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Firstly, I guess I want to start off by saying that, I think it’s kind of unfortunate that American loyalists aren’t exactly covered adequately in American history, whenever it’s taught. And what little content about them there is on the American educational curriculum tends to be woefully one sided, incomplete, unfair, or even disparaging.Walk into any American middle or high school history classroom and there will be a lot of talk about the USA’s founding fathers, their activities, their motivations, and the war of independence they so valiantly fought for. Which is all well and good. Except that this approach risks giving an arguably restrictive, biased, and incomplete view of actual history. Which is a shame, given that approximately 1 out of every 3 colonists remained loyal to the crown in 1775. And yet most American history classes barely even cover (or attempt to understand) such a large section of the population of the colonies at the time.It’s just all about how Star-Spangled awesome everyone in this room was.Seriously, sometimes the content in subjects like American History pertaining to the Revolution and War of Independence (as taught in schools in the US). Can seem like they come straight out of China’s own patriotic education curriculum about our own civil war(s) and revolution(s).Additionally, it probably doesn’t help that American pop culture on loyalists isn’t exactly accurate or balanced either.You either get a turncoat like Benedict Arnold whose name is basically synonymous with treason.Or that one dude in Mel Gibson’s Patriot who is lazily depicted as nothing other than a gullible church-burning fascist sell-out, who’s busy galavanting around terrorising his fellow colonists, and doing war crimes and grunt work for his British mastersThe movie literally lends more time to developing the character of the French officer who joins with Mel Gibson’s militia than the ONE sole loyalist depicted in the entire film.And the result of this approach is made evident in this very question I aim to answer. The OP, who I assume is an American is quite naturally puzzled if this is all he has been taught.Well first off, who were the American Loyalists, and what is ‘Loyalism’ anyway?Loyalists were merely those amongst the colonists who didn’t want to seek independence from the British Crown, recognised King George III as their sovereign monarch, and the legitimate head of state in the colonies. And also those that wished to preserve (what they perceived as) the age-old institutional ties of political friendship, amity, language, trade, commerce, religion, and kindred blood that had existed between the United Kingdom and her colonists in the new world for centuries. Ties and institutions which they felt were under threat by the rebels and revolutionaries of the colonies.The modern American psyche makes the mistake of viewing the Loyalist perspective as alien, strange, foreign, and even traitorous. When in reality, it was the patriot rebels that were the real social mavericks and pariahs. We’re talking about men who were charged with treason and rebellion against the established order. After all, overthrowing a king and establishing an independent republic was truly an exciting and new revolutionary idea at the time. Loyalism was the main paradigm, and the default of quite a large number of colonists both during and prior to the War of Independence.Diverse Loyalist views on “Taxation Without Representation”With regards to Loyalist positions on “taxation without representation”, there was a rather diverse spectrum. For example, some loyalists were merely content with paying the new taxes levied by the crown (most of which were not enforced anyway — The infamous tax on tea was the ONLY one the British authorities really intended to implement).Other loyalists might have simply accepted the British government’s retort to rebel cries of “No taxation without representation” through the rather dubious ‘virtual representation’ argument. Which states that, because members of parliament represent the collective interests of the subjects of the nation of Great Britain and her empire. And that American colonists were all British subjects anyway, that therefore means that they were “technically already represented in Parliament”. Which is basically fallacious sophistry if we look at such reasoning by the modern democratic conventions of our day, but ultimately a legitimate (but not necessarily uncontroversial) defence at the time. Nonetheless, many loyalists probably bought into it, and either willingly or begrudgingly handed over their dues.However, there were also other loyalists who were against taxation without representation. These loyalists rejected the official British justification of “virtual representation” and the new taxes, and yet still remained loyal to the crown. For example, Maryland-born American loyalist, lawyer, and politician, Daniel Dulany the Younger published a pamphlet (Considerations on the Propriety of Imposing Taxes in the British Colonies) expressing his disagreement with the taxes and the inadequacies of the current parliamentary system, which he also felt denied practical representation to the colonies.“…The advocates for the Stamp Act admit, in express terms, that “the colonies do not choose members of Parliament,” but they assert that “the colonies are virtually represented in the same manner with the non-electors resident in Great-Britain…“…Now, this argument, which is all that their invention hath been able to supply, is totally defective; for, it consists of facts not true, and of conclusions inadmissible…”— Considerations on the Propriety of Imposing Taxes in the British Colonies, circa. 1765Though his literary attack on the British position was damning, and though he had voiced his opposition to the proposed taxes. Given that they had been imposed without colonial representation in parliament. Dulany, nonetheless discouraged revolt and rebellion against the crown. Instead advocating for a more restrained non-violent approach, where concerned and agitated colonists would continue to lobby their greivances, and seek out allies/advocates in the British parliament until a satisfactory settlement was reached. Which was a completely viable option too. Given that in spite of, vested British parliamentary interests to deny the colonists practical representation. There were nearly just as many British parliamentarians sympathetic to the protests of the colonists (most notably William Pitt, 1st Earl of Chatham), as there were those who remained dismissive to them.“There may be a time when redress may not be obtained. Till then, I shall recommend a legal, orderly, and prudent resentment…— Considerations on the Propriety of Imposing Taxes in the British Colonies, circa. 1765Even as tempers flared and tensions grew ever more acute, Dulany retained his loyalty to both King and country. Refusing to side with the rebel cause when armed conflict finally broke out. It is doubtless, that there were others who thought and acted in the same vein.The diversity of American Loyalism and LoyalistsEven beyond the diversity of Loyalist opinions on the issue of taxation without representation, loyalists also held diverse motives in general for retaining their loyalties to the crown.Some simply had stronger familial and commercial ties to Britain and the rest of the empire.Others simply feared change due to politically conservative leanings and sensibilities.Others were sticklers for law and discipline, believing parliament’s rulings to be legitimate, and despising the potential for rebel mob rule, violence, and unrest.And others like Dulany simply wished to achieve a non-violent resolution, without the interference of rebel agitation or armed rebellion.So in sum, you had a huge bulk of the primarily wealthy, well-established, religiously Anglican, landed, well-educated, and conservative white population who remained loyal.People like…William Franklin - 13th and last Colonial Governor of New Jersey. And of course, the illegitimate loyalist son of American founding father, Benjamin “look at my kite and key” Franklin. Differing radically from his father’s patriot politics. William adopted an intensely anglophile outlook on American affairs, with his personal Anglican-Christian faith doing much to reinforce such leanings. After the British capitulation at Yorktown, he left for Britain never to return to America again.James De Lancey - a Loyalist military commander from a well-off and established family of colonial administrators in New York. De Lancey's Brigade, a provincial loyalist and pro-British military unit (aka. the “Cowboys”) struck fear into fighting rebel “Patriot” men in and around New York. After Yorktown, De Lancey was compensated by the British government for his service and given land in Nova Scotia, Canada.Elizabeth Lichtenstein Johnston - whose book (Recollections of a Georgia Loyalist) espoused Loyalist views, as she recounted the events and happenings growing up over the course of the American Revolutionary War from a Loyalist perspective. Reflecting her family’s background of extensive commercial and ancestral ties to the old world. After the war, Johnston’s family assets were seized by the new patriot government, forcing her household to emigrate to Nova Scotia, Canada.However, It’s also important to realise that loyalism was NOT merely just a viewpoint held exclusively by rich white men and women (or White.Anglo.Saxon.Protestants) with ties to the establishment or Britain. A common loyalist stereotype peddled in American history classes.Rather, loyalists came from just about every race, every religion, and walk of life in the colonies.Among other whites there were migrant Huguenot (French Protestants) and Dutch communities who remained loyal and supportive of the British crown. Often providing their able-bodied men to oppose the Continental Army. While colonists in the “middle colonies”, particularly tenant farmers in New York, also tended to espouse Loyalist views and assist the British during the war. On the other hand, you also had Quaker and German communities in Pennsylvania who took a position of initial neutrality as fence-sitters, and had wished to avoid any violence. However, when pressed by patriot rebels to declare their allegiances, they sided with the crown. Lastly, as an outlier in the Southern Colonies (which were mostly dominated by support for and control by patriot rebels), the Highland Scots of the Carolinas pledged their fealty to King George III rather than the Patriot cause.Loyalist volunteers and British troops engaging patriot rebel counterparts at the Battle of Long Island, circa. 27th of August, 1776Then there were people like David George, an African-American man born into slavery. Who, like many other enslaved blacks in the colonies at the time, had no love or affection for his rebelling white masters, who were now rising in revolt against the crown. So when several British governors and military commanders reached out to the enslaved black population in the Southern Colonies, offering them their freedom in return for military service (Most notably in ‘Dunmore’s Proclamation’) many, including David George, jumped at the opportunity for liberation, and took up arms against their former patriot rebel masters.In fact, escaped slaves from both New England and the Southern colonies would make their way to British controlled New York just to enlist. This frightened many slave-owning Patriot rebels (including some of America’s founding fathers) who in turn issued their own proclamations.“…And I do hereby further declare all indentured Servants, Negroes, or others, (appertaining to Rebels) free, that are able and willing to bear Arms, they joining his Majesty's Troops, as soon as may be, for the more speedily reducing this Colony to a proper Sense of their Duty, to his Majesty's Crown and Dignity…”—Royal Governor of Virginia, John Murray, 4th Earl of Dunmore, “Dunmore’s Proclamation”, circa. November 7, 1775In all, 12,000 African Americans fought for the loyalist cause, the majority of them having been former slaves. Though it should also be noted that most freed blacks in the colonies (who still received no short measure of discrimination and bigotry in spite of their freed status) also enlisted with the British. Preferring them to the more familiar oppressor found in racist white colonists.Depiction of a Black Loyalist in Lord Dunmore’s “Ethiopian Regiment”, which had 300 former slaves. Utilised by the British as both labourers, and light infantry. Their regimental uniforms often consisted of simple coats, shirts, and sashes with the words “Liberty to Slaves” painted upon them.After the war, many black loyalists ventured to other parts of the Empire, from Nova Scotia in Canada (a common loyalist destination), to British colonies in the Caribbean, and even to places as far off as London and the new growing British Colony in Sierra Leone.Another interesting subset of British loyalists were those of Native American stock. And we can look to men and women like Thayendanegea, who is better known by his “Christian name”, Joseph Brant to attempt to examine them.Brant was a Mohawk chief and loyalist from up-state New York whose people, and the majority of the tribal confederation they were a part of (the Iroquois/Haudenosaunee) allied themselves firmly with the British during the Revolutionary war. Their motivations for joining the loyalist cause differing quite significantly from other loyalists in the colonies.Portrait of Thayendanegea/Joseph Brant as depicted by painter George Romney, circa. 1776For instance, specifically in Joseph Brant’s case, his family were pious Anglican Christians with strong ties to the English church. Whom specifically sought out Brant’s aid in conducting missionary work, and his help in translations of Christian texts into local indigenous languages. Additionally, his sister (or half-sister) was also in a stable and committed relationship with the then British Superintendent for Indian Affairs, William Johnson. Meaning that Brant and his household already enjoyed and experienced a great deal of familiarity, affection, and friendship with the British.Painting of William Johnson with Joseph Brant, circa. 1700sAnd while Brant may have been an outlier in his closeness with the British, he was definitely not alone amongst native Americans in his other motivations for siding with the crown over the patriot rebels. This was because a main point of contention between patriot rebels and the British Parliament, had been the ban and restriction on settling land west of the Appalachian Mountains. These lands were designated as part of an Indian reserve by the colonial administration, under the auspices of preventing conflict between colonists and Native Americans. However, patriot rebel settlers and colonists opposed this. As, much of the reason why many had left for America in the first place, was for the promise of new land, which they felt was now being unjustly denied to them by the British government.Among Native Americans on the other hand, there seemed to be a belief that the Indian reserve and the treaties forged with the British, were really the only legal boundaries stemming the tide of white settlers from colonising their land, and pushing the natives further into the American interior. While most were probably not naive enough to believe that this was to be a permanent arrangement, or were deaf to the possibility of the British reneging on their promises. It was clear that the immediate threat lay with the primarily white patriot rebels, who had gained major support amongst settlers who coveted Native lands for themselves.The boundaries of the Indian Reserve at the start of the American Revolutionary War in 1775As a result, quite a lot of Native Americans ended up rallying behind the British as opposed to the rebel patriot cause. Ultimately believing the potential independent union of the colonies to be an existential threat. However, this is not to say that all Native Americans were loyalists.Indeed, the Iroquois Confederacy, of which Brant was a Chief in. Found itself split, as a result of the constituent tribes taking different sides in the conflict. Of the original six major tribes of the Iroquois Confederacy, the Mohawk, Onondaga, Cayuga, Seneca, and half the Tuscarora joined the British. While the majority of the Oneida, and the other half of the Tuscarora who were on more friendly terms with the settlers, decided to revolt and aid the patriot rebels.In the south, the Cherokee, Creek, and Seminole tribesmen fought with the British in an attempt to expel patriot rebel settlers and soldiers.After the war, unlike African-American or white loyalists. Most Southern Native American loyalists and allies often did not have to evacuate in the immediate aftermath of the conflict. And some like the Cherokee even continued fighting the new government of the United States.Northern Native loyalists like Joseph Brant and other Pro-British Iroquois however, were forced to cede much of their ancestral homelands in up-state New York to the fledgling United States. As their homes had been taken from them. Many emigrated across the Great Lakes to modern day Ontario, Canada with the blessing of the British. Where their descendants remain to this very day.Detail of Benjamin West’s The Reception of the American Loyalists by Great Britain in Year 1783 seen in the background of West's portrait of John Eardley Wilmot.I feel like this particular illustration really sums up the loyalist cause in a nutshell. The diversity of loyalists and their motivations, from the most senior white colonial administrator and the elevated Native chief, to the most unfortunate and wronged former African American slave are all depicted beautifully here.As Lady Britannia, the personification of Britain, extends a graceful hand to reward them with sanctuary and compensation for their loyalty to King and Country. The guardian angels and the cross above ultimately signifying the fidelity of most Anglican-Christian loyalists to their church.EDIT: If you want a more in-depth explanation of Loyalism, loyalists, and their stories in the American colonies at the time of the American revolution and war. Be sure to check out the book, Liberty's Exiles: American Loyalists in the Revolutionary World.It’s an enjoyable and well-researched read by Harvard History Professor, Maya Jasanoff. And I’d recommend it to anyone who’s even remotely interested in the subject.

This is an excellent question and one with some interesting potential answers.A key point that is often not explored by American is , was the British demands for tax revenue unreasonable, if you consider the original grievance of the colonist was the Stamp Act and only applied to paper products and was introduced to pay for the war with France, this is a narrative that is not usually discussed because it shows the demands were not unreasonable.The other issue was “ no taxation without representation” which doesn’t seem a unreasonable request from the colonists until you look at the world that existed at the time.It was also argued that as 90% of British subjects at the time had no representation but were also expected to pay the tax to pay for war and the defence of the empire.So when you consider the tax rate of the US in this day and age can be as much as 37% then when you compare it to Lord North’s conciliatory resolution for the colonies (except for Georgia, which was not to be asked to pay anything) would undertake to pay 10 percent, even 5 percent, of the cost of maintaining the imperial army, navy, and ordnance, they would not be taxed for revenue by Parliament was actual not only reasonable but low by modern standards.I mention this as it’s worth looking at it from a different perspective as the UK could not really accept the demands of the colonist because this would of created a similar cry in the United Kingdom so there really was no way that Britain could of negotiated a different arrangement, so it’s hard to envisage a way that it would of been different because there would of been a need for the 13 colonies to contribute to the empire.As a strange note the UK changed it’s attitude to the colonies and we now have a strange system of no representation and no taxation, which I think is the worst of all arrangements but this is a very different event.If we assume an accomodation could of been met then I believe the world would of looked very different because the world was looking West at this point but after the revolution , the UK started looking East which potential may not of happened if the UK had amalgamated the whole of the North America which would of happened after the defeat of France and Spain, so the British empire may of been predominantly North American focussed.It is inevitable that Britain would of been a global superpower but potentially a much more militarily capable one when facing France and Spain which I believe may of led to either less conflict with the other colonial powers or much shorter conflicts which would of been resolved much sooner.There is no doubt that the world in the 20th century would of still wanted cultivated nationalism in the colonies as the colonies started to think about the possibility of independence so I think independence would of happened eventually but it may of taken longer.If I can add another dimension to this question which is why I have often called the Revolutionary War as the first real world war as it is often forgotten that it involved all the worlds Empires and not as often is quoted a plucky colonists against the bullying British conflict as no one mentions that the French, Spanish, Dutch, Russians on the East coast all decided to use this moment to attack British interests around the world in conjunction with the 13 colonies, I add this as it’s often forgotten that colonists either participated or arranged with the other empires to attack the British and yet the British, so if you look at all the conflicts against the British Empire during this period , must victories were British victories , so there is an argument that the British chose to defeat themselves ( this in no way underplays the impressive achievement in the US gaining their independence against easily the worlds most powerful military).British battles from 1774 to 1783Powder AlarmSeptember 1, 1774MassachusettsBritish soldiers remove military suppliesStorming of Fort William and MaryDecember 14, 1774New HampshirePatriots seize powder and shot after brief skirmish.Battles of Lexington and ConcordApril 19, 1775MassachusettsPatriot victory: British forces raiding Concord driven back into Boston with heavy losses.Siege of BostonApril 19, 1775 –March 17, 1776MassachusettsPatriot victory: British eventually evacuate Boston after Patriots fortify Dorchester heightsGunpowder Incident*April 20, 1775VirginiaVirginia governor Lord Dunmore removes powder to a Royal Navy ship, standoff is resolved peacefullyCapture of Fort TiconderogaMay 10, 1775New YorkPatriot victory: Patriots capture British posts at Ticonderoga and Crown pointBattle of Chelsea CreekMay 27–28, 1775MassachusettsPatriots victory: Patriots capture British ship DianaBattle of MachiasJune 11–12, 1775MassachusettsPatriot forces capture the HM schooner MargarettaBattle of Bunker HillJune 17, 1775MassachusettsBritish victory: British drive Patriot army from the Charlestown peninsula near Boston but suffer heavy lossesBattle of GloucesterAugust 8, 1775MassachusettsPatriot victorySiege of Fort St. JeanSeptember 17 –November 3, 1775QuebecPatriot victory: Patriots capture British force and subsequently overrun Montreal and much of QuebecBurning of FalmouthOctober 18, 1775MassachusettsBritish burn FalmouthBattle of Kemp's LandingNovember 14, 1775VirginiaBritish victorySiege of Savage's Old FieldsNovember 19–21, 1775South CarolinaPatriot victory: Patriots defeat loyalist forceBattle of Great BridgeDecember 9, 1775VirginiaPatriot victory: Lord Dunmore's loyalist force is defeatedSnow CampaignDecember 1775South CarolinaPatriot campaign against loyalists in South CarolinaBattle of QuebecDecember 31, 1775QuebecBritish victory: British repulse Patriot assault on Quebec cityBurning of NorfolkJanuary 1, 1776VirginiaBritish bombard Norfolk and Patriots destroy what they see as a loyalist strongholdBattle of Moore's Creek BridgeFebruary 27, 1776North CarolinaPatriot victory: loyalist force of Regulators and Highlanders defeatedBattle of the Rice BoatsMarch 2–3, 1776GeorgiaBritish victoryBattle of NassauMarch 3–4, 1776BahamasPatriots raid against the Bahamas to obtain suppliesBattle of Saint-PierreMarch 25, 1776QuebecPatriot victoryBattle of Block IslandApril 6, 1776Rhode IslandBritish victoryBattle of The CedarsMay 18–27, 1776QuebecBritish victoryBattle of Trois-RivièresJune 8, 1776QuebecBritish victory: Patriots forced to evacuate QuebecBattle of Sullivan's IslandJune 28, 1776South CarolinaPatriot victory: British attack on Charleston is repulsedBattle of Turtle Gut InletJune 29, 1776New JerseyPatriot victoryBattle of Lindley's FortJuly 15, 1776South CarolinaPatriot victory: Native Americans attack repulsedBattle of Long IslandAugust 27, 1776New YorkBritish victory: in the largest battle of the war the Patriot army is outflanked and routed on Long Island but later manages to evacuate to ManhattanLanding at Kip's BaySeptember 15, 1776New YorkBritish victory: British capture New York CityBattle of Harlem HeightsSeptember 16, 1776New YorkPatriot victory: Patriots repulse British attack on ManhattanBattle of Valcour IslandOctober 11, 1776New YorkBritish victory: British defeat Patriot naval force on Lake Champlain, but victory comes too late to press the offensive against the Hudson valleyBattle of White PlainsOctober 28, 1776New YorkBritish victoryBattle of Fort CumberlandNovember 10–29, 1776Nova ScotiaBritish victoryBattle of Fort WashingtonNovember 16, 1776New YorkBritish victory: British capture 3,000 Patriots on Manhattan in one of the most devastating Patriot defeats of the warBattle of Fort LeeNovember 20, 1776New JerseyBritish victory: Patriots begin general retreatAmbush of GearyDecember 14, 1776New JerseyPatriot victoryBattle of Iron Works HillDecember 22–23, 1776New JerseyBritish victoryBattle of TrentonDecember 26, 1776New JerseyPatriot victory: Patriots capture Hessian detachment at TrentonSecond Battle of TrentonJanuary 2, 1777New JerseyPatriot victoryBattle of PrincetonJanuary 3, 1777New JerseyPatriot victory: Patriots defeat a small British force, the British decide to evacuate New JerseyBattle of MillstoneJanuary 20, 1777New JerseyPatriot victoryForage WarJanuary–March 1777New JerseyPatriots harass remaining British forces in New JerseyBattle of Punk HillMarch 8, 1777New JerseyPatriot victoryBattle of Bound BrookApril 13, 1777New JerseyBritish victoryBattle of RidgefieldApril 27, 1777ConnecticutBritish victoryBattle of Thomas CreekMay 17, 1777East FloridaBritish victoryMeigs RaidMay 24, 1777New YorkPatriot victoryBattle of Short HillsJune 26, 1777New JerseyBritish victorySiege of Fort TiconderogaJuly 5–6, 1777New YorkBritish victoryBattle of HubbardtonJuly 7, 1777VermontBritish victoryBattle of Fort AnnJuly 8, 1777New YorkBritish victorySiege of Fort StanwixAugust 2–23, 1777New YorkPatriot victory: British fail to take Fort StanwixBattle of OriskanyAugust 6, 1777New YorkBritish victorySecond Battle of MachiasAugust 13–14, 1777MassachusettsBritish victoryBattle of BenningtonAugust 16, 1777New YorkPatriot victoryBattle of Staten IslandAugust 22, 1777New YorkBritish victoryBattle of SetauketAugust 22, 1777New YorkBritish victoryFirst Siege of Fort HenrySeptember 1 or 21, 1777VirginiaPatriot victoryBattle of Cooch's BridgeSeptember 3, 1777DelawareBritish victoryBattle of BrandywineSeptember 11, 1777PennsylvaniaBritish victoryBattle of the CloudsSeptember 16, 1777PennsylvaniaBattle called off due to rainBattle of Freeman's FarmSeptember 19, 1777New YorkBritish tactical victory: First of the two Battles of SaratogaBattle of PaoliSeptember 21, 1777PennsylvaniaBritish victorySiege of Fort MifflinSeptember 26 –November 15, 1777PennsylvaniaBritish victoryBattle of GermantownOctober 4, 1777PennsylvaniaBritish victoryBattle of Forts Clinton and MontgomeryOctober 6, 1777New YorkBritish victoryBattle of Bemis HeightsOctober 7, 1777New YorkPatriot victory: Second of the two Battles of Saratoga, British under Burgoyne driven back and forced to surrender 10 days laterBattle of Red BankOctober 22, 1777New JerseyPatriot victoryBattle of GloucesterNovember 25, 1777New JerseyPatriot victoryBattle of White MarshDecember 5–8, 1777PennsylvaniaPatriot victoryBattle of Matson's FordDecember 11, 1777PennsylvaniaBritish victoryBattle of BarbadosMarch 7, 1778BarbadosBritish victoryBattle of Quinton's BridgeMarch 18, 1778New JerseyBritish victoryNorth Channel Naval DuelApril 24, 1778Great BritainPatriot victoryBattle of Crooked BilletMay 1, 1778PennsylvaniaBritish victoryBattle of Barren HillMay 20, 1778PennsylvaniaIndecisiveMount Hope Bay raidsMay 25–30, 1778Rhode IslandBritish victoryBattle of CobleskillMay 30, 1778New YorkBritish-Iroquois victoryBattle of MonmouthJune 28, 1778New JerseyDraw: British break off engagement and continue retreat to New YorkBattle of Alligator BridgeJune 30, 1778East FloridaBritish victoryWyoming MassacreJuly 3, 1778PennsylvaniaBritish-Iroquois victoryFirst Battle of UshantJuly 27, 1778Bay of BiscayIndecisiveSiege of PondicherryAugust 21–October 19, 1778IndiaBritish victoryBattle of NewportAugust 29, 1778Rhode IslandBritish victoryGrey's raidSeptember 5–17, 1778MassachusettsBritish victoryInvasion of DominicaSeptember 7, 1778DominicaFrench victorySiege of BoonesboroughSeptember 7, 1778VirginiaPatriot victoryAttack on German FlattsSeptember 17, 1778New YorkBritish-Iroquois victoryBaylor MassacreSeptember 27, 1778New JerseyBritish victoryRaid on Unadilla and OnaquagaOctober 2–16, 1778Indian ReservePatriot victoryBattle of Chestnut NeckOctober 6, 1778New JerseyBritish victoryLittle Egg Harbor massacreOctober 16, 1778New JerseyBritish victoryCarleton's RaidOctober 24-November 14, 1778VermontBritish victoryCherry Valley MassacreNovember 11, 1778New YorkBritish-Iroquois victoryBattle of St. LuciaDecember 15, 1778St. LuciaBritish victoryCapture of St. LuciaDecember 18–28, 1778St. LuciaBritish victoryCapture of SavannahDecember 29, 1778GeorgiaBritish victoryBattle of BeaufortFebruary 3, 1779South CarolinaPatriot victoryBattle of Kettle CreekFebruary 14, 1779GeorgiaPatriot victorySiege of Fort VincennesFebruary 23–25, 1779IndianaPatriot victoryBattle of Brier CreekMarch 3, 1779GeorgiaBritish victoryBattle of ChillicotheMay 1779QuebecPatriot victoryChesapeake raidMay 10–24, 1779VirginiaBritish victoryCapture of Saint VincentJune 16–18, 1779St. VincentFrench victoryBattle of Stono FerryJune 20, 1779South CarolinaBritish victoryGreat Siege of GibraltarJune 24, 1779 – February 7, 1783GibraltarBritish victoryCapture of GrenadaJuly 2, 1779GrenadaFrench victoryTryon's raidJuly 5–14, 1779ConnecticutBritish victoryBattle of GrenadaJuly 6, 1779GrenadaFrench victoryBattle of Stony PointJuly 16, 1779New YorkPatriot victoryBattle of MinisinkJuly 22, 1779New YorkBritish-Iroquois victoryPenobscot ExpeditionJuly 24-August 29, 1779MassachusettsBritish victoryBattle of Paulus HookAugust 19, 1779New JerseyPatriot victoryBattle of NewtownAugust 29, 1779Indian ReservePatriot victoryCapture of Fort ButeSeptember 7, 1779West FloridaPatriot-Spanish victoryBattle of Lake PontchartrainSeptember 10, 1779West FloridaPatriot victoryBoyd and Parker ambushSeptember 13, 1779Indian ReserveBritish-Iroquois victoryAction of 14 September 1779September 14, 1779AzoresBritish victorySiege of SavannahSeptember 16-October 18, 1779GeorgiaBritish victoryBattle of Baton RougeSeptember 20–21, 1779West FloridaPatriot-Spanish victoryBattle of Flamborough HeadSeptember 23, 1779Great BritainPatriot victoryBattle of San Fernando de OmoaOctober 16-November 29, 1779GuatemalaBritish victoryAction of 11 November 1779November 11, 1779PortugalBritish victoryFirst Battle of MartiniqueDecember 18, 1779MartiniqueBritish victoryAction of 8 January 1780January 8, 1780SpainBritish victoryBattle of Cape St. VincentJanuary 16, 1780PortugalBritish victoryBattle of Young's HouseFebruary 3, 1780New YorkBritish victorySan Juan ExpeditionMarch–November, 1780GuatemalaPatriot-Spanish victoryBattle of Fort CharlotteMarch 2–14, 1780West FloridaPatriot-Spanish victorySiege of CharlestonMarch 29-May 12, 1780South CarolinaBritish victory: British recapture South Carolina following the battleBattle of Monck's CornerApril 14, 1780South CarolinaBritish victorySecond Battle of MartiniqueApril 17, 1780MartiniquePatriot victoryBattle of Lenud's FerryMay 6, 1780South CarolinaBritish victoryBird's invasion of KentuckyMay 25-August 4, 1780VirginiaBritish victoryBattle of St. LouisMay 25, 1780LouisianaPatriot-Spanish victoryBattle of WaxhawsMay 29, 1780South CarolinaBritish victoryBattle of Connecticut FarmsJune 7, 1780New JerseyBritish victoryBattle of Mobley's Meeting HouseJune 10–12, 1780South CarolinaPatriot victoryBattle of Ramsour's MillJune 20, 1780North CarolinaPatriot victoryBattle of SpringfieldJune 23, 1780New JerseyPatriot victoryHuck's DefeatJuly 12, 1780South CarolinaPatriot victoryBattle of Bull's FerryJuly 20–21, 1780New JerseyLoyalist victoryBattle of Colson's MillJuly 21, 1780North CarolinaPatriot victoryBattle of Rocky MountAugust 1, 1780South CarolinaLoyalist victoryBattle of Hanging RockAugust 6, 1780South CarolinaPatriot victoryBattle of PekoweeAugust 8, 1780QuebecPatriot victoryAction of 9 August 1780August 9, 1780AtlanticSpanish victoryBattle of CamdenAugust 16, 1780South CarolinaBritish victoryBattle of Fishing CreekAugust 18, 1780South CarolinaBritish victoryBattle of Musgrove MillAugust 18, 1780South CarolinaPatriot victoryBattle of Black MingoAugust 28, 1780South CarolinaPatriot victoryBattle of Wahab's PlantationSeptember 20, 1780South CarolinaPatriot victoryBattle of CharlotteSeptember 26, 1780North CarolinaBritish victoryBattle of Kings MountainOctober 7, 1780South CarolinaPatriot victory: halts first British invasion of North CarolinaRoyalton RaidOctober 16, 1780VermontBritish victoryBattle of Klock's FieldOctober 19, 1780New YorkPatriot victoryLa Balme's DefeatNovember 5, 1780QuebecBritish-Iroquois victoryBattle of Fishdam FordNovember 9, 1780South CarolinaPatriot victoryBattle of Blackstock's FarmNovember 20, 1780South CarolinaPatriot victoryBattle of Fort St. GeorgeNovember 23, 1780New YorkPatriot victoryBattle of JerseyJanuary 6, 1781JerseyBritish victoryBattle of MobileJanuary 7, 1781West FloridaPatriot-Spanish victoryBattle of CowpensJanuary 17, 1781South CarolinaPatriot victoryBattle of Cowan's FordFebruary 1, 1781North CarolinaBritish victoryCapture of Sint EustatiusFebruary 3, 1781Sint EustatiusBritish victoryBattle of Haw RiverFebruary 25, 1781North CarolinaPatriot victoryBattle of Wetzell's MillMarch 6, 1781North CarolinaBritish victorySiege of PensacolaMarch 9-May 8, 1781West FloridaPatriot-Spanish victoryBattle of Guilford Court HouseMarch 15, 1781North CarolinaBritish victoryBattle of Cape HenryMarch 16, 1781VirginiaBritish victorySiege of Fort WatsonApril 15–23, 1781South CarolinaPatriot victoryBattle of Porto PrayaApril 15, 1781Cape VerdeDrawBattle of BlandfordApril 25, 1781VirginiaBritish victoryBattle of Hobkirk's HillApril 25, 1781South CarolinaBritish victoryBattle of Fort RoyalApril 29, 1781MartiniqueFrench victoryAction of 1 May 1781May 1, 1781FranceBritish victoryBattle of Fort MotteMay 8–12, 1781South CarolinaPatriot victorySiege of AugustaMay 22-June 6, 1781GeorgiaPatriot victorySiege of Ninety-SixMay 22-June 6, 1781South CarolinaBritish victoryInvasion of TobagoMay 24-June 2, 1781TobagoFrench victoryAction of 30 May 1781May 30, 1781Barbary CoastBritish victoryBattle of Spencer's OrdinaryJune 26, 1781VirginiaBritish victoryFrancisco's FightJuly 1781VirginiaPatriot victoryBattle of Green SpringJuly 6, 1781VirginiaBritish victoryNaval battle of LouisbourgJuly 21, 1781Nova ScotiaFranco-Patriot victoryBattle of Dogger BankAugust 5, 1781North SeaBritish victoryInvasion of MinorcaAugust 19, 1781 – February 5, 1782MinorcaFranco-Spanish victoryLochry's DefeatAugust 24, 1781QuebecBritish-Iroquois victoryBattle of the ChesapeakeSeptember 5, 1781VirginiaFrench victoryBattle of Groton HeightsSeptember 6, 1781ConnecticutBritish victoryBattle of Eutaw SpringsSeptember 8, 1781South CarolinaBritish victoryBattle of Lindley's MillSeptember 13, 1781North CarolinaPatriot victoryLong Run MassacreSeptember 13, 1781VirginiaBritish-Iroquois victorySiege of YorktownSeptember 28-October 19, 1781VirginiaFranco-Patriot victory: Cornwallis surrenders his force of over 7,000Battle of Fort SlongoOctober 3, 1781New YorkPatriot victorySiege of NegapatamOctober 21-November 11, 1781IndiaBritish victoryBattle of JohnstownOctober 25, 1781New YorkPatriot victorySecond Battle of UshantDecember 12, 1781Bay of BiscayBritish victoryBattle of Videau's BridgeJanuary 2, 1782South CarolinaBritish victorySiege of Brimstone HillJanuary 11-February 13, 1782St. ChristopherFranco-Patriot victoryCapture of TrincomaleeJanuary 11, 1782CeylonBritish victoryCapture of Demerara and EssequiboJanuary 22-February 5, 1782Demerara and EssequiboFranco-Patriot victoryBattle of Saint KittsJanuary 25–26, 1782St. ChristopherBritish victoryBattle of SadrasFebruary 17, 1782IndiaFrench victoryCapture of MontserratFebruary 22, 1782MontserratFrench victoryBattle of WambawFebruary 24, 1782South CarolinaBritish victoryGnadenhütten massacreMarch 8, 1782OhioBattle of RoatánMarch 16, 1782GuatemalaPatriot-Spanish victoryAction of 16 March 1782March 16, 1782Strait of GibraltarBritish victoryBattle of Little MountainMarch 22, 1782VirginiaBritish-Iroquois victoryBattle of Delaware BayApril 8, 1782New JerseyPatriot victoryBattle of the SaintesApril 9–12, 1782DominicaBritish victoryBattle of ProvidienApril 12, 1782CeylonFrench victoryBattle of the Black RiverApril–August, 1782GuatemalaBritish victoryBattle of the Mona PassageApril 19, 1782Mona passageBritish victoryAction of 20–21 April 1782April 20–21, 1782Bay of BiscayBritish victoryCapture of the BahamasMay 6, 1782BahamasPatriot-Spanish victoryCrawford expeditionMay 25-June 12, 1782QuebecBritish-Iroquois victoryNaval battle off HalifaxMay 28–29, 1782Nova ScotiaBritish victoryRaid on LunenburgJuly 1, 1782Nova ScotiaPatriot victoryBattle of NegapatamJuly 6, 1782CeylonBritish victoryHudson Bay ExpeditionAugust 8, 1782Rupert's LandFranco-Patriot victorySiege of Bryan StationAugust 15–17, 1782VirginiaPatriot victoryBattle of Blue LicksAugust 19, 1782VirginiaBritish-Iroquois victoryBattle of the Combahee RiverAugust 26, 1782South CarolinaBritish victoryBattle of TrincomaleeAugust 25-September 3, 1782CeylonFrench victorySiege of Fort HenrySeptember 11–13, 1782VirginiaPatriot victoryGrand Assault on GibraltarSeptember 13, 1782GibraltarBritish victoryAction of 18 October 1782October 18, 1782HispaniolaBritish victoryAction of 6 December 1782December 6, 1782MartiniqueBritish victoryAction of 22 January 1783January 22, 1783VirginiaBritish victory

In the mid 1700’s the Coastal and Piedmont regions of North Carolina were distinctly different and separate.Because the lifestyle of the Piedmont settler was primarily farming for their own family and barter of their crops and services with their neighbors, they didn’t produce a monetary income so had little to no cash when it came time to pay taxes. As a result, many of the farmers fell into significant debt.Many of these Piedmont settler farmers believed they were being overtaxed by the county and Colonial officials in Hillsborough and that too much was expected of their modest yeoman farms. Like their Virginia and Massachusetts counterparts, the farmers of Orange County resisted taxation without representation. Some of the unhappy Farmers wrote their complaints in Articles known as the Regulator Advertisements.Hostility between the regulators and the government came to a head in 1771. In May, Governor Tryon marched more than 1,000 local militiamen to Hillsborough and then on to Alamance Creek, in the western part of the county, where 2,000 Regulators were meeting.On the evening of May 15, Tryon received word that the Regulators were camped about six miles away. The next morning, at about 8:00 am, Tryon's troops set out to a field about one-half mile from the camp of the Regulators, and there engaged in the Battle of Alamance.The Battle of Alamance