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Ante-mortem and Post-mortemPost-mortem refers to a forensic investigation of the cause of death, and it is done after the occurrence of the death. Ideally, post-mortem examination results are based on the form of injuries detected. In practice, there are two types of injuries involved in forensic pathology; ante-mortem injuries and post-mortem injuries. Ante-mortem injuries occur before death whereas post-mortem injuries occur after death. Therefore, ante-mortem refers to events occurring prior to death.The differences between postmortem and antemortem injuriesby Patrick Kimuyu (Author)Elaboration20175 PagesMedicine - PathologyeBook for only US$ 3.99Download immediately. Incl. VATFormat: PDF – for all devicesBook for only US$ 7.90Shipping worldwideAdd to cartExcerptIntroductionAutopsy is a valuable procedure performed by a qualified physician to assess the quality of patient care to evaluate clinical diagnostic accuracy. In addition, autopsy determines the effectiveness and impact of therapeutic regimens in discovering and defining new or changing diseases to increase the understanding of biological processes of disease. It also helps in augmenting clinical and basic research, to provide accurate public health and education as it relates to disease and medico - legal factual information. The benefits of forensic autopsy in criminology are undisputed; it allows the pathologist to see, and describe findings that were previously demonstrated and confirmed through the use of histology for confirmation (Dolinak, Lew & Matshes 2005).In practice, there is abundant evidence that clinical diagnosis still have room for improvement and that autopsy has much to contribute to the improvement of patient care. However, forensic pathology requires extensive understanding on post-mortem and ante-mortem differences for accurate reporting of post-mortem examinations. Therefore, this paper will provide comparisons between ante-mortem and post-mortem injuries. It will also attempt to demystify the criticism surrounding autopsy (post-mortem) by evaluating the drawbacks associated to all the methods applied in the assessment of bruises.Ante-mortem and Post-mortemPost-mortem refers to a forensic investigation of the cause of death, and it is done after the occurrence of the death. Ideally, post-mortem examination results are based on the form of injuries detected. In practice, there are two types of injuries involved in forensic pathology; ante-mortem injuries and post-mortem injuries. Ante-mortem injuries occur before death whereas post-mortem injuries occur after death. Therefore, ante-mortem refers to events occurring prior to death.

Here’s the issue as I understand it. Traditionally in the USA, lethal injections have involved a combination of three drugs:Sodium thiopental, an ultra-short-acting barbiturate designed to induce a coma;Pancuronium, which paralyzes the muscles, including breathing muscles; andPotassium chloride, to stop the heart.We know that potassium chloride, when given in the amounts involved, would be excruciating. We also know that prisoners would not be able to move or express that they were in any pain due to the paralytic agent.Pain and ConsciousnessSome doctors have written that the usual dosage of sodium thiopental would not be enough to make sure the prisoner was feeling no pain. Furthermore, opponents argue that sodium thiopental is SO ultra-short-acting that it could wear off before the execution ended, leaving the prisoner unsedated, in excruciating pain, yet unable to move or communicate.There was a widely publicized study where:[R]esearchers from Florida and Virginia … examined post-mortem blood levels of anaesthetic and believe that prisoners may have been capable of feeling pain in almost 90% of cases and may have actually been conscious when they were put to death in over 40% of cases.*Execution by injection far from painlessUse of short-acting sedativesWhen you had your surgery, for example, you were probably first given an induction agent that hit you right away and put you out. But they’re so short-acting that they’ll wear off after 5 or 10 minutes. So in the OR, after giving an induction agent, then they would have had to give you another medication (like nitrous oxide) to keep you anesthetized. Patients in the OR also commonly get IV opiate painkillers and may get other sedatives as well.Since prisoners only get the first, ultra-short-acting medication - nothing else to keep them anesthetized - theoretically that medication could wear off while the prisoner was still dying. He would be completely able to feel and hear but not move or talk. The potassium would be very painful. He would feel himself suffocate due to his respiratory muscles being paralyzed.So in short, because of all that, some opponents have argued that lethal injection is “cruel and unusual punishment.”Other ProtocolsSome states have tried other protocols, none of which has worked all that well. Ohio, followed by other states, decided to switch to a one-drug protocol and use sodium thiopental only. As a “failsafe,” they would also give midazolam and hydromorphone intramuscularly, in case the sodium thiopental was not enough to kill the prisoner.However, when it found out sodium thiopental was being used in executions, Hospira - its only U.S. manufacturer - stopped making the drug. This led different states to try different combinations of drugs, with unimpressive results. There have also been some highly publicized botched executions where prison staff couldn’t get IV lines in, IVs were blown, the prisoner took 45 minutes to die because of a pre-existing condition, etc.* (Koniaris, Leonidas G; Zimmers, Teresa A; Lubarsky, David A; Sheldon, Jonathan P (April 16, 2005). "Inadequate anaesthesia in lethal injection for execution" (PDF). Lancet. 365(9468): 1412–14. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(05)66377-5. PMID 15836890. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 30, 2006.)(The study was replicated in 2007: "Lethal Injection for Execution: Chemical Asphyxiation?". PLoS Medicine. 4: e156. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.0040156. Archived from the original on November 11, 2007. Retrieved August 13, 2012.)

Right lateral view of the Cioclovina calvaria exhibiting a large depressed fracture. (Modern forensics solves Stone Age murder mystery after 33,000 years)Researchers have used forensic science to crack one of the oldest cold cases in history – the murder of an early modern human who lived in Europe more than 30,000 years ago.Why would someone be interested in determining how or why this individual died- death is a natural part of the life cycle. Happened all the time during the Paleolithic- fall off a ledge, broken bones that pierced the skin, hunting accidents, animal attacks and mysterious diseases from the gods. But as evidenced by the recent avalanche of questions on Quora, there seems to be either uncertainty or a mystery concerning the prevalence of interpersonal attacks during the Paleolithic (3,500,000- 11,800 BP).[1] Of course, this premise continues the dichotomy of Neanderthal versus Cro-Magon, two divergent groups on the evolutionary tree, that most researchers assume were unable to interact peacefully, despite genetic evidence that suggests otherwise. So let's see why the skull depicted above can help put some of the issues to rest.The Cioclovina calvaria skull was first discovered during the second world war in 1941 during phosphate mining project located in the Cioclovina cave in South Transylvania/Romania. [2] Dated at 33,0000 years old, Cioclovina is one of the oldest, relatively complete skulls so far found of an early modern human living in Europe in the Upper Palaeolithic Aurignacian period. The skull belonged to an adult male along with three stone tools and bear bones.[3] Because it was not recovered during a controlled excavation, its archaeological context is questionable.A-C: Cioclovina, D-F: modern cranium with perimortem trauma. G-I: archaeological cranium with post-mortem damage (medieval specimen from the Ballumbie Collection, Department of Archaeology, University of Edinburgh, Scotland). Note the plastic deformation of the perimortem fractures in the 2-dimensional figures (B, C, E and F) compared to the sharp edges at right angles to the bone surface indicating post-mortem damage (H and I). (State of the art forensic techniques reveal evidence of interpersonal violence ca. 30,000 years ago)Curiously, the scientists who first described the skull in 1942 made no mention of two extensive fractures on its right side, and despite publishing good quality photographs of the rest of the cranium, only blurry photos of the side with the fractures were available.[4] The cause of the fractures in the decades since its discovery have been heavily debated- were they from the explosions used to mine the cave? From mishandling the specimen? Did the cave collapse on Cioclovina man and kill him? Or was he murdered?Trauma evident on the skull--specifically a large fracture on the right aspect of the cranium which has been disputed in the past, was reassessed in order to evaluate whether this specific fracture occurred at the time of death or as a postmortem event. [5]Attempting to solve one of the world's oldest cold cases, researchers from the University of Crete conducted simulations using 12 synthetic bone spheres filled with ballistic gelatin to test various scenarios that could possibly produce trauma similar to the Cioclovina skull.[6] The skulls were secured to a solid surface similar to the ground, a cave floor, or wall and simulated attacks were conducted. These included scenarios such as falling from a height and being hit using a bat or a rock.[7] The simulated attacks resulted in both linear and depressed fractures, that were inspected using computed tomography technology.[8] In studying the results of the simulations, researchers determined that the skull actually had two injuries that were incurred during or near the time of death.[9]Using CT scans, they discovered that there were no signs of healing around the fractures, ruling out the possibility that Cioclovina man had been injured and then recovered. Next, they saught signs of when the bones were broken. If the skull had become damaged long after Cioclovina man's death, the fractures would be in random patterns and square-shaped with sharp edges, because old and dry bone breaks differently from ‘living’ bone.[10] Instead, the team found classic signs that the damage happened around the time of death. The fracture lines migrated towards the structurally weaker areas of the skull, and bone flakes flecked inward – indicating the injury occurred while there was still soft brain tissue in the skull.[11](Perimortem versus postmortem damage: The recent case of Cioclovina 1)The next step was to determine whether Cioclovina man’s fractures were caused by a fall, being hit on the head with a rock, or perhaps something else.The pattern of the fractures provided clues. One fairly straight fracture stretched across the skull, while the other more circular fracture (35.2mm) pushed fragments inward into the brain.[12] Today, these circular, depressed fractures are typical of attacks with baseball bats. While the fractures from the circular blow radiated outwards, they stopped when they met the straight line, meaning the straight-line fracture came first.[13]“The distinctive [circular] depressed fracture found on the right side of the skull is unquestionably evidence that the person was struck with a blunt object, which directly implies a human agent.[14]Fragments of bone flecked backwards into the skull, indicating Cioclovina man was facing his attacker head-on. This is further evidence against the theory that he was killed from falling cave roof debris.[15] The fractures were likely caused by being hit consecutively by a bat-like object. Further, the positioning of the injuries at the right side shows that they were a result of a face-to-face confrontation with a perpetrator who was likely holding the bat with the left hand, although the possibility of [the murderer] holding the object with both hands cannot be dismissed.[16] Accidents can produce injuries like this, but so do intentional blows; in fact, historical victims executed by strikes to the back of the head show similar breakage patterns.[17]Mechanism of blunt force trauma on the vault A) Low velocity impact on the skull causing fracture formation at the impact point due to initial inbending of the cranial vault with peripheral outbending; inward displacement of the bony fragment due to plastic deformation; small fragments remaining in place suggest that the impact took place while soft tissue was present. B) Radiating fractures in the area of outbending which start at one or more points distant to the impact site, progressing both towards to the impact point and in the opposite direction (away from it); C) The radiating fractures stop when they meet the sutures (e.g. R1). D) Formation of concentric fractures forming perpendicular to the radiating fractures ([PDF] Virtual Assessment of the Endocranial Morphology of the Early Modern European Fossil Calvaria From Cioclovina, Romania | Semantic Scholar)The linear fracture occurred first, either a result of a person falling from their own height – while running from someone, for example – or a result of a strike while kneeling or being on the ground.[18]The second fracture is clearly a result of violence. In modern terms, the cause and matter of death according to a post-mortem examination would be that the individual died of craniocerebral injuries (as the brain would also have been damaged from the blows) and that it was homicide.[19] Without the rest of the body, there is no way to know if the victim had already received fatal wounds elsewhere before this attack. But the extent and location of the cranial fractures suggest that the person died shortly after he received the head injuries.This is a thoroughly convincing case of interpersonal violence and violent death over 30,000 years ago among the earliest modern humans in Europe. Given the timing, it raises questions about whether this violence was committed by someone of the same species, or whether it was perhaps caused by these modern humans migrating into areas where Neanderthals may have still lived.[20] The Upper Paleolithic was a time of increasing cultural complexity and technological sophistication. But, like the troubles plaguing modern society today, violence has always been a physical expression of societal and community tensions and frustrations. The premise that interpersonal violence developed in tangent with the origins of agriculture, the transition from seasonally mobile communities to hamlets, villages, city-states and empires, and economical complexity needs serious revision.Footnotes[1] What Human Evolution Took Place During the Early Stone Age?[2] Modern forensics solves Stone Age murder mystery after 33,000 years[3] Paleolithic Cold Case Solved? Ancient Skull Reveals 33,000-Year-Old Murder[4] Murder in the Paleolithic? Evidence of violence behind human skull remains[5] Cold Case Closed: Scientists Pin 33,000-Year-Old Murder on a Left-Handed Paleo Killer[6] State of the art forensic techniques reveal evidence of interpersonal violence ca. 30,000 years ago[7] Stone Age human was murdered[8] Paleolithic Cold Case Solved? Ancient Skull Reveals 33,000-Year-Old Murder[9] Cold Case Closed: Scientists Pin 33,000-Year-Old Murder on a Left-Handed Paleo Killer[10] State of the art forensic techniques reveal evidence of interpersonal violence ca. 30,000 years ago[11] Study concludes 33,000-year-old skull shows signs of blunt-force trauma[12] Murder in the Paleolithic? Evidence of violence behind human skull remains[13] This 33,000-Year-Old Man May Have Been Killed by a Left-Handed Murderer[14] State of the art forensic techniques reveal evidence of interpersonal violence ca. 30,000 years ago[15] Murder in the Paleolithic? Evidence of violence behind human skull remains[16] Cold Case Closed: Scientists Pin 33,000-Year-Old Murder on a Left-Handed Paleo Killer[17] Blunt Force Cranial Trauma in the Cambodian Killing Fields*[18] State of the art forensic techniques reveal evidence of interpersonal violence ca. 30,000 years ago[19] https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://anatomypubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1002/ar.21420&ved=2ahUKEwiFr5y6o6ntAhWBJ80KHYpVBiM4ChAWMAd6BAgFEAE&usg=AOvVaw24ijJCQnLQjsvr-P6zQ1mx[20] Murder in the Paleolithic? Evidence of violence behind human skull remains