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How did you choose whom to vote for in the 2020 Democratic Primary?

I started out as a supporter of Elizabeth Warren. I still think she would have made one hell of a president. But it wasn’t to be.I should mention that I’m a strategic voter, always. Some people believe you should vote for the person you like the most in the primary. Not me. I don’t make room for sentimentality in my voting behavior.I’m not sure what exactly drew me from Warren. But as always in these circumstances, I have some after-the-fact justifications.There was her tendency to adopt massively unpopular stances.Whatever you think of the merits of entirely eliminating private insurance—which I find unnecessary—there is no denying that it’s a huge electoral liability: 37% support vs 58% opposition.[1][1][1][1]I didn’t see how this could be a winning position in the general election.There was also the release of the NYT/Siena College poll last October.[2][2][2][2]This was a high-quality poll that released state-by-state rather than national data. I was spooked.At this point, I decided: “screw it, let it be Biden.” I wasn’t in love with the guy. Bernie and Warren were closer to me on policy. But I didn’t think Biden would be a horrible choice. And unlike many people to my left, I didn’t think he was doomed to lose.But as I watched the man on the debate stage, I couldn’t help but feel that he was well past his shelf life. He had been charming, intelligent, learned, and funny when debating Hillary and Obama in 2008. Now? He seemed in thrall to early senility. He was inarticulate and lacking in energy. The best that could be said about his performances was that he was utterly forgettable.At this point, another contestant on the Democratic edition of our national political game show caught my eye: Pete Buttigieg. I had dismissed this small town mayor in the beginning, but there was no denying that he was intelligent, cool under pressure, likable, articulate, and striking a good balance between ideological liberalism and appeal to a broader audience.His victory in Iowa was very impressive, as was his second-place finish in New Hampshire. But it was clear that he had nowhere else to go after that. He had done much better than he had the right to expect, but he was still not going to be the nominee, not that this was a desirable outcome anyway, since anti-gay prejudice remains a potent force in the US. Much as I liked the guy, and much as I wished to see him president someday, I was going to have to pick someone else.The viable candidates after New Hampshire were Mike Stop-and-Frisk Bloomberg, Joe Biden, and Bernie Sanders. Bloomberg was not an option for me. I’m a full human being, goddammit, not some savage, subhuman creature to be treated like a criminal until proven otherwise. To hell with Mike Bloomberg. That left Biden and Bernie.Bernie had a few advantages over Biden for me:Though older than Biden, he appeared more energetic and less likely to collapse under the strain of the campaign.He was closer to me on policy. I think making the US into something like Denmark is a splendid idea.He had a large number of supporters who were willing to take their ball and go home if they didn’t get their way. Now, I didn’t like this at all about his supporters. But I recognized that if he were to secure a plurality of the vote and be denied the nomination because of the votes of superdelegates, millions of people would cry foul play and stay home. Another way to see this is that he was bringing into the tent millions of people who were so anti-establishment that they would otherwise not vote for the Democratic Party. In other words, Bernie was, in his idiosyncratic and acerbic way, expanding the Democratic coalition.But then a few things happened in quick succession.Biden came in second place in Nevada. I was so unimpressed that I wrote this: [3]Joe Biden is celebrating the fact that he came a distant second, getting less than half of Bernie’s support. I don’t see much cause for celebration, here. The spin is that he was never going to win Nevada, because something, something, and reasons. But up until very recently, he was leading there in the polls. His support collapsed because of the huge chasm that separates on-paper Biden with real-life Biden. The former is a savvy, experienced politician, with the support of moderates, Black voters, and the party establishment. The latter is a man well past his shelf-life, inexorably teetering towards senility, and about as inspiring as a batch of dried persimmons. He is the candidate people vote for, not because they’re excited about him, but because they’ve been told that the electorate is supposed to find him appealing for some vague and never quite articulated reason. Biden is the person you vote for if you give voice to your fears of losing rather than your hopes of winning. He is the choice you make when you’re too timorous to go on the offensive. He is the personification of a castrated and apologetic liberalism afraid of its own shadow. He’s the please-don’t-hate-us-we’re-not-even-that-liberal-and-at-least-we’re-not Trump candidate. He is the moat behind which your army cowers, its morale shattered, as it braces for a battle it fears and expects to lose. An army that emerges from such a battle, even when victorious, will be too timid to consolidate its gains. And now is not the time for timidity. The fate of the nation is at stake. Joe Biden is obviously not as electable as we thought at the beginning of the campaign. So we might as well go with someone who can actually excite people.But people who were afraid of Bernie’s general electoral liabilities were still seeking a rallying point. Neither Buttigieg nor Klobuchar were viable. Bloomberg had been castrated on live TV by Elizabeth Warren, who had herself not benefited from her performance, the liberal vote having coalesced around Bernie. And unimpressive though Biden had been in the first 3 contests, he was still the best hope of the moderates and of the not-quite-leftists.Jim Clyburn endorsed Biden, allowing him to get a crushing victory in South Carolina, and giving his campaign a much-needed second wind. He had proved that he could win and do so decisively, appealing to broad segments of the Democratic electorate. In doing so, he assuaged the concerns of all the people who had wanted to support him, but not done so because they feared he couldn’t win.The establishment rallied behind Biden. Buttigieg and Klobuchar dropped out and endorsed him. At this point, it looked like a choice between two men: Bernie and Biden. I was no longer a fan of Bernie’s. I was willing to vote for him, but it wasn’t out of excitement. I had voted for him, albeit with some measure of reluctance in 2016. And I had been a fan way back in 2010 when he gave his filibuster speech against the extension of the Bush tax cuts. For some of us who thought Obama looked too pusillanimous and never fought hard enough for liberal priorities, it was a breath of fresh air. But since the 2016 campaign, I have been annoyed by two things:His plans never added up. He grossly underestimated how much they would cost and failed to identify where and how he would raise enough revenue to meet even his underestimated costs.He resorted to ad hominem attacks whenever this was pointed out.Still, I was leaning toward Bernie anyway, because my main aim was to avoid what I considered the worst case scenario for the Democratic Party: Bernie with a plurality, and the leadership voting to give someone else the nomination. I think first-past-the-post is silly way to structure an election. But since we don’t have ranked voting, selecting anyone other than the person with the most votes is even more problematic. My hope was that Bernie could win an outright majority and stop what I considered and antidemocratic usurpation of the nomination from occurring.This became less of a factor as it became clear that Biden was rapidly rising in the polls. Maybe Biden could win an outright plurality! Bernie was on the record saying that he thought superdelegates should vote for the person with the most votes. His supporters couldn’t—or at least shouldn’t—cry treachery if he was beaten fair and square.While I was doing this calculation, I was also changing my mind on the relative electability of the two candidates. Simply put, Bernie looked competitive because he traded increased support among young voters for less support against moderates and older voters. [4] The problem with this is that young people don’t vote. The youth turnout would have to reach 54% for him to be competitive with Trump. Even Obama didn’t get that in 2008.Having come to this view, I had lost 2 of my 3 reasons for wanting to vote for him, and the fact that I was ideologically closer to him became less pertinent. I want to win more than I want to win with someone closer to me in ideology.The House majority rests on a large number of purple and maroon-district Democrats. All these Democrats feel much safer defending their seats with Biden rather than Sanders at the head of the ticket. This was an important consideration for me.[5] I knew that Sanders wasn’t proposing socialism. But the nuances between socialism, social democracy, and democratic socialism were going to be be lost on most voters, especially in the kind of districts Democrats needed to hold in order to maintain their House majority.Finally, I expected any Democrat to win back Pennsylvania and Michigan. But Wisconsin? That wass very much in doubt. And if the Democratic nominee failed to win Wisconsin, he would need another state much harder for Sanders than for Biden to win: Arizona, North Carolina, or Florida.So I voted for Joe Biden. I think that, overall, he has more paths to victory on the map above than Bernie does, especially now it is clear that young voters have failed to show up in the large numbers they needed to in order to make Bernie viable.Footnotes[1] KFF Health Tracking Poll – January 2019: The Public On Next Steps For The ACA And Proposals To Expand Coverage[1] KFF Health Tracking Poll – January 2019: The Public On Next Steps For The ACA And Proposals To Expand Coverage[1] KFF Health Tracking Poll – January 2019: The Public On Next Steps For The ACA And Proposals To Expand Coverage[1] KFF Health Tracking Poll – January 2019: The Public On Next Steps For The ACA And Proposals To Expand Coverage[2] One Year From Election, Trump Trails Biden but Leads Warren in Battlegrounds[2] One Year From Election, Trump Trails Biden but Leads Warren in Battlegrounds[2] One Year From Election, Trump Trails Biden but Leads Warren in Battlegrounds[2] One Year From Election, Trump Trails Biden but Leads Warren in Battlegrounds[3] Habib Fanny's answer to What are your thoughts on the result of the 2020 Nevada Democratic Caucus?[4] Bernie Sanders looks electable in surveys — but it could be a mirage[5] Joe Biden’s Powerful Weapon In His Fight With Bernie Sanders: Vulnerable House Democrats

Can I sell my License Plate?

There’s always that time when you desire or need a change of car. Now that you’ve made up your mind and decided to get rid of your old car either by having it sold to a private buyer, recycling it or taken to the scrapyard, what happens to the license plate?This is a valid question especially if you’re looking to sell your car in any state in the USA.The rules and regulations regarding car registrations are different for each state which makes it a bit difficult when it comes to selling your car.You won’t want to go against the law now, would you? Exactly. Following the rules and regulations of your state will remove the risk of your license being suspended.If you’re selling the car yourself without involving a dealer, you’d need to know how to handle the license plate of your car correctly as there would be important information you’d need to have before starting or completing the process.Here’s a breakdown of how to correctly handle license plates When Selling your car in all 50 states…When Selling In Alabama, Do I Keep The License Plates?Yes, you keep the plates. To transfer the title to a buyeryou’d need to sign the title over [except your car is older than 35 years], complete a bill of saleand pay the necessary fees.When Selling in Alaska, Do I Keep The License Plates?No, it stays with the car unless it’s personalized. To transfer the title to a buyeryou’d need to sign the titlerecord the mileage [if your car is less than 10 years]and complete the Notice of Vehicle Sale for Transfer located at the end of the title or here.When Selling In Arizona, Do I Keep The License Plates?Yes, you remove the plates. To transfer the titlesign and notarize the titlemake sure the buyer completes the Title Registration Agreement and submit it with the signed, notarized title to the DMV within 15 daysand pay all fees.When Selling In California, Do I Keep The License Plates?No, it stays with the car unless it’s personalized. To transfer the titleyou’d need to sign the original car titlesubmit a Smog certification and a Notice of Transfer and Release of Liability Formand submit an odometer mileage for the carif your car is less than 10 years.When Selling In Colorado, Do I Keep The License Plates?Yes, you keep the plates. You’re required to submit the Release of Liability Form within 5 days to the state’s DMV. To transfer the titledate and sign the titlecheck the emission requirements of the countyand get the bill of sale for the car ready.When Selling In Connecticut, Do I Keep The License Plates?Yes, you keep the plates. To transfer the title to the buyer, you’d need to provide the bill of sale for the buyer and keep your copy. You can get yours to print from the state’s DMV online.When Selling In Delaware, Do I Keep The License Plates?No, it stays with the car. To transfer the title to the buyer:Complete the Assignment of Certificate of Title on the back of the car’s titletake the bill of sale from the title and take it to the DMVand give the title to the buyer [keep your copy].When Selling in the District of Columbia, Do I Keep The License Plates?Yes, you keep the plates. To transfer the title to the buyer, you’d need to complete and deliver the title to the buyer within 4 days.When Selling In Florida, Do I Keep The License Plates?Yes, you keep the plates. To transfer the title to the buyer, you’d need to complete and sign the title and also the odometer mileage of your car in the name of your buyer.When Selling In Georgia, Do I Keep The License Plates?Yes, you keep the plates. To transfer the title to a buyer, you’d need to complete and sign the title and odometer mileage [except your car’s older than 10 years] in the name of your buyer and you should keep a copy too.When Selling In Hawaii, Do I Keep The License Plates?No, it stays with the car as the state’s DMV uses it to identify the car. To transfer the title to a buyer, you’d need to provide a Notice of Transfer, sign and date the title [adding the mileage] and provide the buyer with safety inspection title and title of the car.When Selling In Idaho, Do I Keep The License Plates?Yes, you keep the plates. Within 30 days of the sale, you’d need to sign and give the title to the buyer in his/her name to transfer the title of ownership.When Selling In Illinois, Do I Keep The License Plates?Yes, you keep the plates. Within 20 days of the sale, you’d need to complete and sign the title and provide a bill of sale plus a lien release for the buyer.When Selling In Indiana, Do I Keep The License Plates?Yes, you keep the plates. Within 21 days of the sale, you’d need to complete and sign the title [including the odometer reading] and provide a lien purchase for the buyer.When Selling In Iowa, Do I Keep The License Plates?Yes, you keep the plates. Within 30 days of the sale, you’d need to complete and sign the title, give the buyer a Damage Disclosure Statement and provide a bill of sale and odometer readings for the buyer. You’d also need to complete a Notice of Sale and Delivery of Title to the state’s county.When Selling In Kansas, Do I Keep The License Plates?Yes, you keep the plates. To transfer the title to the buyer, you’d need tocomplete and sign the title including the lien purchase and Odometer Disclosure Statementand notify the state through the Seller’s Notification of Sale to remove your name from the database.When Selling In Kentucky, Do I Keep The License Plates?Yes, you take the plates off the car. To transfer the title to a buyer, you’d need tocomplete and sign the titleandprovide a bill of sale for the buyer.When Selling In Louisiana, Do I Keep The License Plates?Yes, you take the plates off the car and keep them only if they’re personalized. To transfer the title to a buyer, you’d need tocomplete, date and sign the title including the bill of saleprovide a lien purchase for the buyerand complete the online Notice of Transfer through the website.When Selling In Maine, Do I Keep The License Plates?Yes, you keep the plates. To transfer the title to the buyer, you’d need tocomplete the title, bill of sale and a lien purchase to give to the buyer.When Selling In Maryland, Do I Keep The License Plates?Yes, you keep the plates. To transfer the title to the buyer, you’d need tocomplete the title with the buyer and include an Odometer Disclosure Statementand complete the Notice of Security Filing for the buyer to prove there are no liens.When Selling In Massachusetts, Do I Keep The License Plates?Yes, you keep the plates although you’ve got just seven days to transfer to another car or handover to the state’s DMV. To transfer the title to the buyer, you’d need tocomplete the title and get a lien release to transfer to the buyer.If there’s no title, get a bill of sale for the buyer.When Selling In Michigan, Do I Keep The License Plates?Yes, you keep the plates but you can leave it on the car if you’re selling to a family member. To transfer the title to the buyer, you’d need tocomplete the title including the mileage and your signatureand give the buyer a lien release if the title isn’t clear.The state’s SOS office requires you and the buyer to appear at the same time.When Selling In Minnesota, Do I Keep The License Plates?No, it stays with the car unless the plates are personalized then you can have it transferred to your new car through the state’s DMV. To transfer the title, you’d need tocomplete the title, odometer reading, and damage disclosure [if the car is less than six years].When Selling In Mississippi, Do I Keep The License Plates?Yes, you remove the plates but can’t transfer it to a new car. To transfer the title, you’d need tocomplete the title and if not enough space, give a bill of sale to the buyer.If selling to a family member, complete an Affidavit of Relationship.When Selling In Missouri, Do I Keep The License Plates?Yes, keep the plates. You can transfer to a new car through the state’s DMV. To transfer the title, you’d need tocomplete the necessary fields on the titleprovide a lien release and certificate of safety testing for the buyer.When Selling In Montana, Do I Keep The License Plates?Yes, you can keep your plates. Within 20 days of the sale, you’d need tocomplete the title and get it notarized before giving to the buyerhave a bill of the sale completed and notarized with your signature and that of your buyer.Also, provide a lien release for the buyer.When Selling In Nebraska, Do I Keep The License Plates?Yes, you remove the plates but can’t transfer to another car. You’d need to fill the title, give the buyer a lien release and complete the bill of sale with the buyer.When Selling In Nevada, Do I Keep The License Plates?Yes, you keep the plates. After completing the necessary documents, notify the government for the transfer of the car through the Online Vehicle Resale Notification website.When Selling In New Hampshire, Do I Keep The License Plates?Yes, you can keep the plates. You can transfer the title to the buyer by completing and signing the title.When Selling In New Jersey, Do I Keep The License Plates?Yes, you keep your plates. To transfer the title to the buyer, you’d need to sign the title and provide the buyer with a lien release.When Selling In New Mexico, Do I Keep The License Plates?Yes, you keep the plates. To transfer the title, complete the title and give the buyer a lien release.When Selling In New York, Do I Keep The License Plates?Yes, you keep the plates. To transfer the title to a buyer, you’d need to complete the title, provide a lien release and bill of sale for the buyer and complete the Sale of Motor Vehicle form with the buyer.When Selling In North Carolina, Do I Keep The License Plates?Yes, keep the plates. You’d need to complete the title, provide the buyer with a lien release and complete the Odometer Disclosure Statement and Eligible Risk Statement for Registration and Certificate of Title for the buyer.When Selling In North Dakota, Do I Keep The License Plates?Yes, keep the plates. If your car is under 9 years old, you’d need to provide a Salvage Disclosure Statement for the buyer. To transfer the title. Give the buyer a lien release and complete the title.When Selling In Ohio, Do I Keep The License Plates?Yes, you keep the plates. To transfer the title to the buyer, you’d need to complete and notarize the tile, allow the buyer to sign on the odometer reading and give him/her a lien release.When Selling In Oklahoma, Do I Keep The License Plates?You keep the plates. To transfer the title to the buyer, you’d need to complete the title and give the buyer a lien release plus any other required documents.When Selling In Oregon, Do I Keep The Plates?Yes, you keep the plates. To transfer title to the buyer, you’d need to sign over the title to the buyer and give the buyer a lien release.When Selling In Pennsylvania, Do I Keep The Plates?Yes, keep the plates. You’d need to complete and sign the title with the buyer at the state’s DMV.When Selling In Rhode Island, Do I Keep the Plates?Yes, keep the plates. You’d need to complete the title and provide the buyer with a bill of sale and lien of release.When Selling In South Carolina, Do I Keep The License Plates?Yes, keep the plates. You’d need to notify the state’s DMV with the Notice of Vehicle Sold form ## When Selling your car to a buyer.When Selling In South Dakota, Do I Keep The License Plates?Yes, keep the plates. To transfer the title to a buyer, you’d need to complete the title and provide the bill of sale and lien release for the buyer.When Selling In Tennessee, Do I Keep The License Plates?Yes, keep the plates. Complete the title, provide a bill of sale and lien release for the buyer.When Selling In Texas, Do I Keep The License Plates?Yes, keep the plates. To transfer the title to a buyer, you’d need to notify the state’s DMV, complete the title and give a lien purchase to the buyer.When Selling In Utah, Do I keep The License Plates?Yes, remove the plates. To transfer the title, you’d need to complete the title and provide a lien release for the buyer. Also, write to your state’s DMV to notify the change of ownership.When Selling In Vermont, Do I Keep The License Plates?Yes, you keep the plates. You’d need to sign the title over, complete the bill of purchase and Odometer Disclosure Statement with the buyer and provide a lien release.When Selling In Virginia, Do I Keep The License Plates?Yes, you keep the plates. You’d need to sign over the title and give your buyer a lien release.When Selling In Washington, Do I keep The License Plates?Yes, keep the plates. You’d need to work with the buyer on completing the title, bill of sale and give him/her a lien release.When Selling In West Virginia, Do I Keep The License Plates?Yes, keep the plates. You’d need to complete the title and give the buyer a lien release.When Selling In Wisconsin, Do I Keep The License Plates?Yes, keep the plates. You’d need to complete the title and give the buyer a lien release.When Selling In Wyoming, Do I Keep The License Plates?Yes, keep the plates. You’d need to sign over the title, give them a lien release and an Affidavit of Ownership.If the paperwork is too much and time-consuming for you, then the best fastest alternative is to sell your car to us at SellMax, we require minimal paperwork, come to you to tow the car for free and leave you with a stack of cash. Sounds like music to your ears? Great! Get your guaranteed offer now.

What are the effects of long term adderall use?

Therapeutic PO doses of L and D amphetamine do not pose any significant long term risks if taken as directed for the appropriate condition in terms of the literature I have read in peer reviewed studies from academic journals:Potential Adverse Effects of Amphetamine Treatment on Brain and Behavior: A Review==========================================================I have been on methylphenidate, Adderral, Dexedrine and lisdexamphetamine for over twenty years. (separately) and while my experience is entirely anecdotal with a pretty small sample size and no control………The benefits of being able to function outweigh any potential long term risks for me.My concern when I was put on both methylphenidate and Mirapex (a dopamine agonist) together whether the increase in dopamine activity might trigger Parkinson’s or some other horrible issue. I was assured there was no correlation in my case.So do a risk reward matrix and figure out the best choice with your physician, Be an active challenging , questioning, patientIt is your right!1. Volkow ND, Insel TR. What are the long-term effects of methylphenidate treatment? Biol Psychiatry. 2003 Dec 15;54(12):1307–1309. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]2. Fleckenstein AE, Volz TJ, Riddle EL, Gibb JW, Hanson GR. New insights into the mechanism of action of amphetamines. Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology. 2007;47:681–698. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]3. Clement BA, Goff CM, Forbes TDA. Toxic amines and alkaloids from Acacia berlandieri. Phytochemistry. 1997;46(2):249–254. [Google Scholar]4. Clement BA, Goff CM, Forbes TDA. Toxic amines and alkaloids from Acacia rigidula. Phytochemistry. 1998;49(5):1377–1380. [Google Scholar]5. Goodman LS, Hardman JG, Limbird LE, Gilman AG. Goodman & Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics. McGraw-Hill; New York: 2001. [Google Scholar]6. 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Serial behavior and motor responses.[Psychopharmacology (Berl). 1979]Review Therapeutic advances in narcolepsy.[Sleep Med. 2007]Review Drugs of abuse and the aging brain.[Neuropsychopharmacology. 2008]Substance abuse treatment need among older adults in 2020: the impact of the aging baby-boom cohort.[Drug Alcohol Depend. 2003]Review Current research on methamphetamine-induced neurotoxicity: animal models of monoamine disruption.[J Pharmacol Sci. 2003]Amphetamine sensitization alters dendritic morphology in prefrontal cortical pyramidal neurons in the non-human primate.[Neuropsychopharmacology. 2007]Review Interactions between methamphetamine and environmental stress: role of oxidative stress, glutamate and mitochondrial dysfunction.[Addiction. 2007]Escalating dose-binge treatment with methylphenidate: role of serotonin in the emergent behavioral profile.[J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1999]Methylphenidate and brain dopamine neurotoxicity.[Brain Res. 1997]Hippocampus norepinephrine, caudate dopamine and serotonin, and behavioral responses to the stereoisomers of amphetamine and methamphetamine.[J Neurosci. 1995]Chemical release of dopamine from striatal homogenates: evidence for an exchange diffusion model.[J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1979]Repeated binge exposures to amphetamine and methamphetamine: behavioral and neurochemical characterization.[J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1997]Recovery of striatal dopamine function after acute amphetamine- and methamphetamine-induced neurotoxicity in the vervet monkey.[Brain Res. 1997]Early methylphenidate administration to young rats causes a persistent reduction in the density of striatal dopamine transporters.[J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 2001]Repeated binge exposures to amphetamine and methamphetamine: behavioral and neurochemical characterization.[J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1997]Amphetamine treatment similar to that used in the treatment of adult attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder damages dopaminergic nerve endings in the striatum of adult nonhuman primates.[J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2005]Differential effects of methylphenidate and dextroamphetamine on the motor activity level of hyperactive children.[Neuropsychopharmacology. 1989]Pharmacokinetics of SLI381 (ADDERALL XR), an extended-release formulation of Adderall.[J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2003]Amphetamine treatment similar to that used in the treatment of adult attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder damages dopaminergic nerve endings in the striatum of adult nonhuman primates.[J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2005]Pharmacokinetics of SLI381 (ADDERALL XR), an extended-release formulation of Adderall.[J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2003]A pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic study comparing a single morning dose of adderall to twice-daily dosing in children with ADHD.[J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2003]Repeated binge exposures to amphetamine and methamphetamine: behavioral and neurochemical characterization.[J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1997]Review Interactions between methamphetamine and environmental stress: role of oxidative stress, glutamate and mitochondrial dysfunction.[Addiction. 2007]Effects of neonatal and prepubertal hormonal manipulations upon estrogen neuroprotection of the nigrostriatal dopaminergic system within female and male mice.[Neuroscience. 2005]Effects of a cold environment or age on methamphetamine-induced dopamine release in the caudate putamen of female rats.[Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 1993]Age-related toxicity in prefrontal cortex and caudate-putamen complex of gerbils (Meriones unguiculatus) after a single dose of methamphetamine.[Neuropharmacology. 1991]3H-amphetamine concentrations in the brains of young and aged rats: implications for assessment of drug effects in aged animals.[Neurobiol Aging. 1980]Escalating dose pretreatment induces pharmacodynamic and not pharmacokinetic tolerance to a subsequent high-dose methamphetamine binge.[Synapse. 2006]Escalating dose methamphetamine pretreatment alters the behavioral and neurochemical profiles associated with exposure to a high-dose methamphetamine binge.[Neuropsychopharmacology. 2003]Escalating dose pretreatment induces pharmacodynamic and not pharmacokinetic tolerance to a subsequent high-dose methamphetamine binge.[Synapse. 2006]Influence of age and time interval between death and autopsy on dopamine and 3-methoxytyramine levels in human basal ganglia.[J Neural Transm. 1976]Review Update on amphetamine neurotoxicity and its relevance to the treatment of ADHD.[J Atten Disord. 2007]Repeated binge exposures to amphetamine and methamphetamine: behavioral and neurochemical characterization.[J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1997]Recovery of striatal dopamine function after acute amphetamine- and methamphetamine-induced neurotoxicity in the vervet monkey.[Brain Res. 1997]Review NTP-CERHR monograph on the potential human reproductive and developmental effects of amphetamines.[NTP CERHR MON. 2005]Review Growth on stimulant medication; clarifying the confusion: a review.[Arch Dis Child. 2005]Comparative effects of methylphenidate and mixed salts amphetamine on height and weight in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.[J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2006]Does prolonged therapy with a long-acting stimulant suppress growth in children with ADHD?[J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2006]Effects of stimulant medication on growth rates across 3 years in the MTA follow-up.[J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2007]Comparative effects of methylphenidate and mixed salts amphetamine on height and weight in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.[J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2006]Stimulant treatment over 5 years: effects on growth.[J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2006]Effects of stimulant medication on growth rates across 3 years in the MTA follow-up.[J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2007]Does prolonged therapy with a long-acting stimulant suppress growth in children with ADHD?[J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2006]Stimulant-related reductions of growth rates in the PATS.[J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2006]Review NTP-CERHR monograph on the potential human reproductive and developmental effects of amphetamines.[NTP CERHR MON. 2005]Review Treatment for amphetamine dependence and abuse.[Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2001]Review Biological treatments for amfetamine dependence : recent progress.[CNS Drugs. 2007]Use of d-amphetamine and related central nervous system stimulants in children.[Pediatrics. 1973]Why do we need an Addiction supplement focused on methamphetamine?[Addiction. 2007]Review NTP-CERHR monograph on the potential human reproductive and developmental effects of amphetamines.[NTP CERHR MON. 2005]Analysis of pyrolysis products of methamphetamine.[J Anal Toxicol. 2004]Stimulant use and the potential for abuse in Wisconsin as reported by school administrators and longitudinally followed children.[J Dev Behav Pediatr. 1998]The use, misuse and diversion of prescription stimulants among middle and high school students.[Subst Use Misuse. 2004]Medical use, illicit use and diversion of prescription stimulant medication.[J Psychoactive Drugs. 2006]Medical use, illicit use, and diversion of abusable prescription drugs.[J Am Coll Health. 2006]Medical and nonmedical stimulant use among adolescents: from sanctioned to unsanctioned use.[CMAJ. 2001]Issues of medication administration and control in Iowa schools.[J Sch Health. 2003]Parents report on stimulant-treated children in the Netherlands: initiation of treatment and follow-up care.[J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 2006]Review Therapeutic advances in narcolepsy.[Sleep Med. 2007]Review Narcolepsy.[Neurol Clin. 1996]Reinforcing, subject-rated, performance and physiological effects of methylphenidate and d-amphetamine in stimulant abusing humans.[J Psychopharmacol. 2004]Review Comparing the abuse potential of methylphenidate versus other stimulants: a review of available evidence and relevance to the ADHD patient.[J Clin Psychiatry. 2003]Discriminative stimulus and self-reported effects of methylphenidate, d-amphetamine, and triazolam in methylphenidate-trained humans.[Exp Clin Psychopharmacol. 2005]PET study examining pharmacokinetics, detection and likeability, and dopamine transporter receptor occupancy of short- and long-acting oral methylphenidate.[Am J Psychiatry. 2006]Review When ADHD and substance use disorders intersect: relationship and treatment implications.[Curr Psychiatry Rep. 2007]Do individuals with ADHD self-medicate with cigarettes and substances of abuse? Results from a controlled family study of ADHD.[Am J Addict. 2007]Prospective study of tobacco smoking and substance dependencies among samples of ADHD and non-ADHD participants.[J Learn Disabil. 1998]Review Long-term effects of stimulant medications on the brain: possible relevance to the treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.[J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 2001]Review When ADHD and substance use disorders intersect: relationship and treatment implications.[Curr Psychiatry Rep. 2007]Does stimulant therapy of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder beget later substance abuse? A meta-analytic review of the literature.[Pediatrics. 2003]Medical use, illicit use and diversion of prescription stimulant medication.[J Psychoactive Drugs. 2006]Exposure of adolescent rats to oral methylphenidate: preferential effects on extracellular norepinephrine and absence of sensitization and cross-sensitization to methamphetamine.[J Neurosci. 2002]Early developmental exposure to methylphenidate reduces cocaine-induced potentiation of brain stimulation reward in rats.[Biol Psychiatry. 2005]Enhanced reactivity and vulnerability to cocaine following methylphenidate treatment in adolescent rats.[Neuropsychopharmacology. 2001]Age of methylphenidate treatment initiation in children with ADHD and later substance abuse: prospective follow-up into adulthood.[Am J Psychiatry. 2008]Review The adolescent brain and age-related behavioral manifestations.[Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2000]Amygdala circuitry in attentional and representational processes.[Trends Cogn Sci. 1999]The locomotor effects of MK801 in the nucleus accumbens of developing and adult rats.[Eur J Pharmacol. 1999]Development of the dopaminergic innervation in the prefrontal cortex of the rat.[J Comp Neurol. 1988]Postnatal development of D1 dopamine receptors in the medial prefrontal cortex, striatum and nucleus accumbens of normal and neonatal 6-hydroxydopamine treated rats: a quantitative autoradiographic analysis.[Brain Res Dev Brain Res. 1991]Review The development of the rat prefrontal cortex. Its size and development of connections with thalamus, spinal cord and other cortical areas.[Prog Brain Res. 1990]Effects of neural stimuli on paraventricular nucleus neurones.[Brain Res Bull. 1985]Subsensitivity to dopaminergic drugs in periadolescent rats: a behavioral and neurochemical analysis.[Brain Res Dev Brain Res. 1998]Augmentation of prefrontal cortical monoaminergic activity inhibits dopamine release in the caudate nucleus: an in vivo neurochemical assessment in the rhesus monkey.[Neuroscience. 1995]Plasma and brain methamphetamine concentrations in neonatal rats.[Neurotoxicol Teratol. 2001]Neurochemical consequences following administration of CNS stimulants to the neonatal rat.[Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 1981]Review Critical periods of vulnerability for the developing nervous system: evidence from humans and animal models.[Environ Health Perspect. 2000]Developmental dissociation of methamphetamine-induced depletion of dopaminergic terminals and astrocyte reaction in rat striatum.[Brain Res Dev Brain Res. 1993]Age-dependent differential responses of monoaminergic systems to high doses of methamphetamine.[J Neurochem. 2000]Tolerance to the neurotoxic effects of methamphetamine in young rats.[Eur J Pharmacol. 2002]Stimulant therapy and risk for subsequent substance use disorders in male adults with ADHD: a naturalistic controlled 10-year follow-up study.[Am J Psychiatry. 2008]Age of methylphenidate treatment initiation in children with ADHD and later substance abuse: prospective follow-up into adulthood.[Am J Psychiatry. 2008]Review Abuse of amphetamines and structural abnormalities in the brain.[Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2008]Psychiatric comorbidity of methamphetamine dependence in a forensic sample.[J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2000]Association of dopamine transporter reduction with psychomotor impairment in methamphetamine abusers.[Am J Psychiatry. 2001]Methamphetamine blood concentrations in human abusers: application to pharmacokinetic modeling.[Synapse. 2007]Review Structural and metabolic brain changes in the striatum associated with methamphetamine abuse.[Addiction. 2007]Review Current research on methamphetamine-induced neurotoxicity: animal models of monoamine disruption.[J Pharmacol Sci. 2003]Why is parkinsonism not a feature of human methamphetamine users?[Brain. 2004]Striatal dopamine nerve terminal markers in human, chronic methamphetamine users.[Nat Med. 1996]Reduced striatal vesicular monoamine transporters after neurotoxic but not after behaviorally-sensitizing doses of methamphetamine.[Eur J Pharmacol. 1997]Analysis of VMAT2 binding after methamphetamine or MPTP treatment: disparity between homogenates and vesicle preparations.[J Neurochem. 2000]Effects of dopaminergic drug treatments on in vivo radioligand binding to brain vesicular monoamine transporters.[Nucl Med Biol. 1996]The vesicular monoamine transporter is not regulated by dopaminergic drug treatments.[Eur J Pharmacol. 1995]Review Structural and metabolic brain changes in the striatum associated with methamphetamine abuse.[Addiction. 2007]Mood disturbances and regional cerebral metabolic abnormalities in recently abstinent methamphetamine abusers.[Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2004]Changes in cerebral glucose metabolism during early abstinence from chronic methamphetamine abuse.[Mol Psychiatry. 2008]Higher cortical and lower subcortical metabolism in detoxified methamphetamine abusers.[Am J Psychiatry. 2001]Partial recovery of brain metabolism in methamphetamine abusers after protracted abstinence.[Am J Psychiatry. 2004]Structural abnormalities in the brains of human subjects who use methamphetamine.[J Neurosci. 2004]Enlarged striatum in abstinent methamphetamine abusers: a possible compensatory response.[Biol Psychiatry. 2005]Effects of methamphetamine dependence and HIV infection on cerebral morphology.[Am J Psychiatry. 2005]Review Abuse of amphetamines and structural abnormalities in the brain.[Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2008]Evidence for long-term neurotoxicity associated with methamphetamine abuse: A 1H MRS study.[Neurology. 2000]Association of dopamine transporter reduction with psychomotor impairment in methamphetamine abusers.[Am J Psychiatry. 2001]Low level of brain dopamine D2 receptors in methamphetamine abusers: association with metabolism in the orbitofrontal cortex.[Am J Psychiatry. 2001]Changes in cerebral glucose metabolism during early abstinence from chronic methamphetamine abuse.[Mol Psychiatry. 2008]Higher cortical and lower subcortical metabolism in detoxified methamphetamine abusers.[Am J Psychiatry. 2001]Mood disturbances and regional cerebral metabolic abnormalities in recently abstinent methamphetamine abusers.[Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2004]Cerebral metabolic dysfunction and impaired vigilance in recently abstinent methamphetamine abusers.[Biol Psychiatry. 2005]Enlarged striatum in abstinent methamphetamine abusers: a possible compensatory response.[Biol Psychiatry. 2005]Decreased cerebral blood flow of the right anterior cingulate cortex in long-term and short-term abstinent methamphetamine users.[Drug Alcohol Depend. 2006]Loss of dopamine transporters in methamphetamine abusers recovers with protracted abstinence.[J Neurosci. 2001]Partial recovery of brain metabolism in methamphetamine abusers after protracted abstinence.[Am J Psychiatry. 2004]Changes in cerebral glucose metabolism during early abstinence from chronic methamphetamine abuse.[Mol Psychiatry. 2008]The nature, time course and severity of methamphetamine withdrawal.[Addiction. 2005]Methamphetamine abstinence syndrome: preliminary findings.[Am J Addict. 2004]Review Brain injury: prolonged induction of transcription factors.[Acta Neurobiol Exp (Wars). 2000]Review Decision making, the P3, and the locus coeruleus-norepinephrine system.[Psychol Bull. 2005]Review Neuropsychology and neuropharmacology of P3a and P3b.[Int J Psychophysiol. 2006]Effects of repeated administration of methamphetamine on P3-like potentials in rats.[Int J Psychophysiol. 1999]Review NTP-CERHR monograph on the potential human reproductive and developmental effects of amphetamines.[NTP CERHR MON. 2005]Amphetamine treatment similar to that used in the treatment of adult attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder damages dopaminergic nerve endings in the striatum of adult nonhuman primates.[J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2005]Review Drugs of abuse and the aging brain.[Neuropsychopharmacology. 2008]Association between decline in brain dopamine activity with age and cognitive and motor impairment in healthy individuals.[Am J Psychiatry. 1998]Association between age-related decline in brain dopamine activity and impairment in frontal and cingulate metabolism.[Am J Psychiatry. 2000]Decreased dopamine D2 receptor availability is associated with reduced frontal metabolism in cocaine abusers.[Synapse. 1993]Review A neurologist's reflections on boxing. V. Conclude remarks.[Rev Neurol. 1995]Why is parkinsonism not a feature of human methamphetamine users?[Brain. 2004]Relationship among neuroimaging indices of cerebral health during normal aging.[Hum Brain Mapp. 2008]Developmental trajectories of brain volume abnormalities in children and adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.[JAMA. 2002]A 14-month randomized clinical trial of treatment strategies for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. The MTA Cooperative Group. Multimodal Treatment Study of Children with ADHD.[Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1999]Side effects of methylphenidate and dexamphetamine in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: a double-blind, crossover trial.[Pediatrics. 1997]Effects of methylphenidate on extracellular dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine: comparison with amphetamine.[J Neurochem. 1997]Therapeutic doses of amphetamine or methylphenidate differentially increase synaptic and extracellular dopamine.[Synapse. 2006]Human response to repeated low-dose d-amphetamine: evidence for behavioral enhancement and tolerance.[Neuropsychopharmacology. 2001]Review Gender differences in dopaminergic function in striatum and nucleus accumbens.[Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 1999]Review Enduring changes in brain and behavior produced by chronic amphetamine administration: a review and evaluation of animal models of amphetamine psychosis.[Brain Res. 1986]Review Stimulant actions in rodents: implications for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder treatment and potential substance abuse.[Biol Psychiatry. 2005]Diagnosis and treatment of adult attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder at US ambulatory care visits from 1996 to 2003.[Curr Med Res Opin. 2006]Review Dopamine and psychotic states: preliminary remarks.[Adv Biochem Psychopharmacol. 1974]Review Stimulant psychosis: systematic review.[Br J Psychiatry. 2004]A study of illicit amphetamine drug traffic in Oklahoma City.[Am J Psychiatry. 1966]The prevalence of psychotic symptoms among methamphetamine users.[Addiction. 2006][Increasing prevalence of amphetamine--and methamphetamine-induced psychosis].[Psychiatr Prax. 2005]Review Enduring changes in brain and behavior produced by chronic amphetamine administration: a review and evaluation of animal models of amphetamine psychosis.[Brain Res. 1986]Review Studies of amphetamine or methamphetamine psychosis in Japan: relation of methamphetamine psychosis to schizophrenia.[Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2000]Factors for susceptibility to episode recurrence in spontaneous recurrence of methamphetamine psychosis.[Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2002]Nine- or fewer repeat alleles in VNTR polymorphism of the dopamine transporter gene is a strong risk factor for prolonged methamphetamine psychosis.[Pharmacogenomics J. 2003]Review [Japanese Genetics Initiative for Drug Abuse (JGIDA)].[Nihon Shinkei Seishin Yakurigaku Zasshi. 2004]Review Stimulant psychosis: systematic review.[Br J Psychiatry. 2004]Review Amphetamine-induced movement disorder.[Emerg Med Australas. 2005]Review Abuse of amphetamines and structural abnormalities in the brain.[Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2008]Review NTP-CERHR monograph on the potential human reproductive and developmental effects of amphetamines.[NTP CERHR MON. 2005]Amphetamine metabolism in amphetamine psychosis.[Clin Pharmacol Ther. 1973]Epoxidation of the methamphetamine pyrolysis product, trans-phenylpropene, to trans-phenylpropylene oxide by CYP enzymes and stereoselective glutathione adduct formation.[Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2006]Psychotic side effects of psychostimulants: a 5-year review.[Can J Psychiatry. 1999]Adderall-induced psychosis in an adolescent.[J Am Board Fam Pract. 2002]Psychotic and manic-like symptoms during stimulant treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.[Am J Psychiatry. 2006]Nine- or fewer repeat alleles in VNTR polymorphism of the dopamine transporter gene is a strong risk factor for prolonged methamphetamine psychosis.[Pharmacogenomics J. 2003]Review [Japanese Genetics Initiative for Drug Abuse (JGIDA)].[Nihon Shinkei Seishin Yakurigaku Zasshi. 2004]Risks of high-dose stimulants in the treatment of disorders of excessive somnolence: a case-control study.[Sleep. 2005]Psychiatric morbidity in narcoleptics on chronic high dose methylphenidate therapy.[J Nerv Ment Dis. 1995]Genetic influences on DSM-III-R drug abuse and dependence: a study of 3,372 twin pairs.[Am J Med Genet. 1996]Genetic and environmental influences on drug use and abuse/dependence in male and female twins.[Drug Alcohol Depend. 1998]Review [Japanese Genetics Initiative for Drug Abuse (JGIDA)].[Nihon Shinkei Seishin Yakurigaku Zasshi. 2004]Nine- or fewer repeat alleles in VNTR polymorphism of the dopamine transporter gene is a strong risk factor for prolonged methamphetamine psychosis.[Pharmacogenomics J. 2003]An association study between catechol-O-methyl transferase gene polymorphism and methamphetamine psychotic disorder.[Psychiatr Genet. 2006]Identification of functional polymorphisms in the promoter region of the human PICK1 gene and their association with methamphetamine psychosis.[Am J Psychiatry. 2007]Dopamine transporter-dependent induction of C-Fos in HEK cells.[Synapse. 2002]Review [Japanese Genetics Initiative for Drug Abuse (JGIDA)].[Nihon Shinkei Seishin Yakurigaku Zasshi. 2004]Review Lithium and valproate protect against dextro-amphetamine induced brain choline concentration changes in bipolar disorder patients.[World J Biol Psychiatry. 2004]Nomifensine attenuates d-amphetamine-induced dopamine terminal neurotoxicity in the striatum of rats.[Chin J Physiol. 2000]Methyllycaconitine prevents methamphetamine-induced effects in mouse striatum: involvement of alpha7 nicotinic receptors.[J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2005]Attenuation of cocaine and methamphetamine neurotoxicity by coenzyme Q10.[Neurochem Res. 2006]Baicalein attenuates methamphetamine-induced loss of dopamine transporter in mouse striatum.[Toxicology. 2006]Melatonin protects SK-N-SH neuroblastoma cells from amphetamine-induced neurotoxicity.[J Pineal Res. 2007]Impairment in consolidation of learned place preference following dopaminergic neurotoxicity in mice is ameliorated by N-acetylcysteine but not D1 and D2 dopamine receptor agonists.[Neuropsychopharmacology. 2007]Review Combining structural and functional neuroimaging data for studying brain connectivity: a review.[Psychophysiology. 2008]Review Brain mapping as a tool to study neurodegeneration.[Neurotherapeutics. 2007]Voxel-based cortical thickness measurements in MRI.[Neuroimage. 2008]A prospective cohort study on sustained effects of low-dose ecstasy use on the brain in new ecstasy users.Neuropsychopharmacology.

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