Yazdani, U., Grady, S., Johnson, T., Hammond, J., ... & Ferrier, C. (2015). Administration of thimerosal-containing vaccines to infant rhesus macaques does not result in autism-like behavior or neuropathology. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 112(40), 12498-12503.[31] http://Uno, Y., Uchiyama, T., Kurosawa, M., Aleksic, B., & Ozaki, N. (2015). Early exposure to the combined measles–mumps–rubella vaccine and thimerosal-containing vaccines and risk of autism spectrum disorder. Vaccine, 33(21), 2511-2516.[32] Thiomersal - Wikipedia[33] The International Roadblocks To Achieving Global Vaccination

The answer depends on the doctor’s initiative. I can describe my experience, but first let’s mention some things folks wouldn’t assume.Services (including medical) for children and the spouses of military members are very important to those who make the big decisions. They know that if they want to retain a highly specialized air traffic controller, weapons specialist,Special Forces/ Seal, etc., then their family must be very satisfied. They also know that getting care in the remote parts of the US where we have bases can be difficult—they have to make such service satisfying to the doctors as well as the nurses, administrators, lab techs…. These are reasons why a pediatrician (like me) or an obstetrician (recent Surgeon General) make such careers.Next, the wisdom of military leaders is stunning (Really!) You know the civilian health care systems struggle with electronic records, especially after 2005. We used early versions by 1988. We deployed meaningful Quality Improvement programs 20 years before the puny efforts I now see in civilian hospitals. We had Risk Management and patient satisfaction programs long ago. We had deliberate training in leadership that rival a masters degree in business. All these are small parts of making a powerful force by attending to ‘'the basics”.As for my experience:My first assignment was a small clinic near Wichita. As a new pediatrician I got to learn what does (and doesn’t) work in setting up a clinic. I flew in the F-4, and got training as a Flight Surgeon (principles of medicine where pressures, temperatures, and speeds are nothing like earth). I honed my skills before getting my request to transfer to a bigger hospital, where I got to run a nursery. We had an Air Evac system there (near St Louis), so I accompanied sick people flying in the C-5 to and from specialty services across the US. My next tour was New Mexico, and during that time a new vaccine (HepB) was recommended for kids. The Air Force (for that time) used a schedule that didn’t start until teen years. But I got 3000 doses left over from Desert Storm shipped to me, and vaccinated all the kids in that base. I also participated in a medical humanitarian mission, treating kids in Jordan.Then the USAF paid my salary while I trained as a Pediatric Nephrologist in a prestigious place (Washington Univ. in St Louis). Then I went to a teaching hospital, training new pediatricians. While there, I did medical missions in Nicaragua and Honduras. Next to Germany, where I learned to lead doctors and support staff outside my specialty. I learned how to adjust medical services to world events like Hussein’s violation of the No Fly zone, strikes in Turkey, and the bombings in an embassy in Africa.Back to New Mexico as a Squadron Commander, writing new contracts for ambulance support in a facility that maintains ‘special assets’, producing services for civilian firefighters battling Los Alamos fires, and mastering a major inspection.Next to Missouri as Group Commander, and part of the Battle Staff in a world-wide nuclear exercise at the very time the World Trade Center was attacked. I was part of planning new vaccine programs for pilots (smallpox) just before deployment, then researching (later published) the only paper on real war use of dextroamphetamine in B-2 bomber combat sorties of up to 44 hours. Met members of Congress (Nancy Pelosi, Ike Skelton) Gen John Jumper, DoD Secy Donald Rumsfeld, USAF Secy Roche, the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs, and more international general officers than I can recall. While stationed there, did medical humanitarian missions in Ecuador and China.It was a fantastic career. Many of those experiences came from figuring out where new challenges could be found. Some came from earning a reputation for hard work. A few were just lucky. But to those who had boring or disappointing experiences, I’d say that you make your own fortune.

Short answer, a measles-naive adult seriously worried about getting measles should seriously consider getting a measles shot unless they have medical conditions that preclude their getting one (details below).Updated March 2, 2019: UNICEF concludes big uptick vaccine hesitancy in ~10 countries is major reason for recent alarming recent surges in measles, https://reliefweb.int/report/world/alarming-global-surge-measles-cases-growing-threat-children-unicefHow measles costs public healthMeasles is one of the most highly infectious of viruses - a single infected individual could spread it to 12 to 18 others during the infectious phase, which includes the initial asymptomatic (outwardly healthy) phase (below from 1, emphasis mine),“Just how infectious is measles? The virus is highly airborne; it can stay on surfaces for up to two hours; and infectivity begins four days before a rash, so you can feel healthy but spread the disease. Measles is so contagious that “if one person has it, 90% of the people close to them who are not immune” – we’ll call them susceptibles – “will also become infected,” according to the CDC.”To put this in perspective, the WHO estimates measles is 6 times more infectious compared to flu (2). The Guardian also has a neat animated infographic (1) of how measles spreads across populations with varying measles vaccination levels.Thus, even though it's estimated only ~1 to 2 in 1000 (0.1 to 0.2%) of children infected with measles will die, many more, ~1 in 20 (5%) will likely develop pneumonia (3) – meaning measles’ unusually high infectiousness tilts the scales in its favor from the perspective of cost to public health.That said, at ~1.5% (238 dead, ~15000 infected thus far), the reported mortality rate in the ongoing (early 2019) measles outbreak in the Philippines is for some reason much higher, an indication perhaps of relatively more newborns being infected (4).Protection against measlesGetting measles or getting vaccinated against measles are the two confirmed ways of ensuring protection against future measles.An adult who neither got infected with measles nor got vaccinated against it could get the MMR vaccine (5).In the US, the CDC recommends MMR vaccine for adults born after 1957 who lack documentation of having received 1 or 2 prior doses of it. Those born before 1957 are presumed immune to it – there was so much measles going around back then, given its highly infectious nature, experts assume, reasonably so, that a person of that age would have gotten infected with it at some point already back then. Measles infection typically leads to lifelong immunity.Some specific medical conditions preclude getting the MMR vaccinePregnant or immunocompromised or HIV-infected with CD4 count <200 should not get MMR (5).Individuals with some primary immunodeficiencies (X-linked agammaglobulinemia or XLA, Common Variable Immunodeficiency or CVID, Severe Combined Immunodeficiency or SCID, Combined Immunodeficiency or CID, Mendelian susceptibility to mycobacterial diseases or MSMD, invasive bacterial infections, Chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis disease or CMCD, TLR deficiency, IL-12/IFN-gamma pathway deficiency) are also advised to not get MMR (6). Although individually such PIDs are rare to extremely rare in the general population, cumulatively their numbers start to add up, especially since new PIDs continue to be identified at a steady clip.Individuals with a history of severe hypersensitivity (anaphylaxis) to gelatin or neomycin (vaccine components used as stabilizers) are also advised to not get MMR (7).A person with such medical conditions can't get MMR, is plain out of luck and needs to do their best to avoid coming in contact with those who might have measles if it spreads in their neighborhood (geographically much smaller than a region and therefore much harder to avoid potentially infected cases). There isn't much else out there in terms of expert advice. Here is what the WHO advises for such individuals (8),“In individuals for whom vaccination is contraindicated, the administration of measles immune globulin within 3–5 days of exposure may have a similarly beneficial effect [to vaccine].”Since children are a hot spot for spreading it, staying away from kids (range, newborns to teens) during a measles outbreak should be a top priority for measles-naive adults with medical conditions that prevent them from getting the MMR shot. Being around those who got their measles shots and/or were born before 1957 (in the US) should be safe enough from the point of view of measles risk.Bibliography1. Watch how the measles outbreak spreads when kids get vaccinated – and when they don't2. Measles3. What does measles actually do?4. Global measles infections on the rise | DW News5. Kim, David K., and Paul Hunter. "Recommended adult immunization schedule, United States, 2019." Annals of internal medicine 170.3 (2019): 182-92. Recommended Adult Immunization Schedule, United States, 20196. Martire, Baldassarre, et al. "Vaccination in immunocompromised host: Recommendations of Italian Primary Immunodeficiency Network Centers (IPINET)." Vaccine 36.24 (2018): 3541-3554. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Raffaella_Panza/publication/322964567_Vaccination_in_immunocompromised_host_Recommendations_of_Italian_Primary_Immunodeficiency_Network_Centers_IPINET/links/5be8641c299bf1124fcb1b66/Vaccination-in-immunocompromised-host-Recommendations-of-Italian-Primary-Immunodeficiency-Network-Centers-IPINET.pdf7. Pickering, Larry K., Carol J. Baker, and David W. Kimberlin. Red Book, (2012): Report of the Committee on Infectious Diseases. American Academy of Pediatrics, 2012. page 494.8. World Health Organization. "Measles vaccines: WHO position paper." Weekly Epidemiological Record= Relevé épidémiologique hebdomadaire 84.35 (2009): 349-360. https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/241403/WER8435_349-360.PDFThanks for the R2A, Jeffrey Wint.