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It’s impossible to spend much time in the cryptocurrency and blockchain world without hearing about Ethereum, or ETH for short. In this article, you’ll learn what Ethereum is, what makes it different and why it’s better than Bitcoin, at least for certain purposes.Guess the price directionBitcoin/TetherBTCUSDT33,743.81−2.71337493372733743.81UpDownWhat is the Ethereum cryptocurrency?Strictly speaking, Ethereum refers to an open-source software platform that is based on blockchain technology, enabling developers to create decentralised applications, or dApps. However, Ethereum is also used to refer to the Ether coin (ETH), a cryptocurrency built on the Ethereum platform. When someone talks about buying, trading or paying with Ethereum, they mean the Ether currency.Ethereum’s historyEthereum’s story starts with Vitalik Buterin, who became involved with Bitcoin as a 17-year-old programmer in 2011. Buterin became aware of Bitcoin’s shortcomings and created Ethereum as superior blockchain technology.I thought [people in the Bitcoin community] weren’t approaching the problem in the right way. I thought they were going after individual applications; they were trying to kind of explicitly support each [use case] in a sort of Swiss Army knife protocol.— Vitalik Buterin, Ethereum co-founder.A timeline of Ethereum’s early history:2013: Buterin released a white paper describing the basis for Ethereum.2014: Buterin and the other co-founders crowdfunded Ethereum through an ICO that raised more than $18 million.2015: The first live release of Ethereum, known as Frontier, was launched.What is Ethereum’s purpose?Ethereum is a blockchain technology platform designed to enable a large variety of functions. A popular comparison is if Bitcoin is e-mail, then Ethereum is the whole Internet.Ethereum is used for computer services that are based on dApps and smart contracts, which saves time and money by eliminating intermediaries, third-party brokers and inefficient monopolies like big companies or even government authorities.In essence, it follows the decentralised philosophy of Bitcoin but is applied to much more than just money.What is Ethereum written in?Given that the Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM) functions as a ‘world computer’ with many nodes, it uses multiple programming languages, including C++, Python, Ruby, Go and Java. A specialised language called Solidity is used to write smart contracts in the Ethereum Virtual Machine.ETH’s hard forkIn 2016, $50 million worth of Ether was stolen by a hacker, an act that raised concerns about the platform’s security. The resulting controversy split the community, and Ethereum forked into two blockchains: Ethereum (ETH) and Ethereum Classic (ETC).ETH tokensEthereum has both the Ether (ETH) crypto coin and Ether tokens. The latter can function as a currency within the Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM). ETH tokens are transferred within the EVM to execute smart contracts.What is a smart contract in Ethereum?A smart contract is a computer program that functions as a contract, i.e., it binds individuals and/or businesses to meet obligations.The smart contract’s code automatically executes the terms when tokens are deposited. The benefits include:Digital format: There’s no need to print or post paper, and it’s easily shareable.Autonomous operation: It cuts out intermediaries, there’s no back-and-forth.Trust: Information on a smart contract is encrypted and backed up on a shared ledger.Security: Encryption makes contract information incredibly difficult to steal.Speed: Automatic execution makes smart contracts faster.Cost: It saves on paper costs, lawyer fees, etc.Smart contracts act as multi-signature accounts, only executing if the specified percentage of parties agree.Smart contracts can be encoded on any blockchain, but developers working on Ethereum can programme smart contracts with a much broader range of instructions than what’s possible on Bitcoin. It allows Ethereum smart contracts to be more complex and versatile. They can serve as the base for a decentralised application or other autonomous functions on the blockchain.Why is Ethereum better than Bitcoin?ETH has several advantages over Bitcoin. It isn’t limited in the same way that BTC is. Ethereum uses the Ethash method for its mining algorithm. As a result, the block processing speed is faster.What is the difference between Bitcoin and Ethereum?BTCETHCoin Limit21 MillionNoneAlgorithmSHA-256EthashAvg block time10 minutes12 secondsHowever, Ethereum’s main advantage over Bitcoin is its functionality. Bitcoin can only record transactions. Ethereum powers apps that can be used for almost anything a programmer desires.What is an ETH wallet?An Ethereum wallet is where the private keys to access the cryptocurrency are stored. The StormGain crypto trading platform comes with a built-in ETH wallet, in which you can earn up to 10% annual interest on your currency.Cryptocurrency tradingEthereum is the crypto coin with the second-largest market share after Bitcoin. Ethereum also has the second-highest trading volume among cryptocurrencies. By using StormGain, traders can earn significant bonuses and rewards for trading Ethereum.The price history of ETH, in USD and BitcoinEthereum miningEthereum is currently mined via a proof-of-work algorithm. Much like Bitcoin, Ethereum miners dedicate their computing hardware to solving tasks that support the blockchain and receive ETH in return.What is a good hashrate for Ethereum mining?The frequency with which the ETH mining hardware can process hashes determines how likely it is to earn a reward.A hashrate of around 45.0 MH/s is considered suitable for a consumer GPU. However, the whole mining system may soon become irrelevant for Ethereum.What is Ethereum’s future?Ethereum will upgrade soon to version 2.0, a move planned for 2020. The main feature is a change from proof-of-work to proof-of-stake validation.Ethereum 1.0 is a couple of people’s scrappy attempt to build the world computer; Ethereum 2.0 [with PoS] will actually be the world computer — Vitalik ButerinThe current system is notoriously wasteful of energy. A proof-of-stake protocol will mean that users stake their ETH as collateral to verify a transaction (and claim the reward).On 18 August 2008, the domain name bitcoin.org was registered.[11] Later that year, on 31 October, a link to a paper authored by Satoshi Nakamoto titled Bitcoin: A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System[12] was posted to a cryptography mailing list.[13] This paper detailed methods of using a peer-to-peer network to generate what was described as "a system for electronic transactions without relying on trust".[14][15][16] On 3 January 2009, the bitcoin network came into existence with Satoshi Nakamoto mining the genesis block of bitcoin (block number 0), which had a reward of 50 bitcoins.[14][17] Embedded in the coinbase of this block was the text:The Times Jan/03/2009 Chancellor on brink of second bailout for banks.[18]The text refers to a headline in The Times published on 3 January 2009.[19] This note has been interpreted as both a timestamp of the genesis date and a derisive comment on the instability caused by fractional-reserve banking.[20]:18The first open source bitcoin client was released on 9 January 2009, hosted at SourceForge.[21][22]One of the first supporters, adopters, contributors to bitcoin and receiver of the first bitcoin transaction was programmer Hal Finney. Finney downloaded the bitcoin software the day it was released, and received 10 bitcoins from Nakamoto in the world's first bitcoin transaction on 12 January 2009 (bloc 170).[23][24] Other early supporters were Wei Dai, creator of bitcoin predecessor b-money, and Nick Szabo, creator of bitcoin predecessor bit gold.[14]In the early days, Nakamoto is estimated to have mined 1 million bitcoins.[25] Before disappearing from any involvement in bitcoin, Nakamoto in a sense handed over the reins to developer Gavin Andresen, who then became the bitcoin lead developer at the Bitcoin Foundation, the 'anarchic' bitcoin community's closest thing to an official public face.[26]The value of the first bitcoin transactions were negotiated by individuals on the bitcoin forum with one notable transaction of 10,000 BTC used to indirectly purchase two pizzas delivered by Papa John's.[14]On 6 August 2010, a major vulnerability in the bitcoin protocol was spotted. Transactions weren't properly verified before they were included in the transaction log or blockchain, which let users bypass bitcoin's economic restrictions and create an indefinite number of bitcoins.[27][28] On 15 August, the vulnerability was exploited; over 184 billion bitcoins were generated in a transaction, and sent to two addresses on the network. Within hours, the transaction was spotted and erased from the transaction log after the bug was fixed and the network forked to an updated version of the bitcoin protocol.[29] This was the only major security flaw found and exploited in bitcoin's history.[27][28][30]Satoshi Nakamoto[edit]Main article: Satoshi Nakamoto"Satoshi Nakamoto" is presumed to be a pseudonym for the person or people who designed the original bitcoin protocol in 2008 and launched the network in 2009. Nakamoto was responsible for creating the majority of the official bitcoin software and was active in making modifications and posting technical information on the bitcoin forum.[14] There has been much speculation as to the identity of Satoshi Nakamoto with suspects including Dai, Szabo, and Finney – and accompanying denials.[31][32] The possibility that Satoshi Nakamoto was a computer collective in the European financial sector has also been discussed.[33]Investigations into the real identity of Satoshi Nakamoto were attempted by The New Yorker and Fast Company. The New Yorker's investigation brought up at least two possible candidates: Michael Clear and Vili Lehdonvirta. Fast Company's investigation brought up circumstantial evidence linking an encryption patent application filed by Neal King, Vladimir Oksman and Charles Bry on 15 August 2008, and the bitcoin.org domain name which was registered 72 hours later. The patent application (#20100042841) contained networking and encryption technologies similar to bitcoin's, and textual analysis revealed that the phrase "... computationally impractical to reverse" appeared in both the patent application and bitcoin's whitepaper.[12] All three inventors explicitly denied being Satoshi Nakamoto.[34][35]In May 2013, Ted Nelson speculated that Japanese mathematician Shinichi Mochizuki is Satoshi Nakamoto.[36] Later in 2013 the Israeli researchers Dorit Ron and Adi Shamir pointed to Silk Road-linked Ross William Ulbricht as the possible person behind the cover. The two researchers based their suspicion on an analysis of the network of bitcoin transactions.[37] These allegations were contested[38] and Ron and Shamir later retracted their claim.[39]Nakamoto's involvement with bitcoin does not appear to extend past mid-2010.[14] In April 2011, Nakamoto communicated with a bitcoin contributor, saying that he had "moved on to other things".[18]Stefan Thomas, a Swiss coder and active community member, graphed the time stamps for each of Nakamoto's 500-plus bitcoin forum posts; the resulting chart showed a steep decline to almost no posts between the hours of 5 a.m. and 11 a.m. Greenwich Mean Time. Because this pattern held true even on Saturdays and Sundays, it suggested that Nakamoto was asleep at this time, and the hours of 5 a.m. to 11 a.m. GMT are midnight to 6 a.m. Eastern Standard Time (North American Eastern Standard Time). Other clues suggested that Nakamoto was British: A newspaper headline he had encoded in the genesis block came from the UK-published newspaper The Times, and both his forum posts and his comments in the bitcoin source code used British English spellings, such as "optimise" and "colour".[14]An Internet search by an anonymous blogger of texts similar in writing to the bitcoin whitepaper suggests Nick Szabo's "bit gold" articles as having a similar author.[31] Nick denied being Satoshi, and stated his official opinion on Satoshi and bitcoin in a May 2011 article.[40]In a March 2014 article in Newsweek, journalist Leah McGrath Goodman doxed Dorian S. Nakamoto of Temple City, California, saying that Satoshi Nakamoto is the man's birth name. Her methods and conclusion drew widespread criticism.[41][42]In June 2016, the London Review of Books published a piece by Andrew O'Hagan about Nakamoto.[43] The real identity of Satoshi Nakamoto still remains a matter of dispute.Growth[edit]2011[edit]Based on bitcoin's open-source code, other cryptocurrencies started to emerge.[44]The Electronic Frontier Foundation, a non-profit group, started accepting bitcoins in January 2011,[45] then stopped accepting them in June 2011, citing concerns about a lack of legal precedent about new currency systems.[46] The EFF's decision was reversed on 17 May 2013 when they resumed accepting bitcoin.[47]In June 2011, WikiLeaks[48] and other organizations began to accept bitcoins for donations.2012[edit]In January 2012, bitcoin was featured as the main subject within a fictionalized trial on the CBS legal drama The Good Wife in the third-season episode "Bitcoin for Dummies". The host of CNBC's Mad Money, Jim Cramer, played himself in a courtroom scene where he testifies that he doesn't consider bitcoin a true currency, saying, "There's no central bank to regulate it; it's digital and functions completely peer to peer".[49]In September 2012, the Bitcoin Foundation was launched to "accelerate the global growth of bitcoin through standardization, protection, and promotion of the open source protocol". The founders were Gavin Andresen, Jon Matonis, Patrick Murck, Charlie Shrem, and Peter Vessenes.[50]In October 2012, BitPay reported having over 1,000 merchants accepting bitcoin under its payment processing service.[51] In November 2012, WordPress started accepting bitcoins.[52]2013[edit]In February 2013, the bitcoin-based payment processor Coinbase reported selling US$1 million worth of bitcoins in a single month at over $22 per bitcoin.[53] The Internet Archive announced that it was ready to accept donations as bitcoins and that it intends to give employees the option to receive portions of their salaries in bitcoin currency.[54]In March, the bitcoin transaction log, called the blockchain, temporarily split into two independent chains with differing rules on how transactions were accepted. For six hours two bitcoin networks operated at the same time, each with its own version of the transaction history. The core developers called for a temporary halt to transactions, sparking a sharp sell-off.[55] Normal operation was restored when the majority of the network downgraded to version 0.7 of the bitcoin software.[55] The Mt. Gox exchange briefly halted bitcoin deposits and the exchange rate briefly dipped by 23% to $37 as the event occurred[56][57] before recovering to previous level of approximately $48 in the following hours.[58] In the US, the Financial Crimes Enforcement Network (FinCEN) established regulatory guidelines for "decentralized virtual currencies" such as bitcoin, classifying American bitcoin miners who sell their generated bitcoins as Money Service Businesses (or MSBs), that may be subject to registration and other legal obligations.[59][60][61]In April, payment processors BitInstant and Mt. Gox experienced processing delays due to insufficient capacity[62] resulting in the bitcoin exchange rate dropping from $266 to $76 before returning to $160 within six hours.[63] Bitcoin gained greater recognition when services such as OkCupid and Foodler began accepting it for payment.[64]On 15 May 2013, the US authorities seized accounts associated with Mt. Gox after discovering that it had not registered as a money transmitter with FinCEN in the US.[65][66]On 17 May 2013, it was reported that BitInstant processed approximately 30 percent of the money going into and out of bitcoin, and in April alone facilitated 30,000 transactions,[67]On 23 June 2013, it was reported that the US Drug Enforcement Administration listed 11.02 bitcoins as a seized asset in a United States Department of Justice seizure notice pursuant to 21 U.S.C. § 881.[68] This marked the first time a government agency claimed to have seized bitcoin.[69][70]In July 2013, a project began in Kenya linking bitcoin with M-Pesa, a popular mobile payments system, in an experiment designed to spur innovative payments in Africa.[71] During the same month the Foreign Exchange Administration and Policy Department in Thailand stated that bitcoin lacks any legal framework and would therefore be illegal, which effectively banned trading on bitcoin exchanges in the country.[72][73]On 6 August 2013, Federal Judge Amos Mazzant of the Eastern District of Texas of the Fifth Circuit ruled that bitcoins are "a currency or a form of money" (specifically securities as defined by Federal Securities Laws), and as such were subject to the court's jurisdiction,[74][75] and Germany's Finance Ministry subsumed bitcoins under the term "unit of account" – a financial instrument – though not as e-money or a functional currency, a classification nonetheless having legal and tax implications.[76]In October 2013, the FBI seized roughly 26,000 BTC from website Silk Road during the arrest of alleged owner Ross William Ulbricht.[77][78][79] Two companies, Robocoin and Bitcoiniacs launched the world's first bitcoin ATM on 29 October 2013 in Vancouver, BC, Canada, allowing clients to sell or purchase bitcoin currency at a downtown coffee shop.[80][81][82] Chinese internet giant Baidu had allowed clients of website security services to pay with bitcoins.[83]In November 2013, the University of Nicosia announced that it would be accepting bitcoin as payment for tuition fees, with the university's chief financial officer calling it the "gold of tomorrow".[84] During November 2013, the China-based bitcoin exchange BTC China overtook the Japan-based Mt. Gox and the Europe-based Bitstamp to become the largest bitcoin trading exchange by trade volume.[85]In December 2013, Overstock.com[86] announced plans to accept bitcoin in the second half of 2014. On 5 December 2013, the People's Bank of China prohibited Chinese financial institutions from using bitcoins.[87] After the announcement, the value of bitcoins dropped,[88] and Baidu no longer accepted bitcoins for certain services.[89] Buying real-world goods with any virtual currency had been illegal in China since at least 2009.[90]2014[edit]In January 2014, Zynga[91] announced it was testing bitcoin for purchasing in-game assets in seven of its games. That same month, The D Las Vegas Casino Hotel and Golden Gate Hotel & Casino properties in downtown Las Vegas announced they would also begin accepting bitcoin, according to an article by USA Today. The article also stated the currency would be accepted in five locations, including the front desk and certain restaurants.[92] The network rate exceeded 10 petahash/sec. TigerDirect[93] and Overstock.com[94] started accepting bitcoin.In early February 2014, one of the largest bitcoin exchanges, Mt. Gox,[95] suspended withdrawals citing technical issues.[96] By the end of the month, Mt. Gox had filed for bankruptcy protection in Japan amid reports that 744,000 bitcoins had been stolen.[97] Months before the filing, the popularity of Mt. Gox had waned as users experienced difficulties withdrawing funds.[98]In June 2014 the network exceeded 100 petahash/sec.[citation needed] On 18 June 2014, it was announced that bitcoin payment service provider BitPay would become the new sponsor of St. Petersburg Bowl under a two-year deal, renamed the Bitcoin St. Petersburg Bowl. Bitcoin was to be accepted for ticket and concession sales at the game as part of the sponsorship, and the sponsorship itself was also paid for using bitcoin.[99]In July 2014 Newegg and Dell[100] started accepting bitcoin.In September 2014 TeraExchange, LLC, received approval from the U.S.Commodity Futures Trading Commission "CFTC" to begin listing an over-the-counter swap product based on the price of a bitcoin. The CFTC swap product approval marks the first time a U.S. regulatory agency approved a bitcoin financial product.[101]In December 2014 Microsoft began to accept bitcoin to buy Xbox games and Windows software.[102]In 2014, several light-hearted songs celebrating bitcoin such as the "Ode to Satoshi"[103] have been released.[104]A documentary film, The Rise and Rise of Bitcoin, was released in 2014, featuring interviews with bitcoin users, such as a computer programmer and a drug dealer.[105]2015[edit]In January 2015 Coinbase raised US$75 million as part of a Series C funding round, smashing the previous record for a bitcoin company. Less than one year after the collapse of Mt. Gox, United Kingdom-based exchange Bitstamp announced that their exchange would be taken offline while they investigate a hack which resulted in about 19,000 bitcoins (equivalent to roughly US$5 million at that time) being stolen from their hot wallet.[106] The exchange remained offline for several days amid speculation that customers had lost their funds. Bitstamp resumed trading on 9 January after increasing security measures and assuring customers that their account balances would not be impacted.[107]In February 2015, the number of merchants accepting bitcoin exceeded 100,000.[108]In October 2015, a proposal was submitted to the Unicode Consortium to add a code point for the bitcoin symbol.[109]2016[edit]In January 2016, the network rate exceeded 1 exahash/sec.[citation needed]In March 2016, the Cabinet of Japan recognized virtual currencies like bitcoin as having a function similar to real money.[110] Bidorbuy, the largest South African online marketplace, launched bitcoin payments for both buyers and sellers.[111]In July 2016, researchers published a paper showing that by November 2013 bitcoin commerce was no longer driven by "sin" activities but instead by legitimate enterprises.[112]In August 2016, a major bitcoin exchange, Bitfinex, was hacked and nearly 120,000 BTC (around $60m) was stolen.[113]In November 2016, the Swiss Railway operator SBB (CFF) upgraded all their automated ticket machines so that bitcoin could be bought from them using the scanner on the ticket machine to scan the bitcoin address on a phone app.[114]Bitcoin generates more academic interest year after year; the number of Google Scholar articles published mentioning bitcoin grew from 83 in 2009, to 424 in 2012, and 3580 in 2016. Also, the academic journal Ledger published its first issue. It is edited by Peter Rizun.2017[edit]The number of businesses accepting bitcoin continued to increase. In January 2017, NHK reported the number of online stores accepting bitcoin in Japan had increased 4.6 times over the past year.[115] BitPay CEO Stephen Pair declared the company's transaction rate grew 3× from January 2016 to February 2017, and explained usage of bitcoin is growing in B2B supply chain payments.[116]Bitcoin gains more legitimacy among lawmakers and legacy financial companies. For example, Japan passed a law to accept bitcoin as a legal payment method,[117] and Russia has announced that it will legalize the use of cryptocurrencies such as bitcoin.[118]Exchange trading volumes continue to increase. For the 6-month period ending March 2017, Mexican exchange Bitso saw trading volume increase 1500%.[citation needed] Between January and May 2017 Poloniex saw an increase of more than 600% active traders online and regularly processed 640% more transactions.[119]In June 2017, the bitcoin symbol was encoded in Unicode version 10.0 at position U+20BF (₿) in the Currency Symbols block.[120]Up until July 2017, bitcoin users maintained a common set of rules for the cryptocurrency.[121] On 1 August 2017 bitcoin split into two derivative digital currencies, the bitcoin (BTC) chain with 1 MB blocksize limit and the Bitcoin Cash (BCH) chain with 8 MB blocksize limit. The split has been called the Bitcoin Cash hard fork.[122]On 6 December 2017 the software marketplace Steam announced that it would no longer accept bitcoin as payment for its products, citing slow transactions speeds, price volatility, and high fees for transactions.[123]2018[edit]See also: Cryptocurrency bubble § 2018 crashOn 22 January 2018, South Korea brought in a regulation that requires all the bitcoin traders to reveal their identity, thus putting a ban on anonymous trading of bitcoins.[124]On 24 January 2018, the online payment firm Stripe announced that it would phase out its support for bitcoin payments by late April 2018, citing declining demand, rising fees and longer transaction times as the reasons.[125]2019[edit]As of September 2019, there were 5,457 bitcoin ATMs worldwide. In August of that year, the countries with highest number of bitcoin ATMs were the United States, Canada, the United Kingdom, Austria, and Spain.[citation needed]2020[edit]On 2 July 2020, the Indian company 21Shares started to quote a set of bitcoin exchange-traded products (ETP) on the Xetra trading system of the Deutsche Boerse.[126]On 1 September 2020, the Wiener Börse listed its first 21 titles denominated in cryptocurrencies like bitcoin, including the services of real-time quotation and securities settlement.[127]On 3 September 2020, the Frankfurt Stock Exchange admitted in its Regulated Market the quotation of the first bitcoin exchange-traded note (ETN), centrally cleared via Eurex Clearing.[128][129]In October 2020, PayPal announced that it would allow its users to buy and sell bitcoin on its platform, although not to deposit or withdraw bitcoins

1: Discoveries of Pakistani Scientist:The first Prime Minister of Pakistan, Liaqat Ali Khan made various reforms to initiate improvement in higher education and scientific research.The real growth in science in Pakistan occurred after the establishment of the Higher education Commission in 2002 which supported science in a big way and also became the major sponsor of the Pakistan Academy of Sciences under the leadership of Prof. Atta-ur-Rahman.Some of the most renowned and famous Pakistani Scientists are:Abdus Salam[1]:Winner of the Nobel Prize in Physics (1979) for his electroweak theory that combines weak nuclear force and electromagnetic forces.Dr Abdus Salam is the most highly decorated scientist of Pakistan, honored with most state awards including the Sitara-e-Pakistan (Star of Pakistan) in 1959.Atta-ur-Rahman[2]:Winner of the UNESCO Science Prize for pioneering contributions in natural product chemistry in 1999. He is the first scientist from the Islamic world to have won this prizeRiazuddin:Winner of Einstein Award (2000) for his contribution in theoretical physics, notably the contribution in neutrinos. Riazuddin, pupil student of Salam, remains the most state decorated scientist of Pakistan with receiving state honors and international prizes, second to Abdus Salam.Prof. Dr. Mohammad Aslam Khan Khalil:He modified scientific understanding of “global climate change”. He also identified methane’s role as a powerful greenhouse gas, tracing its increase in human activities. His work has contributed to the Kyoto Protocol to limit the emissions of greenhouse gases.Dr Naweed I Syed:He is the first scientist who managed to ‘connect brain cells to a silicon chip’. Currently he is a Professor and Head Department of Cell Biology & Anatomy at the University of Calgary, Canada. He was also featured in Time Magazine.Shaukat Hameed :As the director of lab, he began to develop the fuel techniques, and have done the preliminary work on the different models. He developed the techniques and methods to work on the image processing methods. He was also the was part of the small team of scientists who had central role in the development of the cooling device.Dr Samar Mubarakmand:Mubarakmand was assigned to Ishfaq Ahmad’s Nuclear Physics Division where he took charge to carry out the calculations in implosion method, and mathematical multiplication involved in nuclear fission. He provided the technical assistance to the engineers there. He has been associated with the country’s space program where he largely contributed his research in computational fluid dynamics, aerodynamics, and fluid physics.Dr Nergis Mavalvala:Mavalvala was among the team of scientists who, for the first time, observed ripples in the fabric of spacetime called gravitational waves. It was announced to the public on 11 February 2016. The detection confirmed a major prediction of Albert Einstein's 1915 general theory of relativity.Pervaiz Hoodbhoy: [3][4]Hoodbhoy provided the brief mathematical proofs and description to understand, logically, the subject of Sitter space— a scalar curvature in general theory of relativity.At National Center for Physics, Hoodbhoy conducted research on different aspects of particle physics, and pioneered studies in modern physics and its extension to mathematical and nuclear physics. In 2006, Hoodbhoy published a brief mathematical description of Generalized Parton Distributions. In 2007, Hoodbhoy re-published the work of Jens Lyng Peterson the Maldacena conjecture (a conjectured equivalence between a string theory and gravity defined on one space, and a quantum field theory without gravity defined by one or less dimension) where he contributed mathematically to the theory.2: Pakistani Startups, Inventions and Discoveries:Fertilizers With Non-Explosive Materials:In 2013, a Pakistani firm invented a new formula to make fertilizers that cannot be converted into bomb-making materials. The firm, Fatima Fertilizer, had succeeded in making non-lethal alternatives to ammonium nitrate, a key ingredient in the fertilizers it makes. Fertilizers with ammonium nitrate, however, can easily be converted into bomb-making ingredients.This invention was praised by the Pentagon. “Such a long-term solution would be a true scientific breakthrough,” US Army Lieutenant General Michael Barbero, the head of the Pentagon’s Joint Improvised Explosive Device Defeat Organization.Human Development Index:Pakistani economist Mahbub ul Haq [5]devised the Human Development Index in 1990 in order to move the focus of development economics to people centered policies from national income accounting.Noval Cancer cell detection Method and Device:Dr Samir Iqbal developed a novel cancer cell detection method that improves early diagnosis through a tool that tracks cellular behavior in real time using nano textured walls that mimic layers of body tissue.Link: Electrical engineers develop device to diagnose cancer rapidly at the cellular level, improve early detectionLavatory That Transforms Human Waste into Charcoal, Minerals, And Clean Water:Pakistani researcher at Loughborough University, Sohail Khan designed a lavatory that converts human waste into biological charcoal, which can be burned, and clean water.Link: https://www.ait.ac.at/ueber-das-ait/researcher-profiles/?tx_aitprofile_pi1%5Bname%5D=Khan-SohailThe Ommaya Reservoir:[6]Developed by Ayub K. Ommaya, the Ommaya reservoir is a system used for injecting the medicines into the cerebrospinal fluid for treatment of patients with brain tumors.Pleuroperitoneal Shunt, Endotracheal Tube: [7]A Pakistani American doctor from Peshawar, Pakistan invented the Pleuroperitoneal Shunt and a Special Endotracheal Tube tube to supply oxygen during fiber-optic bronchoscopy in awake patients.Anti-Terrorist Algorithm:In 2014 a Start-up Company by the name of Go-Fig Solutions entered into a competition called Startup Cup Pakistan. They had a simple concept. Eliminate Terrorism! Sounds simple enough. This group of forward thinking Pakistanis had developed an algorithm to detect where the next International terrorist attack would take place. The algorithm was based on complex behavioral patterns and data-mining techniques. It has a success rate of an outstanding 35%. Go-Fig after that, won the World Start-up Cup as well. Since then, the Anti-Terrorism Algorithm has found its way to Silicon Valley, USA.Workable Plastic Magnet:Organic Chemist and Polymer Scientist Naveed Zaidi [8]developed world's first plastic magnet that functions at room temperature. Along with his colleagues Prof. Andy Monkman, Mr. Sean Giblin and Dr. Ian Terry from Department of Physics of Durham University, research took 4 years making him first scientist to develop world's first practical plastic magnet.World’s first Computer Virus (for MS DOS):Amjad Farooq and Basit Farooq made the World’s first Computer Virus also known as ‘Brain’. It was made for MS-DOS operating systems. The virus used to infect the boot sector of storage media formatted with the DOS File Allocation Table (FAT) file system. This virus was suppose to stop and track illegal copies of their disk.Read: Brain (computer virus) - WikipediaThe SMB Probe:As far as dangerous energy sources go, nuclear power has to be one of, if not the most dangerous of all. Since it’s creation, nuclear power has created multiple disasters around the globe, causing many deaths and toxic environments. In an attempt to counteract this problem, Sultan Bashiruddin Mehmood created the SMB Probe which is thought to reduce the chance of a nuclear disaster by a significant amount. The SMB Probe’s job is to keep power plant operations under control and check whether there are any heavy water leakages, thereby reducing the possibility of accidents.Water Generator:Rehan Aziz Farooqi, an engineer from Swat, invented a generator that can not only run on water, but can also allow any engine – whether it’s diesel, gas or petrol – to run on water as well. The generator works by separating the hydrogen and oxygen found in water and converting them into viable energy source. As hydrogen is extremely explosive however, the generator’s inventor wants to ensure there are no dangers before making it available to the public.Community Sanitation:For many third-world countries, the risk of contracting deadly diseases due to poor sanitation is a huge problem. In an attempt to lower these risks, Professor of Sustainable Infrastructure at Loughborough University Sohail Khan invented a lavatory that transforms human waste into minerals that can be used to enrich soil. The facility also processes water to ensure it is clean and consumable.The World’s cheapest Electricity:Shahzaib Hussain, a seventeen-year-old from Quetta, created a device that can be used to reproduce electricity when he was only in Grade 11. The device was first proven to work when Shahzaib managed to light 44 LED lights that would usually require 3 Watts with only 1.5 Watts that were fed through his machine. The device is currently still in it’s prototype stage, but could lead to huge developments in the near future.Pleuroperitoneal Shunt:Syed Amjab Hussein, a doctor from Peshawar, invented the shunt. This surgically implanted catheter transports fluid from a pleural space into the peritoneal cavity where it is absorbed, relieving breathlessness in patients suffering from cancer. It is used to treat malignant pleural effusions, basically a condition where cancer causes fluid to gather in the space between tissues(pleura) lining the lungs and chest, making it hard to breathe. S.A. Hussein’s work has led him to being inducted into the Medical Mission Hall of Fame.25 year old Scientist part in Gravitational Waves:Imran Khan from Quetta has been known to have worked with a team of scientists at Laser Interferometer Gravitational-wave Observatory (LIGO) that recorded gravitational waves for the first time in history.Read: 25-year-old scientist from Quetta took part in discovery of gravitational waves - The Express Tribune3: Politics, Sports, Culture and Art:First Female PM Of an Islamic Country:A bit controversial figure (and for a good reason), but proved that a woman could stand up to a military dictator and be democratically elected to the top leadership position in a conservative Muslim country.ex World No. 1 professional Squash player:Jahangir Khan, During his career he won the World Open six times and the British Open a record ten times. From 1981 to 1986, he was unbeaten in competitive play. During that time he won 555 matches consecutively, the longest winning streak by any athlete in top-level professional sports as recorded by Guinness World Records.He retired as a player in 1993, and has served as President of the World Squash Federation from 2002 to 2008, when he became Emeritus President.Plantation of 1 Billion Tree:Pakistan planted 1 Billion tree in order to fight the climatic challenges. Although there’s a lot of work that needs to be done, but this is a sincere start. I hope other Countries learn from it too.Pakistan help to Algeria:Pakistan was a strong supporter of Algerian independence even before the inception of Algeria.Pakistan was one of the first countries to recognize the “Provisional Government of Republic of Algeria” in exile on 19 September 1958 under the Prime Ministership of Farhat Abbas and had permitted it to open its Mission in Karachi. The Government of Pakistan provided diplomatic passports to prominent members of the Algerian government in exile for their foreign travel, such as Ahmed Ben Bella.Pakistan's firm support to Algerian cause angered France which expected Pakistan to remain aloof of this affairs especially since Pakistan was signatory to SEATO and CENTO.Economic Plan of Seoul:A delegation from South Korea visited Pakistan in 1960, and discussed the economic development plan of that of Karachi for Seoul. Karachi (largest & coastal city of Pakistan) was seen as an economic role model around the world, and there was much praise for the way its economy was progressing. Many countries sought to emulate Pakistan's economic planning strategy and it has been learnt that one of them was South Korea, who replicated the second "Five-Year Plan" and World Financial Center in Seoul was designed and modeled after Karachi. It is also said tht Dr. Mahbub ul Haq a renowned Pakistani econmist and the originator of the Human Development Index (HDI), gave five year plan to South Korea which helped South Korea to progress rapidly.Link: The Seoul TimesPakistan and Armenia Relations:Due to Pakistan’s close relation with Turkey and now Azerbaijan, Pakistan is the only Country that does not recognise Armenia an official state and the very few Countries that recognise Khojlay massacre as Genocide of Azeri people.Pakistan help to Azerbaijan:Pakistan supported the Azerbaijan right to self determination in 1988, and was the first Countries with Romania and Turkey to recognize independent Azerbaijan.Pakistan Army supported Azerbaijan during the Grabakh war and have vowed to continue its support. Pakistan and Azerbaijan are also UnOfficial Allies.Pakistan Rs120 million Aid to West Germany in 1963:The situation is totally opposite now. By 1953 Germany had debts for rehabilitation and reconstruction. Pakistan was a prosperous economy, and for that Germany seek Pakistan’s help.Sagar Veena:Raza Aslam started working on this variation of the Veena, called the Sagar Veena, in 1970. His daughter who helped him test it, is currently the only person who has complete mastery over it. So what is Sagar Veena (Ocean Chordophone)? It’s not any Veena, it is a unique design with an unmatched range of timbres and pitch registers.The sound has an extremely high resonating quality and the instrument provides artists an extensive palette of sounds to evoke human emotion. There is nothing like classical music accompanied by the music from the Sagar Veena!World renowned Islamic Calligraphers:Syed Sadequain Ahmed Naqvi:World renowned Painter and Calligrapher. He was also awarded with "Laureate de Paris" international painter award.Ismail Guljee:Was an award-winning, globally famous Pakistani artist born in Peshawar. He was a qualified engineer in the US and self-taught abstract painter and portrait painter.He is famous for Painting the Saudi, Iran and Afghan Royal families. He received numerous awards from Saudi Arabia for his work on Islamic Calligraphy.According to the Metropolitan Museum of Art "Gulgee's calligraphy paintings are abstract and gestural interpretations of Arabic and Urdu letters. His sweeping layers of paint explore the formal qualities of oil paint while they make references to Islamic design elements."Coke Studio Pakistan:Coke Studio is a Pakistani television series and international music franchise which features live studio-recorded music performances by established and emerging artists.The show is noted for promoting Pakistan's multiculturalism by inviting artists from various regions and of various languages to collaborate musically in live studio recording sessions.After the success of Coke Studio Pakistan, the similar model was adopted by Indian and Arabic Musicians, making of the Coke Studio India and Middle East.Pakistan’s first female Architect:Yasmeen Lari being the first female Architect of Pakistan, worked on Low-income housing; mud and bamboo Construction. For the success of her work, she was awarded membership of Royal Institute of Architects, JAPAN'S FAKUOKA PRIZE, RIBA Architecture Prize, and UNESCO Recognition award.Her low income houses are being built in African Countries, Yemen, Bangladesh, Syria and Iraq. More and more Poor countries are seeking her help.Refugees in Pakistan:Pakistan has been a wonderful host for the Refugees. According to the UNHCR, Pakistan ranks 2nd amongst the countries hosting the highest number of refugees. UN Geneva praises Pakistan for its efforts to relocate displaced refugees, mainly from Afghanistan. Pakistan prevented World Refugee crisis by accepting millions of Afghan refugees.World Giving Index:In 2011, Pakistan was ranked 32nd most Country in World Giving Index. This number has largely declined due to Internal war of terror and debt due to War on Terror. There’s been a slight increase in list since 2016.Please read my answer: Shahnaseeb Babar's answer to What inspires you about Pakistan?‘Joy of Qawwali’:Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan, re-introduced the 600 years old concept of Qawwali. He has won numerous international awards; UNESCO Music Prize, Fukuoka Asian Culture Prizes and UK Asian Music Awards. In Japan he is known as Budai or "Singing Buddha"Declining CO2 Emissions:Pakistans CO2 emissions have been declining and have dropped overall 10% per capita since 2007.Data for Pakistan, India, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Nepal, AfghanistanUSA and China Relations known as ‘Nixon—China talks’[9]:After the Korean war, Pakistan played a vital role in the USA and China relations. Ever since the independence of China, Pakistan and China have been friends. Pakistan being allied with US, and a friend to China, helped opening up diplomatic relations with Countries and settled down some disputes.It was an important strategic and diplomatic overture that marked the culmination of the Nixon administration's rapprochement between the United States and China. The seven-day official visit to three Chinese cities was the first time a US President had visited the PRC; Nixon's arrival in Beijing ended 25 years of no communication, nor diplomatic ties, between the two countries and was the key step in normalizing relations between the U.S. and China.Shia — Sunni Balance:Pakistan has always remained neutral with Iran and Saudi relations. In a way preventing any war between the two Countries considering Iran is the neighbor of Pakistan, and Pakistan an old ally to the USA.Eqbal Ahmad[10]:He was a famous Pakistani political scientist, writer and academic famously known for his anti-war activism support for resistance movements globally. He became a strong activist against the Vietnam War which lead Ahmad being charged as part of the Harrisburg Seven in January 1971, after the trial the jury acquitted Ahmad from all charges in 1972.Ahmad was admired as "an intellectual unintimidated by power or authority". He influenced a few notable Political scientists all around the world which include: Edward Said, Noam Chomsky, Howard Zinn, Ibrahim Abu-Lughod, Richard Falk, Pervez Hoodbhoy, Alexander Cockburn, Edward Said and Arundhati Roy.Sahabzada Yaqub Khan[11] help in ‘Hanafi Seige, 1977[12]’:In 1977, three buildings in Washington DC were seized by 12 armed gunmen. Sahabzada Yaqub Khan who ex Pakistan Army officer, and was as Pakistani ambassador to US who along with the Ambassador of Eqypt and Iran helped with the negotiations.He also arranged the Nixon and Beijing talks.Time magazine noted: "That the toll was not higher was in part a tribute to the primary tactic U.S. law enforcement officials are now using to thwart terrorists—patience. But most of all, perhaps, it was due to the courageous intervention of three Muslim ambassadors, Egypt's Ashraf Ghorbal, Pakistan's Sahabzada Yaqub-Khan and Iran's Ardeshir Zahedi.Islamabad; a role model:In 1960, Pakistan decided to build a new Capitol, Islamabad. The idea was to place this capitol away from the busy metropolitan of Karachi.Islamabad was the first city which was built keeping the needs of a Passive Urban design. It was an ideal example for a sustainable city[13]. The basic rule of thumb was to follow concrete and gardens side—by—side. The more you build, the more Parks/Grounds you leave. Even today this Law is observed by the local administration.4: In Defence:3rd Highest Contribution to UN Peace Keeping:As of the recent report byUN, Pakistan is the 3rd highest in sending Troops for UN Peace Keeping.List of countries by number of UN peacekeepers - WikipediaSoviet Afghan War:Pakistan was the major part of Operation Cyclone[14]. Defense and Intelligence forces of Pakistan allied with USA, it is known to be the biggest Intelligence Cooperation and the longest most extensive covert operation between the spies of any two Countries.Operation Cyclone - WikipediaPakistan Army help to Sri Lanka:Pakistan helped Sri Lanka fight the terrorist group ‘Tamil Tigers’ by providing the Sri Lankan military the necessary training, equipments, and also some Intelligence. On the successful defeat of Tamil Tigers the Sri Lankan president said:"The government and the people of Sri Lanka have considered Pakistan as a true friend of Sri Lanka, which has always stood by it in times of need..."Pakistan help to Bosnia:The Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI) intelligence agency of Pakistan allegedly ran an active military intelligence program during the Bosnian War which started in 1992 lasting until 1995. Allegedly executed and supervised by General Javed Nasir, the program distributed and coordinated the systematic supply of arms to various groups of Bosnian mujahideen during the war.The ISI Bosnian contingent was organized with financial assistance provided by Saudi Arabia.Grand Mosque Seizure of Mecca:The Grand Mosque of Mecca’s seizure occurred during November and December 1979 when extremist insurgents calling for the overthrow of the House of Saud took over Masjid al-Haram in Mecca, Saudi Arabia. The insurgents declared that the Mahdi (the "redeemer of Islam") had arrived in the form of one of their leaders – Mohammed Abdullah al-Qahtani – and called on Muslims to obey him. For nearly two weeks Saudi Special Forces assisted by Pakistani commandos known as Special Services Group (SSG) fought pitched battles to reclaim the compound.50 of the Pakistan’s Elite Commandos or SSG, were sent to Mecca, which carried out the raid in the Holy mosque and successfully eliminated the terrorists.Battle of Mogadishu (1993):On 3 October 1993, Task Force Ranger of the United States of America began an operation that involved traveling from their compound on the city's outskirts to the center with the aim of capturing the leaders of the Habr Gidr clan, led by Mohamed Farrah Aidid. The assault force consisted of nineteen aircraft, twelve vehicles (including nine Humvees), and 160 men. The operation was intended to last no longer than one hour.Shortly after the assault began, Somali militia and armed civilian fighters shot down two UH-60 Black Hawk helicopters. The subsequent operation to secure and recover the crews of both helicopters extended the initial operation into an overnight standoff and daylight rescue operation on 4 October. The battle resulted in 19 deaths, 73 wounded and one helicopter pilot captured among the U.S. raid party and rescue forces. At least one Pakistani soldier and one Malaysian soldier were killed as part of the rescue forces on day two of the battle. American sources estimate between 1,500 and 3,000 Somali casualties, including civilians; the Somali National Alliance (SNA) claims 315 dead, with 812 wounded.Early the next morning, a combined task force was sent to rescue the trapped soldiers. It contained soldiers from the Pakistan Army. "Green Line" dividing the warring factions in North and South Mogadishu, Pakistan Army was stationed at the North side of the line. A contingent of the Pakistan Army was sent to assist US Army.In the end, 1 Pakistani soldier was killed and 2 were wounded.Battle of Mogadishu (1993) - WikipediaWhat was the contribution of Pakistan Army in the Battle of Mogadishu in Somalia?ISI’s External Wing:The Inter Services Intelligence or ISI of Pakistan, is said to have shared intelligence regarding numerous terrorist activities to Heads and Intelligence of foreign countries when there is a suspicion of Terrorist activities.At such occasions; Pakistan’s ISI is said to have collaborated and shared Intel to Mossad of Israel, Intelligence of Saudi Arabia, Turkey, China, Egypt, Libya, to name a very few, and which later saved some precious lives.Please note: It is the nature of such supreme agencies that they do not disclose much information which can put the lives of their field agents at risk.Inter-Services Intelligence - WikipediaDeployments of Pakistan Armed Forces in KSA:Pakistan deployed troops in Saudi Arabia for "security duties" in the wake of the 1979 Iranian Revolution. A protocol was signed between Pakistan and Saudi Arabia on 14 December 1982 following the latter's request for military manpower assistance. Throughout the 1970s and 1980s, up to 15,000 Pakistani troops were stationed in Saudi Arabia, to provide defense to the country. Some of them were part of a brigade combat force positioned near the Israeli-Jordanian-Saudi border.As of the Gulf War in 1991, up to 13,000 troops and 6,000 advisers from Pakistan were posted in Saudi Arabia. Under the 1982 protocol, cooperation was widened to include military training, defense production and sharing, and joint exercises. As an Ally to Saudi Arabia, and USA, the presence of Pakistan Army in the Saudi Arabia was very much appreciated. Mainly air defense division was stationed in Saudi Arabia, considering if any Iraqi jets try to raid Saudi cities. It is also said to be the numbers might be around 65,000.Contingents of the Pakistani Armed Forces have frequently participated in joint military exercises inside Saudi Arabia in conjunction with the Saudi Armed Forces. Pakistani military presence in the kingdom continues presently, providing Riyadh support against internal and external regional threats.Pakistan Army in Kuwait as a Member of Coalition forces:Defence cooperation between Pakistan and Kuwait dates back to the late 1960s. Officers from the Pakistani army, air force and navy have been deployed in Kuwait to provide training and instruction to Kuwaiti forces. In 1990, up to 700 personnel of the Pakistan Armed Forces were stationed in Kuwait. Pakistani officers served in technical and advisory roles in the Kuwaiti Army during the Gulf War. Pakistan was a member of the coalition forces against the 1990 invasion of Kuwait, and Pakistani personnel took part in UN mine hunting operations in Kuwait.Pakistan Army help to Afghanistan in Afghan-Soviet War[15]:Prior to Arming and training of the Afghan Mujahideen, Pakistan Army was also directly involved and assisted in fighting the Soviet Army with Afghan Mujahideen.One such is the Battle of Hill 3234[16], where Soviets reported they were fighting Pakistan Army’s SSG despised as Afghan Mujahideen. In assistance of the Mujahideen, Pakistan Air Force lost one F—16.Foreign Cadet Training by Pakistan Army:Allied Cadets of Pakistan Army include cadets from Afghanistan, Albania, Azerbaijan, Bahrain, Oman, Bangladesh, Bosnia, Brunei, Srilanka, Sudan, UAE, Ghana, Iraq, Malaysia, Saudi Arabia, Turkmenistan, Nigeria, and Zambia. They are trained in Pakistan Military Academy[17].Pakistan Navy Mission ‘Umeed e Nuh’[18]:Umeed e Nuh was a humanitarian and rescue mission in order to secure the merchant vessel MV Suez.Upon receiving request for help by the commanding officer Captain Syed Wasi Hassan, the Pakistan Navy dispatched its combatant frigates and naval helicopters to escort the merchant vessel to safety. On Monday, 13 June 2011, naval frigate PNS Babur successfully evacuated and later shifted the crew members to safety on F-251 PNS Zulfiqar. The crew members, consisting of 4 Pakistanis, 6 Indians, 11 Egyptians and one Sri Lankan, were successfully brought to land at the port city of Karachi.Pakistan Army help to Iraq fighting ISIS:Pakistan quietly helped Iraq in its fight against ISIS militias, which reached a major milestone this week with the liberation of Mosul from the terrorist group’s control after three years of occupation.Talking about Pakistan’s help, besides getting intelligence on terrorists, Iraq also received arms and ammunition and military medical assistance from Pakistan.Some of the Iraqi pilots, who took part in action against the ISIS, had been trained in Pakistan.Pakistan helped Iraq in defeating ISIS, says Iraqi envoyFootnotes[1] Abdus Salam - Wikipedia[2] Atta-ur-Rahman (chemist) - Wikipedia[3] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pervez_Hoodbhoy[4] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pervez_Hoodbhoy[5] Mahbub ul Haq - Wikipedia[6] Ommaya reservoir - Wikipedia[7] Sayed Amjad Hussain - Wikipedia[8] Plastic magnet - Wikipedia[9] Richard Nixon's 1972 visit to China - Wikipedia[10] Eqbal Ahmad - Wikipedia[11] Sahabzada Yaqub Khan - Wikipedia[12] 1977 Hanafi Siege - Wikipedia[13] Islamabad, A Town Planning Example For A Sustainable City[14] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Cyclone[15] Active Pakistani involvement during Soviet invasion of Afghanistan[16] Battle for Hill 3234 - Wikipedia[17] https://www.pakistanarmy.gov.pk/UserFiles/File/New%20PDF/PMA.pdf[18] Operation Umeed-e-Nuh - Wikipedia

There is not much of a health plan that can become a replacement for the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act of 2010, AKA Obamacare. It is likely to leave with no health care plan, just a patchwork of some Executive Orders that may still be applicable without the supporting PPACA in place, and lot of directives that have little force of law.The PPACA has provision for adults up to 26 years to be included on a parent’s healthcare plan, there is protection from being refused claims based on pre-existing conditions, there is a lifetime and annual maximum on out-of-pocket expenses, there are some states that have availed themselves to expand access to Medicare, there are tax rebate subsidies to support low-paid workers access to commercial and comprehensive health insurance plans if an employer does not offer anything, and some standards for Health Insurers and Providers. Nothing negative in the package, except that it is complex. There are 906 pages of detailed provisions across a range of Health Care issues. https://www.congress.gov/111/plaws/publ148/PLAW-111publ148.pdfTrump’s healthcare is a an ‘ask’ for Pharmaceutical Companies to lower drug prices, make available cheap and cut-down Insurance Plans, provide some guarantees for Medicaid recipients with a lowest -price drug option, and removed the individual mandate tax penalty, weakening the participation in health care insurance. What is called a ‘Plan’ is just a list of initiatives that do not all have the weight and validity as a provision in a law, and will have no obligation to be followed - in this 8-page summary: https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/FR-2020-10-01/pdf/2020-21914.pdfAs a plan, it is bankrupt, like its author. It merely summarizes positions, and does not wrap up an approach to Healthcare for all Americans, except for the assumption that if you are poor, you can die, and if you are rich, and might need to have coverage, their are a range of options now for you. If you are old, there is some Federal Support from what you have already paid for in Medicaid contributions, but do not hold out that it would last if you are not already on it now. Better that you read and understand that the emperor has no clothes, hence he stormed out of the 60 minutes meeting with Leslie Stahl as he does not understand what a Political. Government, or Legislative plan should entail.An America-First Healthcare PlanSection 1. Purpose. Since January 20, 2017, my Administration has beencommitted to the goal of bringing great healthcare to the American peopleand putting patients first. To that end, my Administration has taken monumental steps to improve the efficiency and quality of healthcare in theUnited States.(a) My Administration has been committed to restoring choice and controlto the American patient.On December 22, 2017, I signed into law the repeal of the burdensomeindividual-mandate penalty, liberating millions of low-income Americansfrom a tax that penalized them for not purchasing health-insurance coveragethey did not want or could not afford. Through Executive Order 13813of October 12, 2017 (Promoting Healthcare Choice and Competition Acrossthe United States), my Administration has expanded coverage options formillions of Americans in several ways. My Administration increased theavailability of renewable short-term, limited-duration healthcare plans, providing options that are up to 60 percent cheaper than the least expensivealternatives under the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (ACA)and are projected to cover 500,000 individuals who would otherwise beuninsured. My Administration expanded health reimbursement arrangements,which have been projected by the Department of the Treasury to reach800,000 businesses and over 11 million employees and to expand coverageto more than 800,000 individuals who would otherwise be uninsured. MyAdministration also issued a rule to increase the availability of associationhealth plans for small businesses, which, upon implementation of the rule,are projected to cover up to 400,000 previously uninsured individuals foron average 30 percent less cost.As set forth in the Economic Report of the President (February 2020), myAdministration’s expansion of health savings accounts will further helpmillions of Americans pay for health expenditures by allowing them tosave more of their own money free from Federal taxation, and will especiallyhelp Americans with chronic conditions who now have more flexibilityto enroll in plans that fit their complicated care needs and can be pairedwith a tax-advantaged account.At the beginning of the current COVID–19 pandemic, my Administrationacted to dramatically increase the accessibility and availability of telehealthservices for Medicare beneficiaries, enabling millions of individuals to usethese services. Pursuant to Executive Order 13941 of August 3, 2020 (Improving Rural Health and Telehealth Access), the Secretary of Health and HumanServices will make permanent many of the new policies that improve theaccessibility and availability of telehealth services. In addition, pursuantto that order, the Secretary of Health and Human Services and the Secretaryof Agriculture will develop and implement a strategy to improve the physicaland communications healthcare infrastructure available to rural Americans.Through our State Relief and Empowerment Waivers, my Administrationhas given States additional health-insurance flexibility, which has expandedhealth-insurance coverage options for consumers and lowered costs for patients. These waivers allow States to move away from the ACA’s rigidVerDate Sep<11>2014 21:36 Sep 30, 2020 Jkt 253001 PO 00000 Frm 00003 Fmt 4705 Sfmt 4790 E:\FR\FM\01OCE0.SGM 01OCE0jbell on DSKJLSW7X2PROD with EXECORD62180 Federal Register / Vol. 85, No. 191 / Thursday, October 1, 2020 / Presidential Documentsstructure and are estimated to have lowered premiums by approximately11 percent in Wisconsin, 20 percent in Minnesota, and 43 percent in Maryland. Due to actions my Administration took, like the State Relief andEmpowerment Waivers, after years of dwindling choices and escalatingprices, plan options for consumers increased and for 2019, for the firsttime ever, benchmark premiums actually decreased on Get 2020 health coverage. Health Insurance Marketplace. For2020, the average benchmark premium dropped by nearly 4 percent.After the prior Administration spent tens of billions of dollars creatingelectronic health records systems unable to accurately or effectively recordand communicate patient data, my Administration has paved the way fora new wave of innovation to allow patients to safely send their own medicalrecords to care providers of their choosing. My Patients over Paperworkinitiative has cut red tape for doctors and nurses so they can spend moretime with their patients, which the Centers for Medicare and MedicaidServices (CMS) within the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS)has estimated to save over 40 million hours of wasted time for providersand suppliers between 2017 and 2021.(b) My Administration has been ceaseless in its efforts to lower coststo make healthcare more affordable for American patients.Under my tenure, prescription drugs saw their largest annual price decreasein nearly half a century. For three consecutive years, we have approveda record number of generic drugs. The Council of Economic Advisers hasestimated that these approvals saved patients $26 billion in the first 18months of my Administration alone. As part of the Further ConsolidatedAppropriations Act, 2020, I signed into law the Creating and RestoringEqual Access to Equivalent Samples Act, which will pave the way foreven more generic drugs and is projected to save taxpayers $3.3 billionfrom 2019 to 2029.CMS has acted to offer Medicare beneficiaries prescription drug plans withthe option of insulin capped at $35 in out-of-pocket expenses for a 30-day supply. We are also reducing Government payments to overcharginghospitals participating in the 340B Drug Pricing Program by instead payingrates that more accurately reflect the hospitals’ acquisition costs, whichCMS estimated would save Medicare beneficiaries $320 million on copayments for drugs alone.As a result of Executive Order 13937 of July 24, 2020 (Access to AffordableLife-Saving Medications), low-income Americans who receive care from afederally qualified health center will have access to insulin and injectableepinephrine at prices lower than ever before. Under Executive Order 13938of July 24, 2020 (Increasing Drug Importation to Lower Prices for AmericanPatients), my Administration will be the first to complete a rulemakingto authorize the safe importation of certain lower-cost prescription drugsfrom Canada. Pursuant to Executive Order 13939 of July 24, 2020 (LoweringPrices for Patients by Eliminating Kickbacks to Middlemen), my Administration is taking action to eliminate wasteful payments to middlemen by passingdrug discounts through to patients at the pharmacy counter without increasing premiums for beneficiaries or cost to Federal taxpayers. And my Administration is taking action to ensure that Medicare patients receive the lowestprice that drug companies offer comparable foreign nations through ExecutiveOrder 13948 of September 13, 2020 (Lowering Drug Prices by Putting AmericaFirst).As part of the Further Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2020, I also signedinto law the repeal of the medical device tax, the annual fee on healthinsurance providers, and the ‘‘Cadillac’’ tax on certain employer-sponsoredhealth insurance, which threatened to dramatically increase the cost ofhealthcare for working families.My Administration is transforming the black-box hospital and insurancepricing systems to be transparent about price and quality. Regardless ofhealth-insurance coverage, two-thirds of adults in America still worry aboutthe threat of unexpected medical bills. This fear is the result of a systemVerDate Sep<11>2014 21:36 Sep 30, 2020 Jkt 253001 PO 00000 Frm 00004 Fmt 4705 Sfmt 4790 E:\FR\FM\01OCE0.SGM 01OCE0jbell on DSKJLSW7X2PROD with EXECORDFederal Register / Vol. 85, No. 191 / Thursday, October 1, 2020 / Presidential Documents 62181under which individuals and employers are unable to see how insurancecompanies, pharmacy benefit managers, insurance brokers, and providersare or will be paid. One major culprit is the practice of ‘‘surprise billing,’’in which a patient receives unexpected bills at highly inflated prices fromproviders who are not part of the patient’s insurance network, even ifthe patient was treated at a hospital that was part of the patient’s network.Patients can receive these bills despite having no opportunity to selectaround an out-of-network provider in advance.On May 9, 2019, I announced four principles to guide congressional effortsto prohibit exorbitant bills resulting from patients’ accidentally or unknowingly receiving services from out-of-network physicians. Unfortunately, theCongress has failed to act, and patients remain vulnerable to surprise billing.In the absence of congressional action, my Administration has already takenstrong and decisive action to make healthcare prices more transparent. OnJune 24, 2019, I signed Executive Order 13877 (Improving Price and QualityTransparency in American Healthcare to Put Patients First), directing certainagencies—for the first time ever—to make sure patients have access to meaningful price and quality information prior to the delivery of care. BeginningJanuary 1, 2021, hospitals will be required to publish their real price forevery service, and publicly display in a consumer-friendly, easy-to-understand format the prices of at least 300 different common services that areable to be shopped for in advance.We have also taken some concrete steps to eliminate surprise out-of-networkbills. For example, on April 10, 2020, my Administration required providersto certify, as a condition of receiving supplemental COVID–19 funding,that they would not seek to collect out-of-pocket expenses from a patientfor treatment related to COVID–19 in an amount greater than what thepatient would have otherwise been required to pay for care by an innetwork provider. These initiatives have made important progress, althoughadditional efforts are necessary.Not all hospitals allow for surprise bills. But many do. Unfortunately, surprisebilling has become sufficiently pervasive that the fear of receiving a surprisebill may dissuade patients from seeking appropriate care. And researchsuggests a correlation between hospitals that frequently allow surprise billingand increases in hospital admissions and imaging procedures, putting patients at risk of receiving unnecessary services, which can lead to physicalharm and threatens the long-term financial sustainability of Medicare.Efforts to limit surprise billing and increase the number of providers participating in the same insurance network as the hospital in which they workwould correspondingly streamline the ability of patients to receive careand reduce time spent on billing disputes.On May 15, 2020, HHS released the Health Quality Roadmap to empowerpatients to make fully informed decisions about their healthcare by facilitating the availability of appropriate and meaningful price and quality information. These transformative actions will arm patients with the tools tobe active and effective shoppers for healthcare services, enabling them toidentify high-value providers and services, and ultimately place downwardpressure on prices.My Administration has cracked down on waste, fraud, and abuse that directvaluable taxpayer resources away from those who need them most. MyAdministration implemented a ‘‘site neutral’’ payment system between hospital outpatient departments and physicians’ offices, to ensure Medicarebeneficiaries are charged the same price for the same service regardlessof where it takes place, which CMS estimates will save them approximately$160 million in co-payments for 2020. We also changed the rules to enableGovernment watchdogs to proactively identify and stop perpetrators of fraudbefore money goes out the door.(c) My Administration has been dedicated to providing better care forall Americans.VerDate Sep<11>2014 21:36 Sep 30, 2020 Jkt 253001 PO 00000 Frm 00005 Fmt 4705 Sfmt 4790 E:\FR\FM\01OCE0.SGM 01OCE0jbell on DSKJLSW7X2PROD with EXECORD62182 Federal Register / Vol. 85, No. 191 / Thursday, October 1, 2020 / Presidential DocumentsThis includes a steadfast commitment to always protecting individuals withpre-existing conditions and ensuring they have access to the high-qualityhealthcare they deserve. No American should have to risk going withouthealth insurance based on a health history that he or she cannot change.In an attempt to justify the ACA, the previous Administration claimedthat, absent action by the Congress, up to 129 million (later updated to133 million) non-elderly people with what it described as pre-existing conditions were in danger of being denied health-insurance coverage. Accordingto the previous Administration, however, only 2.7 percent of such individualsactually gained access to health insurance through the ACA, given existinglaws and programs already in place to cover them. For example, the HealthInsurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 has long protectedindividuals with pre-existing conditions, including individuals covered bygroup health plans and individuals who had such coverage but lost it.The ACA produced multiple other failures. The average insurance premiumin the individual market more than doubled from 2013 to 2017, and thosewho have not received generous Federal subsidies have struggled to maintaincoverage. For those who have managed to maintain coverage, many haveexperienced a substantial rise in deductibles, limited choice of insurers,and limited provider networks that exclude their doctors and the facilitiesbest suited to care for them.Additionally, approximately 30 million Americans remain uninsured, notwithstanding the previous Administration’s promises that the ACA wouldaddress this intractable problem. On top of these disappointing results,Federal taxpayers and, unfortunately, future generations of American workers,have been left with an enormous bill. The ACA’s Medicaid expansion andsubsidies for the individual market are projected by the Congressional BudgetOffice to cost more than $1.8 trillion over the next decade.The ACA is neither the best nor the only way to ensure that Americanswho suffer from pre-existing conditions have access to health-insurancecoverage. I have agreed with the States challenging the ACA, who havewon in the Federal district court and court of appeals, that the ACA, asamended, exceeds the power of the Congress. The ACA was flawed fromits inception and should be struck down. However, access to health insurancedespite underlying health conditions should be maintained, even if theSupreme Court invalidates the unconstitutional, and largely harmful, ACA.My Administration has always been committed to ensuring that patientswith pre-existing conditions can obtain affordable healthcare, to loweringhealthcare costs, to improving quality of care, and to enabling individualsto choose the healthcare that meets their needs. For example, when theCOVID–19 pandemic hit, my Administration implemented a program toprovide any individual without health-insurance coverage access to necessaryCOVID–19-related testing and treatment.My commitment to improving care across our country expands vastly beyondthe rules governing health insurance. On July 10, 2019, I signed ExecutiveOrder 13879 (Advancing American Kidney Health) to improve care for thehundreds of thousands of Americans suffering from end-stage renal disease.Pursuant to that order, my Administration launched a program to encouragehome dialysis and promote transplants for patients, and expects to enrollapproximately 120,000 Medicare beneficiaries with end-stage renal diseasein the program. We also have removed financial barriers to living organdonation by adding additional financial support for living donors, suchas by reimbursing expenses for lost wages, child care, and elder care. HHS,together with the American Society of Nephrology, issued two phases ofawards through KidneyX’s Redesign Dialysis Price Competition to worktoward the creation of an artificial kidney.My Administration has taken unprecedented action to improve the qualityof and access to care for individuals with HIV, as part of our goal ofending the epidemic of HIV in the United States by 2030. HHS has awardedVerDate Sep<11>2014 21:36 Sep 30, 2020 Jkt 253001 PO 00000 Frm 00006 Fmt 4705 Sfmt 4790 E:\FR\FM\01OCE0.SGM 01OCE0jbell on DSKJLSW7X2PROD with EXECORDFederal Register / Vol. 85, No. 191 / Thursday, October 1, 2020 / Presidential Documents 62183at least $226 million to expand access to HIV care, treatment, medication,and prevention services, focused on 48 counties, Washington, DC, and SanJuan, Puerto Rico, where more than 50 percent of new HIV diagnoses occurredin 2016 and 2017, as well as seven States with a substantial rural HIVrate. We secured a historic donation of a groundbreaking HIV preventivemedication that is available at no cost to eligible patients.My Administration has started a transformation in healthcare in rural America. This includes a new effort, pursuant to my directive in Executive Order13941, to support small hospitals and health clinics in rural communitiesin transitioning from volume-based Medicare and Medicaid reimbursement,which has failed rural communities that struggle with a lack of patientvolume, and toward value-based payment mechanisms that are tailored tomeet the needs of their communities. We updated Medicare payment policiesto address a problem in the program’s payment calculation that has historically disadvantaged rural hospitals, and released a Rural Action Plan toincorporate recommendations from experts and leaders across the FederalGovernment. We have also dedicated a special focus on improving careoffered through the Indian Health Service (IHS) within HHS, including bycreating the Office of Quality, implementing an increase in annual fundingfor IHS by $243 million from 2019 to 2020, and expanding nationwideIHS’s successful Alaska Community Health Aide Program.My Administration has additionally demonstrated an incredible dedicationto protecting and improving care for those most in need, including seniorcitizens, those with substance use disorders, and those to whom our Nationowes the greatest debt: our veterans.I have protected the viability of the Medicare program. For example, onFebruary 9, 2018, I signed into law the repeal of the Independent PaymentAdvisory Board, which would have been a group of unelected bureaucratscreated by the ACA, designed to be insulated from the will of America’selected leaders for the purpose of cutting the spending of this importantprogram. On October 3, 2019, I signed Executive Order 13890 (Protectingand Improving Medicare for Our Nation’s Seniors), to modernize the Medicareprogram and continue its viability. According to CMS estimates, seniorshave saved $2.65 billion in lower Medicare premiums under my Administration while benefiting from more choices. For example, the average monthlyMedicare Advantage premium has declined an estimated 28 percent since2017, and Medicare Advantage has included about 1,200 more plan optionssince 2018. New Medicare Advantage supplemental benefits have helpedseniors stay safe in their homes, improved respite care for caregivers, andprovided transportation, more in-home support services and assistance, andnon-opioid pain management alternatives like therapeutic massages. MedicarePart D premiums are at their lowest level in their history, with the averagebasic premium declining 13.5 percent since 2016.My Administration has directed unprecedented attention on the substanceuse disorder epidemic, with a focus on reducing overdose deaths fromprescription opioids and the deadly synthetic opioid fentanyl. On October24, 2018, I signed the Substance Use-Disorder Prevention that PromotesOpioid Recovery and Treatment for Patients and Communities Act, enablingthe expenditure of billions of dollars of funding for important programsto support prevention and recovery. My Administration has provided approximately $22.5 billion from 2017 to 2020 to address the opioid crisisand improve access to prevention, treatment, and recovery services. Wesaw a 34 percent decrease in total opioids dispensed monthly by pharmaciesbetween 2017 and 2019, an approximate increase of 64 percent in thenumber of Americans who receive medication-assisted treatment for opioiduse disorder since 2016, and a 484 percent increase in naloxone prescriptionssince 2017. Data show that drug overdose deaths fell nationwide for thefirst time in decades between 2017 and 2018, with many of the hardesthit States leading the way.VerDate Sep<11>2014 21:36 Sep 30, 2020 Jkt 253001 PO 00000 Frm 00007 Fmt 4705 Sfmt 4790 E:\FR\FM\01OCE0.SGM 01OCE0jbell on DSKJLSW7X2PROD with EXECORD62184 Federal Register / Vol. 85, No. 191 / Thursday, October 1, 2020 / Presidential DocumentsImproving care for our Nation’s veterans has been a priority since the beginning of my Administration. On June 6, 2018, I signed the VA MaintainingInternal Systems and Strengthening Integrated Outside Networks (MISSION)Act of 2018, which authorized billions of dollars to improve options forveterans to receive care outside of Department of Veterans Affairs (VA)healthcare providers. Since taking effect, the VA estimates that more than2.4 million veterans have benefited from more than 6.5 million referralsto the 725,000 private healthcare providers with which the VA is nowworking. On June 23, 2017, I signed the Department of Veterans AffairsAccountability and Whistleblower Protection Act of 2017 to hold our civilservants accountable for maintaining the best quality of care possible forour Nation’s veterans by giving the Secretary of Veterans Affairs more powerto discipline employees and shorten an appeals process that can last years.On March 5, 2019, I signed Executive Order 13861 (National Roadmapto Empower Veterans and End Suicide) to ensure that the Federal Governmentleads a collective effort to prevent suicide among our veterans.I have used scientific research to focus on areas most pressing for thehealth of Americans. On September 19, 2019, I signed Executive Order13887 (Modernizing Influenza Vaccines in the United States to PromoteNational Security and Public Health), recognizing the threat that pandemicinfluenza continues to represent and putting forward a plan to preparefor future influenza pandemics. To modernize influenza vaccines and promote national security and public health, HHS issued a 6-year, $226 millioncontract to retain and increase capacity to produce recombinant influenzavaccine domestically, and the National Institute of Allergy and InfectiousDiseases, part of the National Institutes of Health within HHS, initiatedthe Collaborative Influenza Vaccine Innovation Centers program.Investments my Administration has made in scientific research will helptackle some of our most pressing medical challenges and pay dividendsfor generations to come. This includes working to increase funding forAlzheimer’s disease research by billions of dollars since 2017 and a planto invest more than $500 million over the next decade to improve pediatriccancer research. On December 18, 2018, I signed the Sickle Cell Diseaseand Other Heritable Blood Disorders Research, Surveillance, Prevention,and Treatment Act of 2018 to provide support for research into sicklecell disease, which disproportionately impacts African Americans and Hispanics, and to authorize programs relating to sickle cell disease surveillance,prevention, and treatment.On May 30, 2018, I signed the Trickett Wendler, Frank Mongiello, JordanMcLinn, and Matthew Bellina Right to Try Act of 2017, which gives terminally ill patients the right to access certain treatments without being blockedby onerous Federal regulations.In response to the COVID–19 pandemic, my Administration launched Operation Warp Speed, a groundbreaking effort of the Federal Government toengage with the private sector to quickly develop and deliver safe andeffective vaccines, therapeutics, and diagnostics for COVID–19. On August6, 2020, I signed Executive Order 13944 (Combating Public Health Emergencies and Strengthening National Security by Ensuring Essential Medicines,Medical Countermeasures, and Critical Inputs Are Made in the United States),to protect Americans through reduced dependence on foreign manufacturersfor essential medicines and other items and to strengthen the Nation’s PublicHealth Industrial Base.Taken together, these extraordinary reforms constitute an ongoing effort toimprove American healthcare by putting patients first and delivering continuous innovation. And this effort will continue to succeed because of myAdministration’s commitment to delivering great healthcare with morechoices, better care, and lower costs for all Americans.Sec. 2. Policy. It has been and will continue to be the policy of the UnitedStates to give Americans seeking healthcare more choice, lower costs, andVerDate Sep<11>2014 21:36 Sep 30, 2020 Jkt 253001 PO 00000 Frm 00008 Fmt 4705 Sfmt 4790 E:\FR\FM\01OCE0.SGM 01OCE0jbell on DSKJLSW7X2PROD with EXECORDFederal Register / Vol. 85, No. 191 / Thursday, October 1, 2020 / Presidential Documents 62185better care and to ensure that Americans with pre-existing conditions canobtain the insurance of their choice at affordable rates.Sec. 3. Giving Americans More Choice in Healthcare. The Secretary of theTreasury, the Secretary of Labor, and the Secretary of Health and HumanServices shall maintain and build upon existing actions to expand accessto and options for affordable healthcare.Sec. 4. Lowering Healthcare Costs for Americans. (a) The Secretary of Healthand Human Services, in coordination with the Commissioner of Food andDrugs, shall maintain and build upon existing actions to expand accessto affordable medicines, including accelerating the approvals of new genericand biosimilar drugs and facilitating the safe importation of affordable prescription drugs from abroad.(b) The Secretary of the Treasury, the Secretary of Labor, and the Secretaryof Health and Human Services shall maintain and build upon existing actionsto ensure consumers have access to meaningful price and quality informationprior to the delivery of care.(i) Recognizing that both chambers of the Congress have made substantialprogress towards a solution to end surprise billing, the Secretary of Healthand Human Services shall work with the Congress to reach a legislativesolution by December 31, 2020.(ii) In the event a legislative solution is not reached by December 31,2020, the Secretary of Health and Human Services shall take administrativeaction to prevent a patient from receiving a bill for out-of-pocket expensesthat the patient could not have reasonably foreseen.(iii) Within 180 days of the date of this order, the Secretary of Healthand Human Services shall update the Medicare.gov: the official U.S. government site for Medicare Hospital Comparewebsite to inform beneficiaries of hospital billing quality, including:(A) whether the hospital is in compliance with the Hospital Price Transparency Final Rule, as amended (84 Fed. Reg. 65524), effective January1, 2021;(B) whether, upon discharge, the hospital provides patients with a receiptthat includes a list of itemized services received during a hospital stay;and(C) how often the hospital pursues legal action against patients, includingto garnish wages, to place a lien on a patient’s home, or to withdrawmoney from a patient’s income tax refund.(c) The Secretary of Health and Human Services, in coordination withthe Administrator of CMS, shall maintain and build upon existing actionsto reduce waste, fraud, and abuse in the healthcare system.Sec. 5. Providing Better Care to Americans. (a) The Secretary of Healthand Human Services and the Secretary of Veterans Affairs shall maintainand build upon existing actions to improve quality in the delivery of carefor veterans.(b) The Secretary of Health and Human Services shall continue to promotemedical innovations to find novel and improved treatments for COVID–19, Alzheimer’s disease, sickle cell disease, pediatric cancer, and other conditions threatening the well-being of Americans.Sec. 6. General Provisions. (a) Nothing in this order shall be construedto impair or otherwise affect:(i) the authority granted by law to an executive department or agency,or the head thereof; or(ii) the functions of the Director of the Office of Management and Budgetrelating to budgetary, administrative, or legislative proposals.(b) This order shall be implemented consistent with applicable law andsubject to the availability of appropriations.VerDate Sep<11>2014 21:36 Sep 30, 2020 Jkt 253001 PO 00000 Frm 00009 Fmt 4705 Sfmt 4790 E:\FR\FM\01OCE0.SGM 01OCE0jbell on DSKJLSW7X2PROD with EXECORD62186 Federal Register / Vol. 85, No. 191 / Thursday, October 1, 2020 / Presidential Documents(c) This order is not intended to, and does not, create any right or benefit,substantive or procedural, enforceable at law or in equity by any partyagainst the United States, its departments, agencies, or entities, its officers,employees, or agents, or any other person.