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Warning- this answer contains quotes from original historical sources that contain offensive and controversial language.P.T. Barnum’s circus of fraudsThis 1835 broadside billed Joice Heth as a "Natural & National Curiosity" in advance of a show in Bridgeport, Connecticut. This image of her is only one of two that survive. Somers Historical Society (NY). (Joice Heth)Phineas Taylor Barnum created a show of fantastical acts that entertained millions of people. But if you were to get a backstage pass to the so-called Greatest Show on Earth, you’d find that Mr. Barnum made his money off of white lies, embellishments, and exploitation. Others who joined his circus of “natural and national curiosities of the world” were conjoined Chinese twins Chang and Eng, the original “Siamese Twins,” and General Tom Thumb, a 25-inch-tall dwarf named Charles Stratton, among many others.[1][1][1][1]CURIOSITY. -- The citizens of Philadelphia and its vicinitv have an opportunity of witnessing at the Masonic Hall one of the greatest natural curiosities ever witnessed, viz., JOICE HETH, a negress aged 161 years, who formerly belonged tot he father of Gen. Washington. She has been a member of the Baptist Church one hundred and sixteen years, and can rehearse many hymns, and sing them according to former custom. She was born near the old Potomac River in Virginia, and has for ninety or one hundred years lived in Paris, Kentucky, with the Bowling family.All who have seen this extraordinary woman are satisfied of the truth of the account of her age. The evidence of the Bowling family, which is respectable, is strong, but the original bill of sale of Augustine Washington, in his own handwriting, and other evidence which the proprietor has in his possession, will satisfy even the most incredulous.A lady will attend at the hall during the afternoon and evening for the accommodation of those ladies who may call. The Pennsylvania Inquirer July 15, 1835.[2][2][2][2]No Author. The Life of Joice Heth, the Nurse of Gen. George Washington, (the Father of Our Country,) Now Living at the Astonishing Age of 161 Years, and Weighs Only 46 Pounds.Joice Heth, an elderly Black woman who had previously been enslaved, was the first person he exploited for other people’s amusement. Although slavery was outlawed in New York where he lived, he found a loophole and “leased” her for one year for $1,000 from an acquaintance. He paraded her around on tour, claiming that she was the 161-year-old former nurse of George Washington. After she died, he kicked his depravity up a notch by performing a live autopsy on her to “reveal” that she was only 84 years old.[3][3][3][3]Little is known about Heth before P. T. Barnum purchased her in 1835. Historians do not agree on her actual birth date, although most believe that she was born in 1756, which would have made her around 80 years old at the time of her death in 1836 in New York City. This scant information is only known, because a New York City newspaper carried the following obituary on February 24, 1836:“Yesterday departed this life, at the great age of One Hundred and Sixty-Two Years, JOICE HETH, stated to have been the Nurse of George Washington.”[4][4][4][4]One nineteenth-century magazine article claimed “Joice Heth was born in the island of Madagascar, on the southeastern coast of Africa and sold into slavery at the age of fifteen.[5][5][5][5] And while the text condemns the slave-trader who captured Heth as "one of those inhuman beings, who . . . to enrich themselves, made merchandize of human flesh," it also states that her later owners, the Washington family, were very kind to her and treated her "more as an hired servant than a slave"[6][6][6][6] Heth was later sold to another owner so that she could live with her husband, "a slave named Peter" with whom Heth would have fifteen children. Later it would be published that Heth exhibited herself in order to earn enough to free her five great-grandchildren "who are now held in bondage by a respectable gentleman of Kentucky, who has generously offered to set them free" for two-thirds of what they cost him.[7][7][7][7]Original contract between P.T. Barnum and R. W. Lindsay (Joice Heth Contract)P. T. Barnum leased/bought Heth in 1835 from R. W. Lindsay of Kentucky. Lindsay had purchased Heth earlier that year from John S. Bowling, her previous owner who first marketed her as an elderly woman with a purported connection to Washington.[8][8][8][8] While searching the Virginia Records Office, Bowling claimed to have discovered a crumbling bill of sale for the slave known as Joice, dated February 5, 1727 between Augustine Washington and his neighboring sister in law. Bowling believed that Heth attended the birth of “Little George", swaddling the infant before returning him to the arms of his father.[9][9][9][9] Once purchased by Bowling, the eldery slave spent several years in a crumbling outhouse on the edge of the property, before her ties to George Washington became known.The contract indicates that R.W. Lindsay of Kentucky agreed to sell, transfer, and deliver to Barnum the possession of Joice Heth and the sole right of exhibiting her for the remainder of the twelve months for which Lindsay had the right to exhibit Heth.[10][10][10][10] Lindsay initially demanded $3000, but settled for $1000 provided Barnum could make payment in full within 10 days.[11][11][11][11] On August 6th, Barnum delivered the cash, having borrowed $500 and selling his share in a grocery store for the other $500. Barnum, in effect, leased Heth for ten months and became her master for that time period, if not her legal owner. In later years, Barnum made contradictory claims about his status as the master of the enslaved Joice Heth to distance himself from his earlier support of slavery. In 1854 he claimed to be "the proprietor of the negress," while in 1869 he wrote that his payment only made him "proprietor of this novel exhibition."[12][12][12][12] The distinction is critical since slavery was illegal in the North where Barnum exhibited Heth in 1835. William P. Saunders, an apparent partner of Barnum, pulled out of the agreement and his name is crossed out in the contract.[13][13][13][13] It is believed that Saunders loaned Barnum the $500.P.T. BarnumBarnum went on to have greater success with Heth than either Bowling or Lindsay, in part because of his personal charisma and unrivaled marketing skills. Barnum wanted Joice to shed some of those pesky extra pounds from which octogenarians so frequently suffer. To achieve this, he put her on a strict diet of eggs and whiskey.[14][14][14][14] He also apparently figured that, while the chances of anyone living for over a century and a half were low, the odds that they could do it and still have teeth were probably astronomical. According to accounts in the Benjamin Reiss book The Showman and the Slave, what happened next went roughly like this:Barnum said, "You'd look older without teeth. You should let me pull those out of you," to which Heth replied, and we're paraphrasing here, "No." Barnum retorted, "Fair enough. How about a drink?" and then got Heth drunk. Really drunk. However drunk you have to be to say "Oh, all right, yank my teeth out."[15][15][15][15]Heth's emaciated physical appearance helped make Barnum's deceptions about her extreme old age seem more plausible to audiences. Barnum's publicity described her as “weighing forty-six pounds," and noted that she “was also blind and had no teeth.”[16][16][16][16] Barnum apparently delivered as promised; one observer wrote that:“[Heth] is a mere skeleton covered with skin, and her whole appearance very much resembles a mummy of the days of the Pharaohs, taken entire from the catacombs of Egypt.”[17][17][17][17]Heth’s own performance strengthened Barnum’s illusion of a connection between Heth and Washington. She told stories about a youthful Washington to spectators who were eager to learn about this great American hero. As Heth's enslaver, Barnum, of course, orchestrated the content of the performance, while he and other white intermediaries controlled how she was presented to the paying public.[18][18][18][18] For spectators who wanted to learn about Washington's early life, Heth's performances offered information in an entertaining format while reinforcing demeaning racial stereotypes that were pervasive throughout antebellum America. In New York, Barnum engaged Levi Lyman, who would later pose as Dr. Griffin, to serve as Heth’s director-cum-chaperon.[19][19][19][19] The two men flooded the city with ads and, it seems, bribes; Lyman paid off editors to gin up interest. When the New York Herald reported a supposed conversation between her and a patron, for instance, the latter spoke perfect English, while Heth's words were rendered in dialect:"Wy, de boys be playing in de garden—de garden be away up by Missy Atwood’s—De boys play, and George be dere.” [20][20][20][20]Collections Online | British MuseumIn his autobiography,, Barnum described Joice was an inveterate smoker[21][21][21][21] , and Grant Thorburn (better known as Lawrie Todd) gave some occasion of triumph to many editors by publishing an article in the Evening Star, from which the following is an extract:I have been to see Joice Heth today. I find that with all her other rare qualities, she is a profound smoker. Her attendants are obliged to abridge this luxury, else the pipe would never be out of her mouth. I asked her how long she had used the pipe, and she answered, 'One hundred and twenty years!' So, if smoking be a poison, it is, in her case at least, a very slow poison."[22][22][22][22]Barnum advertised in newspapers and published handbills and broadside announcing his shows in advance of his arrival in various eastern cities in hopes of attracting paying customers who were interested in anything connected to the legendary Washington.[23][23][23][23] She had witnessed the nation’s birth, the billing claimed. Word was she had secrets about those origins and would gladly share them with whoever paid twenty-five cents and came close enough for her near-blind eyes to confirm the will to believe. Though a slave, this creature had helped make the country possible by being mammy to its epic hero: democracy incarnate, its contradictions intact.The broadside promoting his 1835 show described Heth, his new attraction, as:"unquestionably the most astonishing and interesting curiosity in the world . . . and . . . the first person who put cloths [sic] on the unconscious infant who was destined to lead our heroic fathers on to glory, to victory, and to freedom.”[24][24][24][24]This image of the exhibition of Joice Heth comes from Barnum's 1855 autobiography The Life of P.T. Barnum Written by Himself. In the book, it illustrates a passage describing how a Boston woman closely examined Heth to determine if she was a machine or a human. Heth, in the background, looks far less grotesque than she did in the poster which Barnum used to advertise her in 1835. (Joice Heth Exhibition)Heth’s performances—and Barnum’s exploitation of her—were not without controversy. Aunt Joice was called everything from “the dark daughter of Madagascar” to an “Egyptian mummy,” from “the Greatest Natural and National Curiosity in the World” to “the venerable nigger.” [25][25][25][25] Abolitionists denounced the shows on humanitarian grounds, condemning the "exploitation of a poor old slave for a profit." Some clergy forbade their flocks from attending "the [grotesque] spectacle." [26][26][26][26]Just a few months after Barnum acquired Joice, an anonymous letter to a prominent newspaper accused Joice Heth of not even being human. According to the letter, which was signed "A Visitor", the old woman was actually a "curiously constructed automaton, made up of whalebone, India-rubber, and numberless springs, ingeniously put together and made to move at the slightest touch at the will of the operator."[27][27][27][27] It is likely that Barnum wrote the letter.Barnum exhibited Heth 6 days a week for up to 12 hr a day. Under this grueling schedule, Heth became ill and died while under contract in 1836.[28][28][28][28] Barnum still used her to make a profit, holding a public autopsy for her in a New York City saloon that 1500 paid fifty cents to watch.[29][29][29][29] Barnum commissioned Dr. David L. Rodgers to confirm that Joice was an actual woman. He chose not to attend but arranged for a representative, Levi Lyman, to go in his place. Richard Adams Locke, a reporter for the New York Sun (and a personal friend of Dr. Rogers) had been present at the autopsy documenting the entire farce.[30][30][30][30] When Rogers declared “she could not, at the utmost, have exceeded the age of eighty”, it was Lyman who berated Dr. Rogers for his findings and, after getting into a shouting match with Locke, caused the journalist to storm from the room.[31][31][31][31] Locke then wrote a scathing article about the entire affair which he described as "one of the most precious humbugs that has ever been imposed on a credulous community." Angered by Locke's article, Lyman decided on a rather underhanded revenge: he went to James Gordon Bennett, editor of the Sun's chief rival, the New York Herald.[32][32][32][32] He then told Bennett that the body Rogers had autopsied didn't belong to Joice Heth at all but rather of another woman known only as "Aunt Nelly." Barnum claimed that the body he had examined was a fake and that the real Joice Heth was still traveling around the country.[33][33][33][33]How the public autopsy of a slave Joice Heth launched P.T. Barnum's career as the Greatest Showman on EarthAs Mount Vernon historian Mary V. Thompson observed:“Joice Heth came on the scene just three years after the 100th anniversary of George Washington’s birth . . . at a time when sectional differences leading up to the Civil War, were escalating. They were desperate to hold on to that earlier, ‘purer’ time, and thus were willing to suspend rational thought to believe that an elderly African American woman could actually be over 150 years old and the former nursemaid of an infant George Washington.” [34][34][34][34]Barnum’s ownership of whom or what he called “Aunt Joice” remains as unclear as the nature of their relationship. That relationship would transform from outright slavery to sideshow collusion and artistic collaboration[35][35][35][35] ; from the multiple exploitations necessary for carnival show business to Barnum’s eventual suggestion that it was Heth who duped him—America’s greatest con man—as he moved his spectacle from free states to slave states and from sideshows to museums in those years where the difference between the latter pair were as negligible as those between the former.[36][36][36][36]The public reception of Joice Heth was a significant cultural phenomenon, which revealed enormous public interest in George Washington as a symbol of patriotism and national harmony decades after he achieved fame as commander of the Continental Army and first president of the republic. This came at the cost of this women’s dignity and her humanity, P. T. Barnum turned Joice Heth into a historical caricature and a sideshow curiosity.[37][37][37][37]Footnotes[1] The greatest show on earth? The myths of the Victorian freak show[1] The greatest show on earth? The myths of the Victorian freak show[1] The greatest show on earth? The myths of the Victorian freak show[1] The greatest show on earth? The myths of the Victorian freak show[2] The Philadelphia Inquirer from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania on July 15, 1925 · Page 10[2] The Philadelphia Inquirer from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania on July 15, 1925 · Page 10[2] The Philadelphia Inquirer from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania on July 15, 1925 · Page 10[2] The Philadelphia Inquirer from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania on July 15, 1925 · Page 10[3] Summary of The Life of Joice Heth, the Nurse of Gen. George Washington, (the Father of Our Country,) Now Living at the Astonishing Age of 161 Years, and Weighs Only 46 Pounds[3] Summary of The Life of Joice Heth, the Nurse of Gen. George Washington, (the Father of Our Country,) Now Living at the Astonishing Age of 161 Years, and Weighs Only 46 Pounds[3] Summary of The Life of Joice Heth, the Nurse of Gen. George Washington, (the Father of Our Country,) Now Living at the Astonishing Age of 161 Years, and Weighs Only 46 Pounds[3] Summary of The Life of Joice Heth, the Nurse of Gen. George Washington, (the Father of Our Country,) Now Living at the Astonishing Age of 161 Years, and Weighs Only 46 Pounds[4] Death of Joice Heth, New York Sun, February 24, 1836[4] Death of Joice Heth, New York Sun, February 24, 1836[4] Death of Joice Heth, New York Sun, February 24, 1836[4] Death of Joice Heth, New York Sun, February 24, 1836[5] http://Joice Heth (c.1756 -1836) [5] http://Joice Heth (c.1756 -1836) [5] http://Joice Heth (c.1756 -1836) [5] http://Joice Heth (c.1756 -1836) [6] Summary of The Life of Joice Heth, the Nurse of Gen. George Washington, (the Father of Our Country,) Now Living at the Astonishing Age of 161 Years, and Weighs Only 46 Pounds[6] Summary of The Life of Joice Heth, the Nurse of Gen. George Washington, (the Father of Our Country,) Now Living at the Astonishing Age of 161 Years, and Weighs Only 46 Pounds[6] Summary of The Life of Joice Heth, the Nurse of Gen. George Washington, (the Father of Our Country,) Now Living at the Astonishing Age of 161 Years, and Weighs Only 46 Pounds[6] Summary of The Life of Joice Heth, the Nurse of Gen. George Washington, (the Father of Our Country,) Now Living at the Astonishing Age of 161 Years, and Weighs Only 46 Pounds[7] Heth, Joice (17??–19 February 1836), performer, exhibited by P. T. Barnum as the 161-year-old former nurse of George Washington.[7] Heth, Joice (17??–19 February 1836), performer, exhibited by P. T. Barnum as the 161-year-old former nurse of George Washington.[7] Heth, Joice (17??–19 February 1836), performer, exhibited by P. T. Barnum as the 161-year-old former nurse of George Washington.[7] Heth, Joice (17??–19 February 1836), performer, exhibited by P. T. Barnum as the 161-year-old former nurse of George Washington.[8] Joice Heth Contract[8] Joice Heth Contract[8] Joice Heth Contract[8] Joice Heth Contract[9] https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/entertainment/books/2001/10/14/spirit-of-the-age/b884dfc1-0235-4b0b-843b-dc19f54bc4ad/[9] https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/entertainment/books/2001/10/14/spirit-of-the-age/b884dfc1-0235-4b0b-843b-dc19f54bc4ad/[9] https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/entertainment/books/2001/10/14/spirit-of-the-age/b884dfc1-0235-4b0b-843b-dc19f54bc4ad/[9] https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/entertainment/books/2001/10/14/spirit-of-the-age/b884dfc1-0235-4b0b-843b-dc19f54bc4ad/[10] P.T. Barnum[10] P.T. Barnum[10] P.T. Barnum[10] P.T. Barnum[11] Barnum[11] Barnum[11] Barnum[11] Barnum[12] Setting His Stage[12] Setting His Stage[12] Setting His Stage[12] Setting His Stage[13] American Manuscripts | Boston Public Library Archival and Manuscript Finding Aid Database[13] American Manuscripts | Boston Public Library Archival and Manuscript Finding Aid Database[13] American Manuscripts | Boston Public Library Archival and Manuscript Finding Aid Database[13] American Manuscripts | Boston Public Library Archival and Manuscript Finding Aid Database[14] http://The Messed Up Truth Of P.T. Barnum [14] http://The Messed Up Truth Of P.T. Barnum [14] http://The Messed Up Truth Of P.T. Barnum [14] http://The Messed Up Truth Of P.T. Barnum [15] The Showman and the Slave — Benjamin Reiss[15] The Showman and the Slave — Benjamin Reiss[15] The Showman and the Slave — Benjamin Reiss[15] The Showman and the Slave — Benjamin Reiss[16] No Author. The Life of Joice Heth, the Nurse of Gen. George Washington, (the Father of Our Country,) Now Living at the Astonishing Age of 161 Years, and Weighs Only 46 Pounds.[16] No Author. The Life of Joice Heth, the Nurse of Gen. George Washington, (the Father of Our Country,) Now Living at the Astonishing Age of 161 Years, and Weighs Only 46 Pounds.[16] No Author. The Life of Joice Heth, the Nurse of Gen. George Washington, (the Father of Our Country,) Now Living at the Astonishing Age of 161 Years, and Weighs Only 46 Pounds.[16] No Author. The Life of Joice Heth, the Nurse of Gen. George Washington, (the Father of Our Country,) Now Living at the Astonishing Age of 161 Years, and Weighs Only 46 Pounds.[17] P.T. Barnum on Joice Heth, 1855[17] P.T. Barnum on Joice Heth, 1855[17] P.T. Barnum on Joice Heth, 1855[17] P.T. Barnum on Joice Heth, 1855[18] P.T. Barnum Isn't the Hero the "Greatest Showman" Wants You to Think[18] P.T. Barnum Isn't the Hero the "Greatest Showman" Wants You to Think[18] P.T. Barnum Isn't the Hero the "Greatest Showman" Wants You to Think[18] P.T. Barnum Isn't the Hero the "Greatest Showman" Wants You to Think[19] A Treasury of Deception[19] A Treasury of Deception[19] A Treasury of Deception[19] A Treasury of Deception[20] P. T. Barnum, Joice Heth and Antebellum Spectacles of Race on JSTOR[20] P. T. Barnum, Joice Heth and Antebellum Spectacles of Race on JSTOR[20] P. T. Barnum, Joice Heth and Antebellum Spectacles of Race on JSTOR[20] P. T. Barnum, Joice Heth and Antebellum Spectacles of Race on JSTOR[21] P.T. Barnum on Joice Heth, 1855[21] P.T. Barnum on Joice Heth, 1855[21] P.T. Barnum on Joice Heth, 1855[21] P.T. Barnum on Joice Heth, 1855[22] Collections Online | British Museum[22] Collections Online | British Museum[22] Collections Online | British Museum[22] Collections Online | British Museum[23] George Washington's "Mammy" - Believer Magazine[23] George Washington's "Mammy" - Believer Magazine[23] George Washington's "Mammy" - Believer Magazine[23] George Washington's "Mammy" - Believer Magazine[24] https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://dl.uswr.ac.ir/bitstream/Hannan/47891/1/2018%2520ClinicalAnatomy%2520Volume%252031%2520Issue%25207%2520October%2520%252820%2529.pdf&ved=2ahUKEwiszeyW_43vAhWXsJ4KHd-iBiI4ChAWMAV6BAgFEAI&usg=AOvVaw1yZrRFbQkSNVD0FMoVShqS[24] https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://dl.uswr.ac.ir/bitstream/Hannan/47891/1/2018%2520ClinicalAnatomy%2520Volume%252031%2520Issue%25207%2520October%2520%252820%2529.pdf&ved=2ahUKEwiszeyW_43vAhWXsJ4KHd-iBiI4ChAWMAV6BAgFEAI&usg=AOvVaw1yZrRFbQkSNVD0FMoVShqS[24] https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://dl.uswr.ac.ir/bitstream/Hannan/47891/1/2018%2520ClinicalAnatomy%2520Volume%252031%2520Issue%25207%2520October%2520%252820%2529.pdf&ved=2ahUKEwiszeyW_43vAhWXsJ4KHd-iBiI4ChAWMAV6BAgFEAI&usg=AOvVaw1yZrRFbQkSNVD0FMoVShqS[24] https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://dl.uswr.ac.ir/bitstream/Hannan/47891/1/2018%2520ClinicalAnatomy%2520Volume%252031%2520Issue%25207%2520October%2520%252820%2529.pdf&ved=2ahUKEwiszeyW_43vAhWXsJ4KHd-iBiI4ChAWMAV6BAgFEAI&usg=AOvVaw1yZrRFbQkSNVD0FMoVShqS[25] George Washington's "Mammy" - Believer Magazine[25] George Washington's "Mammy" - Believer Magazine[25] George Washington's "Mammy" - Believer Magazine[25] George Washington's "Mammy" - Believer Magazine[26] Joice Heth — Uncle Junior Project[26] Joice Heth — Uncle Junior Project[26] Joice Heth — Uncle Junior Project[26] Joice Heth — Uncle Junior Project[27] The Joice Heth Mystery[27] The Joice Heth Mystery[27] The Joice Heth Mystery[27] The Joice Heth Mystery[28] How the public autopsy of a slave Joice Heth launched P.T. Barnum's career as the Greatest Showman on Earth.[28] How the public autopsy of a slave Joice Heth launched P.T. Barnum's career as the Greatest Showman on Earth.[28] How the public autopsy of a slave Joice Heth launched P.T. Barnum's career as the Greatest Showman on Earth.[28] How the public autopsy of a slave Joice Heth launched P.T. Barnum's career as the Greatest Showman on Earth.[29] Under Barnum's Knife: The Shocking Public Autopsy of Joice Heth - The Rotation[29] Under Barnum's Knife: The Shocking Public Autopsy of Joice Heth - The Rotation[29] Under Barnum's Knife: The Shocking Public Autopsy of Joice Heth - The Rotation[29] Under Barnum's Knife: The Shocking Public Autopsy of Joice Heth - The Rotation[30] Moon Shot: Race, a Hoax, and the Birth of Fake News[30] Moon Shot: Race, a Hoax, and the Birth of Fake News[30] Moon Shot: Race, a Hoax, and the Birth of Fake News[30] Moon Shot: Race, a Hoax, and the Birth of Fake News[31] Under Barnum's Knife: The Shocking Public Autopsy of Joice Heth - The Rotation[31] Under Barnum's Knife: The Shocking Public Autopsy of Joice Heth - The Rotation[31] Under Barnum's Knife: The Shocking Public Autopsy of Joice Heth - The Rotation[31] Under Barnum's Knife: The Shocking Public Autopsy of Joice Heth - The Rotation[32] James Gordon Bennett, the "New York Herald", and the Development of Newspaper Sensationalism on JSTOR[32] James Gordon Bennett, the "New York Herald", and the Development of Newspaper Sensationalism on JSTOR[32] James Gordon Bennett, the "New York Herald", and the Development of Newspaper Sensationalism on JSTOR[32] James Gordon Bennett, the "New York Herald", and the Development of Newspaper Sensationalism on JSTOR[33] Dissection of Joice Heth -- Precious Humbug Exposed, New York Sun, February 26, 1836[33] Dissection of Joice Heth -- Precious Humbug Exposed, New York Sun, February 26, 1836[33] Dissection of Joice Heth -- Precious Humbug Exposed, New York Sun, February 26, 1836[33] Dissection of Joice Heth -- Precious Humbug Exposed, New York Sun, February 26, 1836[34] The Only Unavoidable Subject of Regret with Mary Thompson: Part 1[34] The Only Unavoidable Subject of Regret with Mary Thompson: Part 1[34] The Only Unavoidable Subject of Regret with Mary Thompson: Part 1[34] The Only Unavoidable Subject of Regret with Mary Thompson: Part 1[35] Barnum: An American Life: Wilson, Robert: 9781501118623: Amazon.com: Gateway[35] Barnum: An American Life: Wilson, Robert: 9781501118623: Amazon.com: Gateway[35] Barnum: An American Life: Wilson, Robert: 9781501118623: Amazon.com: Gateway[35] Barnum: An American Life: Wilson, Robert: 9781501118623: Amazon.com: Gateway[36] What P. T. Barnum Understood About America[36] What P. T. Barnum Understood About America[36] What P. T. Barnum Understood About America[36] What P. T. Barnum Understood About America[37] joice heth age[37] joice heth age[37] joice heth age[37] joice heth age

I assume that you have already gone through the basic procedures of telephoning the debtor for the money and making a note of the conversation and the grounds they are giving for non payment. With companies who have call centre approach to Credit Control (which I hate: being tied to a telephone “head set” brigade) it does have one advantage as usually these operations have interconnected data bases which means that whoever takes the call can open up the account and read the notes before.This is very useful as it gives you an outline of what the person has said before and the promises that are to be made. Also as most of these are in computer format; timed and dated, they can be printed off and should the matter go to Court be “Exhibited” to the Summons and Particularls of Claim. This makes your case stronger in Court.Although people aren’t very good at doing it these days, but putting things like agreements, particularly instalment arrangements in hard copy sent to the address (and these days that includes e-mails to the correct address, as these can be printed out-even better if you have a “hand-shake” (Receipt and opening flag to show the message was downloaded from the inbox and therefore reasonable evidence to show it was read).Again these and if a reply is sent agreeing to the instalment arrangement and signed that should be exhibited to the Summons and Particulars of Claim as well.By default by making promises and failing to comply with the undertaking is lying, but you never use the term in a Summons and Particulars of Claim. There are now two way around this depending on the size of the debt and the complexity. You can:Send a person direct to the property with correct identification to meet the person face to face. The only thing they can’t do is knock on a door before 07:00 and after (officially) 21:00, although you can “get away with 21:30),In the case of 1. get the person to give you a description of the person who met them and claimed to be the debtor or confirmed the debtor lives/ed there. At least if the person has “skipped” you know who you are looking for. This is helpful if you need to go to Court and engage a Court Bailiff. Also the person who has called on the debtor although not invited in to the property will be able to give a strong description of the state of the site and whether there appear to be goods of value,If it is a shop or business they are going to whether it appears busy, phones are ringing and the staff look happy. The latter may sound odd, but a happy company staff generally means that the company is not in dire straights although they may be worried, but not enough to walk out. Also look for items of value. Don’t assume that things like photocopies and printers belong to the company; they may be leased. Also there are restrictions on what you can remove from a company if it is going to impede their business. NB YOU HAVE NOT GOT A COUNTY COURT JUDGEMENT YET !See if you can negotiate a settlement and put it in a letter form of agreement, confirming your conversation. That makes a binding sub-contract if it is on your letter head with the details of the agreement signed by both of you. If they breach that you can then move to the next procedure.Providing you did supply the goods and services to order and in good conditions and you have a delivery note/notice of satisfaction of the quality of the goods, that is half a problem over as it is further evidence that the debt is acknowledged and by their own admission they have accepted the debt. It is due and payable.If they still not complied with payment or failed to make an offer of payment you are now going to close the contract and prepare for proceedings. You should have called the client at least twice or three times and set time for the payment to be received, if it has not arrived, it is breach of undertaking, You can not start legal action.You now draft a “Notice of Intent to Commence Proceedings”, which in round terms is a letter to the debtor outlining the contacts you have made and agreements which have been broken and the original breach of contract. Yoy can attach copies of the invoice(s) to that letter, just so they can’t give you one more excuse that they haven’t received them; particularly the notice of intent. Ideally send these by secure mail (in the UK Recorded or Special Delivery), so it has to be signed for.By sending it through secure maile and it being signed for you can confirm that the person lives there and also that the documents have been served. They have been given the 7 days notice of intent, and you have provided them with all the answers and disputes that they need, so there is no excuss now. They are clearly defautlting.In the UK you draft a Summons by using form N1. (Summons)Click on the link on ths reply if you are in the UK and that will provide you a downloadable Acrobat form N1, which you can fill in on line.You put your name address in the “Claimaint” boxThe name of the Court your are going to issue through (that is at the top of the form. Leave the Claim Number, the Court will allocate that for you.Fill in the name of the Defendant. If it is a Limited Company, the correct style as at Companies House; and if has a trading name e.g XYZ Limited, trading as “The Zoo”, followed by the Registered Office. This can be found at Companies House http://www.companies-house.gov.uk It will ask you for either the company name (and you can serarch using that - beware of companies with similar names, you don’t want to sue the wrong one -:) .Put the name of the Limited Company inthe Defendant Box of form N1 Part 7.So it will read XYZ Limited T/as the Z00 On the next line put R/o and then copy address the company is registered to, That may be a solicitor, but they have to accept service on behalf of the party the hold Office for,You then draft your particularly of Claim. You will note that there is a small box but that is rarely big enough. In the Particulars of Claim you list the nature of the agreement, its breaches and non delivery etc. and your claim. I provide an example below. ( I will have to copy form word as it will not accept an attachement)In The xyz County Court Claim No.christopher William Richards/ trading as The Credit Consultancy ClaimantAndXYZ Limited Trading as ABC DefendantThe Claim is in respect of non delivery of services to the Claimant.On or about the 20th October 2011, the claimant was approached by the Defendant to provide services including the supply of paper, consisting of five reams of 80gsm plain paper and 1 ream of 100gsm Hi-laid size A4On the 2nd November 2011, the Claimant received six boxes of 80gsm paper totalling 30 Reams, contrary to the order. It was acknowledged by the Claimant that there was a misunderstanding in the term box, and that it was only six boxes each containing one ream.The Defendant acknowledged the misunderstanding and recovered four boxes of 80gsm and supplying one box of Conqueror 100gsm Hi-laid paper. The four boxes were returned and replaced with the latter one ream of Conquerer, and an adjustment made. This is show on the statement supplied by the Defendant, but is not shown on the bank statement of the Claimant. The remaining four boxes were recovered and delivered back to the supplier via Robert Horne.Later the Claimant was approached again by the Defendant inviting them (the Claimant) to a conference to discuss sales training at the cost of £50 (Fifty Pounds) gross of VAT. Originally it was understood by the Claimant that this was a free seminar, but accepted later that it was the intention that it was to be paid for. To that end the payment was made directly by Visa Card.In The Chelmsford County Court Claim No:2YK57438.Christopher William Richards/ trading as The Credit ConsultancyClaimantAndXYZ Limited t/as ABC DefendantContinuedThere was an unexpected charge of £15.00 on the invoice, which the Defendant claims was to cover the late attendance at the seminar. It should be made clear to the Court that the Claimant was late for the start, but did not miss the entirety of the meeting. This was disputed, but the Defendant refused to refund the monies on the basis that their terms were 24 hours cancellation before a meeting and not the day of the seminar taking place. However due to the small value, this is not part of this claim.As a result of the difference in the statements, the Claimant ordered their card issuer VISA to recall all items including the £50, but as outlined above in clause 4 above, the £50 was repaid to the Defendant by the Claimant.A further £150 was paid to the Second Defendant, via the first Defendant although purporting to be a seperate Limited Company known as Virtual 4U Limted, in respect of a service to be provide an electronic internet web-site for the Claimant. As this was not supplied, this remittance was again recalled via VISA by the Claimant.Continued.In The Chelmsford County Court Claim No. 2YK57348Christopher William Richards/ trading as The Credit ConsultancyClaimantAndXYZ Limited Trading as ABCThe Defendant made a vexed, indeed threatening phone call to the Claimant representatives Matthew and Adam demanding the monies to be repaid them, and that a Credit Note had been issued for other items. This Credit Note was not received but shown on a statement of account issued by the Defendant, but not that of the Defendant. It was also claimed by the Defendant that the reason why the site had not been set up was that the relevant Art-work had not been provided. This Artwork was rapidly forwarded by the claimant, and advised by a representative of the firms, that it had been received by e-mail.On the same day a person purporting to be the Defendant’s Solicitor stated that they had been instructed to commence proceedings against the Claimant. The would be Solicitor refused to provide the Firm’s name nor its Solicitors Registration number nor DOCX address. Nothing further has been heard from this party.The following day I telephoned Cost Co who passed me to a Virtual 4U representative who stated that the site would take about four weeks to create and the system should be “on-line” by the first week of June. This is an unreasonable length of time for a relatively simple operation, given that the layout and text of the site including a review of the Company and the relevant Art Work had been received.Continued/In The Chelmsford County Court Claim No. 2YK57348Christopher William Richards/ trading as The Credit ConsultancyClaimantAndXYZ Limited t/as ABC DefendantOn the 24th May, having heard nothing further from the Defendants, nor details of the URL address of the would be site had still not been supplied. As at the date of this Particulars of Claim, no further contact has been received by either of the Defendants to confirm the completion of the site and having executed a search through an internet search engine, the site cannot be found. The Defendants have refused to make any further undertakings relating to completion, nor attempted to contact the Claimant.On the 24th May 2012 a registered letter was sent to the Registered address of the First Defendant: Unit 3 Far Away Hills Florence Way London SS16 6AJ giving a notice of intent to commence these proceedings, and to the Second Defendant. No reply to that notice has been received from neither the Defendants nor their alleged Legal Representative either by letter nor electronic means including telephone.Exhibits:Statement of Account C.W.Richards from which the monies were taken, but not refunded.Copy of statement from showing entries as recorded by Cost UK Limited.The Claimant claims:£196.87 in respect of breach of contract and non delivery of services ordered.Statutory Interest at the rate of 8% per annum from the date of issue ofthis Summons, until the settlement of the Judgement debt3. Costs.You then sign this form as Claimant, with your name in print below your signatureYou will need a copy (all signed) along with the particulars of Claim (and each page if it is more than one page) .The original for the Court (they will provide the case number when issued.A copy for you to be returned by the Court with the case number for your file.A copy for each of the Defendants. In this case there is only one Defendant as it is a Limited Company (even if he does trade as ABC), the Limited Company is his legal name.A spare copy for your file (in case the others get lost in the Court system it saves you having to start from scratch !Send all the Documents to the County Court you have chosen to issue through. You can do that by hand if the Court is local, or by Regsitered Mail (or your equivalent).Within about 7–10 days you will recevied back the Court Copy of the Summons and your particulars of Claim and the Claim Number. On the Summons (Form N1) it will give the name of the Court and Claim number; also a stamped date showing when the documents is deemed to be legally issued, another date below that to show when it is deemed by the Court to be “Served” (usually 7days later.The Defendant then has 14 days to reply to the Summons and either admit the debt, dispute the debt in part (stating that a Credit Note was requested, but they have to justify why a Credit Note was required as part of their “Defence in part”.If they fail to reply to you via the Court by day 15 (telephone the Court to see if it has been returned) and await their form to request Judgement. Very simply this is a form to state that you want the debt to be paid immediately (Forthwith) or you may want it by instalments- however always go for Forthwith as you can ammend the terms infomrally if you wish; but the Judgement Order stands for immeidate payment.The Defendant then has 7 days to make payment to you after the service of the Judgement (which you will get a copy). If they fail to pay, then you can proceed to Enforcement.Again it is is protocol that you write to the Defendant enclosing a copy of the Juidgement and request payment or to contact you to make arrangements.If the Defendant fails to reply nor make payment, you can then enforce the Judgement.That can be done (usually) a Warrant of Execuction (not as danegrous as it sounds -:) ) which is basically and Order of the Court to Bailiffs to remove goods to the value to settel your Judgement Debt including Costs (some people go for the post Judgement Interesest but it can be more time consuming thant it is worth).As you are dealing with and individual who is a sole trader (i,e, not a limited company) then the goods he has in his home as well of that of the business can be “levied” upon and sold to cover the debt.There are somethings which cannot be taken away (a pecualrity of Englsih law).Food, and coooking utensils, cuttlery. something to cook on/with i.e. cooker /stove and plates etc.A table to dine at and a chair; also a “lounge chair”.Bed for each person and of course linen and bed clothes.Basic Clothing (if you have a mink coat or valuable type of jacket, they can take those but rarely do); that would included night wear and shoes.Although it didn’t used to be the case, they will leave white goods like a Washing Machine, Tumble Drier.After that everythingelse can be levied upon and sold.There is another quirk in so far if a person in the house cans how or indicate that a certain (valuable item) is theirs, as example an expensive piece of jewellwery , that can be seized and sold. However if can be shown that a person living in the house who is not linked to the Judgement, then they can lay claim to it, and the Bailiff will not seize immediately. There needs to be evidence of ownership.Usually it will be left along if the amount concerned is small compared to the size of the Warrant/Judgement. If it is owned by the other party and they are claiming rights which actually they are NOT entitled to it, the Bailiff can issue what is known as an “interpleader summons” which requires the person to fo to Court and show they have title (ownership absolutely) that may also include a car if it is in that persons name only.However if ownership of the car is found to be that of the Judgement Debtor, it will be levied upon and sold in satisfaction of the debt.Should there still be sums remaining, then a “continuing Order” will be made for the balance of the Judgement debt to be settled. There is nothing further that the Judgement Creditor can do as tere are no assets.Indeed if the Bailiff went in to the property in the first intance and saw there was nothing of value, he would make a return to Court fo that effect, The warrnat in effect will die. That said a Warrant of Execution in the UK has a life of 12 months (365 days), so if the Judgement Creditor feels that money or goods have been received they can get the same Warrant re-issued providing it is in debt.Finally if it is found that a third party owes the debtor money through and agreement (more often it is a bank account someone has found with cash in it) or the person is known to owe the Judgement Debtor noney, what is known as a “Third Party Debt Order” can be issued and served on the party who owe the Judgement Debtor the money.In effect they are sued as well, but by what is known in English Law as “Extension of Jurisdiction” and the money seised , paid in to Court and the Judgement Creitor paid.After that in effect the Defendant is declared nkrupt.chris r - London,

It is certain that you will not be able to keep your interest intact until last to know the meanings and usage of the word 'set'. However, this post may satisfy you.Set(sĕt)n. MythologyVariant of Seth2.set 1(sĕt)v. set, set·ting, setsv.tr.1. To put in a specified position or arrangement; place: set a book on a table; set the photonext to the flowers.2.a. To put into a specified state: set the prisoner at liberty; set the house ablaze; setthe machine in motion.b. To cause to begin an action: The noise set the dog to barking.c. To cause or assign (someone) to undertake an action or perform a service: Thesergeant set the recruit to sweeping the barracks.d. To incite to hostile feeling or action: a dispute that set the neighbors against eachother.3. To position (oneself) so as to be ready to do something, such as start running a race.4. To put into a stable or fixed position, as:a. To position or secure so as to be fixed or immobile: set the fence post in cement.b. To put in a mounting; mount: set an emerald in a pendant.c. To apply jewels to; stud: The tiara was set with diamonds.d. To cause (a hook) to become fixed in a fish's mouth.5. To cause to be in proper, useful, or working condition, as:a. To arrange for the consumption of a meal: set the table; set a place at table.b. To adjust (an instrument or device) to a specific point or calibration: set the alarmfor 7:00.c. To prepare (a trap) for catching prey.d. To adjust (a saw) by deflecting the teeth.e. Nautical To spread open to the wind: set the sails.f. To arrange scenery on (a theater stage).g. To restore to a proper and normal state when dislocated or broken: set a brokenarm.h. To apply equipment, such as curlers and clips, to (hair) in order to style.6.a. To concentrate or direct (one's mind or attention, for example) on a purpose or goal.b. To direct or focus (one's desires or hopes, for example) on a certain thing.7. Sports To pass (a volleyball), usually with the fingertips, in an arc close to the net so that ateammate can drive it over the net.8. Printinga. To arrange (type) into words and sentences preparatory to printing; compose.b. To transpose (text, for example) into type.9. Musica. To compose (music) to fit a given text.b. To write (words) to fit a given melodic line.10. To appoint, establish, or determine, as:a. To declare or demonstrate (a precedent or standard, for instance).b. To provide or establish as a model: A parent must set a good example for thechildren.c. To establish as the highest level of performance: set a swimming record.d. To arrange or establish (a computer password, for example) to allow future action.e. To prescribe as a time for: set the meeting for Friday afternoon.f. To prescribe the unfolding of (a drama or narrative, for instance) in a specific place: aplay that is set in Venice.11.a. To value or regard something at the rate of: She sets a great deal by good nutrition.b. To fix at a given amount: The judge set bail for the defendant at $50,000.c. To make as an estimate of worth: We set a high value on human life.12.a. To cause to sit: Set yourself over by the fire.b. To put (a hen) on eggs for the purpose of hatching them.13. To point to the location of (game) by holding a fixed body position. Used of a hunting dog.14. Botany To produce, as after pollination: set seed.v.intr.1. To disappear below the horizon: The sun set at seven that evening.2. To diminish or decline; wane: when the glory of the empire set.3. To sit on eggs. Used of fowl.4.a. To become fixed; harden: allowed the aspic to set.b. To become permanent. Used of dye.5. To become whole; knit. Used of a broken bone.6. To point to the location of game by holding a fixed body position. Used of a hunting dog.7. Botany To mature or develop, as after pollination.8. Nonstandard To sit: "If Emmett drives, I could set up front" (Bobbie Ann Mason).9. To position oneself preparatory to an action, such as running a race.adj.1. Fixed or established by agreement: a set time for the launching.2. Established by convention: followed set procedures for filing a grievance.3. Established deliberately; intentional: Our set purpose is to win the conflict.4. Fixed and rigid: "His bearded face already has a set, hollow look" (Conor Cruise O'Brien).5. Unwilling or very reluctant to change: He is set in his ways.6.a. Intent and determined: "He is dead set against rushing abroad to build a plant"(Fortune).b. Ready; prepared: We are set to leave early tomorrow morning.n.1.a. The act or process of setting.b. The condition resulting from setting.2. The manner in which something is positioned: the set of her cap.3. A permanent firming or hardening of a substance, as by cooling.4. The deflection of the teeth of a saw.5.a. The carriage or bearing of a part of the body.b. A particular psychological state, usually that of anticipation or preparedness: "Themental set of an audience is crucial to his performance" (Psychology Today).6. A descent below the horizon.7. The direction or course of wind or water.8. A seedling, slip, or cutting that is ready for planting.9. The act of arranging hair by waving and curling it.10. Sports The act of setting a volleyball for a teammate.11. In Texas hold'em, a hand in which a player has two cards of the same rank and anothercard of that rank is among the community cards.Phrasal Verbs:set aboutTo begin or start: set about solving the problem.set apart1. To reserve for a specific use.2. To make noticeable: character traits that set her apart.set aside1. To separate and reserve for a special purpose.2. To discard or reject.3. To declare invalid; annul or overrule: The court has set aside the conviction.set atTo attack or assail: The dogs set at the fox.set back1. To slow down the progress of; hinder.2. Informal To cost: That coat set me back $1,000.set byTo reserve for future use: It is wise to set food and money by in case of a future emergency.set down1. To cause to sit; seat: Set the baby down here.2. To put in writing; record: We set down the facts.3.a. To regard; consider: Just set him down as a sneak.b. To assign to a cause; attribute: Let's set the error down to inexperience.4. To land (an aircraft): The pilot set the plane down hard.5. Baseball To put out (a batter); retire. Used of a pitcher.set forth1. To present for consideration; propose: set forth a sound plan.2. To express in words: She has set forth her ideas.set forwardTo begin a journey.set in1. To insert: set in the sleeve of a gown.2. To begin to happen or be apparent: "Evening was setting in as I took the road overMountain Top" (Charles Siebert).3. To move toward the shore. Used of wind or water.set off1.a. To give rise to; cause to occur: set off a chemical reaction.b. To cause to explode: set off a bomb.c. To make suddenly or demonstrably angry: The clerk's indifference finally set me off.2. To indicate as being different; distinguish: features setting him off from the crowd.3. To direct attention to by contrast; accentuate: set off a passage with italics.4. To counterbalance, counteract, or compensate for: Our dismay at her leaving was set offby our knowing that she was happy.5. To start on a journey: set off for Europe.set out1. To begin an earnest attempt; undertake: He set out to understand why the plan had failed.2. To lay out systematically or graphically: set out a terrace.3. To display for exhibition or sale.4. To plant: set out seedlings.5. To start a journey: She set out at dawn for town.set to1. To begin working energetically; start in.2. To begin fighting.set up1. To place in an upright position.2.a. To elevate; raise.b. To raise in authority or power; invest with power: They set the general up as adictator.c. To put (oneself) forward as; claim to be: He has set himself up as an authority onthe English language.d. To assemble and erect: set up a new machine.3. To establish; found: set up a charity.4. To cause: They set up howls of protest over new taxes.5. To establish in business by providing capital, equipment, or other backing.6. Informala. To treat (someone) to drinks.b. To pay for (drinks).7. Informal To stimulate or exhilarate: a victory that really set the team up.8. To lay plans for: set up a kidnapping.9. Informal To put (someone else) into a compromising situation by deceit or trickery:Swindlers have set me up.10. Sports To make a pass to (a teammate), creating a scoring opportunity.set uponTo attack violently: Guards set dogs upon the escaping prisoners.Idioms:set againstStrongly opposed to: We are dead set against the idea.set fire toTo cause to ignite and burn.set foot inTo enter.set foot onTo step on.set in motionTo give impetus to: The indictment set the judicial process in motion.set onResolved to do something or strongly wishing for something: She is set on getting a role inthe play.set (one's) heart onTo be determined to do something.set (one's) sights onTo have as a goal: She set her sights on medical school.set on fire1. To cause to ignite and burn.2. To cause to become excited: The music set the audience on fire.set sail NauticalTo begin a voyage on water.set (someone) straightTo inform (someone) of the truth of a situation.set store byTo regard as valuable or worthwhile.set the pace1. To go at a speed that other competitors attempt to match or surpass.2. To behave or perform in a way that others try to emulate.set the scene/stage forTo provide the underlying basis for: saber rattling that set the stage for war.set up housekeepingTo establish a household.set up shopTo establish one's business operations.[Middle English setten, from Old English settan; see sed- in Indo-European roots.]Usage Note: Originally set meant "to cause (someone) to sit" and "to cause (something) tobe in a certain position," so that it is now in most cases a transitive verb: She sets the bookon the table. He sets the table. Sit is generally an intransitive verb: He sits at the table.There are some exceptions: The sun sets (not sits). A hen sets (or sits) on her eggs.set 2(sĕt)n.1. A group of things of the same kind that belong together and are so used: a chess set.2. A group of persons sharing a common interest: the high-school set.3. A group of books or periodicals published as a unit.4.a. A number of couples required for participation in a square dance.b. The movements constituting a square dance.5.a. The scenery constructed for a theatrical performance.b. The entire enclosure in which a movie is filmed; the sound stage.6. Musica. A session of music, typically dance music, played before an intermission.b. The music so played.7. The collective receiving apparatus assembled to operate a radio or television.8. Mathematics A collection of distinct elements having specific common properties: a set ofpositive integers.9. Sportsa. A group of games constituting one division or unit of a match, as in tennis.b. An offensive formation in football or basketball.[Middle English sette, from Old French, from Medieval Latin secta, retinue, from Latin, faction;see sect.]American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fifth Edition. Copyright © 2011 by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company. Published by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company. All rights reserved.set(sɛt)vb (mainly tr) , sets, setting or set1. to put or place in position or into a specified state or condition: to set a book on the table;to set someone free.2. (also intr; foll by to or on) to put or be put (to); apply or be applied: he set fire to the house;they set the dogs on the scent.3. to put into order or readiness for use; prepare: to set a trap; to set the table for dinner.4. (also intr) to put, form, or be formed into a jelled, firm, fixed, or rigid state: the jelly set inthree hours.5. (also intr) to put or be put into a position that will restore a normal state: to set a brokenbone.6. to adjust (a clock or other instrument) to a position7. to determine or establish: we have set the date for our wedding.8. to prescribe or allot (an undertaking, course of study, etc): the examiners have set``Paradise Lost''.9. to arrange in a particular fashion, esp an attractive one: she set her hair; the jeweller setthe diamonds in silver.10. (Clothing & Fashion) (of clothes) to hang or fit (well or badly) when worn11. (Music, other) Also: set to music to provide music for (a poem or other text to be sung)12. (Printing, Lithography & Bookbinding) Also: set up printing to arrange or produce (type,film, etc) from (text or copy); compose13. (Theatre) to arrange (a stage, television studio, etc) with scenery and props14. (Film) to arrange (a stage, television studio, etc) with scenery and props15. to describe or present (a scene or the background to a literary work, story, etc) in words:his novel is set in Russia.16. to present as a model of good or bad behaviour (esp in the phrases set an example, seta good example, set a bad example)17. (foll by: on or by) to value (something) at a specified price or estimation of worth: he set ahigh price on his services.18. (foll by at) to price (the value of something) at a specified sum: he set his services at£300.19. (also intr) to give or be given a particular direction: his course was set to the East.20. (Nautical Terms) (also intr) to rig (a sail) or (of a sail) to be rigged so as to catch the wind21. (intr) (of the sun, moon, etc) to disappear beneath the horizon22. to leave (dough, etc) in one place so that it may prove23. to sharpen (a cutting blade) by grinding or honing the angle adjacent to the cutting edge24. to displace alternate teeth of (a saw) to opposite sides of the blade in order to increasethe cutting efficiency25. to sink (the head of a nail) below the surface surrounding it by using a nail set26. (Computer Science) computing to give (a binary circuit) the value 127. (Botany) (of plants) to produce (fruits, seeds, etc) after pollination or (of fruits or seeds) todevelop after pollination28. (Agriculture) to plant (seeds, seedlings, etc)29. (Agriculture) to place (a hen) on (eggs) for the purpose of incubation30. (Hunting) (intr) (of a gun dog) to turn in the direction of game, indicating its presence31. Scot and Irish to let or lease: to set a house.32. (Bridge) bridge to defeat (one's opponents) in their attempt to make a contract33. a dialect word for sit34. set eyes on to seen35. the act of setting or the state of being set36. a condition of firmness or hardness37. bearing, carriage, or posture: the set of a gun dog when pointing.38. (Clothing & Fashion) the fit or hang of a garment, esp when worn39. (Theatre) the scenery and other props used in and identifying the location of a stage ortelevision production, film, etc40. (Film) the scenery and other props used in and identifying the location of a stage ortelevision production, film, etc41. (Printing, Lithography & Bookbinding) Also called: set width printinga. the width of the body of a piece of typeb. the width of the lines of type in a page or column42. (Nautical Terms) nauticala. the cut of the sails or the arrangement of the sails, spars, rigging, etc, of a vesselb. the direction from which a wind is blowing or towards which a tide or current ismoving43. (Psychology) psychol a temporary bias disposing an organism to react to a stimulus inone way rather than in others44. (Agriculture) a seedling, cutting, or similar part that is ready for planting: onion sets.45. (Tools) a blacksmith's tool with a short head similar to a cold chisel set transversely ontoa handle and used, when struck with a hammer, for cutting off lengths of iron bars46. (Tools) See nail set47. the direction of flow of water48. a mechanical distortion of shape or alignment, such as a bend in a piece of metal49. (General Engineering) the penetration of a driven pile for each blow of the drop hammer50. (Civil Engineering) a variant spelling of sett51. (Zoology) a variant spelling of sett52. (Textiles) a variant spelling of settadj53. fixed or established by authority or agreement: set hours of work.54. (usually postpositive) rigid or inflexible: she is set in her ways.55. unmoving; fixed: a set expression on his face.56. conventional, artificial, or stereotyped, rather than spontaneous: she made her apology inset phrases.57. (postpositive; foll by on or upon) resolute in intention: he is set upon marrying.58. (Education) (of a book, etc) prescribed for students' preparation for an examination[Old English settan, causative of sittan to sit; related to Old Frisian setta, Old High German sezzan]set(sɛt)n1. a number of objects or people grouped or belonging together, often forming a unit or havingcertain features or characteristics in common: a set of coins; John is in the top set formaths.2. a group of people who associate together, esp a clique: he's part of the jet set.3. (Mathematics) maths logica. Also called: class a collection of numbers, objects, etc, that is treated as an entity:3, the moon is the set the two members of which are the number 3 and the moonb. (in some formulations) a class that can itself be a member of other classes4. (Logic) maths logica. Also called: class a collection of numbers, objects, etc, that is treated as an entity:3, the moon is the set the two members of which are the number 3 and the moonb. (in some formulations) a class that can itself be a member of other classes5. (Electronics) any apparatus that receives or transmits television or radio signals6. (Tennis) tennis squash badminton one of the units of a match, in tennis one in which oneplayer or pair of players must win at least six games: Graf lost the first set.7. (Squash & Fives) tennis squash badminton one of the units of a match, in tennis one inwhich one player or pair of players must win at least six games: Graf lost the first set.8. (Badminton) tennis squash badminton one of the units of a match, in tennis one in whichone player or pair of players must win at least six games: Graf lost the first set.9. (Dancing)a. the number of couples required for a formation danceb. a series of figures that make up a formation dance10. (Music, other)a. a band's or performer's concert repertoire on a given occasion: the set included nonew numbers.b. a continuous performance: the Who played two sets.vb, sets, setting or set11. (Dancing) (intr) (in square dancing and country dancing) to perform a sequence of stepswhile facing towards another dancer: set to your partners.12. (usually tr) to divide into sets: in this school we set our older pupils for English.[C14 (in the obsolete sense: a religious sect): from Old French sette, from Latin sectasect; latersense development influenced by the verb set1]Collins English Dictionary – Complete and Unabridged © HarperCollins Publishers 1991, 1994, 1998, 2000, 2003set(sɛt)v. set, set•ting,n., adj. v.t.1. to put (something or someone) in a particular place, position, or posture: to set a vase ona table; Set the baby on her feet.2. to put or cause to pass into some condition: to set a house on fire; to set a prisoner free.3. to put or apply: to set fire to a house.4. to fix definitely; establish or decide upon: to set a time limit; to set a wedding date.5. to put (a price or value) upon something.6. to fix the value of at a certain amount, rate, or point: She sets honesty above everythingelse.7. to post, station, or appoint for some duty or task: to set guards at the door.8. to place or plant firmly: to set a flagpole in concrete.9. to direct or settle resolutely or wishfully: to set one's mind to a task; to set one's heart ona new bike.10. to establish for others to follow: to set a fast pace; to set a good example.11. to prescribe or assign, as a task.12. to distribute or arrange china, silver, etc., for use on (a table).13. to style (the hair) by using rollers, clips, lotions, or other aids to induce curls, waves,fullness, etc.14. to put in the proper or desired order or condition for use: to set a trap.15. to adjust (a mechanism) so as to control its performance.16. to adjust the hands of (a clock or watch) to the desired position or according to a certainstandard.17. to adjust (a timer, alarm, etc.) so as to sound when desired.18. to fix at a given point or calibration: to set the dial on an oven.19. to fix or mount (a gem or the like) in a frame or setting.20. to ornament or stud with gems or the like.21. to cause to sit; seat: to set a child in a highchair.22. to put (a hen) on eggs to hatch them.23. to place (eggs) under a hen or in an incubator for hatching.24. to cause to take a particular direction: to set one's course to the south.25. to put into a fixed, rigid, or settled state, as the face or muscles.26. to put (a broken or dislocated bone) back in position.27. to cause (glue, mortar, or the like) to become fixed or hard.28. to affix or apply, as by stamping: The king set his seal to the decree.29. to tighten (often fol. by up): to set nuts well up.30. (of a hunting dog) to indicate the position of (game) by standing stiffly and pointing withthe muzzle.31. to urge, goad, or encourage to attack: to set the hounds on a trespasser.32. to put aside (dough with yeast in it) to permit rising.33.a. to fit, as words to music.b. to arrange for musical performance.c. to arrange (music) for certain voices or instruments.34.a. to arrange the scenery, properties, lights, etc., on (a stage) for an act or scene.b. to give decisive form to (an action, scene, etc.) in preparation for performance.35. to spread and secure (a sail) so as to catch the wind.36.a. to arrange (type) in the order required for printing.b. to arrange (a text) in type for printing.37. Bridge. to cause (the opponents or their contract) to fall short.38. to sink (a nail head) with a nail set.39. to bend the teeth of (a saw) outward in opposite directions.v.i.40. to pass below the horizon; sink: The sun sets early in winter.41. to decline; wane.42. to assume a fixed or rigid state, as the countenance or the muscles.43. (of mortar, glue, dye, or the like) to become firm, solid, or permanent.44. to sit on eggs to hatch them, as a hen.45. (of the hair) to assume a particular style as the result of having been temporarily rolled up,pinned, twisted, etc.46. (of a flower's ovary) to develop into a fruit.47. (of a hunting dog) to indicate the position of game.48. to have a certain direction or course, as a wind or current.49. (of a sail) to be spread so as to catch the wind.50. Nonstandard. to sit: Come in and set a spell.51. set about, to begin; undertake; start.52. set aside,a. to put to one side; reserve.b. to dismiss from the mind; reject.c. to prevail over; discard; annul: to set aside a verdict.53. set back,a. to hinder; impede.b. to fix at an earlier time or lower point on a scale: Set back your clocks one hour.c. Informal. to cause to pay; cost: The house set them back $200,000.54. set by, to save or keep for future use.55. set down,a. to record or copy in writing or printing.b. to land an airplane.56. set forth,a. to give an account of; state; describe.b. to begin a journey; start.57. set in,a. to begin to prevail; arrive: Darkness set in.b. (of winds or currents) to blow or flow toward the shore.58. set off,a. to cause to become ignited or to explode.b. to begin; start.c. to intensify or improve by contrast.d. to begin a journey or trip; depart.59. set on,a. Also, set upon. to attack or cause to attack.b. to instigate; incite.60. set out,a. to begin a journey or course.b. to undertake; attempt.c. to define; describe.d. to plant.61. set to,a. to begin work vigorously.b. to start to fight.62. set up,a. to put upright; raise.b. to put into a high or powerful position.c. to construct; assemble; erect.d. to inaugurate; establish.e. to enable to begin in business; provide with means.f. to make a gift of; treat, as to drinks.g. to bring about; cause.h. to lead or lure into a prearranged situation, esp. so as to embarrass or entrap.n.63. the act or state of setting or the state of being set.64. a collection of articles designed for use together or in a complementary way: a chess set;a set of carving knives.65. a number, group, or combination of things of similar nature, design, or function: a set ofideas.66. a number, company, or group of persons associated by common interests, occupations,conventions, or status: the smart set.67. fixed direction, bent, or inclination: The set of his mind was obvious.68. bearing or carriage: the set of one's shoulders.69. the assumption of a fixed, rigid, or hard state, as by mortar or glue.70. the fit, as of an article of clothing.71. the styling of the hair with rollers, pins, lotions, etc., or the hairstyle so formed.72. an apparatus for receiving radio or television programs; receiver.73. a construction representing the site of the action in a play, film, or the like.74. a young plant, or a slip, tuber, or the like, suitable for planting.75. Tennis. a unit of a match, consisting of a group of not fewer than six games with a marginof at least two games between the winner and loser: She won the match in straight sets of 6–3, 6–4, 6–4.76. Mach.a. the bending out of the points of alternate teeth of a saw in opposite directions.b. a permanent deformation or displacement of an object or part.c. a tool for giving a certain form to something, as a saw tooth.77. Psychol. a temporary state of readiness to act or respond to certain stimuli in a specificway.78.a. the number of couples required to execute a quadrille or the like.b. a series of movements or figures that make up a quadrille or the like.79. Music.a. a succession of pieces played by an ensemble, as a dance band or jazz group,before or after an intermission.b. the period during which these pieces are played.80. Naut.a. the direction of a wind, current, etc.b. the form or arrangement of the sails, spars, etc., of a vessel.81. Math. a collection of objects or elements classed together.adj.82. fixed or prescribed beforehand: a set time.83. specified; fixed: The hall holds a set number of people.84. deliberately composed; customary: set phrases.85. fixed; rigid: a set smile.86. resolved or determined; habitually or stubbornly fixed: to be set in one's opinions.87. completely prepared; ready: Is everyone set?[before 900; (v.) Middle English setten, Old English settan, c. Old Frisian setta, Old Saxon settian,Old High German sezzen, Old Norse setja, Gothic satjan, all < Germanic *satjan, causative of*setjan to sit; (n.) Middle English set, set(t)e, derivative of the v. and its past participle; (in sensesdenoting a group) Middle English sette < Old French < Latin secta sect (later influenced by the v.and Middle Low German gesette set, suite)]usage: The verbs set and sit are similar in form and meaning but different in grammaticaluse. set is chiefly transitive and takes an object: Set the dish on the shelf. Its past tense andpast participle are also set: The judge has set the date for the trial. set also has somestandard intransitive uses, as “to pass below the horizon” and “to become firm, solid, etc.”The intransitive use of set for sit, “to be seated,” is nonstandard: Pull up a chair and set byme. sit is chiefly intransitive and does not take an object: Let's sit here in the shade. Its pasttense and past participle are sat: Have they sat down yet? Transitive uses of sit include “tocause to sit” (Sit yourself on the sofa) and “to provide seating for” (The waiter sat us near thewindow).Set(sɛt)also Sethn.an ancient Egyptian god, represented with the head of a donkey or other mammal.Random House Kernerman Webster's College Dictionary, © 2010 K Dictionaries Ltd. Copyright 2005, 1997, 1991 by Random House, Inc. All rights reserved.set(sĕt)A collection of distinct elements that have something in common. In mathematics, sets arecommonly represented by enclosing the members of a set in curly braces, as {1, 2, 3, 4, 5},the set of all positive integers from 1 to 5.The American Heritage® Dictionary of Student Science, Second Edition. Copyright © 2014 by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company. Published by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company. All rights reserved.Seta number of items of a similar nature usually used together; a group of persons whohabitually meet socially or through some other contact.Dictionary of Collective Nouns and Group Terms. Copyright 2008 TheThere are many on-line dictionary to search the meaning and usage of any word, next time you will be satisfied if you google it.In this case it is a copy pest from online free dictionary. Thank you.