Accepted 1065: Fill & Download for Free

Ineffective vaccines usually don't get approved in the first place or at least most countries have regulatory processes in place to ensure approved vaccines first pass some effectiveness checks. Thus, we know a vaccine's effective the same way it was determined to be effective in the first place, if it prevents the infection/disease it was designed to protect against.How are vaccines approved in the first place? In clinical trials, volunteers either get the vaccine or not. Vaccine's considered effective if fewer vaccinated volunteers get the infection/disease (see infographic below from 1). So vaccine effectiveness is assessed on population averages, not on individual basis, i.e., on the basis that statistically significantly fewer vaccinated get the infection/disease compared to the unvaccinated. As well, this is biology so numerous factors influence vaccine effectiveness including age, gender, infection history, chronic conditions, to name a few. Thus vaccine approvals can often be segmented by age or gender, for example.Unlike drugs, vaccines are tested on healthy people. Obviously, it's hard to predict when and how many will get an infection/disease within a population. This means monitoring for years on end which can be prohibitively expensive so as knowledge of immune function improved, Correlates of immunity/correlates of protection began to be used. These are immune responses proven over years and multiple studies to correlate with protection against a specific infection. Problem is proven correlates of protection currently exist for few infections. Thus far, as an example, circulating antibody levels against Polysaccharide encapsulated bacteria are among the best-accepted correlates of protection. Since different types of immune response are effective against different infections, different vaccines have different correlates of protection. Some match a vaccine's ability to prevent infection better than others.Best source for current vaccine correlates of protection is Stanley Plotkin, creator of the rubella vaccine and a living vaccine encyclopedia. He's likely forgotten more about vaccines than most people could ever learn in their lifetimes. He's listed and explained vaccine correlates of protection in many of his peer-reviewed scientific publications (see tables below from 2).Bibliography1. The Journey of Your Child's Vaccine, CDC. Journey of Your Child's Vaccine Infographic2. Plotkin, Stanley A. "Correlates of protection induced by vaccination." Clinical and Vaccine Immunology 17.7 (2010): 1055-1065. Correlates of Protection Induced by VaccinationThanks for the R2A, Huang ZheYu.

Most often you're going to do a conversion to a C Corporation, as angel investors don't want to receive Schedule K-1s.Ask your investor.Otherwise you close the books on your single-member LLC, and open new books for the multi-member LLC. You'll create a new LLC operating agreement. The investment is a capital contribution to the partnership, the business no longer get reported only on your individual tax return (1065 partnership return and schedule K-1 instead).

Now, I consider myself a “voluntaryist”, an “anarcho-capitalist”, and a “libertarian”. I see these as a teeny circle, intersecting a tiny circle, within a very small circle.Now, other people have different opinions of me, and of the relationship of the circles I just described. Let’s leave aside their opinions of me (as many of them are not flattering!) and I’m going to let you ask them to Venn diagram their own circles themselves (because I certainly am not going to labor for people who would call me such names!)But your question assumes that not only is anarcho-capitalism not fully inside of libertarianism, but that there is not even an intersection!! And so, unless you allow me to use my model, I really can’t answer you!But let’s say that you put aside your model, and asked me from my model, “When is one an AnCap (and a libertarian) and when is one not AnCap but still a libertarian?”Starting from AnCapLet’s start with you being an AnCap. All that means is that you believe that no one may use your body for his projects without your consent. Your body is fully and exclusively your own.You get to put into and onto (or take out from) your body whatever you want. You get to move your body — in ways that others might call “labor” or “leisure” — but however you want, whenever you want, and with whomever you want. And you get to store whatever your body’s movement created and you may use or trade that stored labor however you want, with whomever you want, whenever you want.And as long as you respected the bodies of everyone else in a similar fashion, why, no one could legitimately hurt your body. Violating someone’s body would be the only ethical crime, and should you violate someone else’s body, that would be the only occasion when someone could ethically use violence against you — to stop your violation.But very few libertarians are anarcho-capitalists! The vast majority are in other categories of libertarianism. And so, let’s pass through that boundary between anarcho-capitalism into nonAnCap libertarianism.Crossing the Boundary Out of AnCapYou cross that boundary out of AnCap when you believe that someone has a legitimate right to use your body for his project despite your specifically not consenting to that use of your body.And your belief of a limitation to your self-ownership is not just for your own body — but also for the bodies of your neighbor — that there are instances in which your neighbor — while he may scream bloody murder — nonetheless must submit or he may be legitimately hurt by people who want to use his body for things that he does not want his body used for.Looking at the boundary between libertarians and nonlibertarians, libertarians differ from nonlibertarians in that nonAnCap libertarians will very tightly circumscribe what that list of projects might be where one’s body is no longer one’s own, but instead belongs to someone else. And that list is very very short; it ranges from things like “Defense of the Homeland” on almost every nonAnCap libertarian’s list, to “Charity for the Poor” on the lists belonging to a much smaller group of nonAnCap libertarians.Relationship to AnCapsThese nonAnCap libertarians all agree with AnCap libertarians to this extent — that someone using their bodies without their consent for projects that are not on their very very short list is evil and wicked and committing a form of slavery. And so, we can see that the difference is that nonAnCap libertarians have a list of (a very few) exceptions for when other people may enslave them, while AnCaps have no exceptions to self-ownership whatsoever.Nonlibertarians have a very long list of projects for which their bodies may be enslaved by their rulers. For most authoritarians, the list is theoretically infinite; what is or is not on the list is subject to change, and is not limited a priori. What projects their rulers may use their bodies for is determined by various procedures (which their rulers are only too happy to control).Keeping Out Project XNow, nonAnCap libertarians must imagine quite virtuous implementers who steal your body only for those very circumscribed purposes that are on their very very short list. These virtuous rulers would be very careful with your body while they used it. And they would take only the very minimum of your body’s lifetime that they needed to accomplish only the very minimum that must be accomplished of that very very short list of acceptable projects. And then these virtuous rulers would let you have all the rest of your body’s lifetime back, for you to spend however you decided — which is very nice of them, if you think about it, if you are to have an owner other than yourself, that is.And these nonAnCap libertarians have ideas for how to ensure that these implementers remain virtuous and never get it into their heads selfish, psychopathic, authoritarian ideas like,“Hey! I’ve got all these bodies here that I might be able to use… What if I call my favorite Project X part of “Defense of the Homeland”. Why, then I could get my Project X done in a jiffy with all this slave labor!”And these nonAnCap libertarians also think a lot about how we might be able to reclaim our bodies from these rulers, should they do the unimaginable, ungenerous thing and use our bodies for things that really ought not to be on that very, very short list of projects.Moving Towards FreedomSo, I am a libertarian because I think that there is an absolute limit to our rulers’ enslavement of us. And I am an AnCap because I think that amount of slavery is zero — that we should never ever be involuntary slaves to any man, no matter how enamored he is with his project.But at one point I was as authoritarian as they come, and saw no reason why people should not be sacrificed for the greater good of “society” (interpreted by by very virtuous, omniscient, prescient, altruistic rulers, of course). And at another point I was a nonAnCap libertarian, and debated rather intensely what should and should not be on that very very short list of projects for which it is acceptable to enslave our fellow man.But there came a point when I decided that evil was evil, regardless of its use, and that we could — and ethically must — figure out how to do everything without any slavery at all. And I slipped over the boundary into anarcho-capitalism.But I don't forget what it was like to be an authoritarian. And I don't forget what it was like to be a nonAnCap libertarian. (Heck, I don’t even forget what it was like to be a nonVoluntaryist AnCap!!)I appreciate how hard it is to imagine a world with no slavery, given that our rulers present the world to us from early age as absolutely requiring our and our neighbor’s enslavement.And so, I appreciate any movement towards reducing slavery, as it is an abomination that good men must eventually eradicate from the face of the earth.See Related:0788: What are the relative sizes of the various libertarian segments?1235: Is an “AnCap" a type of libertarian?1001: What is the hardest argument you face against libertarian ethics?1204: Is there any portion of government that libertarians find acceptable?1192: Would a more appropriate name for libertarianism be ‘propertaryanism’?1274: Which is harder to implement: liberalism; libertarianism; or anarcho-capitalism?1335: Do all, or only radical, libertarians believe in destroying the government?0716: How could anarcho-capitalism work?0836: Are libertarians pro-Constitution?0569: Why is libertarianism conflated with anarcho-capitalism?0572: Are anarcho-capitalism and voluntaryism the same?1065: Is someone who is fiscally conservative and socially liberal a libertarian?→ Essays on <The Different Branches of Libertarianism> by Dennis→ Return to the <Table of Contents> for Dennis’ Libertarian Essays<, Voluntaryism, Becoming, Taxonomy,>