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I am going to start with a year zero of 2015 for this question, because there is a lot of ill-informed opinion about the importance of Ireland's tax situation.In 2014, Michael Noonan, the then Irish Minister of Finance, announced the closure of the notorious Double Irish tax avoidance loophole.This meant that from 2015, any foreign company looking to invest in Ireland for the first time would not be able to avail of this loophole.Secondly, it was announced that the loophole would be closed for all companies in Ireland including Facebook, Apple etc by 2020. As of 1st of January 2020, this came into effect.In addition, Ireland started to become a continuous net contributor to the EU from 2013.Ireland 2015 (Q1)Employment rate 63.1% — EU employment rate 65.6%Employment numbers — 1,930,000 (Q1)Unemployment — 213,000 (9.9%) (EU 9.8%)Government revenue (2014) - €65.8bnFiscal deficit (2014) — €7.2bnQuarterly National Household SurveyGovernment Income and ExpenditureIreland 2019 (Q4) — pre-pandemicEmployment rate 70.1%Employment numbers — 2,361,000Unemployment — 111,000 (4.5%)Government revenue — €89.1bn (2019)Fiscal surplus — €1.4bn (2019)Labour Force Survey (LFS)Government Income and ExpenditureSo what we can see is a near miraculous improvement in employment numbers with 430,000 new jobs in 5 years and an incredible turnaround in government finances. All this since the announcement of the closure of the Double Irish.Even if we confine ourselves to Irish owned export firms; exports almost doubled between 2009 and 2019.What went right? 3 letters - IDA. This is the agency whose responsibility it is to attract foreign direct investment (FDI). Here's Martin Shanahan, head of the IDA on US business show CNBC’s Squawk Box dealing with Joe Kernan's gobsmacked question: you have Euros in Ireland?! (7m mark). How is that even possible?Joe Kernan has a master's degree in molecular biology from MIT, so isn't lacking in qualifications, but apparently imagines Scotland and Ireland are on the same island.This isn't so much a question of ignorance, but a question of not doing your research when you front a business show. Shanahan remains firm, but composed like Fred Willard's bemused English commentator in Best in Show.We have Kernan's in Ireland, it's just that we get them doing this…Which comes to my point, what's the point of boasting about world class universities if they produce people like Joe Kernan and George W Bush?…a study conducted by the Intercollegiate Studies Institute suggests that students at “elite” schools such as Harvard and Yale are less knowledgeable about economics, politics, and American history than students at other schools—and, incredibly, that seniors at Harvard and Yale and some other prestigious colleges and universities know less than freshmen at the same schools.Harvard students: How stupid are they? (and the case of the Louisiana literacy test)Ireland has one of the highest educational participation rates in the world. Today almost half (48 percent) of the Irish population has attained college-level education, compared with less than 40 percent in countries such as the United Kingdom, United States, Spain, Belgium, and France.Ireland scores highly in most school rankings for literacy…Though we can take school rankings with a pinch of salt as Israel notoriously has Pisa poor school rankings, but has an extraordinary record of producing Nobel Prize winners over the last two decades.Paul Krugman, a Nobel Prize winning economist once famously described Ireland's distorted GDP growth rate of 26% in 2015 as Leprechaun economics.Leprechaun economics - WikipediaNo shit Sherlock. After a series of withering Krugman articles about Ireland, it became rapidly clear to Irish observers, Krugman's knowledge of the Irish economy was limited to soundbites and was pursuing a (reasonable) agenda.Luckily for Ireland, the mainstream media no longer has the dominant influence it once had. Traditionally foreign journalists reporting on Ireland are based in London and typically offer a British bias on Ireland affairs. This is a game changer as the Valley doesn't care what Oxbridge types or Krugman thinks. They look for more credible information online about doing business in other countries from fellow techies/professionals like themselves free from clever soundbites.Ireland is never going to produce a Google, but it produces the calibre of graduate talent that makes Google want to invest in Ireland. Professionalism. That's all you need.The IDA has been in this FDI game longer than anyone else. They do their homework, and know exactly what their client companies need, and bend over backwards to try and accommodate them.They don't always get things right. London figured out these new American tech entrepreneurs don't want sensible middle aged men in suits, but younger guys in T-shirts and sneakers — preferably Lanvin sneakers…However, with a direct employment from FDI of 250,000 in Ireland, we can say they have got something right.In a very difficult year owing to the pandemic and Brexit, foreign multinationals created 20,000 new jobs in Ireland, with a net total after job losses of almost 9,000 jobs in 2020.FDI in Ireland weathered the storm of the pandemicTalent is the key. Ireland may not necessarily produce the talent of someone like John Romero, the video games designer of Wolfenstein 3D and Doom, John Romero (Quora) but we have the talent to charm him into setting up shop in Galway city.13 Irish-led video game business to watch | Think BusinessUS companies need the multilingual talent supplies. EU foreign nationals make up 7% of Ireland's population.This networking talent Irish people have in abundance tends to be scoffed at as something that's sentimental, cringey and valueless. Not content with getting the future premier of China to do this when he visited Ireland in 2012…He also kicked a Gaelic football. Apparently, Xi Jinping has a photo of this displayed in his office. This was an important image to send back to the Chinese public who didn't know him. It made him look human. It also sold Ireland. Irish goods exports to China look set to overtake the UK in 2022.China's Vice President Xi samples Irish sport in DublinIrish tourism was in the doldrums in 2009. There was a dramatic fall in the number of British tourists comping to Ireland. So Ireland brings out the big guns…Tourist numbers from Britain went up from 2,738,000 in 2010 to 2,878,000 in 2011 the year Queen Elizabeth II arrived. Oh, and someone else visited Ireland that year…You know this man just can't wait to get his bowl of shamrock in the White House on Saint Patrick's Day — Ireland's biggest global advert.Tourist numbers in total grew from 6m in 2010 to 10.8m in 2019. Tourists from North America went from 848,000 in 2010 to 2,128,000 in 2019.This has to led a surge of new hotels and conference buildings in Dublin and the growth of business tourism creating a property boom. This hasn't gone unnoticed by the American investors who visit Ireland and stay in those hotels and attend those conferences. They see success. They see a country opening up to the world. They see a country they can invest in.Improved direct flight connections between Ireland and America also help on the FDI. Especially when the direct flights from San Francisco to Dublin were reintroduced some years back. Super busy tech entrepreneurs from the Silicon Valley/Bay Area now found less of a hassle to come to Ireland with a much shorter flight time.Thanks to Paddy Cosgrave, they had a perfect excuse to come to Ireland.The Dublin Web Summit was set up in 2009 as a response to the dire situation the Irish economy was in. In 2011, it got noticed internationally when Chad Hurley co-founder of YouTube and Jack Dorsey co-founder of Twitter were invited on the panel. Significantly, Dublin won out against rival London to land Twitter as an EMEA in Dublin. This was a slap in the face for the British PM David Cameron who thought Twitter would be a flagship for his promotion of Stratford as a tech city.The Dublin Web Summit was a huge advertisement for Ireland as a tech startup hotspot. Tax avoidance is not an issue for startups as they don't expect profits for a number years. What they need is young talent, something which they immediately saw in Paddy Cosgrave, but also in the Collision brothers (Patrick Collison) founders of Stripe and the CoderDojo founders James Shelton and Bill Lao. Even the not so young were getting in on the act — David Moloney of Movidius. Irish chip design company Movidius signs 'substantial' sales deal with GoogleOf course, Ireland's diaspora is of major importance. Irish emigrants have flocked to cities like New York, Sydney, Berlin and Toronto in recent years. It's quite common for Irish people to live in multiple countries and pick up valuable experience when they return.BBC Report: Irish in Silicon Valley Share Secrets of SuccessStartups also need to raise capital, and IIrish tech companies were able to raise significantly more Venture Capital funding per capita than the rest of Europe even when you exclude the impact of tax inversion companies.Ireland's investment goes back a long way at least as far as the 70’s. Ireland is happy enough for the likes of Google to set up with maybe 100 or 200 employees based on the correct assumption it will lead to thousands of jobs down the line.Ireland was happy enough to accept screwdriver factories in the 80’s and call centres in the 90’s. The key thing is to establish a beachhead. Once Ireland developed a reputation, the jobs became more skilled and higher paid. In turn, Irish executives working in US multinationals transferred to America and became part of the decision making process over there.The IDA has been selective in its choices. Pharma companies produce high value exports with low transport costs — a big consideration for an island country.Finance companies in Europe need that extra hour to do business with the US. Even more true for companies based on America's west coast. Being in an English common law jurisdiction helps.Companies like Facebook employ Irish people in admin/marketing and tech roles. There are next to no transport costs. Facebook is redomiciling its tax base out of Ireland, but prior to the pandemic expanded its workforce. No reason that can't continue. They know thanks to the infamous Apple case, they have an EU government which is willing to fight hard for their interests.A final word goes to the EU and the Eurozone. What you lose in sovereignty, you gain in accountability. Irish politicians can never be trusted not to fall back into self-serving cronyism and parochialism. The EU has given Ireland a measure of discipline.The Euro has given Ireland currency stability, low interest rates, and acts as a clear message to the rest of world: Ireland is staying in the EU.

I'm perhaps not qualified to answer this because it's been a decade since I last lived in Israel. But here is how my life was in Tel Aviv 2004-5.First impressionsThe first time I reached Israel, we drove from Ben Gurion Airport to Tel Aviv 6 am in the morning. We were groggy and tired, and we looked out trying to catch the sight of a ruin from all the past wars and skirmishes. We summarily failed at that; instead it felt like we were in Europe. In the breaking light of the morning, we saw broad, swanky freeways, manicured gardens, avenues lined with decorative palms, glassy skyscrapers - there was an order to everything. Yet the place exuded an unmistakable old world charm.When we reached the hotel, one of my colleagues meekly asked the manager Alfonso, who was an Italian (Jew?) with ostensibly some links to Milan, how safe Tel Aviv was. "It is the safest place in the world! I feel safer here than in Milan", he thundered. I didn't need that reassurance though, after a first glimpse of Tel Aviv.Getting out of bedIsrael is the natural timezone for me, because I always run about two-and-a-half hours late in India. Waking up early was therefore a tad easier, although I still felt drowsy at times.A quick shower would be followed by Israeli breakfast buffets - breads, bagels, blintzes, other egg preparations, salads and sprouts, and fruit juices were the mainstay. And ten years ago I didn't keep a count of the number of mini pastries I stuffed my mouth with. The Jews know their way with breads and pastries alright.WorkWe would work Sundays through Thursdays and the weekend would be Friday and Saturday. I worked in the software / high-tech industry - work started at 9 am and usually everyone was there well before that. Most people left by 6.30 pm. It was normal for strangers at workplace to greet, especially in the mornings (Boker tov!), in the lift and corridors. I loved the grapefruit juices which seemed to be pretty popular in Israel and frequently found in the fridge at the workplace. Mornings would be spent writing code, working on some design document - getting your stuff done. A hearty lunch would be followed by afternoon meetings - mostly brainstorming sessions, and sometimes updates from the manager or other seniors. I slept through some of them but still enjoyed the discussions. Not everyone would be equally conversant in English, but everyone made the effort. Some would break into Hebrew intermittently. The Israeli accent is good fun. I remember having a particularly hard time initially when somebody dictated a server name to me (cermf3v) - I had no clue what letter is errrkkhh (r) so the guy wrote it and it looked like a v. But workplace was fun, informal, and engrossing. People played songs on the radio through the morning, and that included a lot of familiar Western pop music as well as some nice Israeli songs - one of which I'm still trying to identify and look up by singing into SoundCloud with little success. People were helpful, but they expect you to speak for yourself and have a perspective. The folks who were more fluent in English were extremely forthcoming and helped us with tips and hacks, and suggestions for trips.Thursday afternoons, we'd have Kabalat Shabat - welcoming the Shabat. People brought the awesomest food from home and we had a mini potluck in the afternoon. No one expected us to do it - so we were the biggest beneficiaries. Some of them would get something they called "dairy cakes" whitish, creamy, crumbly pastries - haven't tasted anything quite as sinful. I was trying to talk about workplace but mainly spoke about food. But to summarise: utterly sharp people who sometimes assumed that things were obvious to everyone because they were obvious to them.I used the workstation of a colleague who was on maternity leave. Two more went on maternity leaves during the next two months. A friend quipped that at this rate, Israel would need more skyscrapers. One day, post-luch I saw a guy in army fatigues checking emails at my workstation. I think he was on IDF duty and was there checking emails. He was back after one more week. His name was Ari, a name that my Israeli colleagues also used for me because it was shorter.EveningsEvenings are a great time in Tel Aviv. We roamed around, sampled food from taverns, pizzerias, gelaterias and shawarma outlets. Rarely when we reached early, by 5 pm maybe, we'd head to the beach and walk to the end of the piers, soak up the sun, look around. Young IDF trainees (what's the correct term), dapper in their khakee fatigues, making their way back like they had not a care in the world - some of them couples, lip-locked on the Dizengoff square. I often walked solo because I liked to hear the street musicians play - and there were plenty of them, almost all above average. You'd see stunt bikers at the beach, you'd see joggers of all ages - even fifty somethings, often in just shorts, jogging down to the beach and back. We made it to one pub once, they played good music and but it was expensive fare. Dinner for me would be the yummy street-food. For the rest of the Indian gang - it would be the more expensive Indian food, usually vegetarian. Wednesdays, Thursdays, and Friday till early afternoon, the food festivals in Dizengoff Malls used to be a big attraction. Cheap, yummy food from all across Israel. I particularly remember the mascarpone cheese cakes by a Palestinian Christian woman, and the meatballs with couscous. There I met an Indian couple - a Bengali woman and a Gujarati or Malayalam man who sold Indian food! They could be Jews, I never asked. My Dad's maternal grandmother most likely was - the woman could well be from the same community I figured.WeekendsIf we weren't heading to one place or another the first thing on Friday (we usually were), we'd head to the flea markets and pick up cheap keepsakes, old books, DVDs, yarmulkes and small menorahs. Usually though, we headed straight out of Tel Aviv - Eilat, Dead Sea, Haifa, Tiberias, sea caves up north, even Golan, Masada, and countless trips to Jerusalem and its neighbourhood. We traveled into West Bank (June 2005, during the time of Disengagement), ate cactus fruits on the road to Jerusalem, and I briefly lost balance while climbing the stairs in the Tomb of Prophet Samuel, not too far from Jerusalem.We had a trusted cabbie, Bachar Hizikiyahu, the owner of a large fleet of taxis and a colorful personality. We saw most of Israel thanks to him.ShabatShabat is the weekly religious holiday and a period of passiveness. Between Friday sunset and Saturday sunset - the period of Shabat, there was little public transport available and lots of shops, but not all, would be shut. During Shabat, or if you were meeting someone for the last time before Shabat, you'd great with Shabat Shalom. During Shabat, there would be no El Al flights either. In buildings with elevators, at least one would be Shabat Lift - which stopped at every floor and shuttled up and down without the need for a button to be pressed. In observant households, lights would be dimmed and brightened automatically according to the time of the day. I think you could even passively cook and heat - stuff I've never seen having lived in a hotel room.The cabs were our lifelines especially during Shabat. In northern Israel (Nazareth and Galilee), we had a Christian Arab who drove a mini bus and took us around Galilee and Golan. But it was less fun without Bachar around.Me at a Golani ranch.ShoppingIsrael is more expensive than the US - and as trainee engineers, we didn't have a whole lot to spend. 1 USD was roughly 4 NIS, and 1 NIS was roughly 10 INR then. Our shopping was limited to fresh fruits, snacks, toileteries and some local Israeli wine. And yes, a set of Ahava toileteries with Dead Sea salts, and a diamond ring I never managed to buy for my girlfriend (we married a year later). The nectarines were just so tasty - and I remember the Ethiopian girl at the counter would often give the nectarines for free if I had taken other stuff and not too many nectarines. The Carmel port wine suited my palate too, and I'd pick up a bottle now and then. I could only stare in awe and agony at the windows of the music shops with their red Strats, cellos (hard to come by in India), double basses!Sight seeingIsrael is just so steeped in beauty and historical sites, from Yad Vashem, the old city of Jerusalem with its quarters, souks, Roman walkways, the Church of the Holy Sepulchre, the twin mosques, to the country side, the kibbutzim (went to a huge one near Galilee), to Beersheba in the Negev (we were on a train and back a week before a deadly crash in June 2005), Eilat, the Dead Sea - you experience first hand the sights described in so many historical accounts including religious texts.ClimateIt's mild and warm in Tel Aviv, which is on the beach. It gets both warmer and much colder in Jerusalem depending on the season. In Israel you get winter rains and while we missed the snow in Jerusalem, it's not that uncommon I hear! For an Indian, there is not much acclimatization to do otherwise.PeopleCheerful young and old people at the beaches, great and pragmatic engineers, engaging conversationalists and raconteurs, quite a few well-built, lean, muscular, sporty, outdoorsy people. A disproportionate number of female smokers - perhaps there are stresses they deal with that we'd not understand. Humorous people - the humour could be a tad dry, and loaded with cultural references and self-deprecation. I have always felt very close to the Israeli culture - it never felt alien.I had this silly fantasy, of camping under the stars on a summer night, somewhere along the way between Tel Aviv and Jerusalem, near the hills where it gets quietest. Never managed to. I miss Israel.You can get more perspectives here: Arindam Mukherjee's answer to What do Israelis think of India?

The lindbergh baby kidnapping.One of the many unsolved cases still trying to be solved to this day.I learned about this topic in only the fitfh grade. We were going to be working on a project about unsolved mysteries. There were several topics, I forgot because it was three years ago, but I chose the lindbergh baby kidnapping and I can never forget about it.Charles Augustus Lindbergh, Jr., 20-month-old son, (yes only 20 months year old. He was a one year old, not even two yet.) of the famous aviator and Anne Morrow Lindbergh, was kidnapped about 9:00 p.m., on March 1st, 1932, from the nursery on the second floor of the Lindbergh home near Hopewell, New Jersey. The child’s nurse, Betty Gow, discovered the absense of the baby a little later and notified the parents immediatly. They also found a ransom note demanding $50,000 if they ever wanted to see their son again.During the search at the kidnapping scene, traces of mud were found on the floor of the nursery. Footprints, impossible to measure, were found under the nursery window. Two sections of the ladder had been used in reaching the window, one of the two sections was split or broken where it joined the other, indicating that the ladder had broken during the ascent or descent. There were no blood stains in or about the nursery, nor were there any fingerprints.Household and estate employees were questioned and investigated. Colonel Lindbergh asked friends to communicate with the kidnappers, and they made widespread appeals for the kidnappers to start negotiations. Various underworld characters were dealt with in attempts to contact the kidnappers, and numerous clues were advanced and exhausted.A second ransom note was received by Colonel Lindbergh on March 6, 1932, (postmarked Brooklyn, New York, March 4), in which the ransom demand was increased to $70,000. A police conference was then called by the governor at Trenton, New Jersey, which was attended by prosecuting officials, police authorities, and government representatives. Various theories and policies of procedure were discussed. Private investigators also were employed by Colonel Lindbergh’s attorney, Colonel Henry Breckenridge.real photo of the ransom note ^^The third ransom note was received by Colonel Lindbergh’s attorney on March 8, informing that an intermediary appointed by the Lindberghs would not be accepted and requesting a note in a newspaper. On the same date, Dr. John F. Condon, Bronx, New York City, a retired school principal, published in the “Bronx Home News” an offer to act as go-between and to pay an additional $1,000 ransom. The following day the fourth ransom note was received by Dr. Condon, which indicated he would be acceptable as a go-between. This was approved by Colonel Lindbergh. About March 10, 1932, Dr. Condon received $70,000 in cash as ransom, and immediately started negotiations for payment through newspaper columns, using the code name “Jafsie.”About 8:30 p.m., on March 12, after receiving an anonymous telephone call, Dr. Condon received the fifth ransom note, delivered by Joseph Perrone, a taxicab driver, who received it from an unidentified stranger. The message stated that another note would be found beneath a stone at a vacant stand, 100 feet from an outlying subway station. This note, the sixth, was found by Condon, as indicated. Following instructions therein, the doctor met an unidentified man, who called himself “John,” at Woodlawn Cemetery, near 233rd Street and Jerome Avenue. They discussed payment of the ransom money. The stranger agreed to furnish a token of the child’s identity. Condon was accompanied by a bodyguard, except while talking to “John.” During the next few days, Dr. Condon repeated his advertisements, urging further contact and stating his willingness to pay the ransom.A baby’s sleeping suit, as a token of identity, and a seventh ransom note were received by Dr. Condon on March 16. The suit was delivered to Colonel Lindbergh and later identified. Condon continued his advertisements. The eighth ransom note was received by Condon on March 21, insisting on complete compliance and advising that the kidnapping had been planned for a year.On March 29, Betty Gow, the Lindbergh nurse, found the infant’s thumb guard, worn at the time of the kidnapping, near the entrance to the estate. The following day the ninth ransom note was received by Condon, threatening to increase the demand to $100,000 and refusing a code for use in newspaper columns. The tenth ransom note, received by Dr. Condon, on April 1, 1932 instructed him to have the money ready the following night, to which Condon replied by an ad in the Press. The eleventh ransom note was delivered to Condon on April 2, 1932, by an unidentified taxi driver who said he received it from an unknown man. Dr. Condon found the twelfth ransom note under a stone in front of a greenhouse at 3225 East Tremont Avenue, Bronx, New York, as instructed in the eleventh note.Shortly thereafter, on the same evening, by following the instructions contained in the twelfth note, Condon again met whom he believed to be “John” to reduce the demand to $50,000. This amount was handed to the stranger in exchange for a receipt and the thirteenth note, containing instructions to the effect that the kidnapped child could be found on a boat named “Nellie” near Martha’s Vineyard, Massachusetts. The stranger then walked north into the park woods. The following day an unsuccessful search for the baby was made near Martha’s Vineyard. The search was later repeated. Dr. Condon was positive that he would recognize “John” if he ever saw him again.On May 12, 1932, the body of the kidnapped baby was accidentally found, partly buried, and badly decomposed, about four and a half miles southeast of the Lindbergh home, 45 feet from the highway, near Mount Rose, New Jersey, in Mercer County. The discovery was made by William Allen, an assistant on a truck driven by Orville Wilson. The head was crushed, there was a hole in the skull and some of the body members were missing. The body was positively identified and cremated at Trenton, New Jersey, on May 13, 1932. The Coroner’s examination showed that the child had been dead for about two months and that death was caused by a blow on the head.The Investigation: 1932-1934On March 2, 1932, after a conference with the Attorney General, FBI Director J. Edgar Hoover had contacted the headquarters of the New Jersey State Police at Trenton, New Jersey. He officially informed the organization that the U.S. Department of Justice would afford Colonel H. Norman Schwarzkopf, the Superintendent of the New Jersey State Police, the assistance and cooperation of the FBI in bringing about the apprehension of the parties responsible for the kidnapping. He advised the New Jersey State Police that they could call upon the Bureau for any facilities or resources which the latter might be capable of extending. The special agent in charge of the New York City Office of the Bureau, which at that time covered the New Jersey district, was instructed accordingly and, upon instructions from the Director, the special agent in charge communicated with the New Jersey State Police and the New York City Police, offering any assistance which the Bureau might be able to lend in this matter.During the next few weeks the Bureau was acting merely in an auxiliary capacity, there being no federal jurisdiction. However, on May 13, 1932, the President directed that all governmental investigative agencies should place themselves at the disposal of the state of New Jersey and that the FBI should serve as a clearinghouse and coordinating agency for all investigations in this case conducted by federal investigative units.On May 23, 1932, the FBI in New York City informed banks in greater New York that the Bureau was the coordinating agency for all governmental activity in the case. A close watch for ransom money was requested.The New Jersey State Police announced on May 26, 1932, the offer of a reward not to exceed $25,000 for information resulting in the apprehension and conviction of the kidnapper or kidnappers. In compliance with a request made by Colonel Schwarzkopf, copies of this notice of reward were forwarded by the FBI to all law enforcement officials and agencies throughout the United States.On June 10, 1932, Violet Sharpe, a waitress in the home of Mrs. Lindbergh’s mother, Mrs. Dwight Morrow, who had been under investigation by the authorities, committed suicide by swallowing poison when she was about to be requestioned. However, her movements on the night of March 1, 1932, had been carefully checked and it was soon definitely ascertained that she had no connection with the abduction.In September, 1933, President Franklin D. Roosevelt stated in a meeting with Director Hoover that all work on the case be centralized in the Department of Justice. He requested the Director to convey his views to Attorney General Cummings with the suggestion that the Attorney General make a request of the Commissioner of the Internal Revenue Service (IRS), either through the President or directly, for a detailed report of all work performed by the IRS Intelligence Unit. On October 19, 1933, it was officially announced that the FBI would have exclusive jurisdiction in so far as the Federal Government was concerned in the handling of any investigative features of the case.The President’s Proclamation requiring the return to the Treasury of all gold and gold certificates was a valuable aid in the case, inasmuch as $40,000 of the ransom money had been paid in gold certificates and, at the time of the Proclamation, a large portion of this money was known to be outstanding. Therefore, this phase of the investigation was emphasized.On January 17, 1934, a circular letter was issued by the New York City Bureau Office to all banks and their branches in New York City, requesting an extremely close watch for the ransom certificates and, in February 1934, all Bureau Offices were supplied with copies of the Bureau’s revised pamphlet containing the serial numbers of ransom bills. The New York City Bureau Office distributed copies of this pamphlet to each employee handling currency in banks, clearinghouses, grocery stores in certain selected communities, insurance companies, gasoline filling stations, airports, department stores, post offices, and telegraph companies.Following the distribution of these booklets containing the serial number of the ransom currency, there were also prepared and similarly distributed by the Bureau currency key cards which, in convenient form, set forth the inclusive serial numbers of all of the ransom notes which had been paid. This was followed by frequent personal contacts with bank officials and with individual employees in an effort to keep alive their interest.Prior to this time, the passing of ransom bills had been reported to either the FBI, the New Jersey State Police, or the New York City Police Department, none of which had complete information on this point. Therefore, arrangements were effected whereby investigation of all such ransom bills detected in the future could be immediately conducted jointly by representatives of the three interested agencies.One of the by-products of the case was a mass of misinformation received from well-meaning but uninformed, highly imaginative individuals, and a deluge of letters written by demented persons, publicity seekers, and frauds. It was essential, however, that all possible clues, regardless of the prospect of success, be carefully followed, and it was impossible in the vast majority of instances to determine at the inception whether they would be material or false.On March 4, 1932, a con man named Gaston B. Means was approached by Mrs. Evalyn Walsh McLean, of Washington, D.C., who felt that she might be of material assistance to Colonel Lindbergh in procuring the return of his child. Mrs. McLean had become acquainted with Means as a result of some investigative work which means had performed for her husband some years before. Means informed her that he felt certain he could secure a contact with the kidnappers inasmuch as he had been invited to participate in a “big kidnapping” some weeks before but had declined. Means claimed that his friend was responsible for the Lindbergh kidnapping. The following day, Means reported to Mrs. McLean that he had made a contact with the persons who had the child. He successfully induced Mrs. McLean to hand over to him $100,000, to be used in paying the ransom which he said had been doubled. Until April 17, 1932, he kept Mrs. McLean waiting, daily expecting the return of the child. During this period, he purported to be effecting negotiations with the alleged leader of the kidnappers, whom he called “The Fox.” Mrs. McLean finally requested the return of the $100,000 and additional money which she had advanced him for “expenses.” When he failed to do so, the case was turned over to the FBI. Means and “The Fox,” who was found to be Norman T. Whitaker, a disbarred Washington attorney, were apprehended, and Means was later convicted of embezzlement and larceny after trust, and sentenced to serve 15 years in a federal penitentiary. Whitaker and Means were later convicted of conspiracy to defraud, and were sentenced to serve two years each in a federal penitentiary.There were other attempted frauds which required extensive investigations before they could be completely eliminated from consideration in connection with the Lindbergh case.In all, there were literally thousands of leads in all sections of the United States which were followed to their definite conclusions by the Bureau. The results of all these investigations, no matter how trivial, were reported. The activities of the known and suspected members of the so-called “Purple Gang” of Detroit, and various rumors and allegations concerning this gang were carefully and thoroughly investigated. Numerous registries of boats were examined in a fruitless endeavor to locate the boat “Nellie,” on which the baby was to have been found according to the 13th and last ransom note handed to Dr. Condon at the time he paid the ransom money to “John.” Records of cemetery employees who were employed in various cemeteries in certain sections of New York City and near Hopewell, New Jersey, were examined. Information accumulated in various other kidnapping and extortion cases handled by the FBI was examined in closest detail and studied with particular reference to any bearing they might have upon the solution of the Lindbergh case. Hundreds of photographs and descriptive data of known criminals of all types and other possible suspects were exhibited to the few eye-witnesses in this case in an endeavor to identify the mysterious “John.”On May 2, 1933, the Federal Reserve Bank of New York discovered 296 ten-dollar gold certificates, and one $20 gold certificate, all Lindbergh ransom notes. These bills were included among the currency received at the Federal Reserve Bank on May 1, 1933, and apparently had been made in one deposit. Immediately upon the discovery of these bills, deposit tickets at the Federal Reserve Bank for May 1, 1933, were examined. One was found bearing the name and address of “J.J. Faulkner, 537 West 149th Street,” and had marked thereon “gold certificates,” “$10 and $20” in the amount of $2,980. Despite extensive investigation, this depositor was never located.Examination of the ransom notes by handwriting experts resulted in a virtually unanimous opinion that all the notes were written by the same person and that the writer was of German nationality but had spent some time in America. Dr. Condon described “John” as Scandinavian, and believing he could identify the man, spent considerable time in viewing the numerous photographs of possible suspects and known criminals. In this connection, the FBI retained the services of an artist to prepare a portrait of “John” from descriptions furnished by Dr. Condon and Joseph Perrone, the taxi cab driver who had delivered one of the ransom letters to Dr. Condon.In a further endeavor to identify the individual who received the ransom payment, representatives of the New York City Bureau Office engaged Dr. Condon to prepare a transcript of all conversations had by him with “John” on March 12 and April 2, 1932, the dates on which Dr. Condon personally contacted the kidnapper in order to negotiate the return of the child and the payment of the ransom. These conversations were, during March, 1934, transcribed in detail on phonograph records by Dr. Condon who imitated the pronunciations and dialect of “John.” In this manner the nationality, education, mentality, and character of the kidnapper were more clearly defined and permanently preserved for future use.Another interesting attempt to identify the kidnapper centered around the ladder used in the crime. Police quickly realized that it was crudely built, but built nonetheless by someone familiar with wood who was mechanically inclined. The ladder had been thoroughly examined for fingerprints and had been exhibited to builders, carpenters, and neighbors of the Lindberghs in vain. Slivers of the ladder even had been analyzed, and the types of wood used in the ladder had been identified. Perhaps a complete examination of the ladder by itself by a wood expert would yield additional clues, and in early 1933, such an expert was called in—Arthur Koehler of the Forest Service, United States Department of Agriculture.Koehler disassembled the ladder and painstakingly identified the types of wood used and examined tool marks. He also looked at the pattern made by nailholes, for it appeared likely that some wood had been used before in indoor construction. Koehler made field trips to the Lindbergh estate and to factories to trace some of the wood. He summarized his findings in a report, and later played a critical role in the trial of the kidnapper.Hauptmann is LocatedA series of ransom notes following the kidnapping of the Lindbergh baby led to a meeting between Dr. John Condon, a representative of the Lindbergh family, and a mysterious man named “John.” An artist sketch of “John” was developed from the verbal description of Dr. Condon and proved to be very similar to Bruno Richard Hauptmann, who was ultimately arrested on September 19, 1934 following a massive investigation led by the New Jersey State Police and supported by the FBI.A series of ransom notes following the kidnapping led to a meeting between Dr. John Condon, a representative of the Lindbergh family, and a mysterious man named “John.” An artist sketch of “John” was developed from the verbal description of Dr. Condon and proved to be very similar to Bruno Richard Hauptmann (right), who was arrested on September 19, 1934.For a period of seven months prior to August 20, 1934, no gold certificates were discovered except for those received in the Federal Reserve Bank, previously mentioned. Starting on August 20, 1934, and extending into September, a total of 16 gold certificates were discovered, most of them in the vicinity of Yorkville and Harlem. The long-awaited opportunity had finally arrived. As each bill was recovered, a colored pin marking the location of the recovered bill was inserted in a large map of the Metropolitan Area, thus indicating the movements of the individual or individuals who might be passing the ransom money. When the first few made their appearance, it was decided to concentrate on gold certificates, as experience had proven the futility of tracing the ordinary currency included in the ransom money. In keeping with the cooperative policy previously established with the New Jersey State Police and the New York City Police Department, teams composed of a representative of each of these police agencies and a special agent of the Bureau were organized to personally contact all banks in Greater New York and Westchester County. As a result, the various neighborhood banks discovered the bills close to the point at which they were passed, and it then became possible for the investigators to trace the bills to the person who had originally passed them. For the first time in the history of the case, the investigators succeeded in finding that the description of the individual passing these bills fit exactly that of “John” as described by Dr. Condon. It was determined through the investigation that the bills were being passed principally at corner produce stores.About 1:20 p.m. on September 18, 1934, the assistant manager of the Corn Exchange Bank and Trust Company, at 125th Street and Park Avenue, New York City, telephoned the New York City Bureau Office to advise that a $10 gold certificate had been discovered a few minutes previously by one of the tellers in that bank. It was soon ascertained that this bill had been received at the bank from a gasoline station located at 127th Street and Lexington Avenue, New York City. On September 15, 1934, an alert attendant had received a bill in payment for five gallons of gasoline from a man whose description fitted closely that of the individual who had passed other bills in recent weeks. The filling station attendant, being suspicious of the $10 gold certificate, recorded on the bill the license number of the automobile driven by the purchaser. This license number was issued to Bruno Richard Hauptmann, 1279 East 222nd Street, Bronx, New York.Hauptmann’s house was closely surveilled by federal and local authorities throughout the night of September 18, 1934, until at approximately 9:00 a.m. on September 19, 1934, an individual, closely fitting the description of “John,” as supplied by Dr. Condon, and the description of the purchaser of the gasoline, as supplied by the service station attendant, left his house and entered his automobile parked nearby. He was promptly taken into custody by representatives of the three interested agencies.After some investigating, he was found to be Bruno Richard Hauptmann, the individual to whom the automobile license had been issued, a German carpenter who had been in this country for approximately 11 years. A $20 gold ransom certificate was found on his person. His description fitted perfectly that of “John” as described by Dr. Condon, and in his house was found a pair of shoes which had been purchased with a $20 ransom bill recovered on September 8, 1934. Hauptmann admitted several other purchases which had been made with ransom certificates. On the night of September 19, 1934, he was positively identified by Joseph Perrone as the individual from whom he had received the fifth ransom note to be delivered to Dr. Condon. The following day, ransom certificates in excess of $13,000 were found secreted in the garage of Hauptmann’s residence. Shortly thereafter, he was identified by Dr. Condon as “John” to whom the ransom had been paid. It was also ascertained that he was in possession of a Dodge sedan automobile which answered the description of that seen in the vicinity of the Lindbergh home the day prior to the kidnapping.A painstaking analysis of Hauptmann’s handwriting by the Bureau’s new crime lab showed a remarkable similarity between the lettering of the author of the ransom notes and of Hauptmann. This evidence proved valuable in helping to convict Hauptmann of the murder.A painstaking analysis of Hauptmann’s handwriting by the Bureau’s new crime lab showed a remarkable similarity between the lettering of the author of the ransom notes and of Hauptmann.Shortly after his apprehension, specimens of Hauptmann’s handwriting were flown to Washington, D.C., where a study was made of them in the FBI Laboratory. A comparison of the writing appearing on the ransom notes with that of the specimens disclosed remarkable similarities in inconspicuous, personal characteristics and writing habits, which resulted in a positive identification by the handwriting experts of the Laboratory. Upon the apprehension of Hauptmann, it was found that he bore a striking resemblance to the portrait of “John” which had previously been prepared from descriptions furnished by Dr. Condon and Joseph Perrone.Further investigation developed that Hauptmann, 35 years old, was a native of Saxony, Germany. He had a criminal record for robbery and had spent time in prison. Early in July 1923, he stowed away aboard the SSHanover at Bremen, Germany, and arrived in the Port of New York City on July 13, 1923. He was arrested and deported immediately. After another failed attempt at entry in August, Hauptman successfully entered the United States in November 1923, on board the George Washington. On October 10, 1925, Hauptmann married Anna Schoeffler, a New York City waitress. A son, Manfried, was born to them in 1933. During his illegal stay in New York City and until the spring of 1932, Hauptmann followed his occupation of carpenter. However, a short while after March 1, 1932, the date of the kidnapping, Hauptmann began to trade rather extensively in stocks and never worked again.Indictment, Trial, and ExecutionHauptmann was indicted in the Supreme Court, Bronx County, New York, on charges of extortion on September 26, 1934, and on October 8, 1934, in Hunterdon County, New Jersey, he was indicted for murder. Two days later, the Governor of the State of New York honored the requisition of the Governor of the State of New Jersey for the surrender of Bruno Richard Hauptmann and on October 19, 1934, he was removed to the Hunterdon County Jail, Flemington, New Jersey, to await trial.The trial of Hauptmann began on January 3, 1935, at Flemington, New Jersey, and lasted five weeks. The case against him was based on circumstantial evidence. Tool marks on the ladder matched tools owned by Hauptmann. Wood in the ladder was found to match wood used as flooring in his attic. Dr. Condon’s telephone number and address were found scrawled on a door frame inside a closet. Handwriting on the ransom notes matched samples of Hauptmann’s handwriting.Lindbergh takes the witness stand during the 1935 trial of Hauptmann in Flemington, New Jersey. Hauptmann was found guilty on February 13, 1935. Photo courtesy of the Library of Congress.Lindbergh takes the witness stand during the 1935 trial of Hauptmann in Flemington, New Jersey. On February 13, 1935, the jury returned a verdict. Hauptmann was guilty of murder in the first degree. The sentence: death. The defense appealed.The Supreme Court of the State of New Jersey on October 9, 1935, upheld the verdict of the Lower Court. Hauptmann’s appeal to the Supreme Court of the United States was denied on December 9, 1935, and he was to be electrocuted on January 17, 1936. However, on this same day the Governor of the State of New Jersey granted a 30-day reprieve and on February 17, 1936, Hauptmann was resentenced, to be electrocuted during the week of March 30, 1936. On March 30, 1936, the Pardon Court of the State of New Jersey denied Hauptmann’s petition for clemency, and on April 3, 1936, at 8:47 p.m., Bruno Richard Hauptmann was electrocuted. Now since Hauptmann never admitted to the crime, they just assume that he was the person responsible. People are still making theories of who it could be, some people say it was the baby’s nurse, or it was the father. But now it’s too late to find out. But the person who killed Charles is a sick monster who killed an innocent baby out of greed and for money. It makes me ashamed to be a human being.Sorry for it being so long. If you read all this way, thank you :).Stay hydrated,Sofia <3